Rock Mechanics and Milag Selences PERGAMON An improved model for hydromechanical coupling during shearing of rock joints R, Olsson, N, Barton? “Tic pope presents some experimental ress frm hysomeshancl ss texte an an prose eson of the rial mods sunt by Haron (Ofes of Nulear Waste Llitso, Columbus, Ob, ONWESOS, 1982. pp) fe the hysromechinel ‘coupling of rock joint. Te gn mov! was develope fr coupling beeen mechani and hyde aperture change dusts ‘oral loning ind unsasing The metod was so sgpeed forthe coupling of se dlstion and Rydal pete changes Joims,Higcluds both the mechanic abd Bjaulic aperture and the mobile jun rauphoess cote URC 201 kevin Science Lt. Al rights seed 1. Ineoduction As 4 consequence of engincering works in & rock mas, deformation ofboth the joints and intact rock will Usually occur asa result ofthe ates changes. Examples Of such works are repositories for radioactive waste ddan foundations, exevation of tunnels and every, seothormal energy plans ol and gas production, te Dat to the sifler rock matrix, most deformation occurs im the joints, nthe form of normal and. shear Asplacement. I the joins are rough, dtormatons will also chang the joint aperture and Tid flow. “Traitonally, ud Now through rok joins has been uy canbe calculated by (2) imc wo) Eq, (10) applies o values of FRC > 0 joints with finite roughness (IRCe > 0) and with a resid rough nese despite shearing. Inthe fist phase, where te joint all roughness isnot destroyed, the peak JRC) should ‘be used. In the second phase, were the geometry of the joint walls is changing With increasing shear dspace rent the JRCpoy (mobized valve of JRC) show be ‘wed {14}. During this phase, gouge is being produced ‘but as the joint slang some of the gouges probably fused to the sides of developing flow channels. The value of JRC dependent on the stength on the joint surface JCS), on the applied normal sess (o,) fand on the magnitude of the shear displacement. It {Sako dependent on the size of joint plane (Za) and fn the residual fiction angle (@,)- The incermedite ‘hase, between phase one aed 8 (y= 0.75 £0 tg) 1s dial t0_ define with any Thodel and iis recommended for the present thatthe to phases ae connected with each other by «transton curve For the caeultions af RC oy the following relevant data were used: JC VOM, 0, =2 MPa and 8: Oy 30- For the illstration of the mods an Examples shown in Fig. 13, sone can seein the Haare, the curves have a break (9), which is the boundary wire Eq.(10) starts to apply, ie atthe peak shear Steength. The position ofthe start pons (0) fr shearing depends on the assumed inital mechanical aperture (63) lower stat value fr Ey moves the stating point "up to he ight along the inital part of each IRCe curve and vice versa (eg Figs 3 and 4) Whe curves in Fig 13 are ploted in Fig. 4, a more compechesive figure is obtained, as shown in Fig. 1 “The dashed lines belong to the original model in Fig. 4 AAs one can see in Fig 14, the curves for shear tehaviout are more vertical thi they were for normal Rainof 6) “Tosca math al perineum Fe A pote eae fr he emia aos propane by Ras ot) Fg M. Cue lting he ac perch i fo Joading/unloading behaviour. This is also in agreement with the coupe shearlow rests rom Esaki et [23] and block test sheurlow results given by Barton [I4) ‘5. Comparison between modelled and measured hydraulic conductivity daring searing of rock joints In order to compare the results fiom the improved model, composed of Eqs.(7) and (10), with the orig inal model, composed only of Fg, (7). an example i shown below. After detemining the JRC coefient and assuming the initial mechanical aperture before Searing one has 10 calelate the changes. of the sechanical aperture and variation of TRCyax, with shearingFor the mechanical behaviour, dimensionless mode [D4] for CNL shear tests i used (ee Fig 15). Inthe ‘model. the shear resistance ofa joint i called using the eancep of mobilised ction, which i funtion of IRC, JCS, ¢ and Ly length of join). The key aspects, ‘concerning the modeling of the joint behaviour, are ‘eseribed as follows (inthe order they owur dus shear even) [1 (Friction is mobilised immediately upon initiation of shearing '© Dilation begins when the roughness is mobilised (assumed at y= 03) ‘¢ Peak strength I eached at IRC yoy/JRC)= 1. 1 Dilation dectnes as the roughness reduces (8, > 9) © Residual strength is ially reached after large shear displacement (6. = 10049) ‘The peak shear displacement (np) was estimated from see" Arron! ore of ak Mass & Mining Ses 28/00) 21-328 ‘hse ys the norton ale jit sample at and Tris the esse egth Ge. he pig frosts tater the eft block size) In this moseling Mle, nas seg 10 Le "The mobile Fcton ange can Be culated bythe flowing eqation foreach of the abovementioned sus na IRC lO (ICS) + 2) ana he curen stear strength for any sbeardispae- mien can he obtained from eo =H 0( IRC yap BAS /49)+ 4). (1) The dation curve (u Yer) ean be calculated bythe following expression 24, = Au, tn dyes 04) u ) Gy PRCaun lo (ICS/0) as) where doo the mobilised lation angle and M is a ‘Samige cotcient, given values of Lor 2 for shearing under low or high normal stress, espectivels. ach Fi 18, Recommend diners mode for aering eis en sv ha depen (6 =a las foro pani 4For initial values of IRCpgu/IRCy. the ratio ~¢, ‘suse, where (14) I= IRC log ICS), 16) “Therafcr, the values of IRC y/IRCy in the table in Fig. 15 should bo sod “The hydraulic conductivity was calculated according ee. a ‘whore the hydraulic aperture was determined by Eg. (7) and by rewnting Eq, (10) # eo eo jRg S07 C= VEIRC oe, m2 hy ‘The mechanical aperture was calculated as B= B+ A8, as) where AF (cused hy joint dilation) can be taken a the tangent of the dilation angle (Eg. 14). given increment fof shear displacement will result in a postive AE somponent AE = Au tan dan 09) By combining Eqs. (14) and (18) one can eaeuate the mechanical aperture: eats+dutn[aReaalguCS/u]- 20 Usually, the mechanical aperture (Ea) is the ini aperture when shearing sues For comparison, only one of the hydromechanial shear tests ws modeled. This test ws CNL test The rest ofthe tests were CNS tests, which the model snot ‘develop for, unless as part ofthe UDEC-BB version of UDEC, where stress change uring shearing utomatcally modeled. The follosing data was Used for the modeling sRe=93, 3c3 = 169 MP 6-30 “The sample had a length of 0.2m and was ated by a normal sess of 2MPa, [AS one can sc in Fig 16, both preted shea stress sand the dilation follows the test results quite well For the hydraulic eondedivty, the curve that fs predicted by Eqs. (7) and (10) agrees bes with the tes rel, which confirms the potential promise of the new mode. The hydraulic conductivity predicted by only Eg. (7) is t00 ish compared tn the txt els, Thiers that his ssuation should be ased for normal losuelopening Tests and omly during the start of a shear test. where Star aes) ‘Non iplae () § ie dns bon 2 ea Fi 6 Stee dlcmen ei we, al gn {SL cd to hi perma ud ee") ech. the influence of roughness on flow losses is fectvely strongcr than when dilaton is occuring and where limited damage or gouge production occurs. Itean also be noted in Eq. (10) that a rapidly reducing IRCpoy valve due to postpeak aspecty damage wil have the esd effect of reducing the hydraulic aperture. 6 Conclsions (1) Hydromechanical shear tets ave showin that a widely used eonstiutive model [4.15 also included in the UDEC-BB code, ycks resus that are most suitable for normal loading snd wong and for shear with limited damage oF gouze production (2) Coupled shear-fow fest ests show that both the rnio B/e an the hydraulic aperture fe) increase ding increased shear displacement 3) Ia this paper. an improved empirical engineering mode is propose for coupling between the mechanicaley Oban, Narn eran Sera of Rok Mecho My Sows 8201) 31739 and hydrautie aperture including the joint roughness ‘oeient JRC) for predictions of fd flow through Fock joints. The model consists of ono pars which are ‘dependent om the shear displacement Fey S075 VPIRCote Me 2 My (4) frst modeling tempt has shown a promising ‘mgproved surement between the redted and ‘mensured hydraulic conductviy fora hydromechaial Shear tt performed on grant joint sample. Despite the fst thatthe mode is propoued sed hyo ‘mechanical shear tests on game rock Joins We a0 rmoommend its ie on other rok types bat ithe (6) For enginsrng modsing conductivity changes of och joins daring searing, on hs there et to Sime the inital IRC vale andthe nial mechanical Serre. Thereaher, on bs eal the hangs of {he mesinnalapertre and JRC uring bering ‘This ean be dove wis dimensionless model or eat Iehaviour Thee parameters shold then he sad Eqs (7) and (1) to calevlte the changes of the Aydeulie spertare during searing, Thera, tis pos to clue ether the bydrauis conductivity oF (6) Further work will be nesed in order 10 incorporate the improved model inthe UDEC cade Acknowledgements “The fist author would like to thank the Swedish ‘Nuclear Fuel und Waste Management Company (SKB) for the nancial support during the experimental phase, and abo Groner 48 Tor support during writing this paper. The second author would like to thank nuclear waste research finding by ONWT and AECL of the USA and Canada, who supported our rock mechanics developments in the 1980s, Colleagues Bandis and atthtar made special conteibutions. Referees (1 Wie PA, Wa Ia KG Ea oi [Soe (2) Et OM, rows ET, Moa Huson JA promi ‘iow ae Comins mi, 2, and 1) 2a om yor nan proper fas ‘Sth Comat wt Qu Engel 1929529 90 1 Larson F. Gromit ow troup mtr ast — Row Deptt of Geog. Cher Use Tees, 1s eR Rok Ft tl ek eso dsng isd (Range. Coupled res ow proprio ok ot Idec 6d ting PRD. Them Dine of Ene 17 Bands Engng propria schtick hora a Comoe a nrg ai (3 Fini pee deta fk rater PD. Tes, 7 gp iene cO Pet igs psi sf (0) Sharp 1. Mot UN Pandan comideron o8 he yal caressa jn Rook Paper TE, era (0 Bi 8 The poten of jot hein could tee ow fis tough Pure Rack Stata. 2 fam Maku A Te et f ear dopo on he perms Hostomoln, Tose Arson, USA 198 p91 (09 Md EL Raton Ng, Bowl ME Voge MD. A teampet pope itt mane OfeeNat Wane lon, Canta Ohio ONWL3E, 9313p, (14 Moe Medling sk jn thar a et ese ‘Wate hao, Coen OF ON: 1D tp 115 Bete Ne Bude Bata Ie Sent derma ad ony coi Yok ots Ta Rack Mech Ms St 06) Ofsow R, Meshames! and ydomechancal Pehavour af hard Ii Otioe R Maal a dren eu of ar ‘Chines Uneriy of Tee. Goer Sheds, 9. [iH 2a 4. er of arma se an erie on ode 19) Bimmer RW. Hoarson CS. yi sos fk ‘ee, Tramp Porous Moda 331-3 [Burton Nuon EF apr an ups he 1 Bron Nhoatey WT ten senha oc hts hay 1b Em eK laws A KnarSutie ohne [py Canal PA pris dt deme pop or md Segond aR Pea Cas Duncoon, 8 arn eri Saf Rk Machi & Man Se 8290) 17-89 » Pp Matuat A ton N. Ral NS, Has S.J contcty ton fig ition st} Rask Mesh Min The inert! Seon ov Roc osama, ton, (2) Gen Ris Holi D Lponag Haden orm p33 ‘Sino of fre tet anderand he om pa [29 Ganin'S Liman Arcana, Rie} Anintopyof ‘een he Tad Ison Canara oe Mechanics