RENEWABLE ENERGY Laboratory Instruction Manual cum Observation Note Book For IlI-Year/V-Sem. Agriculture (2014-2015) Department of Mechanical Engineering ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY ‘Name Reg.No: Batch +List of Experiments SLNo Title of the experiments Page 1. | Study and constructional details of KVIC , Janatha and 4 Deen Bandu type bio-gas plants 2. | Study and constructional details of different types of G 10 Briquette preparation from biomass 3._| Study on the efficiency of solar cooker 16 4._| Study on the efficiency of a solar stil 20 5. | Study on the performance of a solar dryer B 6. _| Study about the working of solar photovoltaic pumping system 2B 7. | Study on the performance evaluation of domestic solar water heater | 33 8._| Study of solar lantern and solar strect light 37 9._| Study of different types of wind mill a 10. | Study the processing of bio-diesel production from Jatropha aCONTENTS SI Date Title of the experiments Signature No. 1 Study and constructional details of KVIC, Janatha and Deen Bandu type bio-gas plants 2, Study and constructional details of different types of Gasifier and Briquette preparation from biomass 3 Study on the efficiency of solar cooker 4, Study on the efficiency of a solar still 5 Study on the performance ofa solar dryer 6 Study about the working of solar photovoltaic pumping system 7. Study on the performance evaluation of domestic solar water heater 8 Study of solar lantern and solar street light 9. Study of different types of wind mill 10. Study the processing of bio-diesel production from JatrophaEx. No: Date : 1. Study and constructional details of KVIC, Janatha and Deen Bandu type biogas plants a. K.V.LC Biogas plant Aim: Study of K.V.1.C Bio gas plant. Apparatus: 1, Digester Gas holder. Gas pipe |. Mixing pit Outlet pipe Inlet pipe Outlet pipe Partition wall Cow dung or organic matter Water Description : _ Khadi and village Industries Commission{KVIC] bio gas plant is also called as, Floating(constant pressure) gas holder type plant. In this, the gas holder floats on a digester. Gas, holder is made of mild steel. It is the costliest component and its life is comparatively less. The remaining parts of the plant is made of masonry construction. The plant consists of essentially of two parts. (a). Digester and (b). Dome. Construction and Working: ‘The digester is normally below ground level and «wo pipe lines are provided at its bottom. They are called as inlet and outlet, The pipe which is at right side is called Inlet and which is at left side is called outlet. The digester contains animal waste in the form of slurry. Bio mass is fed in to the digester through the Inlet. The digested slurry can be collected from the outlet. The dome or gas holder will be sliding on the guide ways provided in the digester. A gas pipe is fixed on the dome. By opening the gas pipe, we can utilise the gas according to our needs.MIXING PIT gas GAS PIPE | par GAS C OWL, rO: LeveL INLET PIPE LURRY PARTITION WALL Fig. a. K.V.LC Bio gas plant Bio gas production: Bio gas produces in two phases 1. Acid Phase and 2. Methane Phase. When the organic matters is decomposed or fermented in the absence of air anaerobic group organisms called acid formers produces. This is called as Acid Phase. The acid former bacterias are then converted into Methane (CH,) and carbon-dioxide (CO) after two weeks. The bacterias which are strictly anaerobs are called as Methane former bacteria. The combination of Methane and carbon dioxide is known as Bio gas. The produced bio gas will be stored in the dome. At the bottom of the digester a partition wall is constructed. This wall divides or separates inlet and outlet. The digested slurry will be removed from the out let. The digested sludge contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. It can be used as an excellent fertilizer. The calorific value of Bio gas is 1600 to 2500 ki/m’, It is an excellent fuel for cooking, lighting and for running the engines.b. Janata Bio gas plant Aim : Study of JANATA Bio gas plant Apparatus : 1. Digester 2. Gas holder 3. Gas pipe 4. Mixing pit 5. Outlet 6. Inlet pipe 7. Outlet pipe 8, Partition wall 9. Cow dung or organic matter 10. Water Description: JANATA Bio gas plant is also called as fixed dome (Constant volume)type plant. The gas holder and the digester are combined together. This unit is entirely a masonry construction, Gas Pie Femsvabie rn tle cove ~ DISPLACEMENT TaN Digester OUTLET PIPE Fondeton Fig. b: JANATA Bio gas plantConstruction and Working: The foundation of JANATA or JANATA bio gas plant is laid at the base of the under ground pit on a levelled ground which bear the load of the slurry as well as digester walls. Digester is cylindrical in shape constructed with bricks and cements. It contains animal waste in the form of slurry. The diameter and height ratio of the digester is kept 1.75 : 1 ratio. The gas is stored in the gas portion, which is an integral part of plant, between the dome and digester. The location of the gas portion is above the inlet and outlet. Dome or gas holder rests on gas portion. It must be constructed such that no leakage of gas can take place. Gas pipe is fixed on the top of the dome. Inlet and outlet portions are constructed for putting the fresh slurry inside the plant and to take the digested slurry out. The inlet and outlet are of larger sizes, provided on each side of the digester, facing each other. The discharge of digested slurry occurs due to the pressure of the gas in the plant. Over the inlet portion an inlet mixing tank is also constructed to mix the dung and water. Bio gas Production Bio gas produces in two phases, 1. Acid Phase 2. Methane Phase When the organic matter is decomposed or fermented in the absence of air anaerobic group organisms called acid formers are produced. This is called as Acid Phase. The Acid former bacterias are then converted into Methane (CH,) and Carbon-dioxide (CO2) after two weeks. The bacterias which are strictly anaerobs are called as Methane former bacterias. The combination of Methane and Carbon-di-oxide is known as Bio gas. The produced Bio gas stored in the gas holder can be utilised by opening the gas pipe according to our needs.¢. Deen Bandhu Bio gas plant Aim : Study of DEENA BANDHU Bio gas plant Apparatus : 1. Digester 2. Gas holder 3. Gas pipe 4, Mixing pit 5. Outlet 6. Inlet pipe 7. Outlet pipe 8. Partition wall 9. Cow dung or organic matter 10, Water Description: Deena Bandhu bio gas plant is also called as fixed dome type plant. The gas holder and the digester are combined together. This unit is entirely a masonry construction. Mising Yan Fig. C: Deena Bandhu Bio gas plantConstruction and Working: The principle of working of this plant is same as that of Janata ‘model. The foundation of the plant is constructed in the spherical shape. The dome and digester is constructed with same base diameter. Hence the gas holder and digester look as a single unit. ‘The brick masonry and concrete makes it safe, as the plant is always under pressure. Inlet and Outlet portions are constructed for putting the fresh slurry inside the plant and to take the digested slurry out. The Inlet and Out let are of larger sizes, provided on each side of the digester, facing each other. The discharge of digested slurry, due to the pressure of the gas in the plant Bio gas production: Bio gas produces in two phases 1. Acid phase and 2. Methane phase. When the organic matter is decomposed or fermented in the absence of air, anaerobic group organisms called acid formers producers. This is called as acid phase. The acid former bacterias are then converted in to Methane (CH,) and Carbon-dioxide (CO2) after two weeks. The bacterias which are strictly anaerobes are as called Methane former bacterias. The combination of methane and Carbon-di-oxide is known as Bio gas. The produced Bio gas stored in the gas, holder can be utilised by opening the gas pipe according to our needs. Observation Table: SI. Date of Quantity of | Quantity of | Date of | Quantity of No feeding cowdung | water mixed | Bio gas Bio gas Biomass production | produced Result: 9Ex.N Date : 2. Study and constructional details of different types of Gasifier and Briquette preparation from biomass Biomass Gasi Ai Study of Gasifier and Briquette Apparatus : 1.Reactor 2. Grate 3.Grateb agitator 4.Air inlet 5.Ash removal port 6.Biomass feeding hopper 7.Burmer 8.Gas outlet Gasifier System Description Reactor: Reactor of the gasification system is a cylindrical structure. The inside of this is lined with fire bricks. G@ ate: A Grate is provided at the bottom of gasifier for material support and ash removal. Grate agitator: A. grate agitator was provided to move to and fro on the channel guide with the help of the handle. Due to the movement of the agitator, combing action on surface of the grate takes place, to remove the ash accumulated on it Air inlet :Air inlet pipe is provided below the grate, The air pipe is having valve to control the air supply to the gasifier. Ash removal port: An ash removal door is provided below the grate for removal of ash and for firing of biomass while starting the gasifier. Biomass feeding hopper: Biomass feeding to the gasifier is done from the side of the reactor. A. hopper attached to the reactor is tapered and biomass is fed through the pipe to the reactor. Sealing of biomass: A water seal at the opening of the biomass feeding hopper is provided. Gas outlet: The gas generated in the reactor moves upward through a perforated plate having holes on the plate. Burner: The gas bumer is an integral part of the gasifier fitted just above the reactor. The producer gas bumer is of aspirated and air swirling type. The swirl was noticed during the burning of the gases. The control of the air to the burner was provided using the valve fitted for the air supply. 10Biomass Gasifiers: Biomass gasifiers (see Figure.1 ) convert the solid biomass (basically wood waste, agricultural residues etc.) into a combustible gas mixture normally called as producer gas. The conversion efficiency of the gasification process is in the range of 60 %~70 %. The producer gas consists of mainly carbon-monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen gas and methane, and has a lower calorific value (4186- 5023 kJ/m’). Gasification of biomass and using it in place of conventional direct burning devices will result in savings of at least 50% in fuel consumption. The gas has been found suitable for combustion in the internal combustion engines for the production of power. Gasifier Systems : Biomass gasification is basically the conversion of solid biomass into a combustible gas mixture called producer gas through partial combustion in a gasifier. Types of Biomass Gasifier Updraft Gasifier Downdraft Gasifier Cross flow Gasifier uCrossdraft Gasifier Pt) Pyroly ‘Throat — (em Air ag emit) ry Fig: 1. Type of Bio mass gasifier Up—Draft + High quality charcoal is used as a fuel. + Producer gas is badly contaminated with tar and is not suitable for IC Engines, + Due to content products like oils and tars the calorific value of the gas produced is higher. Downdraft + Fuels are wood and agricultural waste + Produces a relatively clean gas + Mostly used for shaft power application. 12Cross draft + Fuel is high quality charcoal + Not commonly used. Applic Water pumping and Electricity generation: Using biomass gas, it possible to operate a diesel engine on dual fuel mode-part diesel and part biomass gas. Diesel substitution of the order of 75 to 80% can be obtained at nominal loads. The mechanical energy thus derived can be used either for energizing a water pump set for irrigational purpose or for coupling with an alternator for electrical power generation - 3.5 kW - 10 MW. Heat generation: A few of the devi to which ga ifier could be retrofitted, are dryers- for drying tea, flower, spices, kilns for baking tiles or potteries, furnaces for melting noneferrous metals, boilers for process steam, etc. Direct combustion of biomass has been recognized as an important route for generation of power by utilization of vast amounts of agricultural residues, agro-industrial residues and forest wastes. Gasifiers can be used for power generation and available up to a capacity 500 kW. The Government of India through MNES and IREDA is implementing power-generating system based on biomass combustion as well as bioma gasification 13Biomass Briquetting: The process of densifying loose agro-waste into a solidified biomass of high density, which can be conveniently used as a fuel, is called Biomass Briquetting (see Figure.2). Briquette is also termed as "Bio-coal". It is pollution free and eco- friendly. Some of the agricultural and forestry residues can be briquetted after suitable pretreatment. A list of commonly used biomass materials that can be briquetted are given below: Com Cob, Jute Stick, Sawdust, Pine Needle, Bagasse, Coffee Spent, Tamarind, Coffee Husk, Almond Shell, Groundnut shells, Coir Pith, Bagasee Pith, Barley straw , Tobacco dust, Rice Husk, De-oiled Bran. BRIQUETTING MACHINE The briquetting machine designed for converting charred biomass into cylindrical briquettes is a screw type extruder unit. It has a hopper for feeding the char and cow dung mixture mixed to a predetermined proportion with water. Feeding is done slowly so that the output from the dies and the feeding are synchronised, The outlet end has a number of openings forming the die through which the briquettes are expelled continuously. These are collected separately in trays and left in the sun for drying. The larger unit is operated with a 2.25 kW motor and produces 60- 75 kg of briquettes per hour. The smaller version produces about 40 kg of briquettes per hour. For making briquettes using biomass which can be used for cooking foods. Fig: 2. Biomass Briquetting 4Dry Materials Powder Material a | sf Storage of Drying > Grindin eae terials Wa storage Materials ___f Powder Material Packing |+ Briquettes J+ Cooling _e—{ Briquetting Flow Diagram of Biomass Briquette Production Advantages Some of advantages of biomass briquetting are high calorific value with low ash content, absence of polluting gases like sulphur, phosphorus fumes and fly ash- which eliminate the need for pollution control equipment, complete combustion, ease of handling, transportation & storage - because of uniform size and convenient lengths. Application Biomass briquett can replace almost all conventional fuels like coal, firewood and lignite in almost all general applications like heating, steam generation etc, It can be used directly as fuel instead of coal in the traditional chulhas and furnaces or in the gasifier. Gasifier converts solid fuel into a more convenient-to-use gaseous form of fuel called producer gas. Result:Ex. No: Date : 3. Study on the efficiency of solar cooker Aim : To study the constructional details of a box type solar cooker. Apparatus : 1. Insulated box 2. Two transparent glass plates (collectors) 3. Reflecting mirror 4, Guide for adjustment of reflecting mirror 5. Handle 6. Cooking pots 7. Black board paint (Absorber) ts ‘Suns Ray ; Glass Covers Insulation (Cooking Urensils Blackened mental tay! Procedure : Two transparent glass plates of 3 mm thick ate fixed on the top of the insulated box, keeping about 25mm distance between the two glass covers. Neopreme rubber sealing is provided around the glass covers and the cooker box. A black paint is coated on the surface of the vessels and inside the box. This black body acts as an absorber. The solar radiation entering the box is of short wave length. The two glass covers minimises the heat loss and transmission of long wave radiation. When the sun rays falls on collectors or glass plates, enters in to the cooker box. The black body absorbs the solar radiation and generates heat inside the box. The cooking pots gets, heat energy and food will be cooked, Solar energy can be tracked by using reflector or mirror. A ‘mechanism or clamp is provided to adjust the reflector at different angles on the cooker box. Insulating materials like glass wool or saw dust is filled in the space between blackened tray and outer cover of the box. This minimises heat losses. 16Preparing food by using Solar Cooker ‘Aim : Prepare food by using solar cooker. Apparatus : Solar cooker, cooking pots Ingredients: Rice, water, salt ReFLectine— MIRROR 2 Eo ouass cout Gq teeth a ANOLE cooKind Pots Details of a Box Type Solar Cooker Procedure : 1. Place the cooker in the sun, The place selected should 1: will not come under the shadows of trees or buildings. ive direct sun shine. Ensure that it 2. Leave the reflector mirror in the open position at an angle which permits the sun’s rays on the collector or glass covers 3. Wipe dust, foreign particles and moisture from both mirror and glass surfaces. 4. Allow a minimum pre — heating time of about 30 minutes. If the food is to be kept in the cooker at 10-00A.M., place the cooker in sun at 9-30A.M or earlier. 5. While the cooker gets pre — heated, lift the glas cover of the cooking tray and remove the cooking pots. 6. Load the material to be cooked along with the required quantity of water and close the cooking pots. 7. Keep the cooking pots on the tray and close the double glass cover of the tray, 8. None the food is left to be cooked. The food will be ready in one or two hours, depending upon the intensity of sun. 7Observation Table SI. Experiment Initial Final Duration | _ Remarks No_| Conducting Time | Temperature | Temperature |_Hrs Result: 18Questions for Evaluation: QI. What are the main parts of Solar Cooker ? Ans. 1. Insulated box; 2. Two transparent glass plates (Collectors); 3. Reflecting misror; 4.Guide for adjustment of reflecting mirror; 5. Handles; 6 Cooking pots; 7.Black board paint (Absorber) Q2. What is Solar Collector ? ‘Ans. Solar Collector is a device which collects solar radiation, Usually transparent glass plates are used as solar collectors. Q3. What is an absorber ? Ans. A black body acts as an absorber. t absorbs the solar radiation, Q4. What is the use of reflector ? ‘Ans, Itis used to reflect the solar radiation into the cooler. Usually a mirror is used as a reflector. A mechanism or clamp is provided to adjust the reflector at different angles on the cooker box. Q5. What is the use of insulating material ? Ans. The material which does not conduct heat is called insulating material, Insulating materials like glass wool or saw dust is filled in the space between blackened tray and outer cover of the box. This minimises heat losses, Q6. What is the thickness of transparent glass plates? ‘Ans. The thickness of transparent glass plate is 3 mm. Q7. What is the distance between the two glass covers ? Ans. ‘The distance between the two glass covers is 25 mm. Q8. What are the main apparatus required for preparing food? Ans. Solar Cooker and Cooking Pots. 19Ex. No: Date : 4. Study on the efficiency of a solar still Aim : Study of Solar Distillation or Solar Still. Apparatus : 1. Transparent Covers 2. Filler 3. Over flow line 4, Insulation 5. Blackened surface 6. Basin Objective : Fresh water is a necessity for the requirements of life and also the key to man’s prosperity. It is observed that, arid and costal areas which are thinly populated, the family members are always busy in bringing fresh water from a long distance, In these areas solar energy is plentiful and can be used for converting saline water in to distilled water by using solar still Procedure : It consists of a insulated blackened basin containing saline water. A transparent cover is enclosed on the top of the basin. It has a roof like shape. The cover, which is usually glass or plastic sheet. . Solar radiation passes through the cover and is absorbed and converted into heat in the black surface. Impure water in the basin is heated and the vapour produced is condensed as water drops on the interior of the roof. The condensed water can be collected through the pipes provided in the solar still TRANSPARENT siER CONDENSED Wave® OROPS WATER VAPOUR ovER Flow INSULATION UNE Solar Water Stl 20Observation Table SI. | Experiment [Duration | Quantity of Saline | Quantity of Pure | Remarks No| Conducting | Hrs | of Impure water | water Collected Time Result: aQuestions for evaluatio QI. What are the main parts of Solar Distillation or Solar Sti Ans. 1. Transparent covers; 2. Filler; 3. Over flow line; 4. Insulation; 5. Blackened surface; 6. Basin. Q2. What is the use of Transparent cover? ‘Ans. Transparent cover acts as the principle of Green House eff ct and retains the heat energy. Q3. What acts as an absorber ? Ans. A black body acts as an absorber. Q4. What is the use of Solar Distillation ? ‘Ans. ‘The impure water can be purified with the help of Solar DistillationEx. No: Date : 5. Study on the performance of a solar dryer Aim: To study about solar dryer Basics of Solar Drying The solar Dryer is essentially a solar hot box, which can be used to dehydrate fruits, vegetables, fish, and other products to prolong storage life. This is made of cheap and indigenous materials. The solar dryer is designed and tailored to generate more profit for farmers and fishermen who are presently involved in food processing. The operation of the solar dryer is simple and needs little attention. The transparent plastic cover wraps radiation and also keeps the insects out. The ventilation holes at the bottom and on two sides allow cold air to enter to carry out moisture from the fish or vegetables by the heat of the sun. The access door panel enables the materials to be placed on the drying tray and to be removed when drying is completed. The black painted bottom surface keeps heat in and extends drying time. SOLAR CABINET DRYER ‘The solar cabinet dryer is suitable for drying perishable, semi perishable and wet processed food material, It consists of a frame to hold the drying trays, a glazed cover and an aspirator for driving out the hot and humid air utilising natural convection. The special construction of the aspirator takes advantage of prevailing direction of wind to create a sucking action. Small quantities of chilli, potato chips, cauliflower, leafy vegetable etc. can be dried in a short time without contamination from foreign matter SNS S Inaditon > Crops shelf ~ Doing chamber ~S Drying-chamber val (tape al (eanspret) Prekeater cover Ai preeatr absorber 23DOMESTIC SOLAR DRYER This is a small dryer meant for domestic uses for drying small quantities of products such as vegetables, fruits, condiments and spices. In this dryer, the convection of heated air is natural due to difference in temperatures and can be made to be direct or indirect depending upon the type of the product dried. Solar energy is intercepted on the inclined aperture, which is glazed for trapping infrared radiation, and prevents unnecessary circulation of ambient air thereby maintaining the required temperature inside. The drying trays have been arranged one over the other on an inclined plane so that there is free circulation of heated air through the mass kept for drying, The products can be dried under shade or exposed to sunrays as desired. The dryer has provision for changing inclination of the aperture by 15° to capture more solar energy depending upon the season and the castor wheels aid in easy orientation to capture maximum of solar radiation. The drier may be left unattended even during rains, as the products kept inside are not affected. — Bk set Sara 24PORTABLE FARM SOLAR DRYER This dryer is a low cost medium size natural convection solar dryer. It is constructed using commonly available nickel coated iron curtain pipes UV stabilized polyethylene sheet serves the purpose of glazing and is fixed on a light frame which can be moved forward to expose the drying chamber for feeding the trays easily. Thus, the process of loading and unloading of the product is very easy. Depending upon the requirement of the dried product, the dryer may be ‘made to face the sun or kept in the shade for taking advantage of indirect heating. A variety of products such as vegetables, fruits, spices and condiments can be conveniently dried in this unit, Provision of castor wheels aid in easy movement of the drier and to make it obtain maximum exposure to the sun as per requirement. Assembly and disassembly of the unit is also very easy and is highly portable. 2sFORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR DRYER This type of dryers takes advantage of an array of. solar collectors, which are connected together to achieve high airflow rates. Some of the major components are, solar air heaters, electri blower, connecting ducts, drying chamber and control systems for air temperature and flow rate. Solar collectors are inter-connected in a series/parallel configuration depending upon the desired rated of airflow and temperature. In the case of unfavorable weather conditions or cloudy days, supplemental heat may be provided through an electrical/biomass based heater, Such arrangement is also beneficial to operate the unit even during night time. exhaust stack roaT7) food TH ets U1 heat exchanger | . fan collectors = ht 2 A : T ; ' 1 1 | trernat | | storage ' \ \ ' i ' , | optional inter 26NATURAL CONVECTION SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER For drying bulk material from high moisture content, a tunnel type solar dryer has been developed. The dryer has a capacity to hold 1.5 tone.. It is constructed of pipe frame structure having a hemi--cylindrical shape and is tall enough for a worker to walk-in. It is covered with UV stabilized semi-transparent polyethylene sheet of 200-micron thickness. The whole structure has a slope of 10-150 along its length to aid in the natural convection of hot air to the upper end. ‘An exhaust fan is provided at the upper end for rapid removal of humid air and to expedite the drying process to the required level. Arrangement for the control is also provided so that the operation of the exhaust fan is controlled by the humidistat. The product to be dried is put into trays in thin layers. The trays are loaded on to mobile trolleys. Ten trolleys are kept inside the tunnel for drying of the DCP. The floor and northern sides of the dryer are suitably insulated to prevent loss of heat ELECTRIC OR ‘WIND-DRIVEN VENTILATOR SOLAR RADIATION Result: anEx. No: Date : 6. Study about the working of solar photovoltaic pumping system A. Solar Pump Aim : Study of solar water pumping Apparatus: 1. Solar Cell array 2. Inverter 3.Cable 4, Submersible Pump-Motor 5, Delivery Pipe 6 Storage Tank Solar call array Storage tank Inverter, Delivery pipe Catie 3 Bore well Submersible pump = motor Working: A solar photovoltaic water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand, and one of the following motor-pump sets compatible with the photovoltaic array. The photovoltaic array converts the solar energy into electricity, which is used for running the motor pump set. The pumping system draws water from the open well, bore well, stream, pond, canal ete. The system components of solar photovoltaic water pumping system are: photovoltaic array, motor pump set, interface electronics, connecting cables & switches, support structure & tracking system, pipes, ete. The SPV water pumping system is used in agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry farming, high value crops, orchards, silviculture, fish culture, salt farming, drinking water ete. 28SURFACE PUMP, The water pumping systems are available in different types to meet various needs and applications: + SURFACE PUMPS: These pumps are suitable for lifting and pumping water from a maximum depth of 20 meters (Total head). «SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS: These pumps can be used in areas where water is available at a greater depth and where open wells are not available. The maximum recommended depth these systems can pump is 50 meters. * SOLAR HAND PUMPS: These pumps are exclusively designed by Balaji Industrial and Agricultural Castings to meet both the requirements of Surface and Submersible pumps. It has 2 manual operation mode where the system can be used manually when sufficient sunshine is not available to drive the pump. Applications: These pumps are used in village water supply, livestock watering, remote homes, micro irrigation, homes, dispensaries & Community Centers, ete. Capacity of SPV water pumping system A SPV water pumping system is available with a photovoltaic array of capacity in the range of 200 watts to 3000 watts. (Capacity of motor pump set is from 0.5 hp to 2 hp). The system is expected to deliver a minimum of 65,000 liters per day for a 900 watts panel and 135,000 liters per day for a 1800 watts panel from a suction head of 7 meters and/or a total head of 10 meters on a clear sunny day. In case of deep well submersible pumps, the water output shall be a minimum of 45000 liters from 1200 wp. The SPV water pumping system may command an area of irrigation 0.5-6 hectares at a total head of 10 meters depending on water table, type of soil and water management. Life span of the system: Solar PV modules have are absolutely maintenance free . long-lasting life of more than 20 years and 29b. Organic fluid based Solar pump. Apparatus : 1, Solar collector array 2. Heat exchanger 3. Organic fluid 4, Heat engine 5. Condenser 6. Pump heat engine organic uid Ay otvater cirenianng pump vcd ccna =F ‘Ground water Scheme of a solar pes Description : 1, Solar collector array: It consists of solar collector and water tubes. The inner surface of the collector and the water tubes are coated with black paint. 2. Heat Exchanger: It consists of two pipes, one is for carrying hot water and other is for circulating organic fluid 3. Organic fluid: The organic fluid changes its phase from liquid to vapour when it is hot. and vapour to liquid when it gets cool. 4, Heat engine: It consists of a turbine 5, Condenser: It consists of two pipes one is for carrying organic fluid and other is for pumping the ground water. 6. Pump: Pump shaft is coupled with heat engine shaft. It is used to pump the water. 30Working : When the sun rays falls on the solar collector, black body absorbs the sun rays and water in the tubes gets heated up and circulates in the heat exchanger. Through the heat exchanger, hot water is again pumped back in the solar collector with the help of a pump. The organic fluid in the other tube sences the heat produced in the heat exchanger and converts its phase in to vapour. The vapour runs the turbine provided in the heat engine and losses its heat, and again converted in to liquid. This organic fluid again pumped back in to the heat exchanger with the help of a feed pump. coupled with heat engine Experiment conducting Time Duration ‘Amount of water collected Remarks Observation Table SI. No Result: Ground water is pumped with the help of a pump, which is 31Questions for Evaluation : QI. What are the main parts of Solar Water Pumping ? Ans. 1. Solar collector array; 2. Meat exchanger; 3. Organic fluid; 4, Heat engine; 5.Condenser, 6. Pump Q2. Describe solar collector array ? ‘Ans. It consists of solar collector and water tubes. The inner surface of the collector and the water tubes are coated with black paint. Q3. Describe Heat Exchanger ? Ans, It consists of two pipes, one is for carrying hot water and other is for circulating organic fluid, scribe organic fluid ? ¢ organic fluid changes its phase from liquid to vapour when it is hot and vapour to liquid when it gets cool QS. Describe Heat engine ? Ans. It consists of a turbine and itis coupled with a pump. Q6. Describe condenser ? Ans. It consists of two pipes one is for carrying organic fluid and other is for pumping the ground water, Q7. Describe Pump ? Ans. Pump is used to pump the water and it is coupled with heat engineEx. No: Date : 7. Study and performance evaluation of domestic solar water heater Solar Water Heater (Thermo siphon! Aim : Study of Thermosiphon solar water heating system Apparatus : 1. Flat plate collector 2, Insulated storage tank 3. Connecting pipes. FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC OF A THERMOSYPHON SOLAR WATER HEATER Procedure : A flat plate collector is used to collect solar radiation and converts it into thermal energy. Insulated storage tank is used to hold the hot water for use and cold water for feeding the flat plate collector. Connecting pipes inlet and outlet is used for feeding cold water from the storage tank and taking hot water from the storage tank. As water in the collector is heated by solar energy, it flows automatically to the top of the water tank and its place is taken by colder water from the bottom of the tank. Hot water for use is with drawn from the top of the tank. An auxiliary heating system is provided for use on cloudy ot rainy days. 33Se Aim : Study of Forced circulation solar water heating system Apparatus : 1. Arrays of flat plate collector 2. Insulated storage tank 3. Pump 4. Connecting pipes 5. Auxiliary heating system FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC OF A FORCED FLOW SOLAR WATER HEATER Procedure: Water is fed by some mechanical device like pump is known as forced circulation system, This type of water heater is used for industrial purposes where large quantity of water required to heat, The main components are (®. Arrays of Flat plate collector: It is used to absorb solar radiation and convert it in to thermal energy, Gii), Insulated storage tank: It is used to hold the hot water for use and cold water for feeding the arrays of collector. (ii), Pump : It is used to feed cold water into arrays of flat plate collector (iv). Connecting pipes : In let and out let pipes are used for feeding cold water from the storage tank and taking hot water from the storage tank. (v). Auxiliary heating system : It is provided for use on cloudy or rainy days and during nights. Systems of this type are well suited for places like hospitals, hotels, milk dairys, industries etc. 34Efficiency of solar water heaters: ‘There are many losses during the collector is in operation and all these losses determine the efficiency of the collector. The efficiency of a collector is, referred to the quantity of energy extracted by the circulating water expressed as a fraction of the total amount of solar energy falling on the glass cover of the collector. For example, if the collector has received 5 kWh of solar energy in a day and contributed 2.5 kWh for heating the water in shortage tank, then the efficiency of the collector is 5%, Costs & Benefits: The economic benefit of a solar hot water system is obviously the money saved each month on energy bills (fuel and /or electricity). The value of energy furnished by a solar system depends upon the fuel it is replacing and the efficiency at which it is replacing the boiler heat. It is important to realize that the actual savings will be lower, if the delivered heat is not used. This will apply for instance, if you take long vacations away from home. Domestic solar hot water systems will be viable if the existing systems are electrically operated (geysers). It will also depend on the electricity tariff and the domestic power tariff varies from Rs. 1.00 to 2.50 per unit. Payback Period : Pay back period (Yrs.) = Total Cost/Annual Savings. The concept of pay back period emphasizes the need to install systems to such a standard, that they will have a long life, say 15 years at least-long enough not only to repay the investment made on them, but to provide a reasonable return on the investment made. Observation Table SLNo] Experiment | Quantity Tnitial Final Duration | Remarks Conducting | of Water | Temperature | Temperature | Hrs Time Result:Questions for Evaluation: QI. What are the apparatus required for solar water heating system ? Ans. 1. Flat plate collector; 2. Insulated storage tank; 3. Connecting pipes Q2. What is the use of flat plate collector ? Ans, A flat plate collector is used to collect solar radiation and converts it in to thermal energy. Q3. What are the different types of solar water heating system: ‘Ans. 1. Thermosiphon or Natural Circulation System and 2. Forced circulation system. Q4. What is the use of an auxiliary heating system ? ‘Ans, An auxiliary heating system is provided for use on cloudy or rainy days, Q5. What is the use of insulating material ? Ans. It minimises heat losses. Q6. What are the main apparatus used in forced circulation solar water heating system ? Ans. 1. Arrays of flat plate collector; 2. Insulated storage tank; 3. Pump; 4. Connecting pipes; 5. Auxiliary heating system; 36Ex. No: Date : 8. Solar lanterns and street light Aim : Study of Solar Street Lighting and Lanterns. Apparatus : 1. Photovoltaic module or solar array 2. Lighting device 3. Inverter 4, Battery Objectives of solar lighting : In our country out of six lack villages, one lack village are still to be clectrified. Even in electrified villages, only a quarter of house — holds have proper connection. ‘The bulk of rural house — holds in India, normally use kerosene lanterns for meeting their lighting requirements, ‘These lanterns provided insufficient and poor quality of light. A variety of solar photo ~ voltaic system have been developed and employed for rural applications such as lighting. Solar Electri Generation: Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Photovoltaic is the technical term for solar electric. Photo means "light" and voltaic means "electric". PV cells are usually made of silicon, an element that naturally releases electrons when exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from silicon cells depend upon intensity of light incident on it, The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that dircets the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric current. This current is guided into a wire that is connected to a battery or DC appliance. Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 watts of power. Individual cells are connected together to form a solar panel or module, capable of producing 3 to 110 Watts power. Panels can be connected together in series and parallel to make a solar array (see Figure), which can produce any amount of Wattage as space will allow. Modules are usually designed to supply electricity at 12 Volts. PV modules are rated by their peak Watt output at solar noon on a clear day. Some applications for PV systems are lighting for commercial buildings, outdoor (street) lighting (see Figure), rural and village lighting etc, Solar electric power systems can offer independence from the utility grid and offer protection during ly in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid power supply will be expensive to reach. extended power failures. Solar PV systems are found to be economical espe 37Performance: The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity. Only sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create electricity, and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the material that make up the cell. Because of this, a typical commercial solar cell has an efficiency of 15%—only about one-sixth of the sunlight striking the cell generates electricity. Low efficiencies mean that larger arrays are needed, and higher investment costs. It should be noted that the first solar cells, built in the 1950s, had efficiencies of less than 4%. cat Modale Pane! Array Solar Photovoltaic Array (a) Solar Lantern : ‘This consists of a small photovoltaic module or solar array, a lighting device, inverter, battery etc. During day time, module or array is placed under the sun and is connected to lantern through cable for charging A typical lantern uses a 100 watt lamp. Storage battery is one crucial component in lantern, The battery has a life of 3 to 5 years, 38(b) Street lighting system : It consists of two photo - voltaic modules, mounting frame, 4mt long pole, battery box, lead — acid battery and inverter. It works with one flouroscent tube light of 20 watts for whole night. Solar Panel Panel Bracket Lamp Housing Inspection Box Solar Controller Pole Foundation Ground Anchor Boat Battery Room Advantages: 1 Absence of moving parts. 2. Modular in nature in which desired currents, voltage and power levels can be achieved by mere integration. 3. They consume no fuel to operate on solar energy. 4. Maintenance cost is low as they are easy to operate. 5. They do not create pollution. 6. They have long effective life. 7. They have high power to weight ratio. 8. They have wide power handling capabilities from microwatts to kilowatts or megawatts when modules are combined into large area arrays. Solar cells can be used in combination with power conducting circuits to feed power into utility grid. Applications: 1. Home lighting systems 2. Street and garden lighting system 3. Traffic control system. 4, Railway signaling equipment 5. Battery charging eg. Mobile, telephones. Result: 39.Questions for Evaluation: QI. What are the main apparatus used for solar street lighting and lanterns? Ans. 1. Photovoltaic module or solar array; 2. Lighting device; 3. Inverter; 4. Battery Q2. What is solar photo — voltaic? Ans. The direct conversion of solar energy in to electrical energy by means of the photo voltaic effect, that is, the conversion of light in to electricity. Q3. Define photo voltaic effect Ans, The photo voltaic effect is defined as the generation of an electromotive force as a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation. Q4. What is solar cell ? Ans. Energy conversion devices which are used to convert sun light of electricity by the use of the photovoltaic effect are called solar cells, Solar cells are made of semi — conductors like silicon. 40Ex. No: Date : 9. Study of different types of wind mill Aim : Study of different types of | Wind Mill Apparatus : 1. Induction generator and gear box 2. Blade (Single or Double or Multi blade) 3. Rotor 4, Transmission 5, Tower Description : The basic wind energy conversion device is the wind turbine. Although various designs and configurations exist, these turbines are generally grouped into two types: 1. Vertical-axis wind turbines, in which the axis of rotation is vertical with respect to the ground (and roughly perpendicular to the wind stream), 2. Horizontal-axis turbines, in which the axis of rotation is horizontal with respect to the ground (and roughly parallel to the wind stream.) ‘Main components of the wind mill are : (@. Rotor : It consists of blades. Rotor is mounted on the horizontal shaft and connected to the generator through transmission with the help of bearings. Gi). Transmission: It consists of gears, belts, chains, clutches ete., It controls the wind speed or rotor speed according to the generator speed. When the wind speed is low, the transmission system increases rotor sped. Similarly when the wind speed high, it decreases the rotor speed. Gi). Generator : It generates Electricity (iv). Tower reinforced concrete or Iron poles. The height of the tower depends on the cap: Tower is a supporting device. It holds all the parts of wind mill. It is made of ity of the plant. alAW ‘Wind Turbine) ‘Wind Turbine) Site Selection 1, High annual average wind speed. 2. Availability of wind curve at the proposed site. 3.Availability of anemometry data. 4. Wind structure at the proposed site. 5. Attitude of the proposed site. 6, Terrain and it’s acrodynamic. 7. Local ecology. 8. Distance to roads and railways. 9. Nature of ground, 10. Nearness of site to local centre\users. 11. Favorable land cost. Limitations 1. Wind energy is available in dilute and fluctuating in nature. 2, Unlike water energy wind energy needs storage capacity because of irregularity. 3. Noisy operation:-Large unit can be heard many km away. 4. It has relatively high overall weight because they involve construction of high towers and include gearbox, hub and pitch changer, a generator coupling shafl, 5. Large areas are needed. 6. Present system is neither maintenance free not practically reliable. Applications ‘Utility interconnected wind turbines generate power which is synchronous with the grid and are used to reduce utility bills by displacing the utility power used in the household and by selling the excess power back to the electric company. Wind turbines for remote homes (off the grid) generate DC current for battery charging. © Wind turbines for remote water pumping generate 3 phase AC current suitable for driving an electrical submersible pump directly. Wind turbines suitable for residential or village scale wind power range from 500 Watts to 50 kilowatts. Result: 42Question for Evaluation : QI. What are the main parts of Horizontal wind mill? ‘Ans, |. Introduction generator and gear box; 2. Hub; 3. Counter Weight; 4. Composite blad 5. Tower. Q2. How do you classify wind mills? Ans. Wind mills are classified as (a) Horizontal wind mills and (b) Vertical wind mills Q3. What are caused because of two factors > (The absorption of solar energy on the earth's surface and in the atmosphere. (ii) The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the sun Q4. How wind mill works? Ans. A wind mill converts the Kinetic Energy of moving air into mechanical Energy that can be either used directly to run the machine or to run the generator to produce electricity. 43Ex.N Date : 10. Study the processing of bio diesel production from Jatropha Aim: To study the processing of bio diesel production from Jatropha Bio fuels: Renewable energy sources, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels— biofuels— for our transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol, similar to that used in beer and wine. It is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates (starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is mostly used as a fuel additive to cut down a vehicle's carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. Flexible-fuel vehicles, which run on mixtures of gasoline and up to 85% ethanol, are now available. Biodiesel, produced by plants such as rapeseed (canola), sunflowers and soybeans, can be extracted and refined into fuel, which can be bumed in diesel engines and buses. Biodiesel can also made by combining alcohol with vegetable oil, or recycled cooking greases. It can be used as an additive to reduce vehicle emissions (typically 20%) or in its pure form as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil + The production of biodiesel (methyl ester) of Jatropha curcas seed oil was carried out in a 2 lit, capacity glass vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a funnel and a condenser placed in water bath having a proportional integral derivative temperature control device. * Jatropha curcas seed oil and methanol (98% pure) were mixed (6:1 molar ratio) and the mixture was placed inside the reactor, in batches. ‘The temperature of the reactor was raised to 70°C, and the mixer was stirred at 600 rpm. © When the mixture temperature reached 70°C, 4.5gms of freshly prepared sodium methoxide was added to it, Thus the reaction was continued for Ih, an optimum reaction time, as determined from three sets of experiments conducted initially for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h duration. * As soon as the reaction time was over, the mixture was placed in a separating funnel and allowed to cool for 2hours. * Two distinct layers were found to form, the upper layer being the mixture of methyl ester and unreacted methanol and the lower layer was a mixture of glycerol and water. * A rotary vacuum evaporator was used to recover the unreacted alcohol from the ester layer. The unreacted alcohol recovered was found to be 30m. * The ester was then washed twice with distilled water. The emulsified water was removed through rotary vacuum evaporator method. Biodiesel and glycerol were recovered by this method. 44(CC tatropha Curcas > Seeds Oierapston | Sitete] Las Detoxification Jatropha curcas Oi Lamp/Stoves oe a Alcohol & — |—>"“‘Transesterification ‘Crude glycerel Catalyst reactor ade (Refined gieerol Saas da capil Water pf Washing tank Washed water Pure bi Flow chart of Bio Diesel production from Jatropha Figure 1. The Jatropha Plant Figure as Dey vatrophia ults 45Figue & daepka nds Figure 4 Jatropha kernels Figure 5, Jatropha Methyl Easter - wall Harvest stract = = Jatropha Plant Jatropha Frat Biodiesel Plant = esertenton f hak ] y 7 Ss: = | arta SB Jatropha Biodiesel Hydrogenation 3100 Jatropha Biodiesel: B100 ieee, Biodiesel Upgrading Ut oe [J miisown tise 108 46Jatropha Oil Characteristics Properties ‘Values Moisture % weight 0.0326 Ramsbottom Carbon Residue | 0.22 Viscosity (eS) 345 Sulfur Content % 0.0094 Gross Calorific Value (kJ/g) | 46.024 Acidity 2.19 Density (kg /m* ) 935.0 Benefits of Jatropha cultivation: Cultivation of Jatropha plants prevents soil erosion and makes the soil fertile. Cost of cultivation is low as compare to other plants. Low requirement of water and also stay in low ground water level Seasonal and regional acceptance. Often cheated by unfavorable monsoon. Lack of insurance coverage. Long life plant Low insect and disease damage. It increases rural employment. Pollution control. Ithelps to increase the economy level of farmer Advantages BIODIESEL. een anewD Result: 100% domestic fuel. In future cheaper than diesel, Oil is safe, toxic and Biodegradable. Need no change in refueling infrastructures and spare part inventories Cetane number is significant higher than diesel. Has a high flash point compare to diesel Less polluting: - They emit approximately 80% less CO2 and almost 100% less Sulphur dioxide Oil contains 11 % oxygen. So that it bum totally. Whereas in diesel oxygen is nil. 20 % or 30 % oil can mix in diesel. 41