The Colonies Fight for Their Rights Main Idea Reading Strategy Reading 01 Tensions between Btn and its ‘Organizing As you read about the grow Summarize American colonies grew a rsh leaders in tersions between iin and the Sousht greater contol over the North American colonies, complete 2 graphic American empire organize ike the one below by sting the a uses ofthe French and iin War Albany fan of Union, French and Indian oe: War, Treaty of Par customs dy, ie Inflation, Quaterng Ac. nonimportatin : agreement, wit of asstance Preview of Events EN ht 1758 16 French and indian War begins; Treaty of Pris ends ‘Nbany Conference meets French and Indian War {AN istPensyhania colonstohn Hughes was delighted when his end Ben Fann {0 the poston of stamp ax calle. By September 765 however, he feared hia ‘im is fe. Anta protests had grown so tn that Hughes baricaded himself inside i vod beng atacke, He wrote rant o Fannin London {© ou ae now rom ete to ete to suppose each maybe the lst you wl rece Friend asthe Spr. Rebelin to ah ich... Madness ha got hod the ancy some ves ile st before ths Fie is put out 9% ust few yeas eae, Bish sors and American colons had fought ide by side ina war against France. Aer te ar ended, tensors between rain ands elon grew the colonies to help py fr the war, whe the colo questioned Bin’ auton 50. Misunderstanding ad dts sowed ny colons against the Bh that woul eventually lead to revolution fe (rom What They Didnt Teach You About the The French and Indian War Hglish had been vying for dominance in Es 1600s, fighting three major wars between 1689 and 1748: Altho ing took place in Europe, the conflict eventually spilled avea and were at wa he cloieswent soo 754 fourth tugs began Inthe 1745, he Beta nd rare ONE a eee th cae ieee t the ON Rie in westem oe ee ae tee penne) This allowed the French to travel from rat ls ee sis fe who bought empty land hoping to Son Pepe inane ined terval oun erin Newmar Done ete 2 ete built om Lake Ontario tothe Ohio Frosh Aguesne’s actions prompted Robert fet Testhe governor of Virginia, to order « Det bit in western Pennsylvania, Before the seg nas complete, the Pench sie and reg at Daquesneat the sit. Dinwiddie then asked, a yor Soe Ca ec ode a sm pashington’s troops marched toward the Ohio ce alia ae ee Gel Manor ee tak oe ee oe ee ne i a eee eae Sr ane end aOEEY ee aa One Rr vale Aue hing a a in cata or os 2 ee The Albany Conference ven before fight ingen the Ohio River valley the Beth ferent urged its colonies 10. work byter to prepare Fr the coming wae. The ‘ernment also suggested thatthe colonies mgt an aliance withthe Iroquois. The ss contol western New York teri the French had to passthrough to reach Hho Rr in espe 7 colonies sent ep ‘seaties to met With 1 roguois leaders toy New Yor, n June 158 This meet =xbecame known as the Albany Conference The albany Conference achieved several tings Although the Iroquois refused. an lace with the British, they did agree to | remain neutral. The colonies also agred that Britain should appoint one supreme commander of all ‘British troops inthe colonies. Finally, the conference fssued the Albany Plan of Union, scheme devel- | coped by 3 commie led by Benjamin Farin. The Plan of Union proposed that the colonies unite form a federal government. Although the colonies rejected the Plan of Union, the effort showed that ‘many colonial leaders had begun to think about jin ing their colonies together fr thie common defense, ‘The British Triumph tn 1755 the new British ‘commander in chef, General Edward Braddock, ved in Virginia with 1400 British troops. He linked up with 450 local militia troops and appointed Lieutenant Colonel George Washington to serve as his aide. Braddock then headed west intending t0 attack Fort Duquesne. The general was not worried about being ambushed by the Huron and other [Native American allies ofthe French. "These savages — ‘may indeed be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia,” he old Benjamin Franklin. "Upon the King's regular and dscpined tops, itis impos sible they should make any impression ” Seven miles from Fort Duquesne, French Native American forces did ambush troops. Brack was sho an ltr ded His in rienced troops panicked. Only George leadership saved the British from disaster, ‘whizz past him—four holes were ater foun‘hat and clothes—Washington rae! the troops and ‘organized a retreat. The ambush had further conse- ‘quences. Having seen thatthe British could be beaten, the Delaware people of western Pennsylvania began tacking British settlers in their erty. For the next two years, the French and Indian War ‘aged along the frontier as both sides raided each ‘other's terior. Then in 1756, the fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe, where it later ‘became known as the Seven Years’ Wat. While Britain's allies fought the French in Europe, British Prime Minister William Pit decided to send most of Britain's troops and let to North America and India to attack the French and seize their empire The British fleet quickly cutoff the flow of sup plies and reinforcements France had been sending to North America. Inthe meantime, the Iroquois realiz- Ing the tide had turned in favor of the British, pres- sured the Delaware to end their attacks, With their Native American alles giving up the battle, the French found themselves badly outnumbered. 1758 General John Forbes, the new British com. mander in the colonies, sent troops to atack Fort © EineeyThn Duquesne. Realizing they were outnumbered Prove burned the fort and reteated. The Brita fut Fre Pit nama afer he prime minister. on hg neste: Fort Pt eventually became the iy gp Pitsburg Tn 73 British let commanded by Genera James Wife sie up the St. Laverence River ip {Guniee Cty Wole discovered a path rom the ree Sp the step elif that proteted the city. Oy SEycmter 121739 as hs troops marched on he Prune of Abraham nen the cy, the Pench under Con! Lai Jesh Montcalm atacked. Both Wale SE Montaim wer Killed andthe Baitsh Won the tue. Tightng cntinded elsewhere in the work i748 bu the British victory at Quebec wae turing pint in North Ameri. Ther Sein emer the war in 1761.0 the ide France, Dnin siz Spins clones in Cub and thePhiippine Th Treaty of Pai finaly ended the wearin 196) Pacpt for a fe ofshore island, the treaty eliminated French power in North Ameri New rancebeeme pat of he Bish Empire asi IN of Loutsiona east ofthe Misisspp! except for Fatal Metin Te Sto Ct 9s one as et ara cer ‘ether ye Fecha nr ar homage te ech ori hs te weer hPa tat ee ee Lane et Wha he Tey lars spe tut st New Fans?py To get and the Pillppines ack, wd to Brian, To compere Spain Free ine separate treaty giv as Mut of New Orleans and all of ve orth Missi ve Examining 9 ef Sy ninte Oe erly is colonies Grow Discontented ee 400 0763 the Beish over aed tenemos aU of money vin war and Was now deeply in de 1 als tought that the cones 1 a pat of he wae especially the cot of bol sah ops the colonies. The polices sna fed to solve its financial problems ta and eo eons jon Act of 1765 tn the spring of rete Aer religious lender known aN cme oi it pe ng wa at the Bish. ler ova ral Native American group, including wi mae Shae ae Seneca people ecto es tacked forts along the frontier and fet al ow betes ops mse indcated tha setlers were moving, into cdot want to bear the cost of another wa, ert the fur trade. They decided that the best solu- “eae Oe. ae Cestoms Reform Ai the same time the Royal Peto Actas angting western ames Re sr pbs wee dbase merchants ec rine minister and a! Co 1 nterpreting Maps What pyc baer oon the promt bounday st by he Prolanatn of 175? 2 Aplin Geography Skil Why do you tik oli ward © move wet othe boundary fast nf the Ts: Greil dt ad way tela Bait’ debt an! py fe the 100 Bish tex stationed Noth America. New tax ple cise om hile Grenville discovered that Bish customs agen in America wete collecting very litle money. Obviously, merchants were smuggling. goods into and out of the colonies without paying aston dutes—taes on imports and exports Geenvile convinced Paiament to pass a law allowing customs agents to send suger toa vieadaitalty out in Halfox, Nova Sei Unlike colonial cours, where the ares were ofen sympathetic to smugglers, vice-admitaly courts ‘were run by naval ofces These courts had no juries and did ot follow British common law, ‘violation of the tational English right to jury of Con's pees. Transporting colons to distant Nova Scola so wate tert oa pe tr CHAPTERS ‘The Amin Reon 119ind Effects of Tensions With Britain coo a Effects = > Graphic Organizer) — a Pane’ tots the colonised owing. rots nthe cbs. ‘Analtingilormation if youhad Ben a colnst, hw ‘wou you have ected totes aes Why? Among those arrested for smuggling and trie! by imialty court was John Hancock, Hancock rune ithe sugar trade, smuggling molasses from French colonies in the Caribbean, Defending Hancock was. young lawyer named John Adams. Adams argu thatthe use of vie-admiralty ‘courts denied colonists their rights as British sitizens eres the contrast that stares usin the face. The Parament in one cus guarding the peopl of the ‘eal, and securing the the Benet of yal by the aw fhe lan, an bythe net cause depriving ll Americans ofthat privege there not ints use a brand of nay, or degradation or dspace, Fed upon every American® quoted in America’s History The Sugar Adin adition wo strictly enforcing cus es, Greville also into the Anverican Reverie Act of 176, beter known asthe Sugar Act 20 CHAPTIRCS The Amin Reo rhea dui ue oe aes a ee on Ae Peeper. oot octte ae sree apace ae a ae soe es ee tower ope tose sana problems cau oxo the Fetch and nan Wa? The Stamp Act Crisis Although the Sugar Act began to beng for Britain, Creville did not believe a ceaugh to py all of the government ‘Amerie sien nore men. EEE to iniodce a stamp tax in the American The Stamp Act pase Parliament in Mare 78 The Stamp Act required stamps tobe rmost printed materials, including. me Pamphes, postr wills mortgage el and even diplomas, dice, and playing 6zap tox was different rom other taxes the colonies gov pad to Britain. Parliament had imposed many Preto tae, but the stamp tx asthe fit det tain had ever placed onthe colonists Vwththe Stamp Act set to take efecton November, 765, Tslament passed one more law. The Quartering ‘at forced the colonies to pay more for their wn defense Ifthe colonies did not provide barracks for eth oops the at stated that troops could tay in fires inns, vacant buildings, and bans, and the ‘ones had to pay the rent ‘As word of the Stamp Act spread through the colonies inthe spring of 175, a huge debate bepan. A how of editorials, pamphlets, speeches, and reso phe against the fx swept through the colonies. In Virginia, the House of Burgesses passed a series of ‘eoltions declaring that Virginians were entitled ‘he rghts of British people and could ony be taxed pr their own representatives. ther colonial assem hs passed similarstatements. By the summer of 1765, huge mass mecings and semonstrations wer taking place. In Connecticut, a sferchant named Isaac Sears organized group ‘hed the Sons of Liberty. The organization grew {piel thoughout the colonies. The Sons of Liberty UTanized outdoor meetings and demonstrations “They also intimidated stamp distributors, kn August 1745 forexample, a Boston mob hung an eli ofthe Gs) 7, Dei Wig sare os eaitetennertoas Fan Wen ayn db heThe War for Independence rrr ceria Main Idea Reading Strategy Reading Objectives ‘Mera war lasting several years, the Sequencing As you tead aout the war Describe testa behind the ‘aon aly won the Independence for dependence, complete atime ine Northern Campaign from Great Brit, Simro the ane below to record the» Summarize the scope fhe wr ase major ats and ther outoes. waar Key Terms and Names Will Hone, guerrila warfare, Nathan Hale Valley Forge Marui de Lfoyete, Sata, eters of marque Jn Pal Jones, Charles Corals, Bate of Kings Mountain Preview of Events wm vm The Btsh surrender ashingon camps at Commas surenders Trenton at Saratoga Valle Forge forthe winter atYoriown Clone ney Bean Lngstn cold ony wath pest the sufeing around, Ave several itary campaigns Uvngstonhudled with the rest of George Washington's ary at iter quarters a Vale Forge Pemsana Te wre of 1771778 was bay clad te Jy ced fod, doting and athe soples. Hudedn smal hts soles wrapped theses ® ‘Nant and sunived on the smal of rations. Uvingston descbed the army plightin ete is brother, Rober {04 oops aren generalist raked an ery on ina staring cnn. lim men exe Tee unit for dor ant of shoes stockings ad shits. .oo acs been neces ‘make up his blanket. into a vest and breeches. | did not fea starving wth cold | should be tempted todothesame ® adapted from A Salute to Cowrov® The Opposing Sides The struggle at Vly Forge was a dark hou forthe 1 ir fo the patriots: No one knew ifthey We strong enough o defeat the powerful British Empire. On the same day that theCotinest Congress voted for independence, the British began landing troops in New York. By mi ust thy had cembled an ctinated 3209 men nr the ud of Gene liam Howe Bris officals didn expct the rebut ast lang The B iam He tolast long The Bish oP called “reeoats” because of hr uniforms, were disciplined, well trained and wellequP= ‘Compared to the British trops, the Continental Army was inexperienced and’ poorly equipped. “Throughout the wai sted to keep its recruits and pay their wages. Alhough over 250,000 men served in the Continesial Army, they rarely num- tered more than 20,09 3 any one time. Many sol dies deserted or roused enlist when thee term ‘was up. Others left tne posts and returned to their farms at planting o° bso be Paying fo the 2" was equally dificult, Lacking the power to ta, the Cooiinental Congress issued [paper money. These Continentals” were not backed by gold or silver anc! nine almost worthless very ‘quickly, Fortunstely Robert Morris, a wealthy Pennsylvania meric and banker, personally pledged lage amounts of money forthe war effort Morris also set up sn eficient method of buying ration and uniforms, arranged for foreign loans, ad convinced the Congress to create the Bank of North “America to finance the military. The Continental Army Was not the only force the British had to worry about, They also had to fight the local militias, The militias were poorly tained, but they fought differently, They did not always line up for battle. They hi among tres and behind walls and ambushed British troops and supply wagons, then disappeared. This kind of fighting is called ‘uerslla warfare, and it is very dificult vo defeat ‘Another problem forthe British was that they were ‘not unite at home. Many merchants and members of Parliament opposed the wae. The British had to win quickly and cheaply otherwise, opinions in Paliment ‘would shift against the war The United States did not hhave to defeat Britain simply had to survive uni ‘the British became tired of paying forthe war The Furopean balance of power also hampered the British. The French, Dutch, and Spanish were all eager to exploit Britain's problems. As a result Britain had to station much ofits military elsewhere fin the world to defen ts empire. The European bal- ance of power also meant thatthe Patriots might be able to find allies agsinst the British, ATTEND saerying vir: tee 9rd edariages lhe rts ea the meean Revel The Northern Campaign “The eh Kev ht to end th war qu they ci hc ever esl lel ee tine the American peopl hal hi cause was hope iss Alte some tin, he Bich tome Wafer Surender tthe Parts thought they would be age fe eae apr erent CConerl Howes seogy had oro parts The est pat was military. He began a massive bull i Nev te ieries iste oak eeeaia capture New York iy. Tie would seperate NewNATION beneyt arsawrie Ns ocEAN “ CT 1 Interpreting Maps Name wo sites of coll ities New ersey 2. Appling Geography Sils What was therole ofthe Brith Navy inthe war) England from the Southern si to Americans that they couldn The second part of Howe's strategy was diplo matic. He invited delegates from the Continental Congress to a peace conference. The Congress sent find was only interested i talking them into ‘Jering, They refused to talk further, and the stage ‘was set for the first major battle. t Moves Despite the size of the Beis eeeeeparing to seize New York City, the Connindtat Congress asked Washington to defend fhe ity Congressional leaders feared that f New Week ell without a fight, i would hurt American Jhurale: Washington agreed with this assessme, Tale meved much of his army to Long land nd Manhattan fan “Te inexperience of Washington’ troops became ciovous when Bish troops lane on Long sani {hesommerot 177. Many American soldiers ed and other L800 became casualties. Fortunately the Gch id pot move quickly ater heir vcr and the surviving American tops cape to Manat Inland where they joined the remainder of Washington's my defending Nev York Cy ‘ning their ships, the British could have land tewops north of New York City and surounded he American positions, But again, they moved too Slots Washington abandoned the city and hed tothe porhern end of Manhattan. The Brith thn Captured New York al sss tas their headquas forthe wstof the wae About his time, Washington sent Captain Nathan Hale to spy on the British Although Hale was di fsa ast Dutch schoolteacher, he was caught by the British and hangs. Brave until the end Hales last wos vere "Tonly reget that Thavebt nit to lose for my county.” Shortly aftewant Washington moved most of his oops frm Manhattan to White Plain, New York, whee te Bria cnce again engaged the Americas in bale Crossing the Delaware At the Battle of Whit Plains in October 1776, the British forced Washigin to retreat again. Then they surprised him. instead comingafter the Continental Army, the Beth to headed tvatd Philadelphia, where the Contine Congress was meeting, Washington's troops rected word of this new plan, They had to move fast it they manage to ge there ead ofthe Brits While this march was taking place Paine wrote another pamphlet to help te American morale. tn The American Cri Piste alyhe led approximately 400 men across the icy ‘Delaware River. The army then atacked a group of Hessians at Trenton inthe middle of a slot storm They killed or capture almost 1,000 men. Several, days later at Princeton, Washington’ forces scat- tered three British regiments. Having achieved two small vitores, Washington headed into the hills of northern New Jersy for the winter Philadelphia Falls \rch 1777, King Geonge approved a plan developed. by General John Burgoyne to isolate New England from the other ‘American states. Burgoyne proposed a three- pronged attack on New York, He would take a large force south into New York from Montreal Another force would move fom Montreal up the St. Lawrence River to Lake Ontario then head east into New York. thin force, les by General Howe, would march north from New York City up the Hudson River valley. The three forces would meet near Albany, then Imarch east into New England. Unfortunately for the British, they did not coordinate the plan. By spring 1777, General Howe had made his own plans. He loaded ‘bout 1,000 men onto ships and ‘moved them to Maryland. From there he attacked. Philadelphia ‘tom the south Howe believed that ‘capturing Philadelphia and the ple the Revolution. operation was a military success but 3 ile On September 11,1777, he deleted on a the Battle of Brandywine Creek and Philadelphia. To Howe's frustration, hove Continental Congress escaped. Howe todestroy the Continental Army which soon lp winter quarters at Valley Forge. Thee the biter cold and food shortages killed nearly 2300 men. ven amidst the harsh conions of Vale Forge Washington managed to ecureeinng for is amy Joining him at Vay Forge were two European mil tary fice, he Marguis de Lafayette fom Franc and Baron Fririch von Stet fom Prin. These officers helped Washington improve discipline and boost morale among the weary tps France Enters the War ener! Bungoyne sid not know Howe had gone south to attack Philadelphia, In June 1777, he and an estimated 8100 toops ‘marched south from Quebec into New York. From the easter end of Lake Ontario, another 90 tonps tnd over 1,000 Iroquois warriors headed east toward Albany The Iroquois had allied with the British hop ing to keep American setters off Iroquois land, Despite some arly victories, Burgoyne’s forces were notable to defeat the Americans defending upper New York. The British troops and Iroquois marching, ‘east from Lake Ontario were ambushed by militia and then driven back by American trop under General Benedict Amold. Meanwhile, Burgoyne’ ven troops ‘ould no rive of the militia. Wt his supplies din sling, Burgoyne. surrendered at Saratoga, New York. ‘The American victory at Saratoga as turing point od Sister Te Continental Congress would crip- Savage Winter Yan BT Teo parted The Mach vay Faye deg efi condos ‘Sits ed ah wrt 177178 What harp el te vos cet Vale erg? CHAPTERS “The Amevian Rehan 14 ——Inte timprved Ameren mom td ao coe -vinced France to commit troops to the American cause. ot Spain cl rss Be et al Ing are und voppies fo tie United Sits well telore Sustogn he Congress appreciated the sapplesbet ited be Fra Tea in'Zptember 1776 the Congres ent Betfamin Fran Aur et, an Sl Deane fo Pance toh lr coop: TH re kone ee ing svar ual ey beled Ace {ald win od tha ctr We Set them Shon eherward, Gy began wan he Usted Sabo rat eae a ‘On February 6 17, he United Sten gn ft wo ea ne et ay abe dest ain’ The. prc a Was ah lane between the United States and Pane. June 17 anand Paes Wert ae Sponih entre the warao well aa lie anes Pee! th Us Sa ATTLISD summarising it ws cere Howe's wo-pt state or wang The War in the West Not all ofthe fighting i the Revolutionary Wae took place inthe Eat. In 1778, Patriot George Rogers Clark took 175 troops down the Ohio River and cap tured several towns. By February 1773, the British had surrendered, giving the Americans control of the reghon. ee General John Burgoyne’ plan to capture uppe New Yor and sel of New England rom theres of th United ‘Ses began well Hs oops easly seized Fert Teondeogs wth sarge store of unpowder and sup- les. In espns, the Continental Congress enti anew ‘commander, General Horatio Gates. ‘Aer ths ety victory, Burgoyne march sowed a3 ‘ral. The Americans fled ees in ot ois amy and ‘moved crops and cate om the region to deprive hs ‘tops of oo. Mita forces staged ambushes and t- andsun raids These aces easperated Burgoyne In des: ertn he treated o Saratoga An American army nea tre times the seo his own qui surounded as woops. On Odobe 17,177 Burgoyne surendred to General Gates V2 CHAPTER The American Revlon July 1778, British troops and attacked western Pennsylvania, killing over 200 militia, The American troops defeated the British and western New York. These battles destroyed power of the Iroquois people Farther south the Cherokee people suffers lar fate. After the Revolution began, a delegation, Shavenee, Delaware, and Mohawk convinced the ‘Cherokee thatthe time had come to drive Amerian settlers off Cherokee lands. The Cherokte attacked se ters in Virginia and North Carolina, but the Amenan lta units were too strong, By 1780 mila unital ‘burned down hundreds of Cherokee towns. ATLASES pescrbing vin nsthe ent the war or he wes one the Une Sates? The War at Sea [Americans fought the British at sea as well as on land, Instead of attacking the British fleet diet American warships attacked British merchant ships ‘To further disrupt British tade, the Congress began issuing letters of marque, oF licenses, to private sip ‘owners, authorizing them to attack British merchant ships. By the end of the wat, millions of dollars of ‘argo had been seize, seriously harming Britains trade andl economy Perhaps the most famous naval battle ofthe wat involved the American naval office, John Pal Jonesjcommandes! 9 ship named the Richard, While soiling near fn Septessber 177%, Jones encountered 9 groip of Sitish mer chant ships protect by the warships Serapis and’ Countess of Scarborough Jones attacked toe Seraps, but the Teaver guns of the British ship nesely sank the Borhonime Richard. With the [American ship in distress, the British ‘commander calle on forest sutren- der. Jones replied, "I have not yet begun to fight” He lished his ship to the Serapis soit could not sink, then boarded the British ship, The battle Tasted more than three hours before fand was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton. British officials tod Clinton to begin a paign in the southern states where the British believe they had the strongest Loyalist ‘upport. The southern states were also valuable because they produced tobacco and rice. The Bish hoped they could keep. the South, even if they lost the northern states The Fall of Savannah and Charles Town In Deemer 17 San Beth tape apie anna, Gera, They seized con of Georgi Backcountry and ured the Brits royal governor Sepomer Wier defen the American and French tops trying to take Savannah, General Clinion attacked Town South Caran Neary 1400 Bish meses ie cry vopring Saldana (On May 12 178 the" American sree Nesty 5500 Americon trope were taken the greatest American defeat in he returned to New York leeving General Cornmalisin command. The Continental then sent General Horatio Gales, the Beto 1 etn the South Carolin backeou- ‘1 Gate stemped o destoy» Bish upp base Camden, South Carolina, but failed. Fes an te ‘aa tr 777he narod per Anerian faces When Sp deed roel oan orotate ny MTS summarising en belore Spin entered the fought rth ops neo Baton Rouge ‘Wat was ne Amen state far atk ee neem ee oere wed capered ie ee 2atheUneSe Heron ita bind ess Hon “ ters wit Patrick Henry and Thomas. _paigns were important to the US. vic ‘senor ad end athoriy sybase ey ed on ih ferret ct gp op rai ee en et eee elasint i enres ee The Southern Campaign —— x Span sndanercn Sisto norh The oy of akeon Tes & ‘Mier the British defeat at _welefmrlosmagesmstbite paned hs ner logs, General Howe eoired ig TURNING POW ‘The Patriots Rally iter the bate of Camden, the British began subduing the Carolina backcountry: At first everything went well oe them. Many ofthese thers were Loyalist anal ogres fight for Britain Two Britsh cavalry ofcers, Banoste Tarleton ant Patrick Fenguson led many ofthe Layali ores in the gion, These troops became knw for thee brit Ferguson finally went too far when he trie to sub due the people living inthe Appalachian Mounting Enraged at is tactics the “overmountain” men, 35 they were known, put together a militia force. They fntercepted Ferguson at Kings Mountain on October 7.1780, and destroyed his army: The Batle of Kings ‘Mountain was turning point in the South. Souther farmers furious with Brits treatment, began organ iting thee own forces. The new American commander in the region, Genera Nathaniel Greene, hope to wea down the ‘British in battle while militia destroyed ther supplies ‘Greene organized the militia into smal unit wo eatry ‘out hitandé-run rads against British camps an sp ply wagons, Francis Marion, who was knovn as the Swamp Fox,” led the most famous of these units Greene's strategy worked. By late 1781, the British CCHAPTHRA ‘The Ameren Relaion 145controlled very litle teritory inthe South except for ‘Swvannah, Charles Town, and Wilmington ATED pian Kegs Moran a uring po oe war nthe Sau asthe Bate ot The War Is Won In the spring of 1781, General Cornwallis decided to invade Virginia, As long as the Americans con trolled Virginia, he believed, new troopsand supplies could keep coming south. With mare French troops fn the way to America, the British knew they had ‘ety litle time lft to win the war. They had to secure Virginia 3 bith vary Geography Frendh help American foxes? 2 Applying Geography skills Where id the al bate ofthe war ace? The Battle of Yorktown tn iste April 178 Cornwallis marches! into Viegiia, where he linked up with forces under the command of Benedict Amold. Amold had been an American commande: carly in the war but had ater sold military inform tion tothe British. When his treason was discovers Ammold fled to Britsh-controlled New York City There he was given command of British troops ant ordered to begin raiding American positions in Virginia! resistance unt June 1781, when a large American fore led BY General Anthony” Wayne arrived in: Vieginin Ouinumbered and too far inland, Corals retreated to the coastal toven of Yorktown to protect his supplies and to. maintain communications yea CCornallis's retreat eeatd an opportunity for she Americans and this French an The preious year, 6000 French troops had arrived in New England. With this support Washington decided o march om New York City, As the troop headed fo ‘evr York, the French general Rochambeau lerned that a” French fleet commanded by” Admiral Francois de Grasee was on is way north from the Goes ‘When he learned ofthe French fet, Washington oncele the attack on New York, Instead he nd Mogae eles eet een AC American and French top raced south, Admiral de Grante moves ino Chesapeake Bay near Yorn. With the French flat neaby, Comal could not scape ty sea or receive supple. Gm September 2, 1781, American and French {ores surounded Yorktown and Began bombard 11'On October 14, Washington’ ae, Alevander Hayton, led an attack that captured key British ieenses. Three days ater, Cornwallis Bega Mego” tations to surrender, and on October 19, 17 spproximately 8000 British troops marched out 2 Ident: Wom Howe, Nathan Hale Vale Forge, Marquis de aay, Saratoga, Paul Jones, Chale independence 5 Categoiing Use graphic organizer ‘aro the one below i the po- ear ia “Amer lags On ne 417th one (ingen csc tt sn Se he o- {olf The Congres determined hat "be Fagot thetnled Sates be supe tert ean titel te Une 3, ein Be Tearepesringa new corse For fetes pron be clr red Simba urge: te pty es {habe stg ond cyte sae The Treaty of Paris When Lord North, the British prime minister learned ofthe surrender at Yorktown, fhe knew the war was over. In March 1782, Parliament voted to begin peace negotiations. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay conducted most of the negotiations forthe United States. “The Final settlement, known as the Treaty of Pars, was signed on September 3, 1783. In this treaty, Britain recognized the United States of America as a ‘new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border. Britain also gave Florida back to Spain. Trance receive colonies in Africa and the Caribbean that the British had seized from them in 1763, On November 24,1783, the last British troops left New York City: The Revolutionary War was over, The cxe- cf Norkiown and lad down thee wespons, During lion ofa ew nation was about to bein. the surrender, a Beitsh military band played S popular nursery tune, “The World Turn'd Upside ETTLTTD escriving tow vas ine war won Down, tana? ae Study Central” Yo review is section, goto m BE | av sencoecom and cick on Study Cota” Checking for Understanding tical Thinking “Analyzing Visuals 1. Define: uri ware letes ot &. Evahuting How did Europeon coun- 6, Examining Art Study the painting on rom tres ai the Amercans in he warkor page 141 How has the art potayed the condition of Washington's army? imei Bane figs Mori, wens Trety of as. a Reviewing Themes ra 7, Persuasive Writing imagine that you 3. Glbal Connections Why weretbe ea are lot daring the Rew Fendt treat a0 War Wit aetertocomince allance with the clones? furopen nations suppor the Americans in the war COMPTERS The ee { 7