FLUID MECHANICS DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITY WEIGHT, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY Surface tension c isthe force per unit contact length The definitions of density, specific volume, specific weight, follow: o= FIL, where Am/AV © = surface tension, force/length, F = surface force atthe interface, and ee 1 ghetnerion g Am/AV = 08 ‘The capillary rise h is approximated by also SG =1/1» = P/Py , where h= 40. c0s (yd), where p= density (also mass density), hy =the height of the liquid in the vertical tube, ‘Am = — mass of infinitesimal volume, @ = the surface tension, AV = volume of infinitesimal object considered, B= the angle made by the liquid with the wetted tube Y= specific weight, wall, AW= weight of an infinitesimal volume, y oe SG = specific gravity, and d= the diameter of the capillary tube. mass density of water at standard conditions THE PRESSURE FIELD IN A STATIC LIQUID ,000 kg/m’ (62.43 lbmv/ft’). i. STRESS, PRESSURE, AND VISCOSITY Stress is defined as, X(P)=limit AF/MA, where ‘t(P) = surface stress vector at point P, AF = force acting on infinitesimal area Ad, and Ad = infinitesimal area at point P. n-P = \(dvidy) (one-dimensional; i., y), where ‘and s, = the normal and tangential stress components at ee point P, P= the pressure at point P, The difference in pressure between two different points is = absolute dynamic viscosity of the fluid pe eee, Nein’ Iban f-se)), Fora simple manometer, dv = velocity at boundary condition, and dy = normal distance, measured from boundary. Paaeeddeaaaes ae Absolute pressure = atmospheric presi + gage pressure v= kinematic viscosity; mh (ft/sec). ne Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure — vacuum gage For a thin Newtonian fluid film and a linear velocity profile, Peer eaee Wy) = Vylb; duldy = V16, where V_ = velocity of plate on film and 8 = thickness of fluid film. For a power law (non-Newtonis y= K (dvidy)", where consistency index, and, n= power law index. ) fluid 44 Fo Pr Tt It Tt 1noe FORCES ON SUBMERGED SURFACES AND THE CENTER OF PRESSURE yf | Ba ft Fan z Ke @ « © Forces on 4 submerged plane wall. (a) Submérges plane’ Surface. (0) Pressure distbution. ‘The pressure on a point at a distance 2’ below the surface is P= po* 12, forZ'20 If the tank were open to the atmosphere, the effects of p, could be ignored The coordinates of the center of pressure CP ate /1,,,8ina)/(p.A) and = (i, sina)(p,4), where yy" = the y-distance from the centroid (C) of area (4) to the center of pressure, 2 = the zdistance from the centroid (C) of area (A) to the center of pressure, 1, and I,,,, =the moment and product of inertia of the area, Pe = the pressure at the centroid of area (4), and Z. = the slant distance from the water surface to the centroid (C) of area (4). . 22. SECTIONS S a Ite fee sric is open to the stmospee, then Po= Oand p. = yZ, sin a. y=lyq,[lA2_) and 2*=1, [(42,) 45 FLUID MECHANICS (ontneed) ‘The force on a rectangular plate can be computed as B= [pd + @2—pi) Av 2IL+ Vy 7 phy where F = force on the plate, ‘Pi = pressure at the top edge of the plate area, P2 = pressure at the bottom edge of the plate area, A, = vertical projection of the plate area, Vy = volume of column of fluid above plate, and. yy = specific weight of the fluid. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AND BUOYANCY 1. The buoyant force exerted on a submerged or floating, body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. 2. A floating body displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight; Le. a floating body is in equilibrium. The center of buoyancy is located at the centroid of the displaced fluid volume. In the case of a body lying at the interface of two immiscible “fluids, the buoyant force equals the sum of the weights of the fluids displaced by the body. ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS The Continuity Equation So long as the flow Q is continuous, the continuity equation, as applied to one- dimensional flows, states that the flow passing two points (1 and 2) in a stream is equal at each point, Ai; = AV. o-av th = pQ= pAV, where Q = volumetric flow rate, rit = mass flow rate, A = cross section of area of flow, V = average flow velocity, and p= the fluid density. For steady, one-dimensional flow, 1ivis a constant. If, in addition, the density is constant, then Q is constant. Rtg, WL Kr, nid en Wy Sr 8 Dg pd by‘The Field Equation is derived when the energy equation is applied to one-dimensional flows. ‘Assuming no friction losses and that no pump or turbine exists between sections I and 2 in the system, yb We Bae = As Ths, where 2g 1 2% Pipa = pressure at sections 1 and 2, V;, Vo = average velocity of the fluid at the sections, 222 ro weight of the fluid (pg), and g =the acceleration of gravity. FLUID FLOW The velocity distribution for laminar flow in circular tubes or between planes is vel the distance (m) from the centerline, the radius (m) of the tube or half the distance between the parallel planes, the local velocity (nv) at r, and Vax the velocity (m/S) at the centerline of the duct. Va 1.18V, for fully turbulent flow (Re> 10,000) Vn 2¥, for circular tubes in laminar flow and Va 1.5V, for parallel planes in laminar flow, where the average velocity (m/s) in the duct. ‘The shear stress distribution is where R ‘and ty are the shear stresses at radii rand R respectively. 46 FLUID MECHANICS (ontnved) ‘The drag force Fp on objects immersed in a large body of flowing fluid or objects moving through a stagnant fluid is pv2d Fo= Where the drag coefficient (see page $5), the velocity (mvs) of the undisturbed fluid, and the projected area (m?) of blunt objects such as spheres, ellipsoids, disks, and plates, cylinders, ellipses, and air foils with axes perpendicular to the flow. For flat plates placed parallel with the flow C= 1.33/Re™ (10 < Re <5 x 10%) Cy=0.031/Re™” (10° sysia & 4 y nS one: T ooo SIR T o00'oL 000'001 o> ou‘ =%9 bee = SUAANITAD GNV ‘SNSIC ‘STUAHAS AOA SLNALDLLAAOD OVA cl