Seo, mae wise) C3 Anything that has MASS and OCCUPIES SPACE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER CPU Naud) rif Cd le uC kinetic energyThree state of matter: @ we. SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Property of Solid Liquid Gas matter ‘Arrangement of ‘eeeel perl B3ss Sd aac Movement of | Not move freely, Move slowly ina | Move fast ina particles Vibrate at their | random manner | randem manner fixed position Forces of Very strong Not very strong | Very weak attraction between particles Energy content | Very low Moderate Very high Shope Fixed Following the _| Fills up the whole shope of container container Volume Fixed Fixed Fixed Compression Not compressible | Very difficult to | Easily compress compressedCHANGES IN THE STATE OF MATTER Sublimation (heat releosed) ‘Sublimation (heat cbsorbed) Melting (heat absorbed) Freezing (heat ralecsed Condensation (heat released) Boiling <> (heat absorbed) aXe eames ENERGY CREATES OP eT PROT et x on ae TS i. is rem Fyapys TEMPERATURE sou +ENERGY sou quip eas. | | FREEZING BOWING POINT POINT cau4.2 THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Electron Neutron Proton THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM THREE TYPES OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLESNEUTRAL ATOM ---| TON: POSITIVE ION. NEGATIVE ION-SS eeu LL) CTL NUCLEON NUMBER, A----The total number of protons and CU Ue A N Z ISOTOPES. et number of but oad SEs a ea Pet ag4.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE4.5 PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES BASED ON THEIR PARTICLE CONTENT THREE TYPRES OF ATOMS PARTICLE TONS The tiniest porticles in Particles which carry on element. positive or negative charges ATOMIC SUBSTANCE j ~ Substances that IONIC SUBSTANCE consist of only atoms. MOLECULES - Formed when atoms ~ The atoms ore held Groups of atoms joined of metal combine with together by strong together. ‘atoms of non-metal chemical bond. ‘through chemical MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE bonding to form = Made up of molecules ‘compounds hich have two or more - Forces of attraction ‘atoms of the come or between molecule different types. called electrostatic ~ Molecule are held attraction force. together by covalent bond. - Forces of attraction between molecule called Val der Waols 4.6 THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF METAL AND NON-METALPhysical Properties of Metal and Non-Metal ‘Shiny ond lustrous Dull Can be pulled inte wire Brittle, breaks easily Gan be beaten ino thin sheets Reason: The atoms in metal slide over one another easily. ‘Malleobility Cannot be beaten into thin sheets Very strong, does not snap easily Reason: The atoms in metal ‘ottract one another with great forces Tensile strength Weak, snap easily Good conductor of electricity, Reason: Metal have a lot of free electron which move ‘about among the electron. Electrical conductivity Poor conductor of electricity Reason: Not electrically charged. Good conductor of heat Reacon: Metal hove alot of free electron which move ‘obout among the electron. Heot conductivity Poor conductor of heat Very dense. Reason: The atoms in metal ‘re closely packed and corronged in order. Density Low density Reason: non-metal are not so tightly pocked (force of ottraction is very weak).High bailing and melting points. | Boiling point and melting point | Lew bailing and melting point. 9 ‘9 ng Pe 9 Pe 9 Pe ng ing pol Reason: The atoms in metal Reason: The force of attract one another with great ottraction between the forces porticles is very weok 7 METHODS OF PURIFYING SUBSTANCES Pure substance © Contains only one spe of atom or molecule. © Example - Pure gold only contain gold atoms - Pure oxygen only contains oxygen molecules The characteristic of pure substances © Pure substance has fixed melting and hoiling points. «Example: - Pure ice melts at 0°C - Pre water boils at 100°C: The effect of impurities on the properties of substances © Reduce the malting point, The present of salt will cause water to freeze at a temperature lower than 0°C Increase the boiling point Seawater that contains salt boils at atemperature higher than 100°C 4.7.1 Methods of Purification Mixmure: Pure substances are mixed together without undergoing any chemical change. © Purificadon: The process of separating mixtures into its pure substarces.‘Purification Method Types of Mixtures ‘Example Filuation ‘Separating soluble and insoluble Salt and sand Evaporation Separating a soluble solid Salt from salt solution Distillation ‘Separating a liquid from a solution Pure water from seawater Crystallization Separating a soluble substance from its saturated or molten liquid Salt from satwated salt solution Fractional distillation Separating a mixture of miscible liquids ‘Alcohol and water Separating fuanel Separating immiscible liquids Oil and water Simple distillation ‘Fractional Gistilation + away oF cbtaining pwe solvent fom a used to soparaie aralecible Tiga (bo solution, or more liquids that are completely used bo separate mixtures of liquid with different boiling points soluble in one ancthes), suitable to separate two liquid which have close boiling points © aprocess of obtaining crystal from a sazurated solution. Application of Purification Metho ds ‘Distilled water (pure water) — used widely in the preparation of chemical solution for the laboratories, hospitals and industries © Distillation ofalcohol - alcohol produced from the fermentation of sugar by yeast, distilled to increase its concentration and pucity ‘Fractional distillation of crude oil — used to separate of crnde oil48 APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS DIFFERENT STATE OF MATTER AND THE 1 Water © most probebly usefull compound © universal solvent © wed for cleaning, washing, drinking and cooking used to generating electricity # ourbodies need water to transport nutrient and waste 2 Metals © useful as material for making vehicle, aircraft and kitchea utensile © electrical conductor copper and aluminium 3 Oxygen © essential for living thing © needed for combustion 4, Casbon diosside © needed by plants to camry out photosynthesis # neeced in the atmosphere ~ keep earti. warm at night