_

IS 13232 : 1992
mT?fts

mm

Indian Standard
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND
OBSERVATIONS OF ELECTRICAL STRAIN
MEASURING DEVICES IN CONCRETE DAMS CODE OF PRACTICE

UDC

6278012.4

: 6201722105

@ BIS 1992

BUREAU
MANAK
January

1992

OF
BHAVAN,

INDIAN

STANDARDS

9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002

ZAFAR

MARG

:Price Group 4

_-

Hydraulic

Structures Instrumentation

Sectional Committee,

RVD 16

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Hydraulic Structures Instrumentation
Sectional Committee had been approved by the River
Valley Division Council.
The device developed for recordirg
stress directly, is not capable of recording tensile stresses.
Besides, it is very expersive and requires much more care for installation than that required for
strain measurirg instruments.
For this reason measurement
of strain in the dam is considered
important.
Strain measuring device, when
length changes at the point
namely, those resulting from
temperature change, moisture

embedded in the concrete dam determines

actual accumulated
of instrument location due to changes in volume of mass concrete,
applied loads and due to several other causes such as creep,
change and chemical action of concrete.

It is recessary to sort out those parts of changes in length which are not attributed directly to
stress developments in the mass concrete.
These parts are due to : ( a ) volume changes due to
charges in moisture content, ( b ) thermal expansion, and ( c > autogenous growth. For large mass
of concrete, it has been observed that moisture change is inconsequential and in most cases may
be neglected in the stress-strain computations.
The effect of temperature on the volume change of concrete through thermal expansion shall also
be considered.
To compute this effect, a laboratory determination of the coefficient of thermal
expansion of the concrete of the dam containing the embedded instruments is made.
The volume change due to autogenous growth characteristics
vary depending on the type of
cement used and the materials used in making the concrete.
The growth may produce an increase
or a decrease in volume during the process of hydration.
With a view to determining strain due to all causes other than stree, a no-stress strain meter
exposed to the same conditions as those of the surrounding concrete close to the strain meter is
installed.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard, is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.

IS 13232: 1992

Indian Standard

INSTALLATION,MAINTENANCEAND
OBSERVATIONSOFELECTRICALSTRAIN
MEASURINGDEVICESINCONCRETEDAMSCODEOF PRACTICE
3.1.1 Description of Normal
Resistance Type Strainmeter

1 SCOPE

This standard covers the details of installation,

maintenance and observation of electrical type
strain measuring device suitable for embedment
in concrete dams.
2 REFERENCES
The Indian Standards listed in Annex
necessary adjuncts to this standard.
3 STRAIN MEASURING

A are

INSTRUMENTS

3.1 For measuring

strain in the body of the
concrete normal guage length strainmeter
is
used, However, with a view to average out
discontinuities
and hetrogeneity
inherent in a
masonry dam, long guage strainmeter
is used
for measuring strain in a masonry dam.
Unbended Resistance

Type

These instruments utilize the principle of

change in electrical resistance of a elastic
wire due to change in tension which is
caused by strains in the surrounding
concrete.
Vibrating Wire Type

These instruments work on the principle

that the frequency
of the vibrating wire
depends on the tension in the wire caused
due to the strain in the surrounding
concrete.

200

Unbended

The strainmeter is in the form of a long cylinder

with flanges on each end to anchor the ends of
the meter to the surrounding concrete.
Its
construction details are shown in Fig. 1. White
cotton cloth is wound around the cylindrical
portion which is corrugated in order to allow
deformation.
The cotton cloth is taped so
that when the instrument
is embedded in
concrete the
strainmeter
allows
only its
a contact
or bond
flange ends to make
with the surrounding concrete. Within a flexible
brass cover is a steel framework on which are
supported procelian spools around which are
wound, under sufficient initial tension,
two
equal coils of fine steel music wire having
resistance RA and RB. When the ends of the
meter are pulled apart by expansion, the outer
or expansion coil elongates and increases in
tension and resistance.
At the same time inner
or contraction coil decreases
in tension and
resistance as it shortens.
Changes in the ratio
of the resistance
of the outer ( expansion )
coil to the inner ( contraction ) coils used as
a
sensitive
measure of length change in
the strainmeter.
The change in ratio of 001
percent normally indicates a change in length of
about 4 millionth of centimetre per centimetre.
Resistance ratio change are not
affected by
simultaneous changes due to temperature of the
wires since temperature change affects both coils
by an equal amount.
SENSING
ELEMENT
(MUSIC
PIANO
WIRE)

I.

Gauge

TO 250

mm

B-Contraction coil
A-Expansion coil
FIG. 1 STRAINMETERCONSTRUCTION
Dimensions of No stress strainmeter metal container
1

IS 13232 : 1992

Temperature
can be measured by determining
the series resistance of the two coils. This is
not materially effected by changes in resistance
of the coil due to length change because these
changes are substantially equal and opposite.
The range of strainmeters,
while ample for
measuring the deformations
usually found in
concrete, is definitely limited and strainmeters
usually brer k if a crack develops across them.
The usual allowable range of movement either
way from the neutral point at which they are
installed, is of the order of 0001 cm/cm of
strainmeter length.
Every strainmeter is supplied with calibration
data sheet showing total resistance of both coils,
individual resistance of expansion and coctraction coils mezsured at 0C and temperature
constant for every change of 1 ohm in the total
resistance of both the coils.
The entire length change represents the actual
length change provided there is no change in
temperature.
If there is a temperature
change
the indicated length change must be corrected
for thermal expansion or contraction
of the
meter frame in accordance with the instruction
of manufacturer.
The meters
are usually
furnished with about 7.5 cm of rubber covered 3
conductor
colour coded cable attached.
One
of the conductor ( green in colour ) is made
common to both coil, the white conductor
connects to the other end of expansion coil and
black conductor to the other end of contraction
coil from so called neutral ( or initial ) position
of meter about 2/3 and the range in expansion
about l/3 of the total.
The readings are taken
by a suitable readout arrangement
which is
basically wheatstone bridge.
3.1.2 Description
Strainmeter

of

Vibrating

Wire

flanges of the transducer in such a manner that

the natural frequency of vibration of the wire is
a function of the change in the distance between
the flanges. The flanges, when embedded
in
a concrete structure, will follow the strain in
the concrete;
consequently,
the square of the
gauge wire frequency
will be proportional
to
the strain in the concrete.
A single gauge may
be used or several guages may be combined to
form a variety of rosette configurations.
3.1.3 Gauge length varies according to the use.
Standard gauge have an overall length of 200-250
mm. The range of strainmeters,
while ample
for measuring the deformations
usually found
in concrete, is definitely limited and strainmeters
usually break if a crack develops across them.
The usual allowable range of movement either
way from the neutral point at which they are
installed, is of the order of 0001 cm/cm of
strainmeter length. Normal readout equipment
which gives an accuracy of & 2 X low6 strain is
suitzble.
4 NUMBER,

LOCATION

AND LAYOUT

4.1 The number, location and layout depends on

the type of information
required. In general,
information sought relates to the following:
a) Distribution
of stresses
massive structure,

at a point in a

b) Stresses near the surfaces which are affected by temperature variation, and
c) Stresses in special foundation features.
4.2 Measurement
of Stresses from the Strains
at a Point in a Massive Structure
4.2.1 To determine the stress at a particular
point in a massive structure several choices of
the layout for strainmeter groups are available
depending upon the overall behaviour
of the
structure:

Type

This type of strainmeter

is also in the form of a

long cylinder with flanges in each end to anchor
the ends of the meter to the surrounding
The construction details of this type
concrete.
of meter are shown in Fig. 2. The prestressed
vibrating wire is stretched between the two end

a) A group of five strainmeters

oriented as
shown in the Fig. 3 with one no stress
strainmeter may be used for the locations
where the behaviour of the structure is

MAGNET

VNBRATING

L FLANGE

SYSTEM

WIRE

, FLANGE

FIG. 2 STRAIN GUAGE, VIBRATING WIRE

2

IS 13232: 1992

STRAINMETER
THIS

LINE

TO DAM

IS

PARALLEL

AXIS

STRAlNMETER

All dimensions
FIG. 3

SPI

SPIDER

in millimetres.

TYPICAL LAYOUT FOR A GROUP OF FIVE STRAINMETERS

likely to be predominantly
two-dimensional in nature. This type of behaviour may
be visualised for concrete/masonry
dam
blocks resting on nearly horizontal foundations and having no large sized openings
in the near vicinity of the location of
strainmeter
group. This arrangement is
r&able
for majority of the dams in the
country where contraction joints between
the blocks
are not grouted and the
overall
layout
specifies stipulation as
above.

Meter No. 5 -

Also in vertical plane perpendicular to the axis,

perpendicular
to No. 4
( hour hand at 130 ).
Meter No. 6 - Vertical plane parallel to
the axis, similar to 130
oclock
when
looking
downstream.
Meter No. 7 - Vertical plane parallel to
the axis and perpendicular
to No. 6 ( hour hand at
4-30 ).

,b) In case of locations where the behaviour

of the structure
is likely to be predominantly
three-dimensional
in nature,
six components
of strains in different
directions are required to be measured to
determine the state of strain/stress
at a
point.
For this purpose a group of nine
strainmeters is recommended. The arrangement of individual strainmeters in such a
group is given as below :

plane, similar
Meter No. 8 - Horizontal
to 130 oclock if 1200
is upstream.
Meter No. 9 - Also in horizontal plane,
perpendicular
to No. 8
and at 430 oclock
if
1200 is upstream.
In addition a no stress strainmeter should be
installed by the side of the group of 9 strainmeters described above.

Meter No. 1 - Horizontal, parallel to the

axis of dam.
Meter No. 2 - Horizontal but perpendicular to the axis.

4.2.2 The strainmeter groups are generally located at an equal spacing along a horizontal line
across the section of the dam as shown in Fig. 4.
The lowest strainmeter group near the foundation of the dam should be located sufficiently
away from the foundation
grade so that the
local disturbances in the stress fully produced
by the irregularities
in the foundation grade
may be avoided. It is recommended
that the
lowest level of installation for the strainmeter

Meter No. 3 - Vertical

Meter No. 4 - Vertical plane perpendicular to the axis. Similar
to hour hand of clock at
4130 oclock when looking
towards right abutment.
3

IS 13232:1992

.GROUP

EL 1150.00

OF STRAINMETERS

NO-STRESS
EL

1015.00

SURFACE

STRAINkTERS
STRAINMETERY

EL 1000.00

LEGENO
a
1
lJI
FIG.

GROUP
OF STRAINMETERS
SURFACE
STRAINMETERS
NO-STRESS

STRAINMETERS

4 TYPICAL LAYOUT OF STRAINMETERSIN CONCRETE/MASONRYDAM

groups should be kept at about 15 m away

from the dam foundation
interface.
Similarly,
the installations
which are designed to measure
overall stress field in the dam have to be kept
at a minimum distance of 15 m, away from the
boundaries of large sized openings which may
be present in the section of the dam. As far as
the individual
strainmeter
groups
possible,
should be located in the section in a single
vertical plane.

5.3 Embedding Procedure for Strainmeters

5.3.1 Separate Single Strainmeter
Single strainmeters are usually embedded near
the top of a lift. The following is the embedding procedure :

a) Dig into the area 1 m X 1 m for the depth

up to 07 m. Discard all aggregates over
7 cm size. Backfill sufficiently and provide
a bed for the instrument.

The provisions made for the layout of strainmeters in IS 7436 ( Part 2 ) : 1976, should be
kept in view.

b) Drill the hole with the help of electric

4.2.3 Outermost strainmeter groups should be

placed at a minimum distance of one metre
from the surface with a view to avoid influence
of local effects on the surface.

c>Vibrate

5 METHODS

laboratory
vibrator and insert the strainmeter in the hole or lay flat for horizontal
meter in correct direction.
around deeply embedded meters
or hand puddle around shallow meters.

OF INSTALLATION

4 Check angles, directions, and depth.

rugged in
5.1 The
strainmeters
although
construction, need enough care in the field while
these are placed in concrete with a view to ensuring accurate measurements.

e) Continue
backfilling by hand with the
same concrete as mass concrete, used in
construction,
after discarding aggregate
above size, and hand puddle.

5.2Prior to the embedment

of strainmeters,
each instrument should be thoroughly checked.
In case of unbounded resistance type strainmeters, meter resistance, lead resistance and
resistance ratios must be checked and values
recorded in the proforma given in Annex B.
These observations should also be repeated after
shifting
the additional
length of cells and
recorded in the proforma.

f) A flag is put on the embedment

for easy identification.
.

location

5.3.2 Groups of Separate Strainmeters

All the steps, except Step (b) described in 5.3.1
above remain same. As a substitute for Step
(b), the following procedure shall be adopted:
Use an electric laboratory vibrator to make
a hole for vertical and diagonalgmeters and
insert meters in a hole or lay flat for horizontal meters in correct direction.

In case of vibrating wire type strainmeters, zero

frequency shall be checked and recorded. These
readings should be repeated after splicing.
4

IS 13232 : 1992
5.3.3 Embedding Procedure for Larger
of Strainmeter Mounted on Spider

Groups

For a larger group of strainmeter up to a maximum of 9, more elaborate preparation

must be
made to ensure correct installation in the limited
time available before the mass concrete attains
initial set. With a view to simplify and save
time, strainmeters are mounted on the spider.
Spider consists of a hub which has number of
rods attached. The rods are screwed into the
drilled holes in the hub ard are threaded at one
end to fit into the tapped hole in the end of the
strainmeter.
It facilitates embedment of a group
of strainmeters
at a location for eventual 2or 3-dimensional
stress analysis.
The method
described below may be followed.
A hole is drilled in a completed lift of concrete
or formed at the time of concrete placement
into which an anchor rod is installed by grouting. This anchor rod will have a threaded
protion
protruding
above the concrete
into
which the spider having a threaded hole is
screwed on. The strainmeters
are attached to
the legs of spider and the cables are taken to
the contraction
joint between blocks through a
groove
already
formed
in the previous lift
and then covered with mortar. The above works
are carried out a day prior to the placing of
next lift of concrete.
The strainmeter
group is
temporarily
covered with a box which will be
removed when the area around the group is
ready for concreting. The group is covered with
the same mass concrete
but with aggregates
above 2.54 cm removed
and the concrete is
carefully
vibrated
using a small pneumatic
vibrator.

200 mm deep is dug around each pipe and after

the concrete has stiffened slightly, the bracket
screws are removed and the pipes pulled out
and meters placed in holes. The space between
meter case and sides and bottom of hole is
filled with mortar and carefully tamped to
ensure complete contact with the instrument.
A barrier shall be erected to protect the area
when the concrete gets hardened.
5.3.5 Embedding

Procedure
Near Foundation Profile

Strainmeters

Strainmeters

Strainmeter groups may be embedded in the

desired location.
Embedding procedure as described in para 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 shall be followed
as applicable.
5.4 No-Stress Strainmeter
With a view to determining the corrections to be
applied on account of autogenous growth and
thermal expansion of mass concrete, no-stress
strainmeters
are installed by the side of both
normal and long gauge group of strainmeters.
These are embedded in metal containers.
Metal containers
maintain continuity
of the
prism concrete in which no-stress strainmeter
is embedded with the mass concrete, while
ensuring same temperature and humidity which
is considered as positive necessity.
of
5.4.1 Embedding
Procedure
Strainmeter Using Metal Container

No-Stress

The dimensions of the container are furnished

in Fig. 5. Embedding procedure is as follows:

The above process helps to keep the strainmeters in proper alignment and gives better
protection to the cables.
5.3.4 Embedding Procedure for

for

a>The

bimetallic container,
made of steel
the
and I copper, is anchored against
previous concrete by stay wires not to be
lifted up during concreting.

Group of Surface

b) Place mass concrete around up to 250 mm

from the top of container.

The positioning of the meters at the required

distances from the face in a vertical plane and
at the proper slope is achieved by providing
special pipe brackets
bolted or fastened to
the top of the forms. Each bracket with a length
of 38 mm pipe sealed at the bottom end, is
held at the proper distance from face and kept
parallel to the form surface. When the concrete
is placed, each pipe forms a hole slightly larger than meter diameter. A shallow hole about

4 Fill mass concrete

of same consitutents
and grade in the container up to half of its
depth. Insert a strainmeter
in the container checking the right position and
direction and then fill the remaining half
with concrete.

d) Place mass
height.

METAL

concrete

C0NTAINE.R

S TAY
STRAINMETER
TINFOIL
.ANCHOR

FIG. 5 NO-STRESSSTRAINMETER
INSTALLATION
DETAILS
5

to

the

required

JS 13232 :1992
6 CABLES AND CONDUITS

8.3 Reading

6.1 The splicing and protection of cables shall

satisfy the
requirements
as laid down in
IS 10334 : 1982 for unbounded resistance type
strainmeters.

The following reading schedule shall be adopted:

a) During Installation

i) One reading prior to embedment.

ii) One reading when meter is about half
embedded.
iii) One reading when the meter is fully
embedded.
iv) One reading when the cable is being
laid out.

6.2 Provision of additional

10% or 15 metres
( whichever is more ) for the estimated length
of cable shall be made.
6.3 Strainmeters and No-Stress strainmeters
shall be properly designated for clear identification. After splicing a copper band with the
instrument
identification
number stamped or
punched on it, it is crimped to the cable about
1 m from the meter end and a similar band
crimped 03 m from the free end of the cable.
Further toward off possibility of copper band
being stripped off during placement operation,
a second marker consisting of identification
number marked on white tape and covered with
linen and friction tape should be placed around
the cable near the reading end.

v) One reading when cable is taken to

terminal board.
b) During Construction Period of Dam
Frequency of
Reading

Zero day

Two readings per day,

spaced at least 6 h
Once a day
Twice a week
Once a week

c) During commissioning
and subsequently
for every 15 to 30 m change in the
reservoir levels.

BOARDS

7.1 All the cables shall be terminated

ble terminal board.

Time after
Installation

1st to 14th day,

3rd to 6th week,
7th week to completion of dam

6.4 Provisionscontained
in 4.3.1 of IS 6524 : 1972
shall also apply to the strainmeter installation.
7 TERMINAL

Schedule

in a suita-

8 OBSERVATIONS
8.1 Observations
of the resistance ratio and
resistance of the strainmeter
are made by
connecting the meter conductors, until these are
soldered to the terminal contacts on terminal
boards, to the binding posts of the standard.
Wheatstone bridge in the order specified by the
manufacturer.
Subsequent to their terminations
on the terminals boards in galleries, observations of meters are made by connecting the
required cluster of contacts to the test set with
the help of female plug which has socket at one
end and individual conductors equipped
with
metallic like terminals for connection to the test
set binding posts at the other end. Care should
be taken to connect the cable leads in the order
specified by the manufacturer
to ensure correct
measurements.
8.2 Note the zero frequency of the gauge before
installation.
The variation, if any, for the zero
frequency recorded in the calibration data provided with the gauge could be due to difference
in the temperature from the clibration temperature.
During and after the installation of the strain
guage in concrete, regular readings shall be
taken and recorded.
A reading is taken after
the concrete is set and it shall be recorded as
initial reading.

8.4 Forms of Record

Observations shall be recorded
on a suitably
designed printed field reading
form. These
forms should be got printed
sufficiently in
advance and kept ready. Duplicate copy of the
observations should be prepared simultaneously.
The original should be sent to the Design Office
or to the office entrusted with the analysis of
data and duplicate retained in the field record
office for future reference.
9 SOURCES

OF ERRORS

a) Presence of moisture inside terminal panel

in case of unbounded strain gauge type.
b) Loose circuit connections of the test set.
c) Faulty cable leads.
d) Imperfect cable splice.
e) Presence of deposit on cluster of contacts.
f) Low voltage of batteries.
10 COLLECTION
DATA

OF

COMPLEMENTARY

The following properties of the dam concrete

shall be defined:
a) Modulus of elasticity at various ages.
b) Poissons ratio.
c) Creep properties at various ages.
d) Coefficient of thermal expansion.
.
e) Autogenous growth.
f) Thermal diffusivity.
6

IS 13232 : 1992
11 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
11.1 Computation of Length Change and Strain
11.1.1 Correction

to Calibration Constant for

Unbounded Resistance rype Strainmeters

Sample data sheet on which tempratures, length

changes and strains of field readings are computed is shown in Annex C.
Calibration
constant supplied by the manufacturer shall be corrected by the following formula:
Yc ( 089 >
C=C-lK
where
C = the new calibration constant,
c = the original calibration constant,
Yc = the resistance of a pair of conductor
cables, and
R = the meter resistance at 0F.
Therefore, when the strainmeter is embedded in
concrete which expands freely due to a temperature rise, the strainmeter is likely to indicate
a contraction.
Thus,
certain definite corrections ( addition for increase in temperature
and ( vice Lersa ) as may be prescribed by the
manufacturer
for change of every centigrade in
temperature
must be applied to the indicated
length change shown in co1 9 of the computation sheet Annex C.
11.1.2 Correction to Calibration Constant for
Vibrating Wire Type Strainmeter

No

corrections

need be applied to calibration

constants
in case of vibrating wire type strainsince in this case the calibration
meters,
constants are not affected due to temperature
changes.
11.1.3 A single reading of the strainmeter
has
no meaning but the difference between the two
readings indicate the length change occurring
from the time of first reading to the time of
second reading.
11.2 Computation of Elastic Strains from Length
Changes of Strainmeter
Since the main purpose is to evaluate stresses
it is necessary to subtract this portion of length
change which is due to causes other than stress.
With a view to estimating the elastic strains,
generally following corrections are carried out
in addition to corrections for meter expansion:
a) Correction
due to thermal expansion of
the concrete.
b) Correction due to autogenous growth.
c) Dilatation

correction.

d) Poissons ratio correction.

In limited installations,
correction for thermal
expansion
of concrete may only be made.
However, in important structure, all the above
corrections may be made with a view to increasing the reliability
of results.
For limited
installations procedure for computation of strain
as given in Annex C shall be followed.

ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED

IS No.
6524 : 1972

10334 : 1982

Title

Code of practice for installation

and observation
of
instruments for temperature
measurement
inside dams :
Resistance type thermometers
Code of practice for selection, splicing installation and
providing protection to the
open ends of cables used for

INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No.

Title

connecting
resistance
type
measuring devices in concrete
and masonry dams
10434
Guidelines for installation,
( Part 1 ) : 1982 maintenance and observation
of deformation
measuring
devices
in
concrete
and
masonry dams : Part I Resistances type jointmeters

IS 13232 : 1992

ANNEX B
( Clause 5.2 )
PRE-EMBEDMENT
B-l RESISTANCE

TYPE

B-l.1
a)
b)
4
d)
B-l.2

STRAINMETERS

Instruments
Manufacturers
Project No.
Location

Project
Air temperature
Wet bulb temperature

c) Green-black

d) White
No.

B-l.4 Resistance of Instrument

Splicing
a) White-black
b) White-green
c) Green
d) Resistance of one pair

Resistance Before Cable Splicing

White-black
White-green
Green-black
Resistance of one pair
Ratio Instrument

Only

Individual Conductor
a) Length
b) Black

After Cable

B-l.5 Ratio Instrument with Cable

a) Direct ratio ( white-green-black )
b) Reverse ratio ( black-green-white )
Date of test :
Date of embedment :
Name and signature
observer

)
a) Direct ratio ( white-green-black
Reverse
ratio
(
black-green-white
)
b)
B-l.3

TESTS

Resistance

of

NOTES :

ANNEX C
( Clauses 11.1.1 and 11.2 )
STRAINMETER

DATA SHEET

No.
No . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . Strainmeter
Location . . . . . . . . . . ..Blo&.. . . . . . ..Chainage... . . . . . . . . . Sta... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..El. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. . . . . . .
Calibrations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohms
Meter resistance of 0F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change in temperature per ohm change in resistant . . . . ..a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ratio in percent
Useful range
. . . . . . . . . . ..millionths per 001 percent ratio change
Original calibration constant
. . . . . . . ..millionths per percent 001 ratio change
Calibration
constant corrected for leads
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohms ( pair )
Resistance of leads at 70F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millionths per . . . . . . . . . F
Temperature
correction

Manufacturers

Contraction
1
Date

2
Time

Expansion
3
Observed
Resistance

5
4
Change Indicated Ternin
Resis- perature
tance
F

6
7
Resis- Change
tance,

Ratio, REio,
PerPercent
cent

8
Indicated
Unit
Length
Change,
Millionths

9
Correction
for
Meter
Expansion,
Millionths

10
.4ctual
Length
Change
Millionths

11
Remarks

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