Giáo Trình Âm Nhạc - Lý Thuyết Âm Nhạc - Lê Anh Tuấn

L Anh Tun (Ch bin)
trn vn minh l c sang
Gio trnh
m nhc
Tp mt
l thuyt m nhc
Nh xut bn gio dc
Mc lc
Trang
Chng I m thanh v cch ghi chp nhc..........8

1. Khi nim v m nhc ..................................................................................................................8
1.1. Khi nim v m nhc ................................................................................ 8
1.2. C s vt l ca m thanh ........................................................................... 8
1.3. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca m thanh .......................................................... 9
2. h thng m thanh, tn gi, k hiu....................................................................................10
2.1. H thng m thanh trong m nhc ........................................................... 10
2.2. Tn gi cc bc c bn............................................................................. 10
2.3. K hiu cc bc c bn.............................................................................. 10
3. khung nhc, kho nhc, nt nhc...................................................................................11
3.1. Khung nhc v cc dng k ph ............................................................ 11
3.2. Kho nhc ................................................................................................ 11
3.3. Nt nhc ................................................................................................... 13
3.4. Cao ca m thanh ............................................................................... 14
3.5. Trng ca m thanh .......................................................................... 15
4. Cc qung tm, h thng bnh qun..................................................................................16
4.1. Cc qung tm ......................................................................................... 16
4.2. H thng bnh qun .................................................................................. 17
5. du ho, trng m ....................................................................................................................17
5.1. Cc bc chuyn ho ................................................................................. 17
5.2. Du ho .................................................................................................... 17
5.3. Ho biu v du ho bt thng............................................................... 18
5.4. Trng m .................................................................................................. 21
6. Du lng, du tng trng ............................................................................................22
6.1. Du lng ................................................................................................... 22
6.2. Du tng trng ................................................................................... 23
7. Mt s du vit tt ..................................................................................................................26
7.1. Du nhc li.............................................................................................. 26
7.2. Du Segno v du Coda .......................................................................... 28
7.3. Du chuyn qung tm ............................................................................ 29
7.4. Cch ghi nhc hai b ................................................................................ 30
Chng II Tit tu, nhp.....................................35

1. tit tu, trng c bn v trng t do ..........................................................35
1.1. Tit tu...................................................................................................... 35
1.2. Trng c bn v trng t do........................................................ 36
2. trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, vch nhp, nhp ly ..................................................38
2.1. Trng m v tit nhp ................................................................................ 38
2.2. Loi nhp v vch nhp .............................................................................. 38
2.3. Nhp ly ................................................................................................ 46

3. nhp n, nhp phc, nhp bin i .......................................................................................49
3.1. Nhp n v cch phn nhm trng ................................................... 49
3.2. Nhp phc v cch phn nhm trng ................................................. 49
3.3. Nhp hn hp v cch phn nhm trng ............................................ 50
3.4. Nhp bin i............................................................................................. 50
4. o phch, nghch phch.......................................................................................................51
4.1. o phch ................................................................................................ 51
4.2. Nghch phch............................................................................................ 52
5. nhp , cch nh nhp ..........................................................................................................53
5.1. Nhp ..................................................................................................... 53
5.2. S v cch nh nhp .......................................................................... 55
Chng III Qung ............................................... 60

1. Khi nim, cch c tn, ln ca qung....................................................................60
1.1. Khi nim v qung .................................................................................. 60
1.2. Cch c tn qung ................................................................................. 60
1.3. ln ca qung ..................................................................................... 61
2. qung diatonic, qung cromatic .......................................................................................61
2.1. Qung Diatonic ......................................................................................... 61
2.2. Qung Cromatic........................................................................................ 62
3. qung trng, qung n, qung kp..................................................................................63
3.1. Qung trng.............................................................................................. 63
3.2. Qung n v qung kp ......................................................................... 63
4. o qung....................................................................................................................................64
4.1. Khi nim v o qung ........................................................................... 64
4.2. Nhng cch o qung ............................................................................ 64
5. qung thun, qung nghch .................................................................................................66
5.1. Qung thun ............................................................................................. 66
5.2. Qung nghch ........................................................................................... 66
5.3. ng dng ca qung thun, qung nghch............................................... 66
Chng IV iu thc v ging........................73

1. iu thc, m n nh v m khng n nh ....................................................................73
1.1. Khi nim v iu thc ............................................................................. 73
1.2. m n nh v m khng n nh ............................................................. 73
2. iu thc trng, gam trng t nhin .........................................................................74
2.1. iu thc trng ....................................................................................... 74
2.2. Gam trng t nhin ................................................................................. 75
3. iu thc th, gam th t nhin .........................................................................................76
3.1. iu thc th ............................................................................................ 76
3.2. Gam th t nhin ...................................................................................... 76
4. ging..............................................................................................................................................78
4.1. Khi nim v ging ................................................................................... 78
4.2. Cc ging trng c du thng................................................................. 78
4.3. Cc ging trng c du ging................................................................. 79

4.4. Cc ging th c du thng...................................................................... 80
4.5. Cc ging th c du ging ...................................................................... 81
5. iu trng ho thanh, iu trng giai iu..............................................................83
5.1. iu trng ho thanh .............................................................................. 83
5.2. iu trng giai iu................................................................................. 83
6. iu th ho thanh, iu th giai iu..............................................................................84
6.1. iu th ho thanh ................................................................................... 84
6.2. iu th giai iu ...................................................................................... 85
7. iu thc nm m.......................................................................................................................85
7.1. Khi nim v iu thc nm m ............................................................... 85
7.2. Mt s iu thc nm m ......................................................................... 86
Chng V Xc nh ging, dch ging..............91

1. cch xc nh ging.................................................................................................................91
1.1. Cch xc nh ging ................................................................................. 91
1.2. Xc nh ging trng da vo ho biu .................................................. 91
1.3. Xc nh ging da vo ho biu v m kt thc ..................................... 92
2. Quan h h hng gia cc ging ........................................................................................93
2.1. Ging song song ...................................................................................... 94
2.2. Ging cng tn ......................................................................................... 94
3. Chuyn ging, dch ging ......................................................................................................95
3.1. Chuyn ging v chuyn tm ................................................................... 95
3.2. Dch ging................................................................................................. 97
Chng VI Hp m.......................................... 105

1. khi nim, hp m ba v cc th o ................................................................................105
1.1. Khi nim v hp m .............................................................................. 105
1.2. Cc loi hp m ba................................................................................. 105
1.3. Cc th o ca hp m ba.................................................................... 107
2. Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging trng v ging th..............................................108
2.1. Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging trng .................................................. 108
2.2. Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging th ....................................................... 109
2.3. S lin kt cc hp m ba chnh............................................................. 109
3. Cc hp m ba ph ca ging trng v ging th..................................................110
3.1. Cc hp m ba ph ca ging trng..................................................... 110
3.2. Cc hp m ba ph ca ging th.......................................................... 110
4. hp m by t v cc th o.............................................................................................111
4.1. Hp m by ............................................................................................ 111
4.2. Hp m by t ........................................................................................ 111
4.3. Cc th o ca hp m by t.............................................................. 111
5. hp m by th v mt s hp m khc ..........................................................................112
5.1. Hp m by th ...................................................................................... 112
5.2. Mt s hp m khc ............................................................................... 113
6. phn loi hp m, k hiu nng cao hoc h thp cc bc ca hp m ..............114
6.1. Phn loi hp m.................................................................................... 114

6.2. K hiu nng cao hoc h thp cc bc ca hp m .............................. 114
6.3. Cc m ngoi hp m............................................................................. 114
7. cc loi Kt, t hp m cho ca khc.............................................................................116
7.1. Cc loi kt ............................................................................................. 116
7.2. t hp m cho ca khc ......................................................................... 116
Chng VII Giai iu v sc thi m nhc .. 125

1. Giai iu v sc thi................................................................................................................125
1.1. Giai iu ................................................................................................. 125
1.2. Sc thi................................................................................................... 126
2. k hiu din t cng .......................................................................................................127
2.1. Cng c nh ................................................................................... 127
2.2. Cng thay i .................................................................................. 127
3. m t im ..................................................................................................................................128
3.1. Khi nim v m t im ........................................................................ 128
3.2. m da (cn gi l m luyn ly) ........................................................... 129
3.3. m v ..................................................................................................... 129
3.4. Ly chm ................................................................................................ 130
3.5. Ly rn.................................................................................................... 130
4. k hiu mt s th php biu din......................................................................................131
4.1. Du nhn ................................................................................................ 131
4.2. Du Legato ............................................................................................. 131
4.3. Du Staccato .......................................................................................... 132
4.4. Du Portamento...................................................................................... 132
4.5. Du Arpegiato......................................................................................... 132
ti liu tham kho......................................................136
M u
Nhc l c bn l nhng kin thc m mi ngi hc m nhc cn phi tm
hiu v hc tp. N c vai tr quan trng, lin quan ti cc chuyn ngnh nh
sng tc, l lun, ch huy, biu din v s phm m nhc.
Phng tin din t m nhc bao gm cc nhn t m nhc, ngh thut ny ch
c sc din cm khi cc nhn t c gn kt vi nhau. Nhc l c bn c
nhim v nghin cu cc nhn t cng vi mi tng quan gia chng.
Ngh thut m nhc da trn c s ca thnh gic v cm gic nn c nhiu
vn tru tng. V vy, nhc l c bn khng phi l nhng kin thc d hc,
c th d dng hiu mt cch nhanh chng, su sc v rch ri. Hn na, y l
h thng kin thc m nhc chu u, c nhng k hiu, khi nim, quan im
ra i v tn ti hng trm nm nay, trong nhiu vn c mc nhin chp
nhn.
Nhc l c bn l gio trnh dnh cho sinh vin i hc S phm Mm non.

Gio trnh c 3 n v hc trnh (45 tit), gm cc ni dung :
Chng I : m thanh v cch ghi chp nhc

Chng II : Tit tu, nhp
Chng III : Qung
Chng IV : iu thc v ging
Chng V : Xc nh ging, dch ging
Chng VI : Hp m
Chng VII : Giai iu v sc thi m nhc
Mi chng u c mc tiu, gii thiu tn, c im, vai tr ca cc kin
thc nhc l. Cui tng chng c cc cu hi v bi tp. Ngoi ra, sch cn c
phn Ph lc v Thut ng m nhc.
hc gio trnh Nhc l c bn t kt qu tt, ging vin cn t chc cho
sinh vin hc theo mt s nguyn tc sau y :
Hc l thuyt gn vi thc hnh : Sinh vin nghin cu trc ni dung sp
hc, ging vin dng piano hoc n phm in t minh ha cc v d ri trao
i, cng c nhng ni dung . Sinh vin cn thc hin y nhng cu hi v
bi tp trong tng chng.
Pht huy tnh tch cc ca ngi hc : Sinh vin ch ng tm hiu thu
nhn kin thc, tch cc v sng to trong qu trnh hc tp.
Hc theo hng tch hp cc ni dung : hiu su v kin thc nhc l,

sinh vin cn tm hiu ng thi kin thc ca cc mn khc nh xng m,
thanh nhc, nhc c... Ging vin cng cn b sung thm nhng v d hoc bi
tp rt ra t cc tc phm m nhc khc, ngoi nhng v d ghi trong sch.
T chc hc tp theo nhm : Sinh vin lm vic theo nhm trao i v cc
ni dung bi hc v thc hin cu hi v bi tp ca tng chng. Ging vin to
iu kin cho sinh vin c tho lun v cc kin thc nhc l, trnh cch hc th
ng.
Sch c xut bn ln u chc chn s cn nhng hn ch. Chng ti mong
nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca ngi hc, cc c gi v cc bn ng
nghip sch c hon thin hn trong ln ti bn.
Cc tc gi
Chng I
m thanh v cch ghi chp nhc
Mc tiu
Cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc :
Khi nim v m nhc.
H thng m thanh, tn gi, k hiu.
Khung nhc, kho nhc, nt nhc.
Cc qung tm, h thng bnh qun.
Du ho, trng m.
Du lng, du tng trng .
Mt s du vit tt.
1. Khi nim v m nhc

1.1. Khi nim v m nhc
m nhc l ngh thut dng m thanh v nhp iu din t t tng v
tnh cm ca con ngi.
Ngh thut m nhc gn b mt thit vi i sng x hi. Loi ngi s dng
n nh mt phng tin lm cho i sng tinh thn thm phong ph, gp
phn ci thin v nng cao cht lng cuc sng.
m nhc phn nh t tng, tr tu ca con ngi v c tc ng mnh m
n cm xc ca bao ngi khc. N lm rung ng nhng tnh cm lng ng
trong tm hn, chp cnh cho sc tng tng bay bng. Ngh thut m nhc rt
ph bin, n gip mi ngi nhn thc v yu cuc sng hn, em li cho con
ngi nhng cm xc v thm m. C th ni, m nhc l mt phng tin hiu
qu gio dc con ngi pht trin ton din.
1.2. C s vt l ca m thanh
m nhc hnh thnh trn c s m thanh, l nhng m thanh c chn
lc vi nhng thuc tnh ring, p ng c yu cu v s din t v s ho hp
ca m nhc.
m thanh c to ra bi s dao ng ca mt vt th n hi no . Khi

vt th n hi dao ng to ra nhng sng m. Nhng sng m ny lan
truyn trong khng gian n tai ngi lm cho mng nh cng dao ng cng vi
tn s ca sng . T mng nh nhng sng m ny truyn qua h thn kinh ca
b no to nn cm nhn v m thanh.
Con ngi nghe c s lng ln cc m thanh khc nhau, nhng khng
phi mi m thanh u c dng trong m nhc. Cn phn bit nhng m thanh
c tnh nhc v nhng ting ng.
Nhng m thanh m con ngi cm th c c tn s c xc nh nh :
ting ht, ting n, ting so... Nhng m thanh ny gi l nhng m c cao
r rng, cn gi l nhng m thanh c tnh nhc (m nhc).
Nhng m vi tn s khng c xc nh nh ting ni chuyn, ting n,
ting ng c, ting p g, ting sm chp, gi thi... l nhng m khng c
cao r rng, gi l ting ng hoc tp m.
1.3. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca m thanh

Nhng m thanh c tnh nhc c xc nh bi bn thuc tnh l : cao ,
trng , cng v m sc.
Cao : L vang cao hoc thp ca m thanh, ph thuc vo tn s dao

ng ca vt th rung. Tn s dao ng cng nhiu th m thanh cng cao v ngc li.
V d m thp ca n piano c tn s khong 27,5 Hz (Hz l ch vit tt ca
Hertz, n v o tn s dao ng), m cao nht ca n piano c tn s l 4187
Hz.
Tai ngi c th nghe c nhng m thanh c tn s dao ng t 25 n
4400 Hz.
Trng : L ngn di hoc ngn ca m thanh, ph thuc vo thi

gian cng nh quy m ca dao ng lc m thanh bt u vang ln. Chng hn,
lc bt u tm c dao ng ca m thanh cng rng th thi gian tt dn ca n
cng di. Mc d di ngn khng lm thay i tnh cht vt l ca m thanh
nhng n ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong m nhc.
Cng : L vang to hoc nh ca m thanh, ph thuc vo tm c dao

ng ca ngun pht m. Bin dao ng cng ln th m thanh cng to v
ngc li. n v o cng m thanh l Deciben (vit tt l Db). Tuy nhin,
trong m nhc, cng m thanh thay i rt nhanh, lin tc, thm ch trong
tng nhp cng c m mnh, m nh nn ngi ta khng dng n v Db din
t cng m dng cc k hiu nh p, mp, mf, f...
m sc : L mu sc m thanh ca ging ht mi ngi, ca cc nhc c. S

khc nhau v mu sc ca m thanh c to ra bi cht liu ca ngun pht m,
vt th rung v b cng hng...
2. h thng m thanh,
tn gi, k hiu
2.1. H thng m thanh trong m nhc
H thng m thanh y trong m nhc gm 88 m khc nhau, t m thp
nht l m La qung tm cc trm (tn s dao ng khong 27,5 Hz) n m cao
nht l m qung tm th nm (tn s dao ng khong 4187 Hz).
2.2. Tn gi cc bc c bn
Tn gi cc bc c bn ca thang m trong m nhc gm c : , R, Mi, Fa,
Sol, La, Si. Cc bc c bn ny ng vi cc phm trng trn n piano, chng c
lp li nhiu ln theo chu k khng thay i.
Cc bc c bn cn c gi l m (khi chng vang thnh m thanh) hoc l

nt nhc (khi chng nm trn bn nhc).
phn bit cc bc c tn ging nhau nhng cao khc nhau, ngi ta gi
chng bng k hiu nh 1, R1, Mi1, 2, R2, Mi2...
2.3. K hiu cc bc c bn
Trong m nhc, cc bc c bn , R, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si cn c ghi bng
cc ch La tinh.
m La qung tm th nht c tn s dao ng l 440 Hz/giy c coi l m
mu trong h thng cc m c bn. m La c ghi bng ch A (ch u tin
trong bng ch ci), cc bc c bn c k hiu nh sau :
La
Si
Mi
Fa
Sol
Mt s nc nh c, Nga... li k hiu m Si l ch H cn m Si ging l ch

B.
10
3. khung nhc,
kho nhc, nt nhc
3.1. Khung nhc v cc dng k ph
Khung nhc : Khung nhc gm nm dng k song song cch u nhau,
tn ca chng l 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 tnh t di ln. Khong gia hai dng k gn nhau
gi
l
khe,
tn
ca
cc
khe
l
1, 2, 3, 4 tnh t di ln.
Dng k ph : ghi cc m thanh cao hn hoc thp hn nhng m nm

trn khung nhc.
3.2. Kho nhc

Kho nhc l k hiu t u khung nhc, xc nh tn nhng nt nhc
trn khung. C ba loi kho thng dng l kho Sol, kho Fa v kho .
Kho Sol :
Kho Sol c k hiu :
Kho Sol c bt u t dng th hai ca khung nhc. Xc nh nt nhc

trn dng k th hai l nt Sol.
Sol
Cc nt c bn khung nhc dng kho Sol.
Trong m nhc, kho Sol c dng thng dng nht. Cc bi ht thng vit
trn khung nhc dng kho Sol v ging ht con ngi ph hp vi cao khu
11
vc ny. Ngoi ra, kho Sol cn dng cho mt s nhc c nh : flte, oboe,
clarinette, trumpet, violon, guitar...
Kho Fa :
Kho Fa c k hiu :
Kho Fa c bt u t dng k th t ca khung nhc. Xc nh nt nm

trn dng k th t l nt Fa (qung tm nh).
Fa
Cc nt c bn khung nhc dng kho Fa (qung tm nh).
Kho Fa dng ghi nt nhc c m thanh trm, mt s nhc c dng kho

Fa nh : fagotte, trombone, tuba, violoncell, contrebass...
Thng thng, vit nhc cho piano phi dng hai khung nhc vi hai kho
Sol v Fa. Hai khung nhc c lin kt vi nhau bng mt du ngoc u
khung, gi l du c-c-lt. Trng hp khc, c th c hai khung cng dng
kho Sol hoc kho Fa.
Vit cho hp xng bn 4 b, phi dng bn khung nhc vit bng hai loi
kho Sol v Fa. Bn khung nhc c lin kt vi nhau bng mt du mc u
khung.
12
Kho :
Kho c 2 3 loi khc nhau, trong hay dng l kho Alto :
Kho Alto xc nh nt nm trn dng k th ba l nt 1.
Cc nt c bn trn khung nhc dng kho Alto (qung tm th nht).
Kho dng cho n violon alto (viola).

Ngoi ba loi kho trn, cn mt s loi kho t dng hn nh kho Tenor
dng th t, kho Soprano dng th nht, kho Mezzo Soprano dng
th hai v kho Bariton dng th nm.
Tng quan cao gia 3 loi kho thng dng :
Dng nt 1 so snh tng quan gia ba loi kho. Nt 1 vit trn
kho Sol l :
Nt 1 vit trn kho Fa l :
Nt 1 vit trn kho Alto l :
3.3. Nt nhc
Nt nhc l k hiu dng din t cao v trng ca m thanh. Nt
nhc c th nm khung nhc hoc c th nm trn hay di dng k ph.
Nt nhc gm phn thn nt, ui nt v mc. Tuy nhin khng phi loi nt
no cng c nhng phn .
Thn nt nhc : hnh bu dc ( trng hoc t en), phn ny xc nh

cao ca m thanh.
13
ui nt nhc : l mt vch thng tip xc bn phi thn nt nhc (trng

hp ui quay ln) hoc tip xc bn tri thn nt nhc (trng hp ui quay
xung).
Bn nhc c mt b, nhng nt nhc nm t khe 2 tr xung, ui nt nhc

quay ln. Nhng nt nhc nm t khe 3 tr ln, ui nt nhc quay xung. Nt
nhc nm dng 3 ui c th quay ln hoc xung.
Mc : Nt nhc c t mt n bn nt mc. D ui nt
quay ln hay quay xung, cc nt mc bao gi cng bn phi ui nt nhc.
Nt trn l trng hp c bit (ch c thn nt, khng c ui nt nhc).
3.4. Cao ca m thanh

Cao (cn gi l cao) l vang ln cao hoc thp ca m thanh, mt
thuc tnh c bn ca m nhc. Mi tng quan v cao ca cc m thanh l mt
trong nhng nhn t quan trng nht hnh thnh giai iu ca bn nhc.
Cao ca m thanh th hin bng v tr nt nhc trn khung vi loi kho
c th. Cung v na cung l n v so snh s tng quan v cao gia cc
m.
Cung : L khong cch rng nht v cao gia hai bc c bn lin k (cn
gi l nguyn cung hoc ton cung). K hiu mt cung l
Trong cc bc c bn, nhng m
R, R Mi, Fa Sol, Sol La v La Si.
cch
.
nhau
mt
cung
Na cung : L khong cch hp nht v cao gia hai bc c bn lin k.

K hiu na cung l
Trong cc bc c bn, nhng m cch nhau na cung l Mi Fa v Si .

Khong cch v cao gia cc m c bn :
14
3.5. Trng ca m thanh

Trng l ngn di hoc ngn ca m thanh. Cao v trng l hai
thuc tnh c bn nht trong m nhc. Trong mt tc phm m nhc c s chuyn
tip gia nhng trng khc nhau ca m thanh, to thnh nhm nhp iu.
Cc nhm nhp iu ny khi lin kt li s hnh thnh loi nhp ca tc phm m
nhc.
Th hin trng ca m thanh bng cc hnh nt nhc. n v o trng
trong m nhc l nhp v phch.
Cc loi hnh nt nhc :
Nt trn :
Nt trng :
Nt en :
Nt mc n :
Nt mc kp :
Nt mc tam :
Nt mc t :
S tng quan gia cc hnh nt :
Nt trn (k hiu ghi trng ln nht) :
Nt trng (trng bng na nt trn) :
Nt en (trng bng na nt trng) :
Nt mc n (trng bng na nt en) :
Nt mc kp (trng bng na nt mc n) :
Nt mc tam (trng bng na nt mc kp) :
Nt mc t (trng bng na nt mc tam) :
Tng hp s tng quan gia cc hnh nt :
Hoc biu th bng s :

15
Hai hay nhiu nt mc c cng di ng cnh nhau c th dng vch

ngang ni ui cng vi nhau. V d :
c vit l
c vit l
c vit l
c vit l
4. Cc qung tm,
h thng bnh qun
4.1. Cc qung tm
By bc c bn , R, Mi, Pha, Sol, La, Si c lp li theo chu k trong ton
b thang m ca h thng m nhc. Khong cch gia hai m c tn ging nhau
sau mi chu k (1 2 hoc Mi1 Mi2) gi l qung tm. Ton b thang m
gm by qung tm y v hai qung tm thiu hai u ca thang m. Cc
qung tm tnh t thp ln cao c tn gi nh sau :
Qung tm cc trm (thiu)
Qung tm trm
Qung tm ln
Qung tm nh
Qung tm th nht
Qung tm th hai
Qung tm th ba
Qung tm th t
Qung tm th nm (thiu)
V tr cc qung tm trn n piano :
16
4.2. H thng bnh qun

Trong m nhc, mi qung tm c chia lm 12 phn u nhau, l 12 na
cung. l h thng bnh qun (cn gi l h iu ho). Nh vy qung tm c 12
m vi cao khc nhau, gm cc m c bn v cc bc chuyn ho. V d :
5. du ho, trng m
5.1. Cc bc chuyn ho
Trong h thng m nhc, cc bc c bn u c th nng cao hoc h thp na
cung hoc mt cung. Nhng m c nng cao hoc h thp nh vy gi l
nhng bc chuyn ho.
Trn n piano, phm trng l cc bc c bn, phm en l cc bc chuyn ho.
5.2. Du ho
Khi mt m c nng cao ln na cung gi
hiu #), nu nng cao ln mt cung gi l thng kp (k hiu x).
Thng
(k
Khi mt m h thp xung na cung gi l Ging (k hiu b), nu h thp

xung mt cung gi l ging kp (k hiu bb). V d :
Cc bc chuyn ho c gi theo tn ca cc bc c bn cng vi cc k hiu

thng, ging.
17
Nt nhc ang thng hoc ging, nu mun tr li cao c bn, phi dng
du hon (cn gi l du bnh). V d :
V d khc :
Cc k hiu thng, ging, thng kp, ging kp, hon gi l cc du ho.

vit tn nt nhc bng ch ci La-tinh c du thng, ging, khi du
thng c thay bng ch is, thng kp thay bng isis, ging thay bng es, ging
kp thay bng eses. V d :
Vit
Cis
thng
Dis
R thng
Gis
Son thng
Es
Mi ging
As
La ging
Des
R ging
Disis
R thng kp
Gisis
Son thng kp
Geses
Son ging kp
Eses
Mi ging kp
Ases
La ging kp
Trng hp c bit
Nt nhc vit bng nguyn m (A, E) th b ch e

th nht trong cm es cho d c.
Nt nhc vit bng nguyn m (A, E) th b ch e

th nht trong cm eses cho d c
5.3. Ho biu v du ho bt thng

Ho biu : L mt hoc mt s du ho nm c nh u khung nhc (bn phi kho nhc). Ho biu bao gi
cng cng loi hoc l du thng hoc l du ging, chng xut hin theo mt th t nht nh v c hiu lc trong
sut bn nhc.
18
Bi ht c ho biu mt du ging :
Ch ch con
Nhc v li : Phan nhn
Hi nhanh Vui
Bi ht c ho biu ba du thng :
Con chim non

Nhc v li : L Trng
19
V d bi ht c ho biu mt du thng :
m sao
(Trch)
Va phi Nhp nhng
Nhc v li : Vn Chung
Du ho bt thng : L nhng du ho xut hin trc cc nt nhc. Du

ho bt thng c hiu lc vi nt v nhng nt cng cao ng sau n
trong nhp.
Du ho bt thng khng c hiu lc vi nt cao hn (hoc thp hn) qung
tm ng sau n trong nhp. Nu mun, nhng nt cng phi vit thm du
ho. V d :
Du ho bt thng cn c hiu lc vi c nt nhc nhp sau, trong trng

hp
n
c
ni
vi
nt
nhc
b
ho
nhp
trc.
V d :
20
V d :
Bc H ngi cho em tt c
Hn nhin Trong sng
Nhc : Hong Long Hong Ln

Li : Phng th Phong Thu
5.4. Trng m
Cc m c cao bng nhau nhng khc nhau v cch vit gi l trng m.
H thng bnh qun chia qung tm thnh 12 na cung bng nhau nn cng
mt bc chuyn ho n c th l m nng cao ca bc c bn di n na cung
m cng c th l m h thp ca bc c bn trn n na cung.
Trng m c th xy ra gia mt bc c bn v mt bc chuyn ho. V d :
21
Trng m c th xy ra gia hai bc chuyn ho. V d :
6. Du lng, du tng trng

6.1. Du lng
Du lng l k hiu ch s ngng vang ca m thanh. di ca du lng
tng ng nh di ca hnh nt. V d :
Du lng trn c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt trn :
Du lng trng c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt trng :
Du lng en c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt en :
Du lng n c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt mc n :
Du lng kp c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt mc kp :
Du lng tam c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt mc tam :
22
V d v bn nhc c du lng :
Chim chch bng

Nhc : Vn Dung
Nh nhnh
Li : Th Nguyn Vit Bnh
6.2. Du tng trng

Du ni : Du ni l hnh vng cung ni nhng nt nm cnh nhau c cng
cao . Trng ca nhm bng tng trng cc nt trong nhm. V d :
Cch vit du ni : Chiu cong xung ca du ni giai iu thng ngc

vi ui nt. Nu trn khung nhc c hai b, chiu cong xung ca du ni
mi b cng hng vi ui nt. V d :
23
Du chm di : L du chm t bn phi thn nt nhc, du chm di

lm tng thm mt na gi tr trng ca nt nhc . V d :
V d :
i hc v
Hn nhin Nh nhnh
Nhc v li : Hong Long Hong Ln
nh
Ngoi ra cn c du chm di kp (hai du chm di). Du chm di th hai

lm tng thm mt na gi tr trng ca du chm di u. V d :
Du chm di v du chm di kp cn c dng vi du lng. V d sau c

du chm di dng cho nt nhc v du lng :
24
Du min nhp : Du ny lm tng thm trng ca nt nhc mt cch t

do, tu theo tnh cht ca tc phm v cm nhn ca ngi biu din. V d :
Em l bng hng nh
Tnh cm Trong sng
Nhc v li : Trnh Cng Sn
Du min nhp cn c th dng vi du lng.

V d :
25
7. Mt s du vit tt
7.1. Du nhc li
Du nhc li vit bng k hiu
Du ny dng nhc li mt on nhc hoc ton b bn nhc. V d :
Nh n Bc
Thong th
Nhc v li : Phan Hunh iu
Du ho bt thng khng c hiu lc vi nt cao hn (hoc thp hn) qung

tm ng sau n trong nhp. Nu mun, nhng nt cng phi vit thm du
ho. V d :
Du ho bt thng cn c hiu lc vi c nt nhc nhp sau, trong trng

hp
n
c
ni
vi
nt
nhc
b
ho
nhp
trc.
V d :
26
Nu cui on nhc ln nhc li c s thay i so vi ln u, ngi ta

dng du ngoc vung vi s 1 cho ln din u. Khi nhc li ln th 2 s b
on nhc trong ngoc vung 1, vo tip on nhc ngoc vung th 2. V
d :
Ho bnh cho b
Nhc v li : Huy Trn
Va phi Nhp nhng
Chu vn nh trng mm non

Nhc v li : Hong Ln
Ca khc c nhiu li, c th dng 3 hay 4 ngoc vung, cch nhc li theo
nguyn tc nh trn.
Khi cn nhc li nhp no vi ln, dng du
V d khi vit :
27
Cn thc hin l :
7.2. Du Segno v du Coda

Du Segno (cn gi l du hi) vit bng k hiu
Du ny c tc dng tng ng du nhc li. Du Segno thng dng
trong nhng tc phm c hnh thc ln hoc dng vi on nhc c khun kh
ln hn so vi du nhc li. Phi t du Segno hai u ca on nhc cn nhc
li. V d :
Gi bm
Vui Hi nhanh
Nhc v li : o Ngc Dung
28
C tc phm gm ba phn, nu khng mun chp li phn th ba (v lp li

ging phn u), cn vit fine (ht) cui phn th nht, vit Da capo al fine
cui phn th hai. V d :
Du Coda (ngha l kt thc) vit bng k hiu:

Du Coda thng i km vi du hi. Bn nhc c du Coda v du hi c
trnh by theo trnh t sau :
Trnh by t u n du hi th hai.
Nhc li t du hi th nht n du Coda th nht.
Khng trnh by on t du Coda th nht n du Coda th hai.
Trnh by tip t du Coda th hai n ht.
7.3. Du chuyn qung tm

Du chuyn qung tm dng bng k hiu 8va....
Du chuyn qung tm ghi mt on nhc cn a ln cao hoc h thp
xung mt qung tm. Dng du ny s trnh phi vit nhiu dng k ph, gy
kh khn khi c nt nhc.
Khi a ln mt qung tm, k hiu vit pha trn khung nhc. V d khi vit
:
Cn thc hin l :
29
Khi a xung mt qung tm, k hiu vit pha di khung nhc. V d khi
vit :
Cn thc hin l :
7.4. Cch ghi nhc hai b

Ngoi nhng bn nhc, bi ht ch c mt b, cn c loi bi nhiu b, trong
n gin nht l bi hai b. C th ghi cc b trn khung nhc bng hai cch :
ui nt nhc ca hai b quay cng chiu. Thng p dng vi bi c b
trn lun cao hn b di. V d :
Nhc rng
(Trch)
Nhc v li : Hong Vit
ui nt nhc ca hai b quay ngc chiu. Thng p dng vi bi c tnh

cht phc iu (hai giai iu c lp v tit tu) hoc b di i khi c nt cao
hn b trn. V d :
30
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim v m nhc ?
2. m thanh dng trong m nhc c nhng thuc tnh no ?
3. H thng m thanh y trong m nhc gm bao nhiu m ?
4. K tn cc bc c bn trong m nhc ?
5. Cc bc c bn c ghi bng nhng ch ci no ?
6. Trnh by cu to ca khung nhc v cc dng k ph ?
7. Gii thiu nhng loi kho thng dng trong m nhc ?
8. Ti sao cc bi ht thng ghi bng kho Sol ?
9. Kho Fa dng cho nhng nhc c no ?
10. Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc m c bn ?
11. Th no gi l qung tm ?
12. C bao nhiu qung 8 trong thang m y ? Tn ca cc qung tm ?
13. Th no l h thng bnh qun ?
14. K tn cc loi du ho ?
15. Hy gii thch v hiu lc ca du ho bt thng ?
16. Ho biu l g ?
17. Th no l trng m ? Nu v d ?
18. Du lng l g ? Nu v d ?
19. K tn cc loi du lm tng trng ?
20. Du chuyn qung 8 c tc dng g ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol cc nt t 1 n Mi2, vi trng
l nt en.
2. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Fa cc nt t Sol qung tm ln n 1,
vi trng l nt mc n.
3. Chuyn giai iu sau thp xung qung 8 v vit kho Fa.
4. Vit cc m trng vi nhng m sau.
31
5. Vit li giai iu sau cho ng vi cao thc t.
6. Vit li giai iu sau cho ng vi cao thc t.
c) Bi tp trn n
1. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t nt nhc sau.
2. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t nt nhc sau.
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Trnh by khi nim v m nhc ?
m nhc l ngh thut dng m thanh v nhp iu din t t tng v
tnh cm ca con ngi.
Cu 2. m thanh dng trong m nhc c nhng thuc tnh no ?
m thanh dng trong m nhc c bn thuc tnh l : cao , trng , cng
v m sc.
Cu 3. H thng m thanh y trong m nhc gm bao nhiu m ?
Gm 88 m.
Cu 4. K tn cc bc c bn trong m nhc ?
, R, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si.
Cu 5. Cc bc c bn c ghi bng nhng ch ci no ?
tr li cu hi ny, cn c gio trnh mc 2.3.
Cu 6. Trnh by cu to ca khung nhc v cc dng k ph ?
Cu 7. Gii thiu nhng loi kho thng dng trong m nhc ?
tr li cu hi ny, cn tm tt nhng chnh mc 3.2.
Cu 8. Ti sao cc bi ht thng ghi bng kho Sol ?
32
Cc bi ht thng vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol v ging ht con
ngi ph hp vi cao khu vc ny.
Cu 9. Kho Fa dng cho nhng nhc c no ?
Cu 10. Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc m c bn ?
Cu 11. Th no gi l qung tm ?
Cu 12. C bao nhiu qung 8 trong thang m y ? Tn ca cc qung tm
?
Cu 13. Th no l h thng bnh qun ?
Cu 14. K tn cc loi du ho ?
Cc k hiu thng, ging, thng kp, ging kp, hon gi l cc du ho.
Cu 15. Hy gii thch v hiu lc ca du ho bt thng ?
Cu 16. Ho biu l g ?
Ho biu l mt hoc mt s du ho nm c nh u khung nhc (bn phi
kho nhc). Ho biu bao gi cng cng loi hoc l du thng hoc l du ging,
chng xut hin theo mt th t nht nh v c hiu lc trong sut bn nhc.
Cu 17. Th no l trng m ? Nu v d ?
Cu 18. Du lng l g ? Nu v d ?
Cu 19. K tn cc loi du lm tng trng ?
Gm c du ni, du chm di v du min nhp.
Cu 20. Du chuyn qung 8 c tc dng g ?
Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol cc nt t 1 n Mi2, vi
trng l nt en.
lm bi tp ny, ngi hc cn nm c v tr cc nt t 1 n Mi2
trn khung nhc dng kho Sol.
Lu khi ui nt nhc quay ln, ui nt chm vo bn phi thn nt. Khi
ui nt nhc quay xung, ui nt chm vo bn tri thn nt.
33
Bi tp 2. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Fa cc nt t Sol qung tm ln

n 1, vi trng l nt mc n.
lm bi tp ny, ngi hc cn nm c v tr cc nt t Sol qung tm
ln n 1 trn khung nhc dng kho Fa.
Lu vit ng ui v mc n.
Hng dn thc hnh bi tp trn n
Bi tp 1 v 2.
Mc tiu ca bi tp khng phi luyn k thut m ngi hc hiu v
cch th hin cao v trng trong m nhc.
thc hin 2 bi tp ny, ngi hc cn c tn cc nt trn khung nhc.
n giai iu tng chui m ngn, thc hin chm kt hp c tn nt nhc.
D khng nhm luyn tp k thut nhng cn bm ngn tay hp l, ngi
hc c th vit th t ngn tay di cc nt nhc.
n giai iu c nt nhc.
Tp giai iu vi tc hi nhanh.
34
Chng II
Tit tu, nhp
Mc tiu
Tit tu, trng c bn v trng t do.
Trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, vch nhp, nhp ly .
Nhp n, nhp phc, nhp bin i.
o phch, nghch phch.
Nhp , cch nh nhp.
1. tit tu, trng c bn

v trng t do
1.1. Tit tu
Tit tu l s tng quan v trng ca cc m thanh ni tip nhau. Trong
m nhc c s lun phin trng ca m thanh, l s phi hp ca cc m
thanh c trng khc nhau. Khi lin kt vi nhau theo mt th t nht nh,
trng ca m thanh to ra nhm tit tu (cn gi l hnh tit tu). Hnh tit
tu l ng nt tiu biu v trng ca tc phm m nhc.
35
V d :
Bi ca i hc
Nhp i Kho
Nhc v li : Phan Trn Bng
Hnh tit tu ca bn nhc trn l :
1.2. Trng c bn v trng t do

Nu nt en c chia thnh 2 nt mc n, l trng c bn. Nu nt
en c chia thnh 3 nt mc n (ngn di u nhau), l trng t do.
Tng t vi cc loi trng khc.
Trng c bn : Mt nt trn ngn di bng hai nt trng hoc bn nt

en...
36
Trng t do : L nhng trng c to nn do s phn chia khc

vi trng c bn.
Ta thng gp cc hnh thc phn chia t do sau :
+ Chm ba : nt nhc c chia lm ba phn u nhau. V d :
Nt trng chia thnh ba nt en :
V d :
Nh chim u phin
Nh nhng
Nhc v li : Trnh Cng Sn
Nt en chia thnh ba nt mc n :
V d :
Serenade
F. Shubert
3
Nt mc n chia thnh ba nt mc kp :
37
+ Chm
V d :
nm
nt
nhc
chia
lm
nm
phn
nhau.
Nt trng chia thnh nm nt mc n :
Nt en chia thnh nm nt mc kp :
Mt s bn nhc cn dng cc chm 6, 7, 8... Tuy nhin l cc trng hp

him gp.
2. trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, vch nhp,

nhp ly
2.1. Trng m v tit nhp
Trong tit tu ca tc phm m nhc, c mt s m c vang ln vi cng
ln hn, ni bt hn, l trng m.
Nhng trng c thi gian bng nhau gia hai trng m ni tip, l tit
nhp (cn gi l nhp). Trong mi nhp, ch c mt trng m.
Trong nhp, nhng trng bng nhau c trng m v khng c trng m,
l phch. Phch c trng m gi l phch mnh, phch khng c trng m gi
l phch mnh va hoc phch nh.
Cn hiu v phch v nhp nh sau :
Phch v nhp l n v o trng trong m nhc.
Phch l khong thi gian tri qua gia hai ting g lin k.
Nhp
lin k.
khong
thi
gian
tri
qua
gia
hai
phch
mnh
di ca phch v nhp thay i tu thuc vo tc ca tng bn nhc.
2.2. Loi nhp v vch nhp

Loi nhp c k hiu bng s ch nhp. S ch nhp c t sau kho nhc
v ho biu (nu c). S ch nhp gm hai ch s, s bn trn ch s phch c trong
mi nhp, s bn di ch trng mi phch bng mt phn my ca nt trn.
Mt s loi nhp thng gp :
38
Nhp 24 : Nhp 24 c hai phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt en

(nt en c trng bng mt phn t nt trn). Nhp 24 c phch 1 l phch
mnh, phch 2 l phch nh. V d :
Ma vui
Vui Rn rng
Nhc v li : Lu Hu Phc
Nhp 34 : Nhp 34 c ba phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt en.

Nhp 34 c phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 2 v 3 l phch nh. V d :
Bi phn
Va phi Tha thit
Nhc v li : V hong l vn lc
39
Nhp 44 (cn c vit l C) : Nhp 44 c bn phch, mi phch c trng

bng mt nt en. Nhp 44 c phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 3 l phch mnh va,
phch 2 v 4 l phch nh.
V d :
c m
Nhc : Trung quc
Li Vit : An Ho
Thit tha, tru mn
40
Nhp 82 : Nhp 82 c hai phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt mc

n (nt mc n c trng bng mt phn tm ca nt trn). Nhp 82 c
phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 2 l phch nh. V d :
B qut nh
Nhc v li : H c hu
Vui D dm
nh.
Mt...
... nh
Nhp 83 : Nhp 83 c ba phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt mc

n. Phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 2 v 3 l phch nh. V d :
Tre ng bn Lng Bc
Tha thit
Nhc v li : Hn Ngc Bch
41
Nhp 86 : Nhp 86 c su phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt mc

n. Nhp 86 c phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 4 l phch mnh va, cn li l
phch nh. V d :
Ch c mt trn i
Nh nhng Tnh cm
Nhc : Trng Quang Lc

Li : Th Lin X (c)
42
Nhp 22 (cn c vit l C) : Nhp 22 c hai phch, mi phch c trng

bng mt nt trng (nt trng c trng bng mt phn hai ca nt trn). Nhp
2 c phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 2 l phch nh.
2
43
V d :
N ci
Nhc Nga
Hi nhanh
Phng dch li : phm tuyn
44
Trn khung nhc, nhp c th c gi l nhp. Cc nhp c phn cch

nhau bng nhng vch thng ng trn khung nhc gi l vch nhp (hoc gch
nhp). Nhng nt nhc nm st sau vch nhp bao gi cng l phch mnh.
Trong bn nhc cn s dng hai vch nhp ng st nhau, gi l vch kp
(hoc vch nhp i). Vch kp c hai loi.
Vch kp c hai nt khng t m, dng trong cc trng hp :
+ Thay i nhp. V d :
Hoa thm bm ln
Dn ca quan h Bc Ninh
+ Thay i kho. V d :
+ Ngn cch cc qung, hp m. V d :
+ Chuyn sang on nhc mi. V d :
45
V khc Napoli
Trai - cp - xki
Vch kp c mt nt t m, dng trong cc trng hp :

+ i cng du nhc li hoc du hi. V d :
+ Kt thc tc phm.
2.3. Nhp ly
Nhp m u ca bn nhc khng s phch theo quy nh ca s ch nhp,
gi l nhp ly .
Mt s cch trnh by bn nhc c nhp ly :
Bn nhc c nhp ly th nhp kt thc s khng s phch, tng s
phch nhp ly v nhp kt thc s bng mt nhp y . V d :
Trng em
Vui Nhp nhng
Nhc v li : Phm c Lc
46
Thm du lng vo nhp m u, hnh thc l nhp s phch nhng thc

cht l nhp ly . V d :
Nhng bng hoa nhng bi ca

Ti vui No nc
Nhc v li : Hong Long
Nhiu tc phm (c bit l ca khc) c nhp ly nhng nhp kt thc vn

trng . Trong bn nhc, nhp duy nht c th thiu trng , l nhp
m u.
47
V d :
Em vn nh trng xa
Vui Tha thit
Nhc v li : Thanh Sn
48
3. nhp n, nhp phc,

nhp bin i
3.1. Nhp n v cch phn nhm trng
Nhp n l nhng loi nhp c mt, hai hoc ba phch, trong ch c mt
phch mnh (trng m).
+ Nhng nhp c mt phch : 12 , 14 , 18.
+ Nhng nhp c hai phch : 22 , 24 , 82.
+ Nhng nhp c ba phch : 32 , 34 , 83.
Trng cc nt nhc trong mi nhp c lin kt vi nhau thnh nhm
gi l phn nhm trng . Phn nhm trng l s phn chia cc nt trong
nhp thnh tng nhm cho ph hp vi c cu ca loi nhp, thng dng cho
nhc khng li. Phn nhm trng s lm cho ngi biu din d dng trong
vic th hin tc phm.
i vi cc loi nhp n, cc nt thuc tng phch phi c tp hp li
thnh tng nhm tch ri nhau. Nh vy trong nhp c bao nhiu phch th s c
by nhiu nhm trng . V d :
3.2. Nhp phc v cch phn nhm trng

Nhp phc c hnh thnh trn c s lin kt hai hay nhiu nhp n cng
loi. Do vy s lng phch mnh nhp phc s tng ng vi s nhp n c
trong thnh phn ca n.
Trng m ca nhp n th nht l phch mnh cn cc trng m cc nhp
n k tip l phch mnh va. Mt s loi nhp phc thng gp :
4 2+ 2
4 4 4
)
49
)
9 3 3 3
8 ( 8 +8 +8 )
(
6 3 3
8 8+ 8
Cch phn nhm trng nhp phc l : mi nhp n trong c lin

kt thnh mt nhm ring. V d :
3.3. Nhp hn hp v cch phn nhm trng

Nhp hn hp l loi nhp c hnh thnh bi s kt hp hai hay nhiu loi
nhp n khc nhau. V d :
5 2+ 3
4 4 4
5 3+ 2
4 4 4
5 2 3
8 8+ 8
Trng m trong loi nhp hn hp phn b khng u, ph thuc vo trng

m ca tng loi nhp n trong . Trng m ca nhp n th nht l phch
mnh cn trng m ca cc nhp n tip theo l cc phch mnh va. V d :
3.4. Nhp bin i

on nhc s dng t hai loi nhp tr ln gi l on nhc c nhp bin i.
Nhp bin i c th xy ra mt cch c chu k hoc khng c chu k.
Nhp bin i theo chu k c ghi bng hai s ch nhp u bn nhc (hay
on nhc), theo trt t tip ni cc loi nhp trong mi chu k. V d :
Trong v d trn, mt nhp 24 an xen lin tc vi mt nhp 34 .
50
Nhp bin i khng theo chu k th s ch nhp c t ngay trc ch cn

thay i. V d :
Ru em
Dn ca Xng (Ty Nguyn)
Ghi m v t li : L Ton Hng
4. o phch, nghch phch

4.1. o phch
o phch l hin tng mt m bt u vang ln phch nh hoc phn nh
ca phch ngn sang phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca phch tip theo. Hin
tng ny lm thay i trng m ca m thanh dn n s thay i nhp iu u
n ca bn nhc. Ni cch khc, o phch l kiu ni tip tit tu, trong
trng m tit tu khng trng vi trng m ca tit nhp.
Mt s dng o phch thng gp :
51
V d :
Em nh chim cu trng
Ti mt Trong sng
Nhc v li : Trn Ngc
4.2. Nghch phch

Nghch phch ging o phch ch trng m ca tit tu giai iu li ri
vo phch yu hoc phn yu ca phch, khng trng vi trng m ca tit nhp.
Khc ch phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca phch c thay bng du lng. V
d :
52
Ru con
Dn ca : Nam B
Chm dn
5. nhp , cch nh nhp

5.1. Nhp
Nhp l tc chuyn ng ca tit tu, thng c ghi u bn
nhc. Ting Italia l ngn ng ph bin ghi nhp trong m nhc. Tuy nhin,
mi nc, ngi ta cn dng ting nc mnh d ph cp.
53
Allegro
Bt -T-Ven
Ngoi ra, cn cch ghi bng k hiu (v d

= 120). Cch ghi ny nhm din
t : tc ca bn nhc l 120 phch/pht. Mi phch c gi tr bng nt en.
Qu hng
Dn ca : U-Crai-Na
Di y l mt s thut ng ch nhp .
S lng phch trong
1 pht
ngha ting Vit
Ting Italia
Largo
Cc chm
40 n 43
Grave
Rt chm, trnh trng
44 n 47
Larghetto
Chm, nng n
48 n 51
Lento
Chm va
52 n 55
Adagio
Hi chm
56 n 59
Andante
Khoan thai
60 n 62
Andante con moto
Khoan thai, linh hot
63 n 65
Andantino
Thong th
66 n 70
Andantino quasi allegretto
Thong th, hi nhanh
71 n 79
Moderato
Va phi
80 n 99
Allegretto moderato
Nhanh va
100 n 115
Allegro
Nhanh
116 n 125
Vivace
Nhanh, nhn nhp
126 n 142
54
Ghi ch
Nhm nhp chm
Nhm nhp trung bnh
Nhm nhp nhanh
Presto
Rt nhanh, rt vi
Prestissimo
Cc nhanh
143 n 183
184 tr ln
5.2. S v cch nh nhp

Mi loi nhp c s (ng ch huy) ring, tu theo tnh cht tng tc
phm, c nhiu cch nh nhp khc nhau. Ngay trong mt tc phm, cch nh
nhp c th thay i theo tng on, cu, tit nhc.
Di y l mt s loi nhp hay gp v cch nh nhp c bn :
Nhp 2 phch : gm nhp 22 , 24 , 82 hoc nhp 64 v 86 ( tc nhanh).
2
ng nt thc t
Nhp 3 phch : gm nhp 34 , 83 , 32 hoc nhp 94 v 89 ( tc chm).
ng nt thc t
4
Nhp 4 phch : gm nhp 24 , 44 , 84 , 12
2 hoc nhp 2 ( tc rt chm).
ng nt thc t
Nhp 6 phch : gm nhp 6 , 6 .

8 4
ng nt thc t
55
Mt vi im cn lu khi nh nhp :
Bn tay t th chun b nh nhp ngang vai, tay chuyn ng ln cao

khng qu nh u, xung thp khng di bng.
ng nt chuyn ng ca bn tay tht r rng, khng nn rm r hoc
un ln m khng c mc ch.
Trong ng nt thc t, phch 1 chuyn ng di hn cc phch khc v
bn tay chuyn ng nhanh hn, nhn mnh hn. Tuy nhin, di v hnh hc
ng nt thc t khng c ngha phch 1 ngn di hn cc phch khc.
Mi phch u c im phch, mun to c im phch th khi nh n
cui phch, phi dng li mt khonh khc rt ngn ri mi ny ln to
cho phch sau.
Nhp 3 nh tc nhanh, bn tay chuyn ng theo hnh e-lp xui hoc
8
ngc chiu kim ng h. Nhng cch nh nhp 9 phch hoc 12 phch khng
gii thiu trong sch ny, ngi hc c th tm hiu thm trong sch vit v ch
huy m nhc.
Khi nh nhp tc chm (Grave, Larghetto, Lento, Adagio) nn m

rng ng tc nh nhp. tc nhanh (Allegro, Vivace, Presto...) phi thu gn
ng tc, hn ch hot ng cnh tay m chuyn sang c tay, ngn tay.
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim v tit tu ?
2. Th no l trng c bn v trng t do ?
3. Phch l g ? Nhp l g ?
4. Phch c trng m gi l g ?
5. Phch khng c trng m gi l g ?
6. Nhp 24 cho bit iu g ?
8. Nhp 4
4 cho bit iu g ?
11. Nhp 2
2 cho bit iu g ?
12. Th no l nhp ly ?
13. Th no l nhp n ? Nu v d ?
56
14. Th no l nhp phc ? Nu v d ?

15. Th no l nhp bin i ?
16. o phch l g ?
17. Nghch phch l g ?
18. Nhp l g ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 24 trong c s dng cc dng trng : nt
trng, nt en, nt en chm di, mc n, mc n chm di, mc kp.
2. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 34 trong c o phch, nghch phch.
3. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 4
4 trong c du ho, du ni, du luyn.
4. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 83 trong c du lng en, lng n, mc n
chm di, mc kp.
5. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 86 trong c du ni, du luyn, nt en chm
di.
6. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 2
2 trong c nhp ly , o phch, du chm
di, du ni.
c) Bi tp trn n
1. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t giai iu sau :
m sao
Nhc : Vn Chung
Va phi Nhp nhng
2. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t giai iu sau :
57
Nm trm dm
Peter Paul & Mary
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Trnh by khi nim v tit tu ?
Tit tu l s tng quan v trng ca cc m thanh ni tip nhau.
Cu 2. Th no l trng c bn v trng t do ?

Cu 3. Phch l g ? Nhp l g ?

Cu 4. Phch c trng m gi l g ?

Cu 5. Phch khng c trng m gi l g ?

Cu 6. Nhp 24 cho bit iu g ?
Nhp 24 c hai phch, mi phch c trng bng mt nt en (nt en c
trng bng mt phn t nt trn). Nhp 24 c phch 1 l phch mnh, phch 2
l phch nh.
Cu 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Cch tr li tng t nh cu 6.
Cu 12. Th no l nhp ly ?
Nhp m u ca bn nhc khng s phch theo quy nh ca s ch nhp,
gi l nhp ly .
Cu 13. Th no l nhp n ? Nu v d ?
Nhp n l nhng loi nhp c mt, hai hoc ba phch, trong ch c mt

phch mnh (trng m).
Tham kho v d mc 3.1.
Cu 14. Th no l nhp phc ? Nu v d ?
58
Cu 15. Th no l nhp bin i ?

Cu 16. o phch l g ?
o phch l hin tng mt m bt u vang ln phch nh hoc phn nh
ca phch ngn sang phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca phch tip theo. Hin
tng ny lm thay i trng m ca m thanh dn n s thay i nhp iu u
n ca bn nhc.
Cu 17. Nghch phch l g ?

Cu 18. Nhp l g ?

Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. T vit 8 nhp s ch nhp 24 trong c s dng cc dng trng
: nt trng, nt en, nt en chm di, mc n, mc n chm di, mc kp.
Mc tiu ca bi tp ny khng phi vit c nhng giai iu hay, m

ngi hc cn bit s dng cc dng trng cho ng.
Ngi hc c th vit cc loi cao bt k, c th ch dng mt loi cao .
Lm cc bi tp 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 tng t.
Bi tp 1.
n giai iu tng chui m ngn, thc hin chm kt hp c tn nt nhc.

Th hin ng phch mnh v phch nh nhp 34 .
Ngi hc c th vit th t ngn tay di cc nt nhc.
n giai iu c on nhc.
Thc hin bi tp 2 tng t.
59
Chng III
Qung
Mc tiu
Khi nim, cch c tn, ln ca qung
Qung Diatonic, qung Cromatic
Qung trng, qung n, qung kp
o qung
Qung thun, qung nghch
1. Khi nim, cch c tn,

ln ca qung
1.1. Khi nim v qung
Trong m nhc, qung l s kt hp ng thi hoc ni tip ca hai m thanh
(nt nhc). Qung l nhn t quan trng hnh thnh giai iu v ho m trong
m nhc.
Qung ho thanh : hai m vang ln ng thi. V d :
Qung giai iu : hai m vang ln ni tip. V d :
1.2. Cch c tn qung

Trong mt qung, m bn di gi l m gc, m trn gi l m ngn. Vi
qung ho thanh, c m gc trc sau l m ngn. V d :
60
Vi qung giai iu, c m pht ra trc ri n m pht ra sau km vi

hng chuyn ng ca qung. V d :
1.3. ln ca qung
ln ca qung c xc nh bi gi tr s lng v gi tr cht lng.
Gi tr s lng : Biu hin bng s lng cc bc c trong qung.

V d : Qung 1 Sol1 c gi tr s lng l 5, v n cha nm bc l :
R Mi Fa Sol.
Qung R1 Fa1 c gi tr s lng l 3, v n cha ba bc :
R Mi Fa.
Gi tr cht lng : Biu hin bng s cung v na cung c trong qung.

V d : Qung 1 Sol1 c gi tr cht lng l 3,5 cung.
Qung R1 Fa1 c gi tr cht lng l 1,5 cung.
Gi tr cht lng ca qung c th hin bng cc tn : ng, trng, th,
tng, gim, tng kp, gim kp.
2. qung diatonic, qung cromatic

2.1. Qung Diatonic
Qung Diatonic (cn gi l qung c bn) c hnh thnh t cc bc c bn
vi nhau, cc bc c bn vi bc chuyn ho hoc cc bc chuyn ho vi nhau.
Qung Diatonic hnh thnh t cc bc c bn. V d :
61
Qung Diatonic hnh thnh t cc bc c bn vi bc chuyn ho hoc cc

bc chuyn ho vi nhau. V d :
Qung Diatonic l 14 loi qung sau :

Qung 1 ng (1)
0 cung
Qung 2 th (2t)
0,5 cung
Qung 2 trng (2T)
1 cung
Qung 3 th (3t)
1, 5 cung
Qung 3 trng (3T)
2 cung
Qung 4 ng (4)
2, 5 cung
Qung 4 tng (4+)
3 cung
Qung 5 gim (5)
3 cung
Qung 5 ng (5)
3, 5 cung
Qung 6 th (6t)
4 cung
Qung 6 trng (6T)
4, 5 cung
Qung 7 th (7t)
5 cung
Qung 7 trng (7T)
5, 5 cung
Qung 8 ng (8)
6 cung
2.2. Qung Cromatic

Qung Cromatic l tt c cc qung tng v qung gim (tr qung 4 tng v
qung 5 gim).
Qung tng l qung c ln s lng bng qung ng hoc qung

trng,
nhng
gi
tr
cht
lng
ln
hn
na
cung.
V d :
Qung gim l qung c gi tr s lng bng qung ng hoc qung th,

nhng
gi
tr
cht
lng
nh
hn
na
cung.
V d :
62
Ngoi qung tng v qung gim, cn qung tng kp v gim kp nhng

l nhng trng hp him gp.
3. qung trng, qung n,

qung kp
3.1. Qung trng
Qung trng l hin tng hai hay nhiu qung c m thanh vang ln ging
nhau nhng cch vit khc nhau v ngha khc nhau. C hai loi qung trng :
Cc qung c gi tr s lng bng nhau. V d :
Cc qung c gi tr s lng khc nhau. V d :
3.2. Qung n v qung kp

Qung n l qung c ln s lng ti a l 8.
Qung kp (cn gi l qung ghp), l qung c gi tr s lng ln hn 8.
Mi qung kp l mt qung n cng thm mt qung 8 ng (c trng hp
cng thm 2 hay 3 qung tm nhng t dng hn). Gi tr cht lng ca cc
qung kp ging nh qung n.
C hai cch gi qung kp :
Gi tn theo gi tr s lng thc t ca qung cng vi gi tr cht lng

ca qung n. V d :
Gi tn theo qung n thm mt qung 8 thnh qung kp. V d :
63
4. o qung
4.1. Khi nim v o qung
Trong mt qung, khi ta a m gc ln qung tm ng, n s tr thnh m
ngn. Ngc li, khi ta a m ngn xung qung tm ng, n s tr thnh m
gc. Hin tng chuyn cc m ln hoc xung qung tm nh vy gi l o
qung. V d c qung 1 Fa1.
a nt 1 ln qung 8 ng, tr thnh 2, khi c qung mi l Fa1

2.
4.2. Nhng cch o qung

o qung n
C hai cch o qung n l :
+ Gi
V d :
nguyn
ngn,
gc
ln
mt
qung
ng.
+ Gi nguyn m gc, a m ngn xung mt qung 8 ng. V d :
Quan h gia qung cha o v qung o ca n c c im sau :

+ Tng gi tr s lng ca hai qung l 9.
Qung 2 s o thnh qung 7 ; qung 3 o thnh qung 6 ; qung 4 o
thnh qung 5 ; qung 5 o thnh qung 4...
V d :
+ Gi tr cht lng tr qung ng vn thnh qung ng cn cc qung

khc thay i tnh cht theo tng cp :
64
Qung trng o thnh qung th, qung th o thnh qung trng. V

d :
Qung tng o thnh qung gim, qung gim o thnh qung tng. V d :
Qung tng kp o thnh qung gim kp, qung gim kp o thnh qung
tng kp. V d :
o qung kp
C ba cch o qung kp l :
+ Gi
V d :
nguyn
ngn,
gc
ln
hai
qung
ng.
+ Gi nguyn m gc, a m ngn xung hai qung 8 ng. V d :
+ ng thi a m ngn xung mt qung 8 ng v a m gc ln mt

qung 8 ng. V d :
Quan h ca qung kp vi qung o ca n c c im sau :

+ V gi tr cht lng ging nh quy lut vi qung n nu trn.
+ Tng gi tr s lng gia hai qung l 16. V d :
Qung 9 trng
Qung 10 th
Qung 11 ng
Qung 12 gim
o thnh
o thnh
o thnh
o thnh
qung 7 th
qung 6 trng
qung 5 ng
qung 4 tng.
65
5. qung thun, qung nghch

5.1. Qung thun
Trong m nhc, qung thun l hai m ca qung vang ln (ng thi hoc
ni tip) to cm gic ho hp, m tai.
Cc qung thun c chia lm cc mc sau :
Qung rt thun : 1 ng, 8 ng.

Qung thun : 4 ng, 5 ng.
Qung thun va : qung 3 trng, qung 3 th, qung 6 trng, qung 6
th.
Khi o qung, nhng qung thun vn l qung thun.
5.2. Qung nghch

Qung nghch l hai m ca qung vang ln to cm gic khng ho hp,
nghch tai.
Cc qung nghch gm c : qung 2 trng, qung 2 th, qung 7 trng,
qung 7 th v cc qung tng, qung gim.
Khi o qung, nhng qung nghch vn l qung nghch.
5.3. ng dng ca qung thun, qung nghch

Trong cc tc phm m nhc, ngi ta thng kt hp s dng an xen nhng
qung thun v nghch to nn s tng phn v a dng v m thanh. Tuy
nhin, ngi sng tc hay dng cc qung thun vit b cho ca khc, v d :
66
Dn ng ca ma h
(Trch)
Nhc : L Minh Chu
Li : Phng th Nguyn Minh Nguyn
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Qung l g ? S khc nhau gia qung ho thanh v qung giai iu ?
2. Tn gi ca cc m trong qung ?
3. Khi c tn qung ho thanh, cn c m no trc, m no sau ?
67
4. Khi c tn qung giai iu, cn c m no trc, m no sau ?

5. Qung c xc nh bi yu t no ?
6. Gi tr cht lng ca qung c biu hin bng nhng tn no ?
7. K tn cc qung Diatonic hnh thnh t cc bc c bn ?
8. C bao nhiu qung c bn ?
9. Tnh s cung v na cung c trong cc qung c bn ?
10. Qung Cromatic l g ?
11. Qung tng c hnh thnh nh th no ? Nu v d ?
12. Qung gim c hnh thnh nh th no ? Nu v d ?
13. Th no l qung trng ? Nu v d ?
14. Th no l qung n ? Nu v d ?
15. Th no l qung kp ? Nu v d ?
16. Th no l o qung ?
17. Cc cch o qung n ? Nu v d ?
18. Cc cch o qung kp ? Nu v d ?
19. Gi tr s lng v cht lng thay i nh th no gia mt qung n
vi th o ca n ?
20. Gi tr s lng v cht lng thay i nh th no gia mt qung kp
vi th o ca n ?
21. Th no l qung thun v qung nghch ?
22. K tn cc qung thun v qung nghch trong nhng qung c bn ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. Ly 1 lm m gc, xy dng cc qung giai iu :
3 th, 3 trng, 4 ng, 5 gim, 6 th, 7 trng, 8 ng.
2. Ly R2 lm m ngn, xy dng cc qung ho thanh :
3 trng, 4 ng, 5 tng, 6 trng, 7 th, 8 ng.
3. Ly Mi1 lm gc, xy dng 5 qung Cromatic khc nhau.
4. Xc nh gi tr s lng v cht lng ca cc qung sau.
5. o qung di y bng 3 cch.
68
6. Xc nh gi tr ca cc qung di y, vit thm du ho chuyn

chng thnh cc qung trng.

chng thnh cc qung th.

chng thnh cc qung tng.

chng thnh cc qung gim.
10. Tm cc qung trng ca nhng qung sau.
c) Bi tp trn n
1. Ly Sol1 lm m gc, thc hin trn n cc qung ho thanh : 3 th, 3
trng, 4 ng, 5 ng, 6 th, 7 trng, 8 ng.
2. Ly Mi2 lm m ngn, thc hin trn n cc qung giai iu : 2 th, 2
trng, 3 th, 3 trng, 4 ng, 5 ng, 6 trng, 7 th, 8 ng.
3. n qung kp sau, ri thc hin 3 cch o qung.
69
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Qung l g ? S khc nhau gia qung ho thanh v qung giai iu ?
Qung l s kt hp ng thi hoc ni tip ca hai m thanh.
Qung ho thanh : hai m vang ln ng thi.

Qung giai iu : hai m vang ln ni tip.
Cu 2. Tn gi ca cc m trong qung ?

Cu 3. Khi c tn qung ho thanh, cn c m no trc, m no sau ?

Cu 4. Khi c tn qung giai iu, cn c m no trc, m no sau ?

Cu 5. ln ca qung c xc nh bi yu t no ?
ln ca qung c xc nh bi gi tr s lng v gi tr cht lng.
Cu 6. Gi tr cht lng ca qung c biu hin bng nhng tn no ?
Gi tr cht lng ca qung c biu hin bng cc tn : ng, trng, th,
tng, gim, tng kp, gim kp.
Cu 7. K tn cc qung Diatonic hnh thnh t cc bc c bn ?

Cu 8. C bao nhiu qung c bn ?

Cu 9. Tnh s cung v na cung c trong cc qung c bn ?

Cu 10. Qung Cromatic l g ?

Cu 11. Qung tng c hnh thnh nh th no ? Nu v d ?

Cu 12. Qung gim c hnh thnh nh th no ? Nu v d ?

Cu 13. Th no l qung trng ? Nu v d ?

Cu 14. Th no l qung n ? Nu v d ?
70
Cu 15. Th no l qung kp ? Nu v d ?

Cu 16. Th no l o qung ?
Khi a m gc ln qung tm ng, n s tr thnh m ngn. Ngc li, khi
a m ngn xung qung tm ng, n s tr thnh m gc. Hin tng chuyn
cc m ln hoc xung qung tm nh vy gi l o qung.
Cu 17. Cc cch o qung n ? Nu v d ?

Cu 18. Cc cch o qung kp ? Nu v d ?

Cu 19. Gi tr s lng v cht lng thay i nh th no gia mt qung
n vi th o ca n ?

Cu 20. Gi tr s lng v cht lng thay i nh th no gia mt qung
kp vi th o ca n ?

Cu 21. Th no l qung thun v qung nghch ?
Qung thun l hai m vang ln to cm gic ho hp, m tai. Qung nghch
l hai m vang ln to cm gic khng ho hp, nghch tai.
Cu 22. K tn cc qung thun v qung nghch trong nhng qung c bn ?
tr li cu hi ny, cn c gio trnh mc 5.1 v 5.2.

Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. Ly 1 lm m gc, xy dng cc qung giai iu : 3 th, 3 trng,
4 ng, 5 gim, 6 th, 7 trng, 8 ng.
Cn xc nh, qung giai iu l hai m vang ln ni tip.

Sau khi vit m gc, cn xc nh gi tr s lng (s bc), xc nh v tr
ca m ngn.
Sau khi xc nh c m ngn, cn xc nh ng gi tr cht lng (s

cung trong tng qung).
Thc hin cc bi tp tip theo vi quy trnh tng t.
71

Bi tp 1. Ly Sol1 lm m gc, thc hin trn n cc qung ho thanh : 3
th, 3 trng, 4 ng, 5 ng, 6 th, 7 trng, 8 ng.
Cn bm hai m vang ln ng thi, bm kt hp c tn qung.

Qung 3 th : Sol Si ging.
Qung 3 trng : Sol Si.
Thc hin tng t vi cc qung tip theo.
Thc hin tng t vi bi tp 2, 3.
72
Chng IV
iu thc v ging
Mc tiu
iu thc, m n nh v m khng n nh.
iu thc trng, gam trng t nhin.
iu thc th, gam th t nhin.
Ging.
iu trng ho thanh, iu trng giai iu.
iu th ho thanh, iu th giai iu.
iu thc nm m.
1. iu thc, m n nh
v m khng n nh
1.1. Khi nim v iu thc
iu thc l h thng th hin mi tng quan v cao ca cc m thanh
trong tc phm m nhc.
iu thc l mt phng tin din t quan trng ca m nhc. Mu sc, tnh
cht m nhc c hnh thnh qua c cu v mi tng quan iu thc gp
phn th hin ni dung ca tc phm.
1.2. m n nh v m khng n nh
Trong iu thc c mt s m ni ln nh nhng m ta ca giai iu, to
cm gic yn tnh, n nh. Tc phm m nhc thng c m u v kt thc
nhng m ta ny, l nhng m n nh. Ngc li c mt s m khc li to
cm gic khng n nh v c khuynh hng ht dn v cc m ta, l m
khng n nh. V d :
73
Lng ti
Nhc v li : Vn Cao
Va phi
Phn tch v d trn :

Cc m n nh thng c trng di hn cc m khc v chng thng
v tr u phch hoc nhng phch c trng m ca nhp. Trong ba m n nh
trn ni r hn c l m . m ny l ch ta ch yu cho ton b giai iu,
n to cm gic n nh, thng bng. m ny c gi l m ch (hoc ch m).
Cc m khc trong giai iu ny nh R, Fa, La, Si l nhng m khng n
nh. Cc m ny c c tnh l b ht dn v cc m n nh lin k vi n.
Vic chuyn t m khng n nh v m n nh gi l gii quyt.
Vy c th hiu iu thc l h thng cc mi tng quan gia cc m n nh
v cc m khng n nh trong mt giai iu hay trong mt tc phm m nhc.
Trong nn m nhc chuyn nghip v m nhc dn gian ca cc nc trn th
gii c nhiu dng iu thc khc nhau. l cc loi iu thc nm m, by m,
mi hai m... Tuy nhin iu thc by m (trng v th) ca m nhc phng
Ty c dng ph bin nht.
2. iu thc trng,
gam trng t nhin
2.1. iu thc trng
iu thc trng l iu thc gm c by bc m (th t cc bc c ghi
bng ch s La M), trong c m I, m III v m V l m n nh. Bc I v bc
III to thnh qung 3 trng, bc III v bc V to thnh qung 3 th. Bc I v bc
V to thnh qung 5 ng. Cng thc ca iu thc trng l :
iu thc trng k hiu l Dur (ting Latinh ngha l cng).
74
2.2. Gam trng t nhin

S sp xp 7 m thanh ca iu thc theo th t t thp ln cao hay ngc li
t cao xung thp tnh t m ch (bc I) n m ch qung tm lin k c gi
l gam. Cc m thanh to thnh gam gi l cc bc. Nh vy l bc ca iu thc
cng l bc ca gam.
Gam trng t nhin c cng thc ging iu thc trng :
Tng quan v qung gia cc bc trong gam trng t nhin tnh t di

ln, l 2T 2T 2t 2T 2T 2T 2t. V d gam trng t nhin :
Gam trng t nhin c cu to l hai nhm bn m ging nhau v c cu

qung. Hai nhm ny ni lin vi nhau bng qung 2 trng.
Cc bc ca gam u c tn ring phn nh chc nng ca chng trong iu

thc :
Bc I
m ch
K hiu : T (Tonique)
Bc II
m thng ch
K hiu : SII
Bc III
m trung
K hiu : DTIII
Bc IV
m h t
K hiu : S (Sousdominante)
Bc V
m t
K hiu : D (Dominante)
Bc VI
m thng t
K hiu : TSVI
Bc VII
m dn ln
K hiu : DVII
Trong by bc ca gam, bc I, bc IV v bc V l cc bc chnh. Cc bc cn li

l bc II, bc III, bc VI v bc VII l cc bc ph.
m t nm trn m ch mt qung 5 ng, m bc III nm gia hai m trn
nn gi l m trung. m h t nm di m ch mt qung 5 ng, m bc VI gi
l m thng t. V d gam trng :
75
m thng t
m trung
m bc II gi l m thng ch, m bc VII gi l m dn ln. V d gam

trng :
m dn ln
m thng ch
iu trng bc I, bc III v bc V l nhng bc n nh. S n nh ca ba

bc ny khng ging nhau. Bc I (m ch) n nh nht, n l trung tm ca iu
thc.
Cc bc II, bc IV, bc VI v bc VII l cc bc khng n nh, trong giai iu
cc bc ny c khuynh hng ht v cc bc n nh ng lin k vi n. Tnh
cht ht dn ca cc bc khng n nh cng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo cc
yu t sau :
Qung gia bc khng n nh n cc bc n nh cng nh th sc ht

cng ln. V d t bc IV ht v bc III hoc bc VII ht ln bc I l qung 2 th s
mnh hn bc IV ln bc V hay bc II ln bc III l qung 2 trng.
Bc n nh no c tnh n nh hn th sc ht s mnh hn. V d : Bc II ht
v bc I (m ch) s mnh hn l ht v bc III.
Khuynh hng gii quyt t cc bc khng n nh v cc bc n nh trong
iu trng t nhin th hin qua s sau. V d gam trng :
3. iu thc th, gam th t nhin

3.1. iu thc th
iu thc th l iu thc gm c by bc m, trong c m I, m III v m
V l m n nh. Bc I v bc III to thnh qung 3 th, bc III v bc V to thnh
qung 3 trng. Bc I v bc V to thnh qung 5 ng. Cng thc ca iu thc
th l :
iu th k hiu l moll (ting Latinh ngha l mm).
3.2. Gam th t nhin

Gam th t nhin c cng thc ging iu thc th :
76
Gam th t nhin cng c cu to gm hai nhm 4 m, hai nhm c ni vi

nhau bng qung 2 trng. Hai nhm ny c c cu qung khng ging nhau
Nhm 4 m di : 2T 2t 2T.
Nhm 4 m trn : 2t 2T 2T.
V d gam La th :
Nhm 4 m di
Nhm 4 m trn
Qung 2 th trong gam th khng i hi phi gii quyt v m ch nh

gam trng. iu ny to nn cm gic mm mi trong gam th t nhin.
Cc bc ca gam th c k hiu v tn gi ging nh iu trng ch khc v
th t qung 2 gia cc bc.
Cng nh ging trng, ging La th t nhin c cc bc u l cc m c
bn ca hng m. Th t qung 2 gia cc bc trong ging La th cng l cu trc
chung ca cc ging th t nhin.
Cng ging nh iu trng, iu th cc bc I, bc IV v bc V l cc bc
chnh. Cc bc II, III, bc VI v bc VII l cc bc ph.
Cc m n nh ca iu th cng l cc m bc I, bc III v bc V, tuy nhin

sc ht ca cc m khng n nh v m n nh c thay i. Bc II v bc VII ht
v m ch trn qung 2 trng (1 cung), sc ht na cung l bc II v bc III v
bc IV v bc V. y l s ht dn ca cc m khng n nh trong iu th t
nhin, v d gam La th :
77
4. ging
4.1. Khi nim v ging
Ging (cn gi l iu tnh) l iu thc c th hin mt cao nht
nh.
Tn mt ging bao gm hai phn : tn ca m ch v tn ca iu thc. V
d v mt s ging trng :
Ging trng
C-dur
Ging Sol trng
G-dur
Ging Mi ging trng
es-dur
Ging Fa thng trng
Fis-dur
Tn m ch ca ging trng thng c vit bng ch hoa.

V d v mt s ging th :
Ging th :
c-moll
Ging La th :
a-moll
Ging Fa thng th :
fis-moll...
Tn m ch ca ging th thng c vit bng ch thng.

Ging trng v ging th c th c thnh lp trn bt k bc c bn hay
bc chuyn ho no. Mc d m ch l cc bc khc nhau nhng mi tng quan
gia cc bc trong ging u ging nhau.
Ch c ging trng v ging La th c cc bc u l bc c bn cn cc
ging khc phi dng cc du ho thay i cc bc cho ph hp vi iu thc.
S lng du ho tng ging c khc nhau. V d :
Hoc :
4.2. Cc ging trng c du thng

Bt u t ging trng (l ging tiu biu ca iu thc trng), ly bc
V ca n lm m ch ca ging tip theo ta s c ging Sol trng. Trong ging
Sol trng, m Fa phi tng ln na cung v gia bc VII v m ch ch cch nhau
78
na cung. Do vy ging Sol trng c mt du thng ho biu. Cng thc ging

Sol trng :
Tip , ly m bc V ca ging trc lm m ch ca ging tip theo s c

ln lt cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du thng. H thng cc ging trng c
t 1 n 7 du thng l :
Ging Sol trng (G-dur)
Ging R trng (D-dur)
Ging La trng (A-dur)
Ging Mi trng (E-dur)
Ging Si trng (B-dur)
Ging Fa thng trng (Fis-dur)
Ging thng trng (Cis-dur)
4.3. Cc ging trng c du ging

Bt u t ging trng, i xung mt qung 5 ng ta s c ging Fa
trng. Trong ging Fa trng, m bc IV (m Si) phi ging xung cho ph hp
79
vi cng thc ca ging trng. Do vy ging Fa trng c mt du ging ho

biu. Cng thc ging Fa trng :
Tip , tun t i xung qung 5 ng t m ch ca ging trc n m

ch ca ging sau, s c ln lt cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du ging. H
thng cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du ging l :
Ging Fa trng (F-dur)
Ging Si ging trng (Bb-dur)
Ging Mi ging trng (es-dur)
Ging La ging trng (as-dur)
Ging R ging trng (Des-dur)
Ging Sol ging trng (Ges-dur)
Ging ging trng (Ces-dur)
4.4. Cc ging th c du thng

Bt u t ging La th (l ging tiu biu ca iu thc th), ly bc V ca
n lm m ch ca ging tip theo ta s c ging Mi th. Trong ging Mi th, m
Fa phi tng ln na cung v gia m ch v bc II ch cch nhau na cung. Do
vy ging Mi th c mt du thng ho biu. Cng thc ging Mi th :
80
Tip , ly m bc V ca ging trc lm m ch ca ging tip theo s c

ln lt cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du thng. H thng cc ging th c t 1 n
7 du thng l :
Ging Mi th (e-moll)
Ging Si th (bmoll)
Ging Fa thng th (fismoll)
Ging thng th (cismoll)
Ging Sol thng th (gismoll)
Ging R thng th (dismoll)
Ging La thng th (aismoll)
4.5. Cc ging th c du ging

Bt u t ging La th, i xung mt qung 5 ng ta s c ging R th.
Trong ging R th, m bc VI (m Si) phi ging xung cho ph hp vi cng
thc ca ging th. Do vy ging R th c mt du ging ho biu. Cng thc
ging R th :
81
Tip , tun t i xung qung 5 ng t m ch ca ging trc n m

ch ca ging sau, s c ln lt cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du ging. H thng
cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du ging l :
Ging R th (d-moll)
Ging Sol th (g-moll)
Ging th (c-moll)
Ging Fa th (f-moll)
Ging Si ging th (bes-moll)
Ging Mi ging th (es-moll)
Ging La ging th (as-moll)
82
5. iu trng ho thanh,
iu trng giai iu
5.1. iu trng ho thanh
Ngoi iu trng t nhin, trong nhiu tc phm m nhc cn gp dng iu
thc trng c bc VI h thp xung na cung. iu thc ny gi l iu trng
ho thanh.
Bc VI h thp khin cho sc ht dn t bc VI v bc V n nh tr nn

mnh hn v hnh thnh qung hai tng c trng gia bc VI v bc VII. Cng
thc ca iu trng ho thanh, v d ging trng ho thanh :
Du ho h thp bc VI c vit trc nt nhc di hnh thc du ho bt

thng. V d :
Vit Nam qu hng ti

(Trch)
Nhc v li : Nhun
5.2. iu trng giai iu

Mt dng iu thc trng t dng hn l iu trng giai iu. iu
trng giai iu l iu trng c bc VI v bc VII h thp xung na cung.
83
Trong thc t, iu trng giai iu hu nh ch c dng khi giai iu i

xung. Du ho h thp bc VI v bc VII c vit trc nt nhc di hnh thc
du ho bt thng.
6. iu th ho thanh,
iu th giai iu
6.1. iu th ho thanh
Ngoi iu th t nhin, trong nhiu tc phm m nhc cn gp dng iu
thc th c bc VII c nng cao na cung. iu thc ny gi l iu th ho
thanh. Vic nng cao bc VII l do s cn thit tng cng sc ht dn v m ch.
Cng thc ca iu th ho thanh, v d ging La th ho thanh :
Du ho nng cao bc VII c vit trc nt nhc di hnh thc du ho bt

thng. V d :
Cnh n tui th
(Trch)
Va phi
Nhc v li : phm tuyn
84
V d khc :
Toccata
(Trch)
Gaston Rolland
6.2. iu th giai iu
iu th giai iu l iu th c bc VI v bc VII c tng ln na cung.
iu th giai iu to nn sc ht v m ch nn c m hng ca iu thc

trng. iu th giai iu ch yu c dng hng chuyn ng i ln ca
gam, khi i xung thng tr li iu th t nhin. Tuy nhin cng c nhng
ngoi l, v d :
Tnh yu mu xanh
(Trch)
Andre Popp
7. iu thc nm m
7.1. Khi nim v iu thc nm m
C rt nhiu bi dn ca v nhng tc phm m nhc c truyn Vit Nam
c vit trn cc iu thc nm m. Nhiu nhc s cng khai thc iu thc nm
m sng to nn nhng tc phm m nhc mi.
85
iu thc nm m l iu thc gm 5 bc. Khong cch hp nht v cao

gia hai bc ni tip l 1 cung, khong cch rng nht v cao gia hai bc ni
tip l 1, 5 cung. Nn m nhc dn gian ca nhiu nc trn th gii s dng iu
thc ny nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Triu Tin, Vit Nam... Mi nc li c
nhng dng iu thc nm m ca ring mnh, v th iu thc nm m cng
pht trin rt a dng v phong ph.
7.2. Mt s iu thc nm m
iu thc nm m loi I :
iu thc ny gi l iu Bc, thng c tnh cht vui, kho.
iu thc nm m loi II :
iu thc ny gi l iu Nam, c tnh cht mm mi, duyn dng.
iu thc nm m loi III :
iu thc ny gi l iu Nam xun.
iu thc nm m loi IV :
iu thc ny gi l iu Hunh.
iu thc nm m loi V :
iu thc ny gi l iu on, c dng ph bin trong m nhc c truyn

Nam B, c tnh cht mm mi, bun da dit.
86
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim v iu thc ?
2. Trong iu thc c nhng loi m g ? Tnh cht ca tng loi m ?
3. m n nh nht trong iu thc gi l m g ?
4. S chuyn tip t m khng n nh v m n nh gi l g ?
5. Th no l iu thc trng ? Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc bc
trong iu thc trng t nhin ?
6. Hy gii thiu v m n nh v khng n nh trong iu thc trng ?
7. Gam l g ? Cc bc ca gam sp xp nh th no ?
8. Ngoi k hiu bng ch s La M, cc bc ca gam cn c tn gi nh th
no ? Nu ngha ca cc tn gi ?
9. Nhng bc chnh trong gam l nhng bc no ? Cc bc cn li gi l nhng
bc g ?
10. Th no l iu thc th ? Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc bc
trong iu thc th t nhin ?
11. Trnh by s chuyn tip t cc m khng n nh sang cc m n nh
trong iu th t nhin ?
12. Ging l g ? Tn ca ging bao gm nhng yu t no ?
13. K tn cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du thng ?
14. K tn cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du ging ?
15. K tn cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du thng ?
16. K tn cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du ging ?
17. c th t cc du thng trn ho biu ?
18. c th t cc du ging trn ho biu ?
19. iu trng ho thanh khc iu trng t nhin bc no ?
20. Th no l iu trng giai iu ?
21. Th no l iu th ho thanh ?
22. Th no l iu th giai iu ?
23. Th no l iu thc nm m ? Gii thiu tn mt vi iu thc nm m ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 16 nhp ging trng, s ch
nhp 24 .
87
2. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 8 nhp ging La th, s ch nhp
3.
4
3. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 8 nhp ging Sol trng, s ch
nhp 4
4.
4. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 16 nhp ging Mi th, s ch nhp
3
8.
5. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 8 nhp ging Fa trng, s ch
nhp 86 .
6. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 8 nhp ging R th ho thanh, s
ch nhp 2
2.
7. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 8 nhp ging Mi th ho thanh,
s ch nhp 34 .
c) Bi tp trn n
1. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t gam R trng t nhin.
2. Thc hin trn n gam R trng ho thanh.
3. Thc hin trn n gam R trng giai iu.
4. Thc hin trn n gam Mi th t nhin.
5. Thc hin trn n gam Mi th ho thanh.
6. Thc hin trn n gam Mi th giai iu.
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Trnh by khi nim v iu thc ?
iu thc l h thng th hin mi tng quan v cao ca cc m thanh
trong tc phm m nhc.
Cu 2. Trong iu thc c nhng loi m g ? Tnh cht ca tng loi m ?
tr li cu hi ny, cn c v tm tt nhng chnh mc 1.2.

Cu 3. m n nh nht trong iu thc gi l m g ?
m ch.
Cu 4. S chuyn tip t m khng n nh v m n nh gi l g ?
Gii quyt.
Cu 5. Th no l iu thc trng ? Trnh by khong cch v cao gia
cc bc trong iu thc trng t nhin ?
88
Cu 6. Hy gii thiu v m n nh v khng n nh trong iu thc

trng?

Cu 7. Gam l g? Cc bc ca gam sp xp nh th no?

Cu 8. Ngoi k hiu bng ch s La M, cc bc ca gam cn c tn gi nh
th no? Nu ngha ca cc tn gi ?

Cu 9. Nhng bc chnh trong gam l nhng bc no? Cc bc cn li gi l
nhng bc g?

Cu 10. Th no l iu thc th? Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc
bc trong iu thc th t nhin?

Cu 11. Trnh by s chuyn tip t cc m khng n nh sang cc m n
nh trong iu th t nhin?

Cu 12. Ging l g? Tn ca ging bao gm nhng yu t no ?
Ging (cn gi l iu tnh) l iu thc c th hin
mt cao nht nh. Tn ging gm tn ca m ch v tn ca iu thc.
Cu 13. K tn cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du thng ?

Cu 14. K tn cc ging trng c t 1 n 7 du ging ?

Cu 15. K tn cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du thng ?

Cu 16. K tn cc ging th c t 1 n 7 du ging ?

Cu 17. c th t cc du thng trn ho biu ?
Fa Sol R La Mi Si.
Cu 18. c th t cc du ging trn ho biu ?
Si Mi La R Sol Fa.
Cu 19. iu trng ho thanh khc iu trng t nhin bc no ?

Cu 20. Th no l iu trng giai iu ?
89
Cu 21. Th no l iu th ho thanh ?

Cu 22. Th no l iu th giai iu ?

Cu 23. Th no l iu thc nm m ? Gii thiu tn mt vi iu thc nm
m ?
tr li cu hi ny, cn c v tm tt nhng chnh mc 7.1 v 7.2.

Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit 16 nhp ging trng,
s ch nhp 24 .
Mc tiu ca bi tp ny khng phi vit c

giai iu hay, m ngi hc cn th hin ng nhng yu cu ca bi tp.
nhng
on nhc khng cn vit ho biu.

Ngi hc c th vit cc loi cao bt k nhng m kt thc cn l m .
Thc hin cc bi tp tip theo tng t. Lu vit ho biu cc ging cho
chnh xc. Ging R th ho thanh hoc Mi th ho thanh, cn vit du thng
m bc VII.
Bi tp 1. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t gam R trng t
nhin.
Cn xc nh gam R trng t nhin c m Fa thng v thng.

n chm kt hp c tn tng m.
Cn sp xp ngn tay hp l.
Thc hin tng t cc bi tp tip theo.
90
Chng V
Xc nh ging, dch ging
Mc tiu
Cch xc nh ging.
Quan h h hng gia cc ging.
Chuyn ging, dch ging.
1. cch xc nh ging
1.1. Cch xc nh ging
Xc nh ging l vic rt cn thit khi tm hiu hoc luyn tp mt tc phm
m nhc. iu ny gip ngi hc nh hng c thang m, giai iu v ho
m ca tc phm.
Mun xc nh ging ca bn nhc, phi da vo hai yu t l ho biu v m
kt thc bn nhc. Mt s bn nhc cn phi da vo nhng yu t khc nh cc
du ho bt thng, nhng m n nh trong bn nhc.
1.2. Xc nh ging trng da vo ho biu

Da vo ho biu d dng tm c m ch ca cc ging trng.
Vi ho biu c du thng, t du thng cui cng tin ln mt qung hai

th s l m ch ca ging.
V d : Bn nhc c ho biu 5 du thng, t du La thng ln qung 2 th ta
c m Si. y l ging Si trng.
i vi ho biu c du ging, m ch ca ging s l du ging ng trc

du ging cui cng ca ho biu.
V d : Bn nhc c ho biu c 3 du ging (Sib, Mib, Lab), vy Mi ging s l
m ch ca ging Mi ging trng. Nu ho biu c 5 du ging (Sib, Mib, Lab,
Rb, Solb), vy R ging s l m ch ca ging R ging trng.
91
1.3. Xc nh ging da vo ho biu v m kt thc

Da vo ho biu v m kt thc, s xc nh c ging ca hu ht cc bn
nhc (tr bn nhc khng kt thc v m ch).
Ho biu
m kt thc
Ging
Khng ho biu
trng
Khng ho biu
La
La th
Mt du thng
Sol
Sol trng
Mt du thng
Mi
Mi th
Mt du ging
Fa
Fa trng
Mt du ging
R th
Hai du thng
R trng
Hai du thng
Si
Si th
Hai du ging
Si (ging)
Si ging trng
Hai du ging
Sol
Sol th
Ba du thng
La
La trng
Ba du thng
Fa (thng)
Fa thng th
Ba du ging
Mi (ging)
Mi ging trng
Ba du ging
th
Bn du thng
Mi
Mi trng
Bn du thng
(thng)
thng th
Bn du ging
La (ging)
La ging trng
Bn du ging
Fa
Fa th
Nm du thng
Si
Si trng
Nm du thng
Sol (thng)
Sol thng th
Nm du ging
R (ging)
R ging trng
Nm du ging
Si (ging)
Si ging th
Su du thng
Fa (thng)
Fa thng trng
Su du thng
R (thng)
R thng th
Su du ging
Sol (ging)
Sol ging trng
Su du ging
Mi (ging)
Mi ging th
By du thng
(thng)
thng trng
By du thng
La (thng)
La thng th
By du ging
(ging)
ging trng
By du ging
La (ging)
La ging th
92
Nhiu bn nhc khng kt thc v m ch, khi xc nh ging iu phi

da vo nhng m n nh trong bn nhc. V d :
Ma hoa phng n
Nhc v li : Hong Vn
Nhanh Vui
vi
2. Quan h h hng
gia cc ging
Trong h thng iu thc 7 m, cc ging trng v ging th c nhng mi
quan h qua li vi nhau. Mi quan h h hng gn hay xa gia cc ging cng
93
nh s chuyn tip t ging ny sang ging khc l mt trong nhng phng tin
din cm c ngha ngh thut i vi mt tc phm m nhc. N a vo m
nhc s a dng v phong ph v mu sc ng thi h tr cho s pht trin ca
tc phm.
2.1. Ging song song

Mt ging trng v mt ging th c cng ho biu, gi l hai ging song
song. Hai ging song song l hai ging c thnh phn m ging nhau. V d ging
trng song song vi ging La th :
Ging trng :
Ging La th :
Hoc ging R trng song song vi ging Si th.

Ging R trng :
Ging Si th :
m ch ca ging th thp hn m ch ca ging trng song song mt

qung 3 th. Hay c th hiu mt cch khc l bc VI ca ging trng s l m
ch ca ging th song song. Nu bit tn ging trng ho biu no, s tm
c
tn
ging
th
ho
biu .
2.2. Ging cng tn

Mt ging trng v mt ging th c cng m ch, gi l hai ging cng tn.
V d :
Ging trng cng tn vi ging th.

Ging R trng cng tn vi ging R th.
Ging Mi trng cng tn vi ging Mi th.
94
Ging Fa trng cng tn vi ging Fa th.

Ging Sol trng cng tn vi ging Sol th...
Gia hai ging cng tn, ba m bc III, bc VI v bc VII c cao khc
nhau. V d so snh gia ging trng v ging th.
Ging trng :
Ging th :
3. Chuyn ging, dch ging

3.1. Chuyn ging v chuyn tm
Chuyn ging v chuyn tm va l th php sng tc, va l phng tin
pht trin m nhc, to nn s phong ph v mu sc trong tc phm. Chuyn
ging v chuyn tm thng xut hin nhng du ho bt thng giai iu, c
trng hp thay i ho biu ca bn nhc.
Chuyn ging l bn nhc c mt on chuyn sang ging mi. on nhc

mi c cng c v pht trin xung quanh ch m. Chuyn ging thng thay
i ho biu ca bn nhc.
95
V d :
Qu hng
Thong th Yu thng
Nhc : Gip Vn Thch

Li : Th Trung Qun
Chuyn tm l thay i ging trong mt cu nhc, khng cng c ch m

mi, thng kt thc bn nhc ging ban u. Chuyn tm thng xut hin
nhng du ho bt thng giai iu.
96
V d :
Tico Tico
Nhc Braxin
Si ng
Samba
Am
E7
on nhc trn vit ging La th, chuyn tm sang ging Mi trng nhp
9.
3.2. Dch ging

Khi sng tc, nhc s thng chn ging iu thch hp vi ni dung ca tc
phm. Ngoi nhng bn giao hng, concerto, sonate, v nhc kch... tc phm
vit cho ging ht no cng c th chuyn dch sang mt ging khc cao hn hoc
thp hn ging gc. S chuyn dch t mt ging ny sang mt ging khc gi l
dch ging. Vic dch ging thng gp tc phm thanh nhc. Khi biu din cc
ca s thng theo tm c ging ca mnh chn ging tc phm cho ph hp.
Dch ging i khi cng xy ra i vi cc tc phm vit cho cc nhc c. Khi
c mt tc phm vit cho nhc c ny li c dng cho mt nhc c khc c m
vc khng ging vi nhc c ban u. V d tc phm vit cho n violon li
c dng cho n violoncell biu din.
C ba cch dch ging :
Dch ging theo qung.

dch ging theo qung, cn tin hnh cc bc :
+ Bc 1 : Xc nh ging bn nhc gc.
+ Bc 2 : Xc nh ging bn nhc mi.
+ Bc 3 : Xc nh qung dch chuyn.
+ Bc 4 : Vit ho biu ca ging mi.
97
+ Bc 5 : Dch chuyn cc nt t bn gc sang bn mi theo qung xc

nh.
V d : chuyn giai iu bi Chin s t hon sang ging trng.
Bn gc :
Chin s t hon
Nhc : inh Nhu
Cn thc hin theo cc bc ni trn :

+ Bc 1 : Xc nh ging bn nhc gc.
Bn gc vit ging Fa trng.
+ Bc 2 : Xc nh ging bn nhc mi.
Bn mi ging trng.
+ Bc 3 : Xc nh qung dch chuyn.
Qung cn dch chuyn l qung 4 ng (Fa xung ).
+ Bc 4 : Vit ho biu ca ging mi.
Ging trng khng c ho biu.
+ Bc 5 : Dch chuyn cc nt t bn gc sang bn mi theo qung xc
nh.
98
Trong bc 5, ch cn chuyn cc nt nhc xung qung 4, khi mi nt u

thp hn so vi bn gc qung 4 ng. Tuy nhin nu bn gc c du ho bt
thng th cn xc nh cao cc nt bn mi cho chnh xc. V d chuyn giai
iu sau y sang ging Fa trng :
Que sera ?
(Trch)
Nhc Php
on nhc trn c dch sang ging Fa trng :
Dch ging bng cch thay i ho biu.

Cc nt nhc khng thay i v tr trn khung nhng thay i ho biu s
lm cao ca bn nhc cao hn hoc thp hn na cung. V d on nhc gc
ging La th :
99
Dch sang ging La ging th :
Hoc dch sang ging La thng th :
Dch ging bng cch thay i kho nhc.

V d giai iu vit cho violon ging Sol trng :
Khi dch giai iu trn cho violoncell (vn ging Sol trng), cn thay i
kho nhc, ng thi giai iu c chuyn thp xung qung 8 ng.
100
Ngoi cch dch ging trn bn nhc cn cch dch ging trn nhc c. Hin
nay, hu ht cc loi n phm in t u c chc nng dch ging (Transpose),
ngi chi n ch cn bit cch s dng chc nng ny l c th dch ging cc
bn nhc theo mun.
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Xc nh ging ca bn nhc phi da vo cc yu t no ?
2. Th no l hai ging song song ? Nu v d ?
3. Th no l hai ging cng tn ? Nu v d ?
4. Trnh by cch xc nh tn ging th theo ging trng song song ? Nu v
d ?
5. Gia hai ging cng tn, c my m khc nhau ?
6. Th no l dch ging ?
7. Trnh by cc loi dch ging ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging trng
(16 nhp) ri chuyn sang ging th (8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 .
2. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging La th (8
nhp) ri chuyn sang ging La trng (8 nhp), s ch nhp 34 .
3. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging R trng
(8 nhp) ri chuyn sang ging R th (8 nhp), s ch nhp 4
4.
4. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging Sol th (16
nhp) ri chuyn sang ging Mi trng (8 nhp), s ch nhp 83 .
5. Chuyn dch giai iu sau xung qung 2 trng : (Mi th xung R th).
Tm bit bp b
Nhc : Honh Thng
101
6. Chuyn dch giai iu sau ln qung 3 trng : (Fa trng ln La trng).
Ch b i i xa
Nhc : Hong Long
7. Chuyn dch giai iu sau xung qung 2 trng : (Sol trng xung Fa
trng).
David
c) Bi tp trn n
1. Thc hin giai iu di y, sau chuyn dch ln qung 2 trng.
2. Thc hin giai iu di y, sau chuyn dch xung qung 2 trng.
102
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Xc nh ging ca bn nhc phi da vo cc yu t no ?
Xc nh ging phi da vo ho biu v m kt thc.

Khi bn nhc kt thc khng v m ch, cn xc nh ging da vo nhng
m n nh.
Cu 2. Th no l hai ging song song ? Nu v d ?
Cu 3. Th no l hai ging cng tn ? Nu v d ?
Cu 4. Trnh by cch xc nh tn ging th theo ging trng song song ?
Nu v d ?
T m ch ca ging trng, i xung qung 3 th s xc nh c m ch
ca ging th song song. V d ging trng l Fa trng, ging th song song s
l R th ; ging trng l La trng, ging th song song s l Fa thng th...
Cu 5. Gia hai ging cng tn, c my m khc nhau ?
Gia hai ging cng tn c 3 m khc nhau v cao , l m bc III, bc VI
v bc VII.
Cu 6. Th no l dch ging ?

Cu 7. Trnh by cc loi dch ging ?
C 3 loi dch ging l dch ging theo qung, dch ging bng cch thay i
ho biu v dch ging bng cch thay i kho nhc.
Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging
trng (16 nhp) ri chuyn sang ging th (8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 .
ngi hc cn th hin ng nhng yu cu ca bi tp.
on nhc vit ging trng khng vit ho biu, nn s dng nhiu
m , Mi, Sol.
on nhc vit ging th c ho biu 3 du ging (Si ging, Mi ging,
La ging).
Kt thc bn nhc m .
Thc hin mt s bi tp tip theo tng t.
103

Bi tp 1. Thc hin giai iu, sau chuyn dch ln qung 2 trng.
Cn n giai iu bn gc cho thun thc, sp xp ngn tay hp l, n kt

hp c tn tng m.
n giai iu bn mi chm, kt hp c tn tng m.
Thc hin bi tp s 2 tng t.
104
Chng VI
Hp m
Mc tiu
Khi nim, hp m ba v cc th o.
Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging trng v ging th.
Cc hp m ba ph ca ging trng v ging th.
Hp m by t v cc th o.
Hp m by th v mt s hp m khc.
Phn loi hp m, k hiu nng cao hoc h thp cc bc ca hp m.
Cc loi kt, t hp m cho ca khc.
1. khi nim, hp m ba
v cc th o
1.1. Khi nim v hp m
Trong m nhc, cc chng m c hnh thnh do s kt hp cng mt lc t
ba m thanh tr ln. Nu cc m thanh trong mt chng m c sp xp theo
mt quy lut nht nh gi l hp m.
C rt nhiu dng cu trc hp m khc nhau c hnh thnh tng giai
on pht trin ca lch s m nhc, cng nh tng nn m nhc khc nhau.
Trong nn m nhc phng Ty, c dng ph bin hn c l cc hp m c cc
m chng theo qung ba.
Hp m v mi lin kt gia chng vi nhau ng mt vai tr rt quan trng
trong m nhc. N khng nhng c dng lm phn m cho giai iu m n
cn to nn giai iu bng cc dng m hnh ho...
1.2. Cc loi hp m ba
Hp m ba gm c ba m xp ln nhau theo qung ba, tn ca chng l m 1,
m 3 v m 5. Gi l hp m ba v hp m ny c 3 m, tuy nhin n c th c
gi l hp m nm (do m 1 v m 5 to thnh qung nm).
105
Cc loi hp m ba : c nhiu dng hp m ba. S khc nhau gia cc dng

hp m ba ph thuc vo th t sp xp v tnh cht ca cc qung ba to nn
hp m ba .
m nhc phng Ty thng dng ph bin bn dng hp m ba c cu
to t nhng qung ba trng v ba th. l cc hp m ba trng, ba th, ba
tng v ba gim.
+ Hp m ba trng l hp m ba c cu to bi mt qung ba trng di
v qung ba th trn. Qung gia hai m ngoi cng l qung nm ng. V d:
Tn ca hp m ba trng c vit tt bng ch ci La-tinh. V d :

C l hp m trng.
D l hp m R trng.
E l hp m Mi trng.
+ Hp m ba th l hp m ba c cu to bi mt qung ba th di v qung
ba trng trn. Qung gia hai m ngoi cng l qung nm ng. V d:
Tn ca hp m ba th c vit tt bng ch ci La-tinh km thm ch m. V d:

Dm l hp m R th.
Em l hp m Mi th.
Fm l hp m Fa th.
+ Hp m ba tng l hp m ba c cu to bi hai qung ba trng. Qung
gia hai m ngoi cng l qung nm tng. V d :
Tn ca hp m ba tng c vit tt bng ch ci La-tinh km thm ch aug.

V d :
F- aug l hp m Fa tng.
G- aug l hp m Sol tng.
A- aug l hp m La tng.
+ Hp m ba gim l hp m ba c cu to bi hai qung ba th. Qung gia
hai m ngoi cng l qung nm gim. V d :
106
Tn ca hp m ba gim c vit tt bng ch ci La-tinh km thm ch

dim. V d :
A dim l hp m La gim.
B dim l hp m Si gim.
C dim l hp m gim.
Cc hp m ba trng v ba th l cc hp m thun bi chng c cu to
bng cc qung thun (3 trng, 3 th v 5 ng). Cc hp m ba tng v ba gim
l cc hp m nghch bi trong hp m c cha qung nghch (5 tng v 5 gim).
So vi hp m ba tng v ba gim th cc hp m ba trng, ba th c
dng ph bin hn.
Tn gi ca cc m trong hp m ba : mi m thanh ca hp m u c tn
gi ring. Cc tn ny c gi theo qung gia m vi m thp nht ca hp
m khi th c bn :
+ m thp nht gi l m gc hoc m 1.
+ m th hai gi l m 3.
+ m cao nht gi l m 5.
Tn ca cc m khng thay i khi v tr ca chng thay i trong hp m. V
d :
1.3. Cc th o ca hp m ba
Khi ba m thanh ca hp m c sp xp theo qung 3 th cch sp xp y
gi l th c bn hay th gc (cng c th gi l th nguyn v) ca hp m. Ngoi
th gc, hp m ba c hai th o l th o mt v th o hai.
Th o mt : a m gc (m mt) ca hp m chuyn ln mt qung tm,

m ba tr thnh m thp nht.
Th o mt c gi l hp m su. Tn ny c gi theo qung t m thp
nht ca hp m vi m mt. K hiu ca th o mt l s 6 t cnh k hiu ch
bc hoc cng nng ca hp m trong iu thc. V d hp m La th v th o
mt ca n :
Nu hp m I gi l T (theo cng nng) th th o mt ca n c gi l T6.
Th o hai : a c m mt v m ba ca hp m chuyn ln mt qung

tm, m nm tr thnh m thp nht.
107
Th o hai c gi l hp m bn su. Tn gi nh vy l theo qung gia

m thp nht vi m mt v qung gia hai m ngoi cng. K hiu ca th o
hai l s 64 t cnh k hiu ch bc hoc cng nng ca hp m trong iu thc.
V d hp m La th v th o hai ca n :
Nu hp m I gi l T (theo cng nng) th th o hai ca n c gi l T 64 .
2. Cc hp m ba chnh
ca ging trng v ging th
Cc bc ca mt ging trng hay mt ging th u c th xy dng cc hp
m ba bng cch chng thm hai m theo qung ba ln mi bc. V d ging
trng :
Cc hp m u c tn gi ring, ph thuc vo v tr ca bc trong iu thc.

V d :
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc I l T.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc II l SII.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc III l DTIII.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc IV l S.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc V l D.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc VI l TSVI.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc VII l DVII.
2.1. Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging trng

Trong ging trng t nhin ba hp m xy dng trn ba bc chnh (bc I, bc
IV v bc V) u l cc hp m ba trng. Cc hp m ny th hin r tnh cht
ca ging trng, l trung tm ca cc chc nng iu thc, c s dng rng
ri
trong
m nhc.
y l cc hp m ba chnh v tt c cc m ca mt ging u nm trong
thnh phn ca ba hp m ny. V d ging trng c cc m , R, Mi, Fa,
Sol, La, Si.
108
Hp m bc I ( trng) c cc m : , Mi, Sol.

Hp m bc IV (Fa trng) c cc m : Fa, La, .
Hp m bc V (Sol trng) c cc m : Sol, Si, R.
Tn gi v k hiu ca cc hp m trng c dng bng cc ch vit hoa. V
d v cc hp m chnh ca ging trng :
2.2. Cc hp m ba chnh ca ging th

Cc hp m ba xy dng trn cc bc chnh (bc I, bc IV v bc V) ca mt
ging th t nhin l cc hp m ba th. Cng nh trong ging trng cc hp
m ny tiu biu cho tnh cht th v l trung tm ca chc nng iu thc. Tn
gi v k hiu ca cc hp m th c dng bng cc ch vit hoa. V d v cc
hp m chnh ca ging La th :
Cn phn bit tn hp m vi cch gi theo theo bc ca n trong iu thc.

V d ging La th, hp m bc I :
Gi theo chc nng l t.

Gi theo bc l I.
Gi theo tn l La th (Am).
2.3. S lin kt cc hp m ba chnh

S kt ni lin tip cc hp m vi nhau trong s chuyn ng cc b mt
cch hp l c gi l ni tip hp m.
S ni tip lin tc hai hay nhiu hp m vi nhau gi l vng ho m.
Cc hp m ba chnh l c s ho m trong mt iu thc do vy chng c
dng rt rng ri trong cc tc phm m nhc v c rt nhiu cch lin kt vi
nhau. Tuy nhin, m nhc c in chu u khng cho php s ni tip t hp m
D sang hp m S v n mu thun vi quan h chc nng t nhin. S ni tip ny
ch c s dng trong nhng trng hp c bit.
Mt vi v d v s lin kt cc hp m ba chnh ging trng :
Hoc :
109
Mt
La th :
vi
T6
6
D4
lin
T6
kt
cc
hp
ba
chnh
ging
Hoc :
6
t4
s6
6
t4
3. Cc hp m ba ph
ca ging trng v ging th
Cc hp m ba xy dng trn cc bc II, bc III, bc VI v bc VII trong mt
ging trng hay ging th gi l cc hp m ba ph. So vi cc hp m ba chnh
mt mc no n c s dng t hn v c ngha ph trong iu thc.
Tuy nhin cc hp m ny li lm phong ph v mu sc ho m cho iu thc.
3.1. Cc hp m ba ph ca ging trng

Cc hp m ph trong ging trng t nhin gm ba hp m th (hp m ba
bc II, bc III, v bc VI) v mt hp m gim (bc VII). V d hp m ba ph ca
ging trng :
3.2. Cc hp m ba ph ca ging th
Cc hp m ph trong ging th t nhin gm ba hp m trng (hp m bc
III, bc VI v bc VII) v mt hp m gim (bc II). V d hp m ba ph ca
ging La th :
110
4. hp m by t v cc th o
4.1. Hp m by
Trn tt c hp m ba ca ging trng hoc ging th, nu chng thm
qung ba s c h thng cc hp m by. Hp m by gm c bn m xp ln
nhau theo qung ba, tn ca chng l m 1, m 3, m 5 v m 7. Gi l hp m
by v m 1 v m 7 m to thnh qung by. Hp m by c vit bng k hiu :
tn cng nng, s bc ri km theo s 7. V d cc hp m by ging trng :
4.2. Hp m by t
Trong cc hp m by, c dng thng dng nht l hp m by t. l
hp m c xy dng trn bc V ca ging trng hoc ging th ho thanh.
Hp m by t c cu trc : m 1, m 3, m 5 to thnh hp m ba trng. m 1
v m 7 to thnh qung 7 th.
Hp m by t c k hiu V7 hoc D7. V d hp m by t ca ging La th
ho thanh :
Tn ca cc m trong hp m by t (cng nh cc hp m by khc) khng

thay i khi thay i v tr trong hp m. V d :
4.3. Cc th o ca hp m by t
Hp m by t c ba th o, tn ca cc th o c gi theo qung gia
m b trm vi m mt v m by ca hp m.
Th o mt (hp m nm su) : m mt chuyn ln mt qung 8, m ba b
trm. K hiu V 65 hoc D 65 .
Th o hai (hp m ba bn) : m mt v m ba chuyn ln mt qung 8, m
nm b trm. K hiu V 34 hoc D 34 .
Th o ba (hp m hai) : m mt, m ba v m nm chuyn ln mt qung 8,
m by b trm. K hiu V2 hoc D2.
V d hp m by t ca ging trng v ba th o ca n :
111
Hp m by t v cc th o ca n c th c sp xp rng ra hai hoc ba

qung 8. Ngoi m b trm, cc m khc c th thay i v tr vi nhau m khng
lm thay i th ca hp m. V d hp m by t ca ging La th v ba th o
ca n :
Hp m by t l hp m nghch v thnh phn ca n c cha hai qung

nghch. Qung 7 th v qung 5 gim. m by l m nghch ca hp m, v n kt
hp vi m mt v m ba to thnh nhng qung nghch.
V l hp m nghch nn hp m by t v cc th o ca n i hi phi
c gii quyt theo nguyn tc cc m khng n nh ht v cc m n nh ca
ging m ch yu l v hp m ch.
Cc cch gii quyt ca hp m by t nh sau :
Hp m by t gc (D7) thng c gii quyt vo hp m ch thiu m (Hp

m ch c 3 m mt v 1 m ba khng c m nm).
+ m mt ca V7 nhy vo m mt ca hp m ch.
+ m ba v m nm tin lin bc vo m mt ca hp m ch.
+ m by i xung lin bc vo m ba ca hp m ch.
V d
m ch :
gii
quyt
hp
by
ca
ging
La
th
hp
5. hp m by th
v mt s hp m khc
5.1. Hp m by th
Hp m by th c cu trc : m 1, m 3, m 5 to thnh hp m ba th. m 1
v m 7 to thnh qung 7 th. Hp m by th c vit bng k hiu nh :
Cm7, Dm7, Em7...
112
Hp m by th c mu sc trung tnh gia hp m th v hp m trng, v

m 1, m 3, m 5 to thnh hp m ba th, ng thi m 3, m 5, m 7 li to
thnh hp m ba trng.
V d trn cc bc II, bc III, bc VI ca ging trng, xy dng c cc
hp m by th sau :
5.2. Mt s hp m khc
Hp m by dn : L hp m by c xy dng trn bc VII ca ging
trng hoc ging th ho thanh. Gi l hp m by dn do bc mt ca hp m
ny l m dn (cm m) ca iu thc. K hiu ca hp m : DVII7 hoc VII7. V
d hp m by dn ca ging La th ho thanh :
Hp m by h t : L hp m by c xy dng trn bc II ca ging

trng hoc ging th. K hiu SII7 hoc II7. V d hp m by h t ca ging
trng :
Hp m by h t ca ging trng l hp m by th. Hp m by h t ca

ging th l hp m by th c bc 5 gim.
Hp m chn : L hp m gm 5 m c chng ln nhau theo qung ba. V

d :
Ngoi cc hp m ba, hp m by, hp m chn, cn cc hp m khc nh

hp m 11, hp m 13.
113
6. phn loi hp m, k hiu nng cao hoc

h thp cc bc ca hp m
6.1. Phn loi hp m
Hp m thun : L hp m to cho ngi nghe cm gic hi ho, thun tai,
n nh. Hp m thun c hp m ba trng v hp m ba th v chng c
hnh thnh t cc qung thun (3 trng, 3 th v 5 ng).
Hp m nghch : L hp m to cho ngi nghe cm gic khng n nh,
nghch tai, i hi gii quyt v hp m thun. Hp m nghch gm cc hp m
ba tng, ba gim, hp m 7, hp m 9, hp m 11...
6.2. K hiu nng cao hoc h thp cc bc ca hp m

Mun nng cao (na cung) hoc h thp (na cung) cc bc c bn ca hp
m, phi dng du + hoc du trc s ch bc. V d :
6.3. Cc m ngoi hp m
m ngoi hp m l m nm trn giai iu nhng khng c trong thnh phn
ca hp m m cho giai iu . Cc m ngoi hp m thuc h thng Diatonic
hoc Cromatic.
Cc dng m ngoi hp m ch yu :
m lt : L m ngoi hp m nm phch yu hay phn yu ca phch.

m lt ni lin bc i ln hay i xung gia hai m khc tn ca mt hp m
hay ca hai hp m khc nhau. V d m lt Diatonic :
V d m lt Cromatic :
Hoc
114
m thu : m thu l m ngoi hp m nm phch yu hoc phn yu ca

phch. N ng gia hai m cng tn ca mt hp m hay hai hp m khc nhau.
m thu c th cao hn hay thp hn hai m ca hp m mt qung 2 trng
hoc 2 th. V d m thu Diatonic :
V d m thu Cromatic :
m thot : m thot l m thu trn nhng sau i xung mt qung

ba. V d :
Hoc
m sm : m sm l m ca hp m sau nhng li xut hin sm hn
phch yu ca nhp trc hay phn yu ca phch trc. N lm hp m sau
c nhn mnh hn. V d :
m mun : L m ngoi hp m nm phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca

phch. m mun l m ca hp m trc c ko di sang hp m sau, y m
chnh ca hp m sau sang phch yu. V d :
115
7. cc loi Kt,
t hp m cho ca khc
7.1. Cc loi kt
Kt l vng ho thanh c cu trc ring bit dng kt thc mt phn hoc
ton b tc phm m nhc.
Trong m nhc c cc loi kt sau :
Kt na : L loi kt c hp m cui l D hoc S, kt na mang tnh cht

khng n nh.
Kt hn (kt trn) : L loi kt c hp m cui l T, kt hn mang tnh cht
n nh, kt thc hon ton.
on nhc c hai cu, thng thng, cu 1 c kt na, cu 2 c kt hn.
Kt hn li gm cc loi :
+ Kt chnh cch : Trc hp m ch l hp m t (D T).
+ Kt bin cch : Trc hp m ch l hp m h t (S T).
+ Kt y : Trc hp m ch l hp m h t v hp m t (S D T).
7.2. t hp m cho ca khc

i vi ca khc, khng cn t hp m theo tng nt nhc ca giai iu, cch
ch thch hp vi vic phi m cho bi hp xng bn b. Ca khc khng th
lm nh vy v nh th va rm r v kh thc hin, tay bm hp m khng th
chuyn kp tng nt.
m cho ca khc ch t hp m cho tng nhp, vi nhng nhp c tnh cht
ging nhau th cng ch cn dng mt hp m.
Mt s nguyn tc t hp m cho ca khc :
Cn xc nh ging iu ca bn nhc v nhng hp m chnh, hp m ph

m cho bn nhc.
Hp m thng t vo phch mnh hoc phch mnh va.
116
Hp m cn t vo nt nhc ngn di.

Cc hp m cn chuyn ng linh hot, to nn s a dng mu sc.
Nt nhc nm phch mnh i khi l nt ngoi hp m.
Hp m cn tn v p ca giai iu, ph hp vi tnh cht m nhc v cm
nhn tai nghe.
Tham kho cch t hp m qua v d sau.
Tnh yu mu xanh
Andre Popp
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim v hp m ?
2. Th no l hp m ba ? Tn cc loi hp m ba ?
3. Trnh by cu trc tng loi hp m ba. Trong cc hp m ny hp m no
l hp m thun v hp m no l hp m nghch ? V sao ?
4. Cc m ca hp m ba c gi nh th no ?
5. Th no l th c bn (th gc) ca hp m ? Ngoi th gc hp m cn c
nhng th no ?
6. Hp m ba c my th o ? Cc th o c hnh thnh nh th no ?
Tn gi v k hiu ca chng ?
7. Hp m ba xy dng trn cc bc no ca iu thc th gi l hp m chnh
? Trnh by k hiu ca cc hp m chnh ?
8. Cc hp m chnh c ngha nh th no trong iu thc ?
9. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging trng t nhin ?
10. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging th t nhin ?
11. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging trng ho thanh ?
117
12. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging th ho thanh ?

13. Cch gi tn v k hiu ca cc hp m ph ?
14. Th no l hp m by ?
15. Th no l cc m ngoi hp m ? C cc dng m ngoi hp m no ?
b) Bi tp vit
1. Xy dng hp m ba trng, ba th, ba tng, ba gim trn cc m R1, Fa1,
La1.
2. Xy dng hp m by t trn cc m Mi1, Sol1, Si1.
(8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 . Dng cc hp m C, F, G7 t vo nhng ch thch hp.
nhp), s ch nhp 34 . Dng cc hp m Am, Dm, C, F, G, E7 t vo nhng ch
thch hp.
5. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging Son trng
(8 nhp), s ch nhp 4
4 . Dng cc hp m G, Em, Am, D7 t vo nhng ch thch
hp.
6. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging Mi th (8
nhp), s ch nhp 83 . Dng cc hp m Em, Am, C, G, B7 t vo nhng ch thch
hp.
7. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging Fa trng
(8 nhp), s ch nhp 86 . Dng cc hp m F, Bb, Gm, Dm, C7 t vo nhng ch
thch hp.
8. S dng nhng kin thc hc vit mt on nhc ging R th (8
nhp), s ch nhp 2
2 . Dng cc hp m Dm, F, Gm, Bb, A7 t vo nhng ch
thch hp.
9. Dng cc hp m C, F, G7, Dm, Am, E7 m cho giai iu sau.
118
i bn nhy
Patti Page
10. t hp m cho bi ht sau :
C gio
Nhc : Mnh thng
Nhp va Tnh cm
Li : Th Nguyn Hu Tng
119
Ma h c mong
Ti vui No nc
Nhc v li : Hong LongHong Ln
120
Trng lng ti
Nhp nhng
Nhc v li : phm trng cu
121
c) Bi tp trn n
1. n hp m ba trng, ba th trn cc m gc l R1, Fa1, La1.
2. n hp m by t trn cc m gc l Mi1, Sol1, Si1.
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Trnh by khi nim v hp m ?
Cu 2. Th no l hp m ba ? Tn cc loi hp m ba ?
Hp m ba gm c ba m xp ln nhau theo qung ba.
122
Tn cc loi hp m ba : ba trng, ba th, ba tng, ba gim.

Cu 3. Trnh by cu trc tng loi hp m ba. Trong cc hp m ny hp m
no l hp m thun v hp m no l hp m nghch ? V sao ?
Cu 4. Cc m ca hp m ba c gi nh th no ?
m 1, m 3 v m 5.
Cu 5. Th no l th c bn (th gc) ca hp m ? Ngoi th gc hp m cn
c nhng th no ?
Cu 6. Hp m ba c my th o ? Cc th o c hnh thnh nh th no
? Tn gi v k hiu ca chng ?
Cu 7. Hp m ba xy dng trn cc bc no ca iu thc th gi l hp m
chnh ? Trnh by k hiu ca cc hp m chnh ?
Hp m ba xy dng trn cc bc I, IV v V ca iu thc th gi l hp m
chnh.
Hp m ba xy dng trn bc I l T, xy dng trn bc IV l S, xy dng trn
bc V l D.
Cu 8. Cc hp m chnh c ngha nh th no trong iu thc ?
Cc hp m ny th hin r tnh cht ca iu thc, cha y cc m trong
iu thc.
Cu 9. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging trng t nhin ?
Cu 10. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging th t nhin ?
Cu 11. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging trng ho thanh ?
Bc I : hp m ba trng.
Bc IV : hp m ba th.
Bc V : hp m ba trng.
Cu 12. Gii thiu cc hp m chnh ca ging th ho thanh ?
Bc I : hp m ba th.
Bc IV : hp m ba th.
Bc V : hp m ba trng.
Cu 13. Cch gi tn v k hiu ca cc hp m ph ?
123
tr li cu hi ny, cn c gio trnh mc 3.1 v 3.2.

Cu 14. Th no l hp m by ?
Cu 15. Th no l cc m ngoi hp m ? C cc dng m ngoi hp m no ?
Hng dn lm bi tp vit
Bi tp 1. Xy dng hp m ba trng, ba th, ba tng, ba gim trn cc m
R1, Fa1, La1.
Hp m R trng : cn vit m gc l m R1 sau xc nh m 3 v m 5

ph hp vi yu cu ca bi tp (R Fa thng La).
Tin hnh tng t vi cc hp m cn li.
trng (8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 . Dng cc hp m C, F, G7 t vo nhng ch thch
hp.

ngi hc cn th hin ng nhng yu cu ca bi tp.
on nhc vit ging trng khng vit ho biu.
Cn xc nh trc cc hp m s t cho nhp no. V d hp m C t cho
nhp 1, 2 ; hp m F t cho nhp 3, 4 ; hp m G7 t cho nhp 5, 6 ; hp m C t
cho nhp 7, 8.
Sau khi xc nh c v tr ca hp m, nhng nhp cn s dng nhiu
m nm trong hp m. V d nhp 3, 4 s dng nhiu m Fa, La ; nhp 5, 6 s
dng nhiu m Sol, Si.
m kt thc bn nhc l m .
Thc hin mt s bi tp tip theo tng t.
Bi tp 1. n hp m ba trng, ba th trn cc m gc l R1, Fa1, La1.
Xc nh cc m trong hp m. V d hp m R trng gm 3 m R Fa
thng La.
n ln lt tng m, kt hp c tn tng m.
n ng thi 3 m.
Thc hin cc hp m tip theo tng t.
124
Chng VII
Giai iu v sc thi m nhc
Mc tiu
Giai iu v sc thi.
K hiu din t cng .
m t im.
K hiu mt s th php biu din.
1. Giai iu v sc thi
1.1. Giai iu
S kt hp nhng thuc tnh ca m thanh nh cao , trng , cng
v m sc to nn giai iu, tit tu v ho m. l ba yu t c bn ca hu ht
cc tc phm m nhc.
Giai iu : L s ni tip cc m da trn c s ca ging iu, tit nhp, tit

tu.
Tit tu : Tit tu l tng quan trng ca cc m thanh ni tip nhau.

Ho m : L vic s dng cc hp m b sung, kt hp vi cc ng nt
ca giai iu.
Giai iu trong tc phm m nhc lun chuyn ng theo cc chiu i ln, i
xung, i ngang, ln sng. Khi giai iu ln ti im ln cao nht, im c
gi l cao tro ca tc phm.
Trong m nhc cn c nhng tit tu c trng, hnh thnh t cc iu nhy
trong m nhc dn gian v nhc nh, gi l tit iu (Rhythm hoc Styles). Tit
iu thng c ghi u bn nhc cng vi nhp . Mt s tit iu c
trng :
Nhp 2 : Pop (Beat 2 ), Country, Two Step, Polka, Foxtrot...

4
4
Nhp 3 : Waltz, Slow Waltz, Musette, Jazz Waltz...
4
125
Nhp 4 : Pop (Beat 4 ), Disco, March, Cha Cha Cha, Rhumba, Tango, Twist,
4
Swing, Samba, Reggae...
Nhp 6 : Slow Rock, Modern 6 ...

8
1.2. Sc thi
Sc thi l s din t tnh cht, c im, cm xc ca tc phm m nhc. Mi
tc phm m nhc u cha ng nhng giai iu, ni dung v sc thi ring bit.
Sc thi l iu khng th thiu trong ngh thut m nhc.
Tng t cch ghi nhp , ting Italia l ngn ng ph bin ghi sc thi
m nhc.
Ting Italia
ngha ting Vit
affettusso
Thn mt
Agitato
Xao xuyn
Amabile
D thng
Amoroso
Tnh t
Brioso
Hng hn
Cantabile
Du dng
Con anima
C hn
Con dolore
au n
Con dolocatzza
Thanh nh
Con expressimo
Tnh cm
Con fuoco
Nhit tnh
Con moto
Thm linh hot
Con spirito
C tinh thn
Delicato
T nh
Disparato
Tuyt vng
Dolce
m i
Dolcissimo
Rt m i
Doloroso
au kh
Dramatico
Bi ai
Energico
Cng quyt
Expressivo
Din cm
Furioso
Gin d
Grazioso
Duyn dng
Malinconico
Su no
Maestoso
Uy nghim
Mesto
Bun
Mosso
Nhn nhp
126
Ting Italia
ngha ting Vit
Religioso
Thnh knh
Risoluto
Qu quyt
Scherzando
Hi vui nhn
Scherrzo
Vui nhn
Tempo giusto
ng n
2. k hiu din t cng

Cng hay mnh nh ca m nhc c ngha rt ln trong vic th hin
ni dung tc phm. Ngc li, ni dung tc phm m nhc s quyt nh mc
mnh nh trong tc phm .
V d, nhng bi ht ru thng c biu din bng cng nh, nh v m
i. Ngc li, nhng bn hnh khc mang tnh cht chin u thng cng
mnh m, huy hong...
Trong tc phm m nhc, s thay i cng din ra rt tinh t. C hai cch
din t cng l cng c nh v cng thay i.
2.1. Cng c nh
Cng c nh c vit bng cc k hiu :
ngha
Vit
ppp
Cc nh
pp (Pianissimo)
Rt nh
p (Piano)
Nh
mp (Mezzo piano)
Hi nh
mf (Mezzo forte)
Hi to
f (Forte)
Mnh
ff (Fortissimo)
Rt mnh
fff
Cc mnh
2.2. Cng thay i

Cng thay i c vit bng cc k hiu :
ngha
Vit
sf (Sforzando)
Mnh t ngt
cresc (Crescendo) hoc du
Mnh ln
127
poco cresc (Poco a poco crescendo)
Mnh dn ln
dim (Diminuendo) hoc du
Nh li
poco dim (Poco a poco diminuendo)
Nh dn li
pi f (Pi forte)
Mnh hn
meno f (Meno forte)
Bt mnh
Tham kho v d sau v cch ghi cng :
Bi tp s 8
(Trch trong Album cho thiu nhi)
3. m t im
3.1. Khi nim v m t im
Trong tc phm m nhc, cc m t im c ghi bng nhng nt nh. m
t im l nhng m hoc nhm m b sung, t im cho cc m chnh ca giai
iu. Trng ca cc m t im c tnh vo di ca m ng trc hoc
ng sau m n t im. Do trng ca cc m t im khng nm trong
tng s phch ca nhp.
128
3.2. m da (cn gi l m luyn ly)

m da (cn gi l nt hoa m hoc m luyn ly) c hai dng l m da ngn
v m da di.
m da ngn : gm mt hoc vi m c biu din rt nhanh, gn. Cc m
da ny c th ng trc hoc sau m chnh.
m da ngn c mt m c k hiu bng mt nt mc n nh c vch
cho
. m da gm hai, ba m c k hiu bng nhng nt mc kp nh
.
m da di : l m t im c trng bng na trng ca m chnh.
Trng ca m ny c tnh vo trng ca m chnh ng sau n.
K hiu m da di l mt nt mc n nh khng c gch cho
. V d :
Mt ma xun nho nh
(Trch)
Nhc : Trn Hon
Li : Th Thanh Hi
Va phi
3.3. m v
m v c cu to t m thu vi m chnh ca giai iu. m thu l m
lin k cch m chnh qung 2 (trng hoc th) trn hay di.
m v bao gm ba m : m chnh m thu m chnh.
Khi vit du
: m thu cao hn m chnh qung 2. V d :
129
Khi vit du
: m thu thp hn m chnh qung 2. V d :
3.4. Ly chm
Ly chm c ghi bng k hiu ( ), vit trn mt nt nhc hoc gia hai
nt. Cch thc hin tu vo ch t du. V d :
Hoc :
3.5. Ly rn
Ly rn c ghi bng k hiu (tr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hoc tr), vit trn nt
nhc. C ba cch thc hin ly rn :
Bt u t m thu trn. V d :
Bt u t m thu di. V d :
Bt u t m chnh. V d :
130
4. k hiu mt s th php biu din

4.1. Du nhn
Du nhn c ghi bng k hiu (>), dng nhn mnh vo m thanh ca giai
iu hoc hp m. V d :
Ln ng
(Trch)
Nhp i
Nhc : Lu Hu Phc
Li : Hunh Vn Ting Lu Hu Phc
4.2. Du Legato
Du Legato c ghi bng k hiu :
hoc
Du Legato l cch biu din sao cho m thanh c ho quyn, lin ting,
mm mi, khng b ngt ri.
V d trong nhc khng li :
Giai iu
(Trch)
131
Suman
Trong ca khc, du Legato cn c gi l du luyn. V d :
Bit n V Th Su
(Trch)
Va phi
Nhc v li : Nguyn c Ton
4.3. Du Staccato
Du Staccato c ghi bng du chm t trn hoc di nt nhc, l cch
biu din ngt gn m thanh ca giai iu hoc hp m (xem trong bi Ln ng).
4.4. Du Portamento
Du
Portamento
hoc
Glissendo
c
ghi
bng
k
hiu
( hoc ), l cch lt theo gam Cromatic (n piano l gam Diatonic) i ln hoc
i xung, to thnh chui m lin bc gia hai m cch nhau mt qung rng. V
d giai iu vit cho n violon cell :
4.5. Du Arpegiato
Du Arpegiato c vit theo hnh ln sng, t dc pha trc hp m, l
cch biu din cc nt trong hp m ri ra, t di ln trn ni tip nhau vi tc
nhanh. V d :
132
Tr hoa n
(Trch)
Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1. Giai iu l g ?
2. Sc thi l g ?
3. K tn cc cch din t cng ?
4. Th no l m t im ?
b) Bi tp vit
(8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 . Dng cc k hiu din t cng , m t im vit vo
nhng ch thch hp.
nhp), s ch nhp 34 . Dng cc k hiu din t sc thi, cng , m t im vit
vo nhng ch thch hp.
c) Bi tp trn n
Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t giai iu sau :
133
Valse Favorite
G
Allegro
Hng dn t hc
Hng dn tr li cu hi
Cu 1. Giai iu l g ?
L s ni tip cc m da trn c s ca ging iu, tit nhp, tit tu.
Cu 2. Sc thi l g ?
Sc thi l s din t tnh cht, c im, cm xc ca tc phm m nhc.
Cu 3. K tn cc cch din t cng ?
C hai cch din t cng l cng c nh v cng thay i.
Cu 4. Th no l m t im ?

Hng dn lm bi tp vit
trng (8 nhp), s ch nhp 24 . Dng cc k hiu din t cng , m t im vit
vo nhng ch thch hp.
Mc tiu ca bi tp ny khng phi vit c giai iu hay, m ngi

hc cn thc hin ng nhng yu cu ca bi tp.
on nhc vit ging trng khng vit ho biu.
Ch cn dng 12 k hiu din t cng , dng 12 m t im.
m kt thc bn nhc l m .
Thc hin bi tp 2 tng t.
Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t on trch ca bn Valse
Favorite :
n chm tng m kt hp c tn nt nhc.

Sp xp ngn tay hp l.
Th hin r phch mnh v phch nh ca nhp 34 .
Luyn giai iu cho thun thc th hin ng tnh cht Legato.
134
thut ng m nhc
Vit
A cappella
Accolade (Php)
Accord
Alto
Barrcaroll
Basse
Cadenza
Canon
Coda
Divisi
Dominante
Dynamic
Fuga
Legato
Marcato
March
Melody
Music
Nocturne
Non legato
Nuance
Opus
Ouverture
Polonaise
Requiem
Romance
Soprano
Sousdominante
Tempo
Tenor
Tone
Tonique
Transpose
Tutti
Vibrato
Voice
ngha ting Vit

Hp xng khng nhc m
Du lin kt cc khung nhc
Hp m
Ging n trm
Bi ht ca ngi cho thuyn
Ging nam trm
Khc ng tc
Ht ui
Kt
Chia b
m t
Cng
Phc iu
Luyn
Nhn
Hnh khc
Giai iu
m nhc
D khc
Khng luyn
Sc thi
Cng trnh, sng tc
Khc do u
iu nhy Ba Lan
Khc cu hn
Lng mn
Ging n cao
m h t
Tc
Ging nam cao
m sc, m thanh
m ch
Dch ging
Tt c nhc c
Rung
Ting, m sc
135
ti liu tham kho

1.
V.A. Vakhrameev, L thuyt m nhc c bn, NXB m nhc, 1993.
2.
Spasobine, L thuyt m nhc, NXB m nhc.
3.
Spasobine Doubovski EBceev, Sokolov, Sch gio khoa ho thanh, NXB

m nhc, 1966.
4.
Chiulin, Privano,Sch gio khoa ho thanh, Nhc vin Thnh ph HCM,

1987.
5.
Eric Taylor, The AB Guide to Music Theory, The Associatet Board of the
Royal School of Misic.

6.
Walter Piston, Harmony London Victor Gollancz LTD 1989.
7.
Harvard Dictionary of Misic, The Belknap Press of Harvard Univesity Press.
8.
Phm T Hng V Nht Thng, Sch gio khoa ho thanh, NXB m nhc,
1993.
9.
Phm T Hng, L thuyt m nhc c bn, NXB i hc S phm, 2004.
10.
Phm Minh Khang, Sch gio khoa ho thanh, Nhc vin H Ni, 2001.
11.
V T Ln L Th Ho, Phng php ht v ch huy dn dng ht tp th,

NXB Gio dc, 1998.
12.
Hi L, L thuyt m nhc c bn, Trng Cao ng S phm Nhc Ho

Trung ng, 2003.
13.
Hong Long Hong Ln, Tuyn tp m nhc tui th, NXB Gio dc, 2003.
14.
Hong Long (ch bin phn m nhc), Ngh thut 1, 2, 3, NXB Gio dc,
2002, 2003, 2004.
15.
Hong Long (ch bin), m nhc 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, NXB Gio dc, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006.
16.
Trnh Cng Sn, Tuyn tp nhng bi ca khng nm thng, NXB m nhc,

1995.
17.
Trnh Tun, L thuyt m nhc c bn, Trng Cao ng S phm Nhc Ho

Trung ng, 1986.
18.
Hong Vn Yn, Tr mm non ca ht, NXB Gio dc, 2002.
19.
Nhiu tc gi, 50 bi ht thiu nhi hay nht th k 20, c san bo Thiu nin
Tin phong, 2000.
20.
Nhiu tc gi, Ca khc thiu nhi 1945 2000, NXB m nhc, 2002.
136
Chu trch nhim ni dung :

Gim c Trung tm o to t xa i hc Hu
TS. Nguyn Vn ha
Bin tp:
t cng ngh thng tin
Phng kho th m bo cht lng gio dc
n v pht hnh :
Trung tm o to t xa i hc hu
Gio trnh m nhc Tp mt : l thuyt m nhc

M s : DCK01B6
In bn, kh 16 x 24cm, ti
S xut bn : 155 2006/CXB/74 250/GD
In xong v ni lu chiu thng 8 nm 2006.
137

Giáo Trình Âm Nhạc - Lý Thuyết Âm Nhạc - Lê Anh Tuấn

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giáo Trình Âm Nhạc - Lý Thuyết Âm Nhạc - Lê Anh Tuấn

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

L Anh Tun (Ch bin)

trn vn minh l c sang

Chng I m thanh v cch ghi chp nhc..........8

Chng II Tit tu, nhp.....................................35

2.3. Nhp ly ................................................................................................ 46

Chng III Qung ............................................... 60

Chng IV iu thc v ging........................73

4.3. Cc ging trng c du ging................................................................. 79

Chng V Xc nh ging, dch ging..............91

Chng VI Hp m.......................................... 105

6.1. Phn loi hp m.................................................................................... 114

Chng VII Giai iu v sc thi m nhc .. 125

ti liu tham kho......................................................136

Nhc l c bn l gio trnh dnh cho sinh vin i hc S phm Mm non.

Chng I : m thanh v cch ghi chp nhc

Hc theo hng tch hp cc ni dung : hiu su v kin thc nhc l,

1. Khi nim v m nhc

m thanh c to ra bi s dao ng ca mt vt th n hi no . Khi

1.3. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca m thanh

Cao : L vang cao hoc thp ca m thanh, ph thuc vo tn s dao

Trng : L ngn di hoc ngn ca m thanh, ph thuc vo thi

Cng : L vang to hoc nh ca m thanh, ph thuc vo tm c dao

m sc : L mu sc m thanh ca ging ht mi ngi, ca cc nhc c. S

Cc bc c bn cn c gi l m (khi chng vang thnh m thanh) hoc l

Mt s nc nh c, Nga... li k hiu m Si l ch H cn m Si ging l ch

Dng k ph : ghi cc m thanh cao hn hoc thp hn nhng m nm

3.2. Kho nhc

Kho Sol c bt u t dng th hai ca khung nhc. Xc nh nt nhc

Cc nt c bn khung nhc dng kho Sol.

Kho Fa c bt u t dng k th t ca khung nhc. Xc nh nt nm

Cc nt c bn khung nhc dng kho Fa (qung tm nh).

Kho Fa dng ghi nt nhc c m thanh trm, mt s nhc c dng kho

Kho Alto xc nh nt nm trn dng k th ba l nt 1.

Cc nt c bn trn khung nhc dng kho Alto (qung tm th nht).

Kho dng cho n violon alto (viola).

Nt 1 vit trn kho Fa l :

Nt 1 vit trn kho Alto l :

Thn nt nhc : hnh bu dc ( trng hoc t en), phn ny xc nh

ui nt nhc : l mt vch thng tip xc bn phi thn nt nhc (trng

Bn nhc c mt b, nhng nt nhc nm t khe 2 tr xung, ui nt nhc

Nt trn l trng hp c bit (ch c thn nt, khng c ui nt nhc).

3.4. Cao ca m thanh

Na cung : L khong cch hp nht v cao gia hai bc c bn lin k.

Trong cc bc c bn, nhng m cch nhau na cung l Mi Fa v Si .

3.5. Trng ca m thanh

Hoc biu th bng s :

Hai hay nhiu nt mc c cng di ng cnh nhau c th dng vch

4.2. H thng bnh qun

Khi mt m h thp xung na cung gi l Ging (k hiu b), nu h thp

Cc bc chuyn ho c gi theo tn ca cc bc c bn cng vi cc k hiu

Cc k hiu thng, ging, thng kp, ging kp, hon gi l cc du ho.

Nt nhc vit bng nguyn m (A, E) th b ch e

Nt nhc vit bng nguyn m (A, E) th b ch e

5.3. Ho biu v du ho bt thng

Con chim non

Du ho bt thng : L nhng du ho xut hin trc cc nt nhc. Du

Du ho bt thng cn c hiu lc vi c nt nhc nhp sau, trong trng

Nhc : Hong Long Hong Ln

Trng m c th xy ra gia hai bc chuyn ho. V d :

6. Du lng, du tng trng

Du lng en c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt en :

Du lng n c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt mc n :

Du lng kp c thi gian yn lng bng thi gian ngn ca nt mc kp :

Chim chch bng