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26
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46
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48
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53
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54
:Except
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55

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59

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60
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62
Table1 Table2
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78
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79
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91
modelBrand INT ,
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96
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103
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104
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111
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112
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135
SET @mySales= (Select sum(Quantity) from sales

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DECLARE @theStudentLevel VARCHAR(40);
EXECUTE getSalesAndComment(sami, @ theStudentLevel OUTPUT);
PRINT @ theStudentLevel;
.

mySQL DB2 Oracle CASEWHEN IFELSE
: SQL Server
. IFELSE ELSEIF mySQL DB2 Oracle CASEWHEN mySQL DB2 Oracle Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l.
137
.SQL Server SELECT

END END CASE CASEWHEN .SQL Server
Oracle = : .SET
:
Reservations
:Oracle
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Reservations
(myRoomType IN varchar(10), myDays IN INT)
AS
BEGIN
IF myRoomType= Single THEN
Insert Into Reservations (roomType, Fee)
Values(myRoomType,20*myDays);
ELSEIF myRoomType=Double THEN
ELSEIF myRoomType=Sweet THEN
END IF;
END;
:
CALL Reservations (Single,5);

.
: END BEGIN WHILE SQL Server
WHILE Condition
138
BEGIN
loopBody
END;
: END LOOP LOOP Oracle
WHILE Condition
LOOP
loopBody
END LOOP;
: END WHILE DO DB2
WHILE Condition
DO
loopBody
END WHILE;
: END WHILE WHILE mySQL
WHILE Condition
loopBody
END WHILE;
:
Numbers 100 1
: SQL Server
CREATE PROCEDURE tenRandoms()
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @myNumber INT;
WHILE @myNumber<10
BEGIN
Insert Into Numbers(number) Values(Round(rand)*100);
SET @myNumber=@myNumber+1;
END;
END;

139

: Oracle
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE tenRandoms()
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE myNumber INT;
myNumber:=1;
WHILE myNumber<10
LOOP
MyNumber:=myNumber+1;
END LOOP;
END;
: DB2
AS
P1:BEGIN
myNumber=1;
WHILE myNumber<10
DO
myNumber=myNumber+1;
END WHILE;
END P1;
: mySQL
BEGIN
SET myNumber=1;
WHILE myNumber<10
SET myNumber=myNumber+1;
140
;END WHILE
;END

SQL .

.
:
:
;DECLARE cursorName CURSOR FOR cursorSpecification
cursorSpecification .
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FOR UPDATE :
;DECLARE cursorName CURSOR IS cursorSpecification FOR UPDATE
.
OF columnList columnList
.
.
FOR READ ONLY FOR UPDATE
DB2 WITH HOLD.WITH RETURN
WITH HOLD .
WITH RETURN TO CALLER
TO CLIENT

141

:

;OPEN cursorName
.
FETCH :
;FETCH cursorName INTO var1,var2,var3,,varN
var1,var2,var3,,varN .
.
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.DB2
;FETCH NEXT from cursorName INTO @var1,@var2,@var3,,@varN
FETCH FIRST FETCH PRIOR
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.FETCH RELATIVE N

:
;CLOSE cursorName
:
142
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LOOP
loopBody
;END LOOP
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DO
loopBody
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.
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myColumn myTable
:
SET SERVEROUT ON
)FOR myCursor IN (select myColumn from myTable
LOOP
)Dbms_output.put_line(myCursor.myColumn
;END LOOP
myCursor
.
.myColumn

143

:SQL Server

.
DECLARE @myNumber varchar(15);
DECLARE @myName varchar(50);
DECLARE myCursor CURSOR FOR
Select contactNumber, contactName from Contacts;
OPEN myCursor;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
FETCH NEXT from myCursor INTO @myNumber, @myName;
PRINT @myName, @myNumber;
END;
myCursor
.FETCH NEXT
0 -1 @@ FETCH_STATUS
.
:Oracle
: Oracle
SET SERVEROUT ON
DECLARE myNumber varchar(15);
DECLARE myName varchar(50);
DECLARE myCursor CURSOR IS
Select contactNumber, contactName from Contacts;
OPEN myCursor;
WHILE myCursor%FOUND
LOOP
FETCH NEXT from myCursor INTO myNumber, myName;
dbms_output.put_line(myName, myNumber);
END LOOP;

144
SET SERVEROUT .
.myCursor%FOUND %FOUND TRUE
.
%ISOPEN %ROWCOUNT
.

. SQL Server Access :
;CREATE PROCEDURE procedureName AS query
EXEC EXECUTE:
;EXEC procedureName
:
myProcedure :
CREATE PROCEDURE myProcedure
;AS select productName from Products
DB2 :
)(CREATE PROCEDURE procedureName
RESULT SETS 1
LANGUAGE SQL
P1:BEGIN
DECLARE cursorName CURSOR WITH RETURN FOR
query
open cursorName
145
END P1
RESULT SETS 1
.cursorName
DB2
.RESULT SETS
WITH RETURN .
DB2 :
;CALL procedureName

SQL Server DB2 Oracle
CREATE PACKAGE
.
.
:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE packageName
AS types, procedure, ect
;END packageName
CREATE PACKAGE BODY
:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY packageName
AS
definition of procedure
;END packageName

146
.
:
myProcedure myCursor myPackage
.CURSOR theCursor
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE myPackage
AS
Type myCursor IS REF CURSOR;
PROCEDURE myProcedure (theCursor OUT myCursor);
END myPackage;
:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY myPackage
AS
PROCEDURE myProcedure (theCursor OUT myCursor);
IS
BEGIN
OPEN theCursor FOR
Select myColumn from myTable;
END myProcedure;
END myPackage;

147

:
.
:
.
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:

148

.
.
SQL
.
SQL .
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DB2 SQL Server RETURN :
;RETURN value
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149
SQL Server @@ .
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;errorHandler
errorHandler .
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;]RAISERROR {msg_id | msg_str}, severity, state [,argument
msg_id 13000.2147483647
msg_str .
severity 0 25 20
.
state 1 127 .
.
. % . %d
%u %s .

150
SQL Server
:
Customers
:
CREATE PROCEDURE safeInsert
))(@myCustomerID INT, @myCustomerName varchar(50
AS
BEGIN
;DECLARE @theError INT
;)Insert Into Customers Values (@myCustomerID, @myCustomerName
;SET @theError = @@ERROR
IF @theError <> 0
BEGIN
RAISERROR
(cannot insert the customer with ID %d,
;)10, 1, @customerID
;RETURN @theError
;END
ELSE
;RETURN 0
;END
:
safeInsert theError @@ERROR .Customers
theError o 0 .
.
o theError
.%d

:
;EXEC safeInsert 20, Adel

151
Oracle
Oracle EXCEPTION

END .
:

BEGIN
--SQL Code
EXCEPTION
WHEN Exception1 THEN
--handelException1
WHEN EXCEPTION2 THEN
--handelException2
;END
.
:
* :CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN .
* :DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX .
* :INVALID_NUMBER
.
* :NO_DATA_FOUND SELECT INTO
.
* :TO_MANY_ROWS SELECT INTO
.
* :OTHERS .
EXCEPTION
.

152
Oracle
:
Students
Sami Students .
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insertSudent( myStudentName IN
)varchar(50),myStudentID IN INT
AS
;myCustomException EXCEPTION
BEGIN
IF myStudentName =samiTHEN
; RAISE myCustomException
;END IF
;)Insert into students values (myStudentID,myStudentName
EXCEPTION
WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN
;)Dbms_output.put_line(we have this ID ion our table
WHEN myCustomException THEN
;)Dbms_output.put_line(this student is not allowed to register
;END
Students :
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX myCustomException .
EXCEPTION
.
:
;)CALL insertStudent (Adel, 10
DB2
DB2 . :
:SQLSTATE .
:SQLCODE .
.
153
:
;DECLARE SQLCODE INT DEFAULT 0
SQLSTATE:
;DECLARE SQLSTATE CHAR(5) DEFAULT 00000
.
.

DECLAREHANDLER :
DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR error_type
BEGIN
--handler_code
;END
handler_type :
:CONTINUE .
:EXIT BEGINEND BEGINEND
.
error_type .
:
:SQLEXCEPTION .SQL :SQLWARNING .SQL :NOT FOUND WHERE .

154
DB2
:
SQL 23405

:
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE 23505
;--code to handle the error
.
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SIGNAL SQLSTATE SQLStateCode
;SET MESSAGE_TEXT = errorDescription
SQLSTATE
.
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7 9 T Z
.

155
DB2
:
SQLSTATE
:
))CREATE searchFor (myName varchar(50), OUT myMessage varchar(50
P1: BEGIN
;DECLARE SQLSTATE char(5) DEFAULT 00000
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
;myMessage = did not find name
IF myName = sami THEN
SIGNAL SQLSTATE 87000
;SET MESSAGE_TEXT = can not search for that name
;myMessage = can not search for that name
;END IF
;Select name from Names where name = myName
;END p1
SQLSTATE EXIT
NOT FOUND
.87000
:
;)?CALL searchFor (samer ,
MySQL
MySQL .DB2
:
;DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR condition_value [,...] sp_statement

156
:CONTINUE
:EXIT END-BEGIN
condition_value MYSQL :
SQLWARNING 01
NOT FOUND 02
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:mysql_error_code .
NOT FOUND .
:Condition_name .
:Sp_statement . SET
.
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:
:CONTINUE
:EXIT END-BEGIN
condition_value MYSQL :
SQLWARNING 01
NOT FOUND 02
SQLEXCEPTION .
:mysql_error_code .
NOT FOUND .
:Condition_name .
:Sp_statement . SET
.

157
MySQL
:1
emps :
))CREATE PROCEDURE handlerproc(OUT p_end VARCHAR(10
BEGIN
;'declare continue handler for 1062 SET @b = '- With Error 1062
;'declare continue handler for 1048 SET @b = '- With Error 1048
; )insert into emps VALUES (NULL,'Dave',1,10
;)set p_end:= concat('The End ',@b
;END
:
ER_DUP_ENTRY 1062
ER_BAD_NULL_ERROR 1048 NULL

.
b Continue
.
:2
SQLSTATE 23000
SQLSTATE
))create procedure conditionproc(OUT p_end VARCHAR(10
begin
;'declare not_null condition for SQLSTATE '23000
declare continue handler for not_null SET @b = '- With not_null
;'Error
; )insert into emps VALUES (NULL,'Dave',1,10
;)set p_end:= concat('The End ',@b
;end

158

.
:
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.
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159
SQL
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.
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:
SQL99
ACCESS
SQL SERVER
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160
SQL
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161

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sysAdmin
SQL Server sa .
:
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SQL
SQL99
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SQL99 GRANT: REVOKE
.
SQL99 CREATE ROLE SET ROLE DROP
.ROLE

162
:GRANT
GRANT . :
-1 :
CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE,
.CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE VIEW :
GRANT prevelage_type TO user_name
-2 :
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT
. .EXECUTE
.
:
GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name

.
Oracle SQL Server DB2 GRANT
.
SQL
:REVOKE
REVOKE GRANT .
REVOKE GRANT :

163
: REVOKE prevelage_type FROM user_name

: REVOKE prevelage_type ON resource FROM user_name

.
: GRANT REVOKE SQL99
GRANT
GRANT {ALL PRIVILEGES}
|SELECT
|INSERT [(column_name [,n]
|DELETE
|UPDATE [(column_name [,n]
|REFERENCES [(column_name
[,n]
|USAGE } [,n]
ON {[TABLE] table_name
|DOMAIN domain_name
|COLLATION collation_name
REVOKE
REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR]
{ALL PRIVILEGES}
| SELECT
| INSERT
| DELETE
| UPDATE
| REFERENCES
| USAGE }[,n]
ON { [TABLE] table_name
| DOMAIN domain_name
| COLLATION collation_name
| CHARACTER SET charset_name
| TRANSLATION
translation_name
FROM (grantee_name | PUBLIC}
[,n]
{CASCAD | RESTRICT}
SQL
:MS Access
.Oracle DB2 SQL Server Access
164
.
Access 2002 GRANT REVOKE .
Access Tools .Security
Access .
Tools Security .set database password
Encrypt/Decrypt Database Tools
.Security
Access User and
Group Accounts Tools Security .
.User and Group Permissions

165
SQL
:SQL Server
SQL Server
.
.sp_addlogin
:
EXEC sp_addlogin userName, userpassword
.sp_password :
. :sp_password
EXEC sp_password oldpass, newpass, userName
.sp_droplogin
:
EXEC sp_droplogin userName
:
Adel thepass :
EXEC sp_addlogin Adel, thepass
:
EXEC sp_droplogin Adel
SQL
:SQL Server
166
SQL Server
.
sp_addlogin
.sp_password :
.
.sp_droplogin
Windows :SQL Server
SQL Server
Windows .Windows
Windows
.
domain\userName
.mymachine\userName
SQL Server Windows
.SQL Server
SQL
.
.sp_grantdbaccess
. :
EXEC sp_grantdbaccess userName
:
myDatabase myTable Adel
:
167
CREATE DATABASE myDatabase

GO
useMyDatabase
GO
;))CREATE TABLE myTable (myColumn varchar(10
GO
EXEC sp_grantdbaccess Adel
sp_grantdbaccess
useMyDatabase .myDatabase
sp_revokedbaccess :
EXEC sp_revokedbaccess userName

.
SQL
:
SQL Server SQL99
) (GRANT, REVOKE .
:
myTest myDB Sami SELECT
UPDATE :
CREATE DATABASE myDB
GO
USE myDB
GO
168
;)CREATE TABLE myTest (call1 INT

GO
EXEC sp_grantdbaccess Sami
GO
GRANT SELECT , UPDATE ON myTest TO Sami
Sami GRANT WITH
GRANT OPTION :
WITH GRANT OPTION
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON myTest TO Sami
SQL Server GRANT DENY .

REVOKE SQL Server GRANT .DENY
.REVOKE ALL
SELECT myTest :

REVOKE SELECT ON myTest FROM Sami
WITH GRANT OPTION
CASCADE :
REVOKE SELECT ON myTest FROM Sami
SQL
:MySQL
SQL Server .
sp_addrole .

GRANT .
SELECT myTable myRole :
;GRANT SELECT ON myTable TO myRole
169
:
;EXEC sp_addrolemember myRole, userName
sp_droprolemember :
;EXEC sp_droprolemember myRole, userName
:
DENY REVOKE GRANT DENY
.
SQL
:
SQL Server GRANT, DENY REVOKE
.
SQL Server :
CREATE DATABASE, CREATE DEFAULT, CREATE FUNCTION,
CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE RULE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, BACKUP
.DATABSE, BACKUP LOG
:
test :
EXEC sp_addlogin test, testpass
GRANT CREATE DATABASE TO test
WITH GRANT OPTION .

170
Oracle
ORACLE oracle
.
:
Oracle SYS.SYSTEM
oracle SYSTEM
.
Oracle CREATE USER Oracle .simplepassword
CREATE USER:
;CREATE USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY user_password
ALTER USER :;ALTER USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY new_password
:
;ALTER USER user_name ACCOUNT LOCK
;ALTER USER user_name ACCOUNT UNLOCK
DROP USER :DROP USER user_name
:
test Oracle sss :
;CREATE USER test
;ALTER USER test IDENTIFIED BY sss
;DROP USER test

171
Oracle
ALTER USER
ORACLE
:
;ALTER USER user_name PASSWORD EXPIRE
Oracle8 PROFILE .
ALTER USER :
;ALTER USER user_name PROFILE my_profile
Profile :
CREATE PROFILE my_profile LIMIT what_to_limit
what_to_limit :
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME .
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION
PROFILE :
;DROP PROFILE my_profile
:
Profile 30 Sara :
CREATE PROFILE my_profile LIMIT
;PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30
;ALTER USER sara PROFILE my_profile
172
) SQL(
:

.
:
SQL .
.
:
:
DB2
MySQL
) ORACLE(

173
ORACLE

Oracle Oracle.
:Oracle
Oracle GRANT .REVOKE
.
Oracle :
CONNECT .-
RESOURCE .
DBA . myUser :
;GRANT CONNECT,RESOURCE TO myUser
.REVOKE RESOURCE
myUser :
;REVOKE RESOURCE FROM myUser
myUser .
:
RESOURCE CONNECT RESOURCE
RESOURCE .

174
ORACLE
:
:
;GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name
Oracle :
:ALTER .ALTER TABLE DELETE INSERT SELECT :UPDATE . :INDEX . :REFRENCES ) ( .
:EXECUTE .:
CONNECT :

;CONNECT myUser/myPassword
.
SELECT test

.
SELECT * FROM otherUser.test
myUser test
.otherUser :otherUser
CONNECT otherUser/otherPass
:
;GRANT SELECT ,INSERT ON test TO myUser

175
myUser .
Oracle :
:ALTER .ALTER TABLE DELETE INSERT SELECT :UPDATE . :INDEX . :REFRENCES ) ( .
:EXECUTE - .
ORACLE
:
Oracle
.
CREATE ROLE Oracle :
;CREATE ROLE role_name
DROP ROLE :
;DROP ROLE role_name
SYSTEM .
. GRANT
:
GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO role_name
:

176
;GRANT my_role TO unser_name

:
customer Products
Rami rpass Customer :
; CREATE ROLE customer
;GRANT SELECT ON Products TO customer
;CREATE USER Ram IDENTFIED BY rpass
;GRANT customer TO Rami
ORACLE
:Oracle
Oracle GRANT.REVOKE
:
;GRANT privilege_type TO user_name
;REVOKE privilege_type FROM user_name

GRANT REVOKE :
CREATE DATABASE CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLEDROP TABLE
GRANT WITH GRANT OPTION
.
.RESOURCE
RESOURCE .
177
:
test
. :
;CREATE USER test
;GRANT CREATE TABLE,CREAT DATABASE TO test
;REFOKE DROP TABLE FROM test
DB2
:DB2
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;GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name
REVOKE privilege_type ON resource FROM user_name

ALTER, DELETE, SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, INDEX, REFRENCE, :
EXECUTE .
CONTROL )
(CONTRTOL .

178
:
Maria test
:

GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE TO USER Maria
:
;GRANT DELETE,INSERT ON test TO Maria
:
;REVOKE ALTER ON test FROM Maria
DB2
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DB2 .
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;GRANT privilege_name ON resource TO GROUP myGroup
:

Special Customer
:
;GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE TO GROUP Special
;GRANT INSERT , DELETE ON Customer TO Special

179

.
.REVOKE
SELECT :
;REVOKE SELECT ON Customer FROM Special
:
;REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON resource from userName
DB2
:
DB2
....
DB2:
;GRANT privilege_type ON DATABESE TO user_name
:
Farid :
;GRANT CREATE TAB ON DATABASE TO Farid
DBADM
:
180
;GRANT DBADM ON DATABASE TO Farid
MySQL
.
MySQL
GRANT TABLES
.MySQL

user :GRANT TABLES tables_priv column_priv db func host
.
user :
USE mysql
Insert Into user values(localhost, userName, PASSWORD
(simplepass) ,Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y,
;)Y, Y, Y, Y,
;FLUSH PRIVILEGES
userName@localhost . Y . PASSWORD . FLUSH PRIVILEGES .
MySQL .
GRANT .
GRANT .

181
MySQL
GRANT:
GRANT privilege_type ON recourse TO userName [IDENTIFIED BY
;]password
GRANT .FLUSH PRIVILEGES
:
Tony myTable :
;GRANT SELECT ON myTable TO Tony
:
;GRANT ALL ON *.* TO Tony@locahost
Test :
;REVOKE DROP ON dbName.Test FROM Tony@localhost
SELECT :
;REVOKE SELECT ON *.* FROM Tony@localhost
SHOW GRANTS :
;SHOW GRANTS FOR Tony@localhost

182

.

.
.
SQL Server, Oracle DB2
GRANT CREATE VIEW CREATE TABLE .

.

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION :

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schemaName
-- create tables
-- create view
;-- grant permissions
:
mySchema Customers Names Sami

SELECT Names :
CREATE SCHEM AUTHORIZATION mySchema
CREATE TABLE Customers
))(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Name varchar(50
CREATE VIEW Names AS SELECT Name FROM Customers
;GRANT SELECT ON Names TO Sami
. .


183

:
.
:
.

SQL Server.Oracle
:
:
SQL Server
Oracle

184

.
.
SQL .
.

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.

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SQL server,
.DB2,Oracle,mySQL

185

:
:
: INSERT DELETE UPDATE .
.
: UPDATE DELETE .INSERT UPDATE
.
.

.
.

.
:
.CREATE TRIGGER
SQL-99
:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
} { BEFORE | AFTER
]{[DELETE] | [INSERT] | [UPDATE
{OF column [,n]} ON table_name
[ROW] [AS] new_name [REFERNCING {OLD [ROW][AS] old_name | NEW
]}OLD TABLE [AS] old_name | NEW TABLE [AS] new_name
\} [FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT
])[WHEN (condition
--sql code block
186

:
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.
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.
:SQL Server
SQL Server .
.
SQL Server BEFORE .
SQL Server 2000 .INSTEAD
SQL Server
:
CREATE TRIGGER :

187
CREATE TRIGGER triggerName ON tableName FOR [|INSTEAD] action AS

;-- procedureBody
Test Value
ID Audit :
CREATE TRIGGER myTrigger ON Test FOR Insert
AS
)DECALRE @newValue varchar(50
SELECT @newValue = value FROM Inserted
;)Insert Into Audit (newValue) Values (@newValue
Test
Inserted .
Deleted
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INSERT INTOSELECT . SQL Server
.
:
Test :
CREATE TRIGGER logDelete
ON Test FOR DELETE AS
)DECALRE @newValue varchar(50
SELECT @deletedValue = value FROM Deleted
;)Insert Into Audit (newValue) Values (@deletedValue

188
SQL Server
:
ALTER TRIGGER :
ALTER TRIGGER triggerName ON tableName FOR [|INSTEAD] action AS
;-- procedureBody
:
myTrigger :
ALTER TRIGGER myTrigger ON Test
FOR INSERT, DELETE
AS
)IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Inserted.Value FROM Inserted
END
)ELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Deleted.Value FROM Deleted
;END
Test
( Audit
)
Deleted Inserted .Audit
:
DROP TRIGGER :
;DROP TRIGGER triggerName
:
myTrigger :
;DROP TRIGGER myTrigger
189
SQL Server
:UPDATE
SQL Server Updated Deleted
.
Inserted
Inserted.Deleted
UPDATE
:
ALTER TRIGGER myTrigger ON Test FOR INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE AS
)IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted) AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT D.Value FROM Deleted D JOIN
Inserted I on D.Value = I.Value
END
)ELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Inserted.Value FROM Inserted
END
)ELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Deleted.Value FROM Deleted
;END
Inserted Deleted
JOIN .
:

.
ALTER TABLE :
;ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE TRIGGER trigger_name
:

190
;ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE TRIGGER trigger_name

. :
ALL
;ALTER TABLE table_name [ENABLE | DISABLE] TRIGGER ALL
Oracle
Oracle
.
Oracle .

.
)
(.
DELETE OLD: INSERTNEW:
Inserted Deleted .SQL Server
Oracle
.
CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE
.

191
Oracle
:Oracle
Oracle CREATE TRIGGER :
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
][AFTER | BEFORE INSTEAD] [INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE
ON table_name
;-- trigger_body
:
myTable ID .Comment
))(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Comment varchar(50
myTrigger myTable
Audit :
CREATE TRIGGER myTrigger
AFTER INSERT ON myTable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
)INSERT INTO Audit (ID , operationType) Values (:NEW.ID , INSERT
;END
FOR EACH ROW myTable
.
NEW.ID: ID .

192
Oracle
:Oracle
: CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER Oracle
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name
INSTEAD] [INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE] | [AFTER | BEFORE
ON table_name
-- trigger_body;
:
:
OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTrigger CREATE
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON myTable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF INSERTING THEN
INSERT INTO Audit
(ID , operationType) Values (:NEW.ID , INSERT);
ELSIF DELETING THEN
INSERT INTO Audit
(ID , operationType) Values (:OLD.ID , DELETE);
ELSIF UPDATEING THEN
INSERT INTO Audit
(ID , operationType) Values (:OLD.ID , UPDATE);
END IF;
END;
Oracle UPDATE DELETE INSERT
.UPDATING DELETING INSERTING True SQL
OLD.: OLD.: :NEW. Update
. NEW.:
:
193
DROP TRIGGER SQLserver :

;DROP TRIGGER trigger_name
Oracle
:Oracle
Oracle WHEN
.CREATE TRIGGER
:
Accounts Depositions
sami :
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTrigger
AFTER INSERT ON Depositions
FOR EACH ROW
)WHEN (NEW.name!=sami
BEGIN
;)INSERT INTO Accounts (AccountName) Values (:NEW.name
;END
:
SQL
Server DB2 MySQL Access .
:
;CREATE SEQUENCE mySequence
.
.
194
:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTrigger
BEFORE INSERT ON myTable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SELECT mySequence.NEXTVAL INTO:NEW.myTable FROM DUAL
END;

195

:
.
:
.
DB2.MySQL
:
:
DB2
MySQL

196
DB2
.DB2
:
DB2 Oracle . :
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name [AFTER |NOCASCADBEFORE | INSTEADOF] ON
table_name REFERENCING [OLD AS | NEW AS] refname
FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
;trigger_body
DB2 AFTER
. DB2 NOCASCADBEFORE INSTEADOF
.
NOCASCADBEFORE .
Oracle DB2 .
REFERENCING
.
OLD AS old_name NEW AS new_name .
:
Table2 Table1:
AFTER INSERT ON Table1 REFERENCING NEW AS N
BEGIN ATOMIC
)INSERT INTO Table2 (operation , ID) Values (INSERT, N.ID
;END

197
:
MODE DB2SQL .
DB2
:
. DROP TRIGGER :
.
DELETE:UPDATE
REFERENCING
DELETE.UPDATE
myTrigger myTable
.Audit
myTable Value Audit oldValue .newValue
:
AFTER UPDATE ON myTable REFERENCING OLD AS O NEWAS N
BEGIN ATOMIC
)INSERT INTO Audit (oldValue, newValue) Values (O.Value, N.Value
;END

198
MySQL
:
Oracle DB2 .
:
Sales .
Company .Discounts
:

;DROP TRIGGER myTrigger
:
AFTER INSERT ON Sales
REFERENCING NEW AS N
)WHEN (N.association=company
BEGIN ATOMIC
)INSERT INTO Discounts (userName) Values (N.userName
;END
MySQL
MySQL 5.0.2.
Oracle.DB2
MySQL BEFORE.AFTER
:

199
CREATE TRIGGER :
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event
ON tbl_name
FOR EACH ROW trigger_stmt
:
.
CREATE TRIGGER checkBalance
AFTER INSERT ON payments
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE accounts
set Balance=Balance-NEW.paymentAmount where AccountID=NEW.ID
;END
:
:
MySQL
OLD NEW .
NEW
.OLD OLD NEW
.
OLD . NEW
.BEFORE
200
:UPDATE
Log myTable
:
AFTER UPDATE ON myTable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Log (oldValue, newValue) Values (OLD.Column1,
NEW.Column1)
END;
. 10
CREATE TRIGGER addTen
BEFORE INSERT ON numberTable
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
NEW.Number = NEW.Number +10
END;
. MySQL

201

:
.
:

.
:
:
SQL Server
DB2
MySQL
Oracle

202

ANSI SQL-99 CREATE FUNCTION .
CREATE FUNCTION
.User Defined Functions
:
])CREATE FUNCTION function_name [(parameter_list
RETURNS data_type
-- SQL Statements
.
:

:
;SELECT function_name (parameter_list) AS Test
:Access
Access .
:SQL Server
SQL Server :
])CREATE FUNCTION function_name [(parameter_list
RETURNS data_type
AS
BEGIN
SQL Statements
RETURN expression
;END

203
SQL .

:

)( formatName
:

))CREATE FUNCTION formatName (@fullName varchar(50
)RETURNS varchar(50
AS
BEGIN
)RETURN WRITE (@fullName, LEN (@fullName) CHARINDEX ( , @fullName
+1) + , +
)LEFT (@fullName, CHARINDEX ( , @fullName) 1
;END
:
fullName RETURNS RETURNS RETURN .RETURNS :
;)SELECT formatName (Majd Amer

204

:Oracle
Oracle Oracle
:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
)(parameter_list
RETURN data_type
IS
Variable_list
BEGIN
-- SQL Statements
;RETURN expression
;END
:
SQL server :
)CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FormatName(FullName IN varchar
RETURN VARCHAR
IS
)FormattedName varchar(50
BEGIN
=formattedName:
|| SUBSTR(FullName,INSTR(FullName, )+1) || ,
;)SUBSTR(FullName,1,INSTR(FullName, )-1
)RETURN(formattedName
;END
) IN (OUT
BEGINEND .formattedName
@ =: .

205

:DB2
DB2 ANSI :
CREATE FUNCTION function_name
)(parameter_list
RETURN data_type
)[LANGUAGE SQL
][DETERMINISTIC | NON DETERMINISTIC
][CONTAINS SQL | READS SQL DATA
][BEGIN ATOMIC
][SQL Statements
;RETURN expression
][END
:
-1 . SQL C++
.JAVA
-2
DETERMINISTIC NON
.DETERMINISTIC
-3 SQL
. READS SQL DATA .CONTAINS SQL
RETURN SQL
.BEGIN ATOMICEND
:
DB2 :
))CREATE FUNCTION formatName (fullName varchar(50
)RETURNS varchar(50
LANGUAGE SQL
DETERMINISTIC
CONTAINS SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
)DECALRE formattedName varchar(50
= SET formattedName
|| SUBSTR (fullName, POSSTR (fullName, ) +1) || ,
;)SUBSTR (fullName, 1, POSSTR (fullName, ) -1
;RETURN formattedName
;END

206
DETERMINISTIC CONTAINS SQL

.

:MySQL
MySQL SQL
C++ C MySQL CREATE FUNCTION :
CREATE [AGGREGATE] FUNCTION function_name
RETURNS {STRING | REAL |INTEGER} SONAME chared_library_name
AGGREGATE .COUNT
SONAME SO .DLL
:

CREATE FUNCTION formatName
RETURNS STRING
;SONAME C:\\MYSQL\\LIB\\MYSQLFUNCTION.DLL
.DLL
LINUX SO

207

http://www-db.stanford.edu/~ullman/fcdb/oracle/my-nonstandard.html
http://www-db.stanford.edu/~ullman/fcdb/oracle/or-nonstandard.html
http://www-db.stanford.edu/~ullman/fcdb/oracle/or-plsql.html

208

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