1

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL
A) PROCESSOR
B) HARD DRIVE
C) RAM
D) SOUND & GRAPHIC CARD

CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
3.2 COMPONENTS
3.3 ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL
4.1 LCD PROJECTORS
4.2 DLP PROJECTORS
4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL
5.1 WORKING
5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL
5.3 SCENARIO IN USE
5.4 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 6: IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The word computer comes from the word compute, which means, to
calculate. Hence, people usually consider a computer to be a calculating
device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed.
In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast
calculating machine. However, more than 80% of work done by computers
today is non-mathematical or non- numerical nature. Hence, to define a
computer merely as a calculating device is to ignore over 80% of its
functions. More accurately, we can define a computer as a device that
operates upon data. Data can be anything like bio-data of applicants when
computer is used for short listing candidates for recruiting; marks
obtained by students in various subjects when used for preparing result;
details (name, age, sex, etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines
or railways reservations; or number of different parameters when used for
solving scientific research problems, etc.
Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type
of computer application. A computer can store, process, and retrieve data
as and when desired. The fact that computers process data is so
fundamental that many people have started calling it as data processor.
The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers
not only compute in a usual sense but also perform other functions with
data that flows to and from them. The activity of processing data using
computer is called data processing. Data processing consists of three subactivities: capturing input data, manipulating the data, and managing
output results. Data is basically a raw material used as input to data
processing and information is processed data obtained as output of data
processing.

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

Increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is very powerful and

useful tool. The power and usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due
to its following characteristics
A) AUTOMATIC
An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention.
Computers are automatic machines because once started on a job, they
carry out the job until it is finished. However, computers being machines
cannot start themselves and cannot go out and find problems and
solutions. We need to instruct a computer using coded instructions that
specify how it will do a particular job.
B) SPEED
A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the
amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year. While talking
about speed of a computer we do not talk in terms of seconds or
milliseconds but in terms of microseconds, nanoseconds and even
picoseconds. A powerful computer is capable of performing several billion
simple arithmetic operations per second.
C) ACCURACY
In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. Accuracy of a
computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends
upon its design. A computer performs every calculation with the same
accuracy.
D) VERSATILITY
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. One
moment it is preparing result of an examination, next moment it is busy
preparing electricity bills etc. In brief, a computer is capable of performing
almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical
steps.
E) DILIGENCE
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and
lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating

any error and without grumbling. Hence, computer score over human
beings in doing routing type jobs that require great accuracy.

1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard invented first known
mechanical calculator, capable of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical
adding machine made in 1640s by Blaise Pascal.
B)

1673:

More

advanced

mechanical

calculator.1673byGerman

mathematician Gottfried Leibniz Capable of multiplication and division

purely mechanical with no source of power.
C)

1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine. He

designed, but it was completed by a Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of

the Difference Engine from Niagara College

D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never completed.

Important concept: a general-purpose machine capable of performing
difference functions based on programming.

E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with the concept of the
Analytical Engine at a dinner pArty. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created
plans for how the machine could calculate Bernoulli numbers. This is
regarded as the first computer program," and she is the first
"programmer."The Department of Defense named a language Ada in her
honor in 1979.

F) 1890:Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census

Concept of programming the machine to perform different tasks with
punched cards was from Babbage. Punch cards based on Josph Marie
Jacquards device to automate weaving looms. Hollerith founded a

company that became International Business Machines (IBM) to market

the technology.

G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

By Presper Eckert and John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30
by 50 foot room Programming by plugging wires into a patch panel. Very
difficult to do, because this style programming requires intimate
knowledge of the computer

1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to
the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of
computer is characterized by a major technological development that
fundamentally

changed

the

way

computers

operate,

resulting

in

increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and reliable

devices.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums
for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were
very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform operations,
and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Figure (a)
shows first generation computer.

FIGURE (a)
FIGURE (b)
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation
of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far
superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great
deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still
relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Secondgeneration computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their
memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the
atomic energy industry. Figure (b) shows second generation computer
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts,

users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and

monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper
than their predecessors Figure (c) shows second generation computer .
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What
in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components
of the computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controlson a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first
computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and
into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Figure (d) shows
second generation computer

FIGURE (c)

FIGURE (d)

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are

still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifthgeneration computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Figure
(e) shows second generation computer

FIGURE (e)

CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL

TECHNOLOGY
2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

Arent you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and the way that it looks?
Well, this

is exactly what designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he

decided to create the smallest PC ever made.

Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is E-Ball Concept pc. The EBall concept pc is a sphere shaped pc which is the smallest design among
all the laptops

and

desktops. This computer has all the feature like a

traditional computer, elements like

keyboard, mouse, dvd, large screen

display etc
E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands , opens by simultaneously
pressing and holding the two buttons located on each side. E Ball concept
pc don't have any external display unit.
It has a button when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus
the computer screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation
keys. This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was
designed for Microsoft Windows OS.
For the moment there is no word on pricing or when its going to be
available, however, I am sure that everybody would like to see a small
spherical PC like this E-BALL shape is spherical because in Tnokovskis
opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws everybodys attention.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM,
integrated

graphic card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD

recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard, LAN and WLAN card,
modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.

10

FIGURE (F)

2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL

I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

DUAL CORE PROCESSOR
2GB RAM
350-500 GB HARDDRIVE
INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND CARD
SPEAKERS
WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE
LAN AND WLAN CARD

11

LCD PROJECTOR
PAPER HOLDER

MODEM

FIGURE (G)

12

FIGURE (H)
A) PROCESSOR
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end
consumer and business microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup
of Core processors includes the latest following processors:
Intel Core i7

Intel Core i5

Intel Core i3

Intel Core

Intel Core

Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel Core 2 Solo

Intel Core 2 Quad

The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown
below shows the Intel core 2 duo process

13

FIGURE (I)
B) RAM
RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word random
because information can be accessed in non-sequential order. Though the
data itself is stored tighter, it could be anywhere in the container or
amount of RAM available. RAM is measure in bits, and 8 bits equal to 1
byte. A kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and megabyte is equal to 1024
kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of RAM.

RAM

SRAM
1) SRAM dont require external refresh circuitry
2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.
3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.

DRAM

14

4) SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM

C) HARD DRIVE
1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in
nature. It consists of metal platter coated with oxide that can be
magnetized to represents data. We can directly access the data from hard
drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500 GB of hard drive
D) GRAPHIC & SOUND CARD
A video

card, display

card, graphics

card,

or graphics

adapter is

an expansion card which generates output images to a display. Most

video cards offer various functions such as accelerated rendering
of 3D scenes and 2D graphics , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output, or
the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other modern
high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding
purposes, such as PC games. Video hardware is often integrated into
the motherboard, however all modern motherboards provide expansion
ports to which a video card can be attached. In this configuration it is
sometimes referred to as a video controller or graphics A video card,
display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card

15

controller

FIGURE (J)

16

FIGURE (K)

CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
Virtual Keyboard is just another example of todays computer trend of
smaller and faster. It uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to
let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard.
Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily create
multilingual text content on almost any existing platform and output it
directly to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small, handy, welldesigned and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution for
cross platform multilingual text input.
The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for
keyboard text input, built-in language layouts and settings, copy/paste
etc. operations support just as in a regular text editor, already existing
system language settings remain intact, easy and user-friendly interface
and design, and small file size.

17

FIGURE (L)
The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard
onto almost any surface, and disappears when not in use. Used with
Smart Phones and PDAs, the VKey (TM) provides a practical way to do
email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user to leave
the laptop computer at home.
VKey technology has many applications in various high-tech and industrial
Sectors.

These include data entry and control panel applications in

hazardous and harsh environments and medical markets.

Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the
convenience of compactness with the advantages of a full-blown QWERTY
keyboard. An interesting use of such keyboards would be in sterile
environments where silence or low noise is essential like operation
theaters. The advantage of such a system is that you do not need a
surface for typing, you can even type in plain air. The company's Virtual
Keyboard is designed for anyone who's become frustrated with trying to
put information into a handheld but doesn't want to carry a notebook
computer around. There is also the provision for a pause function to avoid
translating extraneous hand movements function, so that users can stop
to eat, drink etc

18

3.2 COMPONENTS
This system comprises of three modules,
1. The sensor module,
2. IR-light source
3. The pattern projector

1) SENSOR MODULE
The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the Keyboard Perception
technology. The Sensor Module operates by locating the user's fingers in
3-D space and tracking the intended keystrokes, or mouse movements.
Mouse tracking and keystroke information is processed and can then be
output to the host device via a USB or other interface. Electronic
Perception Technology:
Electronic perception technology enables ordinary electronic devices to
see the world around them so they can perceive and interact with it.
Now everyday electronic devices in a variety of markets can perceive
users actions, gaining functionality and ease of use.

The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded software work by

developing a 3D distance map to nearby objects in real-time. This
information is factored through an on-chip processor running imaging
software that translates the image into defined events before sending it
off-chip for application-specific processing. Its an action that is continually
repeated, generating over 30 frames of 3D information per second.

19

FIGURE (M)

Electronic perception technology has a fundamental advantage over

classical image processing that struggles to construct three-dimensional
representations using complex mathematics and images from multiple
cameras or points of view. This single chip contour mapping approach
results in a high reduction of complexity, making it possible to embed the
application independent processing software directly into the chips
themselves so they may be used in the most modestly-priced, and even
pocket-sized electronic devices.
2) IR-LIGHT SOURCE
The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared light. This light beam I
designed to overlap the area on which the keyboard pattern projector or
printed image resides. This is done so as to illuminate the users fingers by
the infra-red light beam. This helps in recognizing the hand movements
and the pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in scanning the image.
Accordingly the information is passed on to the sensor module which
decodes the information.

20

An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the virtual keyboard. Finger

makes keystroke on virtual keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and
infrared light is reflected back to projector. Reflected infrared beam passes
through infrared filter to camera. The camera photographs angle of
incoming infrared light. The Sensor chip in the sensor module determines
where the infrared beam was broken, detected co-ordinates determine
actions or characters to be generated.

FIGURE (N)
3) THE PATTERN PROJECTOR
The Pattern Projector or optional printed image presents the image of the
keyboard or mouse zone of the system. This image can be projected on
any flat surface.
The projected image is that of a standard qwerty-keyboard, with all the
keys and control functions as in the keyboard.

The Projector features a wide-angle lens so that a large pattern can be

projected from relatively low elevations. A printed image, with replaceable

21

templates allows system flexibility, permitting most any kind of keyboard

configuration for greater functionality.
In some types of virtual keyboards, a second infra-red beam is not
necessary.
Here the projector itself takes the inputs, providing dual functionality. A
sensor or camera in the projector picks up the finger movements, and
passes the information on to the sensor modules.

FIGURE (O)

3.3(a) ADVANTAGES
1. Portability
2. Accuracy
3. Speed of text entry
4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface
5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain injuries
6. Flexibility

22

7. Keyboard layouts can be changed by software allowing for foreign or

Alternative keyboard layouts

3.3(b) DISADVANTAGES
1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it involves typing in thin
air, it requires a little practice. Only people who are good at typing can
use a virtual keyboard efficiently.

2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.

3. The room in which the projected keyboard is used should not be very
bright so that the keyboard is properly visible.

APPLICATIONS
1. High-tech and industrial Sectors

2.

Used

with

Smart

phones,

spreadsheet tasks

3. Operation Theatres

4. As computer/PDA input

PDAs,

email,

word

processing

and

23

5. Gaming control
6. TV remote control

CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN EBALL

4.1 LCD PROJECTORS
LCD projectors are systems that display or project information or video
onto a surface. LCD stands for liquid crystal display, the technology used
to project images. They are the technological descendants of overhead
and slide projectors, older systems which serve the same purpose. They
are most commonly used for displaying images in presentations or
lectures, but are also used in home theaters.
Video signals are comprised of three colors: red, green, and blue. LCD
projectors contain a separate glass panel for each. Each panel consists of
two plates of glass with a layer of liquid crystal between them. When a
charge is applied, the crystals open to allow light through or close to block
it. This opening and closing of pixels is what forms the image.
These devices use dichroic mirrors to split the light from the input source
into red, green, and blue components. Each then passes through the
corresponding panel, where pixels form an image. The three colors are
then recombined in a prism before being projected through a lens. LCD
projectors use separate panels for each color because it results in better
color saturating than using a single panel for all three.

24

LCD projectors employ a three-panel LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

system, referred to as 3LCD. LCD projectors crisply reproduce bright,
naturally colored images that are easy on the eyes. LCD projectors are
also capable of detailed shadow reproduction that is ideal for demanding
business and home theater applications.

FIGURE (P)
The white light from the projector lamp is split into red, green, and blue
components using two dichroic mirrors, special mirrors that only transmit

25

light of a specified wavelength. Each red, green and blue beam then
passes through a dedicated LCD panel made up of thousands of
miniscule pixels. An electrical current turns the panel's pixels on or off to
create the grayscale equivalent of that color channel. The three colors
are then recombined in a prism and projected through the projector lens
and onto the screen.
By using a combination of three LCDs to produce a final image, LCD
projectors are capable of billions of colors and smooth grayscale
gradations. The resolution of the image is determined by the number of
pixels in the LCD panels used. Currently LCD panels offer resolutions as
high as true HD (1920 x 1080) for home theater applications. New
panels promise resolutions as high as 4K (3840 x 2160).
LCDs are not just found in projectors. They are found in many of the
electronics you use everyday, from a cell phone to an MP3 player to your
digital alarm clock. LCDs are very common because they offer distinct
advantages: they are thinner, lighter, and draw less power than many
competing display technologies. A reliable, sophisticated technology with
universal

appeal,

3LCD

is

the

world's

most

popular

projection

technology, delivering high quality images for the most demanding

business and consumer audiences.

ADVANTAGES
1) LCD is generally more light efficient than DLP.
2) LCD projectors can project bright, vivid images with a low output lamp.
3) 1000 lumen LCD is more preffered than 1200 lumen DLP.
4) LCD trends to produce a sharper image
5) More accurate color.
6) Sharper image.

26

7) LCD also delivers a somewhat sharper image than DLP at any given
resolution.
8) Another benefit of LCD is that it is more light-efficient.
9) One benefit of LCD is that it controls red, green, and blue
independently through
DISADVANTAGED
1) More bulky as there are more internal components.
2) Dead pixels.
3) DLC panel can fail.
4) Screen door effect.
5) Contrast.
6) Portability.
7) Image degradation.
8) LCD competes extremely well when high light output is required.
4.2 DLP PROJECTORS
DLP stands for Digital Light Processing.
A video projection technology, developed by Texas Instruments, that
utilizes a chip, referred to as a DMD (Digital Micro mirror Device). In
essence, every pixel on a DMD chip is a reflective mirror.
The video image is displayed on the DMD chip. The micro mirrors on the
chip (remember: each micro mirror represents one pixel) then tilt very
rapidly as the image changes.
This process produces the grayscale foundation for the image. Then, color
is added as light passes through a high-speed color wheel and is reflected
off of the micro mirrors on the DLP chip as they rapidly tilt towards or
away from the light source. The degree of tilt of each micro mirror coupled
with the rapidly spinning color wheel determines the color structure of the
projected image. As the amplified light bounces off the micro mirrors, it is
sent through the lens and can be projected on a large screen.

27

Another way that DLP is implemented is to utilize a separate DLP chip for
each primary color. Light from a single source is passed through a prism,
which creates separate red, green, and blue light sources, then reflected
on each of the chips designated for each primary color, and from there,
projected onto a screen. This application very expensive, in comparison to
the color wheel method, and is used only in higher-end consumer and
commercial DLP projectors.
This technology is used in both rear-projection televisions and in separate
video projector, screen applications.

FIGURE (Q)
ADVANTAGES
1) Portability.
2) Higher contrast.
3) Reduced pixilation.
4) Reliability.
5) Sealed optics this makes it better for use in dusty environment.
6) Less screen door effects.
7) Since the DLP light engine consists of a single chip rather than three
LCD panels, DLP

28

projectors tend to be more compact.

8) Another DLP advantage is that it can produce smooth, high contrast
video.
DISADVANTAGES
1) Rainbow effect
2) Light leakage.
3) High cost.

4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION

1: Pixelization (fill factor)
DLP = Seam-less , Film-like.
LCD = Grainy, Pixellated.
2: Contrast Ratio
DLP = Simple optics, easier light management
LCD = Complex optics, more difficult light management
3: Video Quality
DLP = Fast switching, minimal lag
LCD = Slow switching, significant lag
4: Sharpness
DLP =No misalignment
LCD =Misalignment likely over time
5: Color Quality
DLP = Can match any LCD color gamut
LCD = Cant match any DLP color gamut
R, G, B, bandwidth is depend on each color because of non
sequential system.

29

6: Smallest & Brightest

DLP = Simple optical system, good reflectivity.
LCD = Complex optical system
7: Repeatable performance
DLP = Digital, precise control, constant performance over time.
LCD = Analog, variable, affected by temperature, vibration, heat,
humidity,
deterioration over time.
8: Reliable
DLP = Reflects heat
LCD = Absorbs heat, performance degrads
While both technologies have produced improvements in contrast in the
past year, and Sanyo's new PLV-70 is rated at 900:1. Meanwhile, the latest
DLP products geared Toward home theater are rated has high as 1800:1.
However, one should not place too much emphasis on the specs.

In

reality, though the difference between projectors rated at 400:1 vs. 800:1
is quite noticeable, the difference is not so dramatic between products
rated at 900:1 vs. 1800:1. Once you get to contrast ranges of 900:1 or
higher, blacks appear as solid black and shadow details resolve quite
nicely. Increased contrast can yield relatively subtle improvements, but
there are other factors which contribute to image quality that become
equally if not more important. Reduced pixelation is another benefit of
DLP. LCDs were always known for their visible pixel structure, often
referred to as the screen door effect because it appears as though the
picture is being viewed through a screen door.
Historically, LCD technology has had a hard time being taken seriously
among many home theater enthusiasts (quite understandably) because of
this flaw in the image. DLP technology went a long way toward eliminating

30

the screen door effect. In SVGA (800x600) resolution, DLP projectors have
either a muted pixel structure or an invisible pixel structure depending
upon the size of the projected image relative to the viewing distance (the
larger the image the more visible the pixels). Conversely,
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors uniformly have a clearly visible pixel grid
at just about any screen image size. For this reason, we don't recommend
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors for home theater use except for those on
the most limited of budgets. Three developments have served to close the
gap between DLP and LCD in the area of pixel visibility. First was the step
up to XGA resolution (1,024x768). This higher resolution uses 64% more
pixels to paint the image on the screen, as compared to an SVGAresolution projector. The inter-pixel gaps are reduced in XGA resolution, so
pixels are denser and less visible. In XGA resolution, DLP projectors have
an invisible pixel grid on any typical home theater screen no matter how
big. LCD projectors with standard XGA panels still have a visible, but much
reduced screen door effect. Second, the inter-pixel gaps on all LCD
machines, no matter what resolution, are reduced compared to what they
use to be. So even the inexpensive SVGA-resolution LCD projectors have
less screen door effect than they used to.
The third development in LCDs was the use of Micro-Lens Array (MLA) to
boost the efficiency of light transmission through XGA-resolution LCD
panels. Some XGA-class LCD projectors have this feature, but most do not.
For those that do, MLA has the happy side effect of reducing pixel visibility
a little bit as compared to an XGA LCD projector without MLA. On some
projectors with this feature, placing the focus just a slight hair off perfect,
a practice The Current State of the Art DLP maintains its lead in contrast
performance, while LCD projector makers have continued to emphasize
latent advantages in color fidelity and image sharpness for data display.
DLP color has improved of late, and color accuracy on the latest models is
much better than it used to be. Both LCD and DLP are evolving rapidly to
the benefit of the consumer. The race for miniaturization has produced
smaller yet more powerful projectors than we might have even imagined

31

possible just a couple of years ago. Light output per pound has increased
dramatically. And video quality on the best LCD and DLP projectors now
surpasses that available in a commercial movie theater.
When it comes to home theater, DLP has continued to make competitive
advances in color, contrast, and image stability that have served to
establish DLP as the preferred technology for video. But the fact is that
both DLP and LCD continue to improve, and both are capable of delivering
higher quality video for home theater than they ever were before. Which
technology is the best? When comparing DLP to LCD in a home theater
environment DLP is the winner. Better blacks and the removal of the
screen door effect making the DLP an obvious choice.

CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL

5.1 WORKING
E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit, It has a button
when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer
screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation keys.
If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder that divides into three
pieces like an umbrella just after popping up, and it will show desktop on
the paper sheet. Also, the E-Ball PC supports a paper holder and the paper
sheet on the holder could act like a screen where you can watch movies or
something.
This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for
Microsoft Windows OS, sorry about the others. For the moment there is no
word on pricing or when its going to be available, however, I am sure that
everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this one.
E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully a concept keyboard
that is visible when the pc is in working. The keyboard is not physical - it is
interpreted by lasers that appear after you press the respective button. It
recognizes your fingers with the help of an IR sensor when you are typing at

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a particular place, while the mouse is a pop out wonder making this an unique
piece of technology.

The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is highly stylized with icons

that can be remembered easily that support all type of windows operating
system. E-Ball concept pc work very easy while you are making video
presentations, listening music watching large screen movies, and chatting
on the net.
As year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller. This ball is known
as E-Ball and its design is given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to
create the smallest PC in the world when he came across this idea.
It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovskis opinion this is the best
shape in nature and it draws everybodys attention. You'll see the pop-out
laser mouse, a pico projector inside that illuminates either the wall or a
sheet of paper for a screen, and that laser keyboard that would almost
certainly be a clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a motherboard thatll
fit inside this palm-sized baby,

and Apostol might be onto something

here.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM,
integrated graphic card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD
recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard, LAN and WLAN card,
modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.

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FIGURE (R)

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FIGURE (S)

5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL

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1) When we are working in an open place we can make use of a paper

sheet as a screen.
2) Paper sheet holder is placed at the back panel of this computer.
3) The holder can be opened by pressing it in the lower part

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FIGURE (T)

5.3 SCENARIO IN USE

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FIGURE (U)

5.4(A) ADVANTAGES
1) E-BALL is portable.
2) E-BALL has large memory.
3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.
4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.

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5) E-BALL is efficient.
6) E-BALL is very easy to use
7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.

5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES
1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these computers.
2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.
3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur in hardware part.

CHAPTER 6: IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND

REFERENCE

CONCLUSION
1) As the year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller.
2) Todays technology is at its peak point beyond what we could ever
imagine.
3) New inventions and innovations are emerging on daily basis.
4) Our imaginations have dressed into reality and today it has become
possible to have a whole computer in our pocket all the time.
5) At last this ball technology has taken the computer technology to new
horizons

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REFERENCES
http://www.google.co.in/EBALL
http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

ht1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
www.canesta.com. www.procams.org
www.billbuxton.com/3state.html
www.smarttech.com
www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtmltp://www.google.
com

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