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    Rock Mechanics

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    2001. Barton and Monsen - A Numerical Study of Cryogenic Storage With Emphasis on Rock Joint Response

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    Rock Mechanics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views11 pages

    Barton and Monsen - A Numerical Study of Cryogenic Storage With Emphasis On Rock Joint Response

    Uploaded by

    castille1956
    Rock Mechanics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    PERGAMON Rock Mechanics sand Mining Sciences ‘Technical Note ‘A numerical study of cryogenic storage in underground excavations with emphasis on the rock joint response K. Monsen, N. Barton” Sd Earth Py, Ale 4.$907 erg, Nar ‘Ase 1 Samer 2 1. Introduction One of the most important problems related (0 underground storage of eryogonics to prevent leakage ‘of liguid and gs slong joints that might he caused By tense stress due to shrinkage ofthe reck mass around the cavern [I], This view i suppor! by conclusions from continuum modeling of exogenic storage in rock that repeatedly have shown the development of very lange tensile sess, that are identified to be the main ddrving force for eracking Cavern depths of probibi- tisely large magnitude are needed 0 counteract these tensile sess through the development of bigh inal tangential stresses folowing excavation ‘The ise of numerical methods to simulate the mechanical behaviour of rock muses requies know fg of the scle dependent siresedisplacement beha- ‘iour of the rock joins. In general, behaviog close to fan excavation in jointed rock will tend 10 be quite ‘diferent from that prediied by soWropic, continuum ‘models (2). In tis reson, one ean expect the greatest fradient of suess and deformation, which clearly calls for an appropriate noninear “devription of joiat tehaviour Since the behaviour of indidua joins was expected (0 significantly fet the siz of the region ff cracking, a discontinuum code was wed for the ‘modelling. The Universal Distinct Element Code UDEC-BB [3] was selected, which has the ability 10 ‘leulte non-linear joint opening closing displacement respome to stew changes, aecording to the Barton Bands constitutive mode 1-6) scamming ahr, De K. Memon, Were 38,524 a Nore. “Ea ars: Kunst ab.a K. Messen “The preset siey considers prety simplified geome tre: the objstive was Co investigate the separate eect bf ferent physical conditions sich 3 jomting, Sees fnsotropy and depth, Consequently the Tork mass Was Strongly Weasel and some of the material parameters tere Kept constant under ferent temperatures and stress eels Apart from one simulation, the cooling was fppledinstantaneoiniy which was bebeved 10 be the worst case, Simpliisations were mad i order 10 fain understanding rather than 1 make absolute predictions. ‘One ofthe most dificult questions isthe behaviour of joins with cryogenic uid. IF the slorage i unlined fad frozen down to —162-C, when the rock is cooked ‘andthe joints start c© open, say more than a eouple ‘of millimetres, « part of the pas flows into the joints ‘and continves cooling inside the sock wall. This ill ‘pen the joints surely, and heavily increase the holed aica and the extent of the cooling. font However, modeling such proceses of connected cool- ingid behaviour were beyond the scope ofthis study ‘An important goal was to investigate the efor of son linear joint behaviour onthe magnitude of joint opening tnd tensile stees development caused by the general fock shrinkage during cooling. In this way it may be forrest t0 say that the numerial study has been done from the rock point of view, eather than fom the fd point of wow: ight realisations have hoon modelled, with single cevverns of 25m diameter at 100 oF SOQ depth in fmassve rock, sith only Iwo of thee” idealised, ‘continuous joins intersting the eaverns. In thece of the reasons, at 100m depth, the stress ratio. was ‘aied systematically using ris of 4/2, -05, Land 20, Another two of the ralsations were run with an extra obiguejoiat crosing the excivation. In an attempt to simulate thermal jointing and joint opening pltenomena one model was rn with slow ot spacing, but withthe joints aumericllyglied. In this mode! joining, or joint opening. occured at pre-determined stress levels, when strength was exceeded by the thermal lense crewing 2 Numerical code and constitutive rations 24. Distne elem maeling of discontinuous mea Inthe UDEC-BB code the rock mass is considered to be a discontinuum composed of individ! blocks Which interact with thir ghbours ia tines and Plast, introduced by the intervening. jonts In practical terms, yell allowed to occur anotropicaly, Le. along specie stuctues within the rock» mise Atbitry deformation of the blocks is permited ‘rough internal discretisation into finite ierence “The deformability of the discontinuities or interfaces between blocks and the frictional characteris are represented by spring slider systems with prescribed foree-dispiacerent relations which allow for evaluation ‘of ster and normal forces between blocks. Spine set systems are leated at contact points berween blocks ‘The force-dsplacement relation at oe contact this decoupled from tht at another contact on the same block: More information «an be found in (3 22, Join consintice behaviour ‘The deformation of a joined rock mass primarily is conoid by the sess regime, the Block Sze and the joint properties. Engineering properties of fonts are elated 10 the scometyy and stength properties ofthe joint surface, aperture, wall strength an basic for residual fiction. The Barton- Bands consttie ‘model for rock joint behaviour enables scale dependent coupling of shear sires. shear displacement, t= tion and closure. Changes in joint conductiity 10 fluids are modelled for beth normal and shear defocus tion. The joins are permite fr both elastic and plastic ‘deformation with stress dependent shear and. normal stilfaewes. The joint roughness coefcent GRC) and the joint” wall compressive strength (ICS) are key input parameters for the constitute modal. This section presents a brief summary of the governing ssuations only, further information can be found in 4, 25, Shoar-strese displacement modeling Let 6, and ¢, denote the efeetve nonnal stress and the resdualfretion angle of a joint’ The peak joint — Ss = Shear strese ‘Shear deformation Tet. Nominew shorsuesspicimet lop, owing se enh shear strength then is formulated by senate!) o “Typieal shapes of the shear-sreseiplaement oha- Viour are ilstrated in Fig 1. Dalferent carves are ‘obtained for diferent block sizes and emphasise the Importance of appropriate scaling. For shear displace ‘ment fs tha or more than that corresponding to peak surength, the mobilised angle of Teton 4 rolted ieely fo the mobilised roughness Soap = IRC log (ICS/4)+ 4, e “The peak shear displacement, Ju, corresponding to ‘peak Shear resistance in elated to block dimensions (5) simensions bythe approximate expression ta fancy)” 7 oe = 38 Fe] i 24, Normal closure modeting ‘The Bandis normal sieseclosie model for rock Joints incorporates hyperbolic loading and unloading curves, relating effective stress and joint closure, where av, ® am where Vi joint closure. The parameters @ and ae experimentally determined and based on IRC andl JCS, and represent asymptotes 10 the hyperbolic function For example. a = I/K where Ky iste inital ies, tnd the maximum possible closure is given by Ny = a/b Fig.2 illustrates the normal closure mode. ‘The Normal stress Normal deformation Join closure curve shows strong hysteresis on its fist Teal-unload eyee due to sample disturbance, the hysteresis wil be reco on subsequent eles. Eas. (1) (8) indiate that from measured valuos of JCS, IRC and gy, that can be obtained from simple inde tests itis posible to predict the deformation of a joint through any imposed stesso displacement poth ‘The model alo provides information on reversed loading in shear, with oF without changes in. normal ‘res, and information on joint aperture and orre- sponding hydraulic properis. Dilation which may ‘tvonnpuny shea, will ave magnitudes that vary with honnal stress, shear displacement, rock strength, joint roughness snd block size 25. Thermab-mechanial lai [UDEC simulates transient low of heat in materials 18 conduction [7], and the subsequent development of thermally induced stresses, The calculation of het flow js described by the difsion equation. Le the volu- ‘mete thera expansion coeffient be denoted asf the Tulk modulus X and the Kronecker delta fanction 6), “Temperature changes AT then euse stress changes Ao aceonding 10 ay = 5K AAT. ° Tempsrature changes due to. mochanical changes are neglected, ‘The mschanical logic ® wed in the thermo-mechanical program t0 take "snapshots fof the mechanic state 8 appropriate intervals in the Sevelopment of the transient thermal tees, Duc to the expleit scheme the solution # feached ina pysialy meaningfol manner, whichis very important ‘when non-incir consituive laws are applied. Closed. fo contacting, joints were assumed co simulate heat ow in the same manner ss inact rock. In ealty the joints can be pity ie or ga led. the heat ow wil then fe somewhat diferent in the rock and in the joints and phase ifrences cia exis. When the Jomnts are gapped. heat Mow across the gap 18 not ‘modell 3. Modeling approaches ‘An overview of the deliterately simplified joint comet. in situ steses and the depth of caverns Iodell b shown in Fig. 3A number of Heaisations find simplifying assumptions rezarding geometry, mate fial properties and conditions during solution weve inirodued. partly forthe purpose of increasing under- Sanding of the resus ahd partly for computational reasons, The inital rock temperature was -°5°C, and the cooling was modelled ar a worst case condition {escent for model 11), since the cavern perimeter temperature wis instantaneously changed to — 162°C [Nevesaty acces drifts and investigation orcholes were ceosieted fo he absent. Simulations were performed ‘vith the 2Sm diameter cavern excwated at 100 and Sim depths For the deepest excavation the mode! is sure miasoring 600» 601, whi forthe shallows ‘heavation the mods is ectanglarly shaped measuring 00 600m 4, Boundary contions Large models were designed in order to eliminate the influence of boundary thermal elles Hence the Doundarie representing Fock could be modelled as Inuloeds The foe rook surface boundaves were signed thermal convection properties with 2 convec- tion factor of 1SWimK, and. the air temperature teas held constant at +P5-C. The mechanical boundary Topic does not Behave thermaly, but interacts with the streses developed a the boundaries. The very Small calelation errors introduced in the boundary febjons are not considered to significa fnucnce the resus, In onde to establish a stale numerical mode. roller foundries were applied atte Het, lower and sight houndaries during. the major part of consoldation ‘When the moves were close to reaching equiibeiam the roller houndares wer replaced by a boundary clement Topic which could simulate mechanical far-ield condi- tions. The boundary element loge simulate an east inoiropic medium with two points fied at the sie and thse 1 5km outside the discrete element mode. Model | a/c, | Depth) i hia | 10 | 1205 99 13 | 10 14 | 20 ews 2a ee 500 5 1.0 | 100 Fe. 3 uma fhe meld pect, nda 3.2 Rock properties Although some rock parameters are known t0 be strongly temperature dependent, for simplicity, both ‘mechanical and thermal propertiss wore assumed con Sant with respoct to temperate. The Tock properties re asumed ietopic and ate summarised in Table 1 1F {he thermal expansion coeicient i decreasing with foe maser ite temperature, then les contraction wil seu, and lower tensile streses and staller apertures will devsop, than modell hee 23, Joins properties aly mechanical properties are specifi for the joints, but they are assumed to transfer Peat in the sane" manner as inact rock when closed, Le. when numerical contact exists between neighbouring block, UUDEC-BB uses laboratory scale input parameters which fare converied 10 full scale parameters taking the individual joint” spacings. into account. To. obtain ‘alse fal scale parameters in the models containing ery fw joins an optional all ele joint spacing” of 20m was used. In other words, operating joint peoper- tis willbe the sme as in an idealised pood quality rock mass with average block sizes of 2x2 2m", The typical ard rok join input parameters are summarised in Table. 34. Numerically ued join properties Ons realisation (model 5) was designed o investigate the propagation of non-continuous joints, Due, to hnumerial requirements a Mohr Coulomb mode haa to housed in order to mumevcally gue oints thst should ‘open at predefined sires levels. These joins shoul fesentaly behave as intact rocks at tele oF shear Stress levels Blow the strength of intact rock. Te inital fens stength of the joints are 10M or about 10% of the rock compressive sirength, which isa velisic valu. IF tensile or shear ses inerements caused by frcwation or thermal loading or unloading cause fuliient changes to the sires distribution, tensile ‘opening oF shear dxplassmeat may oocur across oF lon the relevant glued joins, Sip may oscur along Joint that has not jot opened in txsion. Joint norma And shear silfess was Set to a kevel so that the ‘Suivlent clastic modula ofthe rook mass should be tvithin about 45% of the intact rock. The plod joint Input paramcters are summarised in Table 3. 45. Finite dieence mesh “The intact rock was modeled as fully deformable by Aiscresing into constant stain fine dierence tangles The triangular elements close to the eave Ind to be very smal to cone repeesent the very Ima tradintso ste stun and temperate i this rein. Th the more peripheral model repons the gradients are salle and larger triangles ae sulicien 10 represent Shinges in sires, stain and temperature. without Sionieant reduction of aocuracy. Thus the zone size ‘vie gradually reduced towards the excavation, as shown ioFig 4 46, Solon procedure ‘Two iil stages, consolidation and excavation, were

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