Chuyn BDHSG

PHNG PHP DN BIN

I VI BT NG THC BA BIN S
K THUT DN V HAI BIN BNG NHAU
Hunh Ch Ho

Gi s ta cn chng minh bt ng thc ba bin dng:

f ( x , y, z ) 0

vi x , y, z l cc bin s thc tha mn cc tnh cht no .

Khi ta s thc hin hai bc chnh sau y:
Bc 1: Chng minh f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )
i vi bt ng thc khng iu kin th dn bin theo cc i lng trung bnh:
x+y
, t = xy ; t =
2
Bc 2: Chng minh f ( t, t, z ) 0
t=

x2 + y2
,
2

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0
Ch : i vi cc bt ng thc ng bc ta c th lm cho chng n gin hn bng cch chun ha cc
bin trong bt ng thc trc khi thc hin hai bc.


Th d 1. Cho x , y, z 0 . Chng minh rng:

x + y + z 3 3 xyz

(1)

Li gii.
CCH 1: Thc hin dn bin theo TBC
Bc 1:

(1) x + y + z 3 xyz 0
f ( x , y, z ) = x + y + z 3 xyx . Ta chng minh: f ( x , y, z ) 0
3

Ta c:

Xt biu thc

(2)

x+y
, ta s chng minh:
2
f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

Thc hin dn bin theo TBC: t =

Tht vy, xt hiu:

(3)

d = f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )
= x + y + z 3 3 xyz 2t + z 3 3 t 2 z

= x + y+3

M t =

t 2 z 3 xyz

x+y
t 2 xy 3 t 2 z 3 xyz 0 nn d 0
2

Bc 2: Chng minh f ( t, t, z ) = 2t + z 3 3 t 2 z 0

Tht vy:

( 4 ) 2t + z 3

(4)
3

t 2 z ( 2t + z ) 27t 2 z 0
2

( t z ) ( 8t + z ) 0

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0

(ng)

CCH 2: Thc hin dn bin theo TBN

Bc 1:

Ta c:

Xt biu thc

(1) x + y + z 3 xyz 0
f ( x , y, z ) = x + y + z 3 xyx . Ta chng minh: f ( x , y, z ) 0
3

(2)

Thc hin dn bin theo TBN: t = xy , ta s chng minh:

f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

Tht vy, xt hiu:

(3)

d = f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )
= x + y + z 3 3 xyz 2t + z 3 3 t 2 z

= x + y 2t

M t = xy 2t x + y x + y 2t 0 nn d 0
Bc 2: Chng minh f ( t, t, z ) = 2t + z 3 3 t 2 z 0

Tht vy:

( 4 ) 2t + z 3

(4)
3

t 2 z ( 2t + z ) 27t 2 z 0
2

( t z ) ( 8t + z ) 0

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0

(ng)

CCH 3: Chun ha & thc hin dn bin theo TBC

V bt ng thc (1) l ng bc nn bng cch chun ha ta c th gi s:
x + y + z =1
(*)
Bc 1:

Ta c:

Xt biu thc

(1) 1 3 xyz 1 27 xyz 0

f ( x , y, z ) = 1 27 xyz . Ta chng minh: f ( x , y, z ) 0
3

x+y
, ta s chng minh:
2
f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

(2)

Thc hin dn bin theo TBC: t =

(3)

x+y
th (*) vn tha
2
d = f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

Kim tra (*): Khi thay x , y bi t =

Xt hiu:

= 1 27 xyz 1 27t 2 z

= 27 t 2 z xyz

x+y
t 2 xy xyz t 2 z nn d 0
2
Chng minh f ( t, t, z ) = 1 27t 2 z 0

M t =
Bc 2:

(4)

Tht vy: f ( t, t, z ) = 1 27t 2 z = 1 27t 2 (1 2t ) = (1 + 6t ) 1 3t 2 0

x = y
1
Vi iu kin (*) th ng thc xy ra
x=y=z=
3
3t = 1
Vy trong trng hp tng qut ng thc xy ra x = y = z 0

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0

CCH 4: Chun ha & thc hin dn bin theo TBN

V bt ng thc (1) l ng bc nn bng cch chun ha ta c th gi s:
xyz = 1
(*)
Bc 1:
Ta c:
(1) x + y + z 3 x + y + z 3 0

(2)

Xt biu thc f ( x , y, z ) = x + y + z 3 . Ta chng minh: f ( x , y, z ) 0

Thc hin dn bin theo TBC: t = xy , ta s chng minh:
f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

(3)

Kim tra (*): Khi thay x , y bi t = xy th (*) vn tha

Xt hiu:

d = f ( x , y, z ) f ( t , t, z )

= x + y + z 3 ( 2t + z 3 )
= x + y 2t

M t = xy x + y 2 xy = 2t x + y 2t 0 nn d 0
Bc 2: Chng minh f ( t, t, z ) 0

(4)
2

( t 1) ( 2t + 1) 0
1
Tht vy: f ( t, t, z ) = 2t + z 3 = 2t + 2 3 =
t
t2
x = y
Vi iu kin (*) th ng thc xy ra
x = y =1 x = y = z =1
t = 1
Vy trong trng hp tng qut ng thc xy ra x = y = z 0

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0


Th d 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin a.b.c = 1 . Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
13
25
+ + +

(1)
a b c a + b + c +1 4
Li gii.

1 1 1
13
+ + +
.
a b c a + b + c +1
Thc hin dn bin theo TBN, ta s chng minh:

Xt biu thc f ( a, b, c ) =

f ( a, b, c ) f a, bc , bc

) = 1a + 1b + 1c + a + b13+ c + 1 a1 +

Chng minh f a, bc , bc

)(

13

25
4

(4)
(5)

t 3 3t + 2
2t 3 + 3t 2 1
+ 13
0
t
4 2t 3 + t 2 + 1

( t 1) ( t + 2 ) + 13 ( t 1) ( 2t 1) 0
4 2t 3 + t 2 + 1

( t 1) 8t 4 + 20t 3 18t 2 9t + 8 0

2
2
2
( t 1) 2 2t 2 1 + 5t ( 2t 1) + 2 5t 2 7t + 3 0

1
25
t t = bc vi 0 < t 1 , ta s chng minh: f 2 , t, t
t
4
1
2 2
13
2
13t 2
25
2
Ta c: f 2 , t, t = t + +
=t + + 3 2

t 1
t 2t + t + 1 4
t

+ 2t + 1
2
t

2
1
t2
2
t + 3 + 13 3 2
0
t
2t + t + 1 4

) (

nn d 0 f ( a, b, c ) f a, bc , bc

(3)

bc a + 2 bc + 1
1 1

2
1
1
= +

+ 13

bc
b c
a + b + c + 1 a + 2 bc + 1

2
1
13

= b c

bc
( a + b + c + 1) a + 2 bc + 1

1
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s a = max {a, b, c} , do abc = 1 bc 1
1
bc
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
13
13
13

=
<1
3
3
( a + b + c + 1) a + 2 bc + 1 3 abc + 1 3 abc + 1 16

Ta c: d = f ( a, b, c ) f a, bc , bc

Suy ra: f a, bc , bc

Kt lun: f ( x , y, z ) 0

25
4

Gii thch k nng phn tch:

8t 4 + 20t 3 18t 2 9t + 8 = 8t 4 8t 2 + 2 + 20t 3 20t 2 + 5t + 10t 2 14t + 6

) (

) (

= 2 2t 2 1 + 5t ( 2t 1) + 2 5t 2 7t + 3 0

Bi tp tng t
1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng sao cho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
6
+ + +
5
a b c a+b+c
2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng sao cho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng:
2
1
3
+
a + b + c 3 ab + bc + ca
3. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng sao cho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng:
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) + 7 5 ( a + b + c )