CM NANG CHO MA THI

MT S BI TON GII PHNG TRNH

PH BIN NHT TRONG THI I HC

(N THI THPT QUC GIA)

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh 9

1
1
x
8
2

.log 2 x 2 x + 2 3 x

+x

1 7
.log 2 2 x + = 0
2 4

Hng dn
+ Khi gp phng trnh m hoc log, trc ht ta bin i theo c s nh nht ( y l
c s 3), bin i phng trnh cho, ta c:
9

1
1
x
8
2

34

2x 1

3
3

.log 2 x 2 x + 2 3 x

1
4

2x 1

.log 2 x 2 x + 2

.log 2 x 2 x + 2

1
x2 x +
4

+x

1 7
.log 2 2 x + = 0
2 4

x2 x

1
3

x2 x

.log 2 x 2 x + 2 3

.log 2 2x 1 + = 0
4

.log 2 2x 1 + = 0
4

2x 1

.log 2 2x 1 + = 0
4

1 7
7

2x 1
.log 2 x 2 x + + = 3 .log 2 2x 1 + (1)
4 4
4

2
2
1
1
x x + = x 0
7
+ Xt hm s f (t) = 3t.log 2 t + , ta thy
t0
4
2
4
2x 1 0

x2 x +

1
4

1
7
f '(t) = 3t.ln 3.log 2 t + + 3t.
> 0, t 0 f (t) l hm ng bin
t.ln 2
4
1
1

+ T (1) f x 2 x + = f ( 2x 1 ) x 2 x + = 2x 1 (2)
4
4

1 5
2 2

+ Xt 2 TH: 2x 1 0; 2x 1 < 0 b du GTT (2), gii PT (2) ta c S: x = ;

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh x 3 + x 2 19x 16 = 3x x 3 + 1

Hng dn
+ K: x 1
+ Nhn thy biu thc trong cn VP l: x 3 + 1 = ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1) nn rt c th y l c
s cho ta phn tch VT ca phng trnh, tht vy:

) (
19x 16 = ( x + 1) ( x

)
x + 1) + ( x

x 3 + x 2 19x 16 = x 3 + 1 + x 2 x + 1 18 ( x + 1)
x3 + x2

x + 1 18 ( x + 1)

+ Phng trnh cho tr thnh:

( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1) + ( x 2 x + 1) 18 ( x + 1) = 3 ( x + 1) 1 ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1) (1)
a = x + 1 0

+ t n ph

b = x x + 1 0

thay vo (1) ta c: a 2 b 2 + b 2 18a 2 = 3 ( a 2 1) ab (2)

+ Phng trnh (2) mun gii c th ch cn cch phn tch a thc thnh nhn t, cng
vic phn tch ny khng phi d dng, chng ta s dng mo sau phn tch:
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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

- Trc ht ta bin i a (2) v phng trnh bc 2 i vi bin l b:

a 2 b 2 + b 2 18a 2 = 3 a 2 1 ab a 2 + 1 b 2 3a 3 3a b 18a 2 = 0 (3)

2

- Phng trnh (3) tnh c = ( 3a 3 3a ) + 4 ( a 2 + 1)(18a 2 ) = ... = 9a 2 ( a 2 + 3)

3a 3 3a + 3a a 2 + 3
b =
= 3a
b 3a = 0
a2 +1

phng trnh (3) c 2 nghim

2

3a 3 3a 3a a 2 + 3
a b + b + 12a = 0
12a
b =
=
a2 +1
a2 +1

+ Vy (2) : a 2 b 2 + b 2 18a 2 = 3 ( a 2 1) ab ( b 3a ) ( a 2 b + b + 12a ) = 0

x = 0
x = 2

+ Do a 2 b + b + 12a = 0 a = b = 0 (do a, b 0 ) x + 1 = x 2 x + 1
+ Th li vo PT cho thy x = 0; x = 2 khng l nghim (loi)
+ Vy ch cn kh nng b = 3a x 2 x + 1 = 3 x + 1 x = 5 33
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh

4x 4 13x 3 + 9x 2 + 16 2x 2 + 3x

)(

x + 3 + x 1 = 8

Hng dn
4x 4 12x 3 + 9x 2 + 16 0
+ K
x 1
2

+ Ta bin i PT ( 2x 2 3x ) + 16 ( 2x 2 3x )

a = 2x 2 3x
+ t
thay vo phng trnh ta c:
b = x 1

a 2 + 16 a

)(

8
a 2 + 16 a
8

b2 + 4 + b =

x 1 = 8

b2 + 4 + b = 8

b2 + 4 + b =

b2 + 4 + b =

( x 1) + 4 +

a 2 + 16 + a

16
a 2 + 16 + a
2

2 b 2 + 4 + 2b = a 2 + 16 + a

( 2b )

+ 16 + 2b = a 2 + 16 + a (1)

+ Xt hm s f (t) = t 2 + 16 + t, t R f '(t) =

+ 1 > 0, t R (*) f (t) l hm

t + 16

ng bin.
2x 2 3x 0
Vy t (1) f (2b) = f (a) 2b = a 2 x 1 = 2x 3x
2 (I)
2
4 ( x 1) = 2x 3x
+ Cc bn t gii h (I) x = 2
2

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

(Ch : Ta gii thch cho f '(t) > 0 bng phng php phn chng nh sau:
t 0

Gi s f '(t) < 0 t + t 2 + 16 < 0 t 2 + 16 < t

2
2
t + 16 < t

(v l) f '(t) > 0 )

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh x + 2 7 x = 2 x 1 + x 2 + 8 x 7 + 1

Hng dn: k: 1 x 7
pt x 1 2 x 1 + 2 7 x ( x 1)(7 x) = 0
x 1( x 1 2) 7 x ( x 1 2) = 0
( x 1 2)( x 1 7 x ) = 0
x 1 = 2
x = 5

tha mn k
x = 4
x 1 = 7 x

x 4 + x 2 + 1 + x = x(1 x 2 )

Bi 5: Gii phng trnh:

x 1

Hng dn: K:
0 x 1
- TH1: Vi x = 0 khng phi nghim ca phng trnh
- TH2: Vi x 0 .
* Vi 0 < x 1
Khi pt x
t t =

1
1
+ x2 + 1 + x = x
x
2
x
x

1
+ x2 + 1 + 1 =
x2

1
x
x

1
1
x t 4 = 2 + x 2 2 . Khi ta c phng trnh :
x
x

t 1
t2 + 3 +1 = t 4 2
t = 1(loai )
t t + 2t + 2 = 0

* Vi x 1 . Ta c
t t =

1
1
+ x2 + 1 + 1 =
x
2
x
x

1
1
x t 4 = 2 + x 2 2 . Khi ta c
x
x

x2 + x 1 = 0 x =

t4 + 3 = t +1 t = 1

1 5
.
2

So snh k ta c nghim x =

1 5
1 5
.Vy pt cho c nghim x =
2
2

Bi 6: Gii phng trnh : 4 2 10 2 x 3 9 x 37 = 4x 2 15 x 33

) (

Hng dn: K: x 5 . Pt 4 4 + 3 9 x 37 + 8 4 10 2 x + 4 x 2 15 x 81 = 0

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Trang 3

MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

4 ( 27 + 9 x )

16 4 3 9 x 37 +

9 x 37

8(6 + 2 x)
+ ( x + 3)(4 x 27) = 0
4 + 10 2 x

- TH1 x + 3 = 0 x = 3 (TMPT)
- TH 2. x 3
36

16 4 3 9 x 37 +

9 x 37

36

12 +

+ Do x 5 nn VT

9 x 37 2

16
+ 4 x 27 = 0
4 + 10 2 x

16
+ 4 x 27 = 0
4 + 10 2 x

36 16
+ + 4.5 27 = 0 . ng thc xy ra x = 5
12 4

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim l 3 v 5

Bi 7: Gii phng trnh log 2

4x 2x + 1
= 2 x ( 2.8 x 3.2 x + 1) (*) .
x
x
2.16 2.4 + 1

Hng dn:
log 2 (4 x 2 x + 1) log 2 (2.16 x 2.4 x + 1) = 2.16 x 3.4 x + 2 x
log 2 (4 x 2 x + 1) + 4 x 2 x + 1 = log 2 (2.16 x 2.4 x + 1) + 2.16 x 2.4 x + 1
1
+ 1 > 0, t > 0 f ng bin trn ( 0; + )
t ln 2
(* ) f (4 x 2 x + 1) = f (2.16 x 2.4 x + 1)
Xt f (t ) = log 2 t + t, t > 0, f ' (t ) =

4 x 2 x + 1 = 2.16 x 2.4 x + 1 2 2 x 2 x = 2.2 4 x 2.2 2 x

2.2 4 x 3.2 2 x + 2 x = 0 2.23 x 3.2 x + 1 = 0
(2 x 1)(2 x

1 + 3 x 1 + 3
)(2 +
)=0
2
2

2 x = 1
x = 0

1
+
3
1 + 3
2 x =

x = log 2
2
2

1+ 3
x
2 = 2 (loi)
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh: x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x 12 + 2 x 2 16.
Hng dn: iu kin xc nh: x 4. Vi iu kin , phng trnh cho tng
ng vi:
x + 4 + x 4 = (x + 4) + (x 4) 12 + 2 x 2 16 x + 4 + x 4 =

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x+4 + x4

12

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

+ t t =

t = 3 (loai)
t = 4

x + 4 + x 4 , t > 0 ta c t t 12 = 0

4 x 8
x + 4 + x 4 = 4 x 2 16 = 8 x 2
2
x 16 = 64 16 x + x

+ Vi t = 4 , ta c

4 x 8

x = 5. Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 5.

x = 5

Bi 9: Gii phng trnh 2 x3 + 10 x 2 17 x + 8 = 2 x 2 3 5 x x3

Hng dn: Nhn xt: x = 0 khng tha phng trnh cho
10 17

+ Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho x3, ta c: 2 + x x 2 + x3 = 2 3 x 2 1

+ t t =

1
( t 0 ) , phng trnh tr thnh: 2 + 10t 17t 2 + 8t 3 = 2 3 5t 2 1
x
3

( 2t 1) + 2 ( 2t 1) =

5t 2 1 + 2 3 5t 2 1 f ( 2t 1) = f

5t 2 1

+ Vi f ( t ) = t 3 + 2t , t R . Ta c: f ' ( t ) = 3t 2 + 2 > 0, t R nn f ng bin trn R , v vy:

f ( 2t 1) = f

5t 2 1 2t 1 = 3 5t 2 1

t = 0 (loai)

17 + 97
3
( 2t 1) = 5t 2 1 8t 3 17t 2 + 6t = 0 t =
(nhan)
16

17 97
(nhan)
t =
16
17 + 97
17 97
x=
16
12
17 + 97
17 + 97
+t=
x=
16
12

+t=

Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim: x =

17 97
12

Bi 10: Gii phng trnh: 1 + 3 1 + 3x = 2x (x R). (1)

2
Hng dn: iu kin: x

1
(*).
3

+ t y = 1 1 + 3x 1 + 3x = 2 y (2), (1) tr thnh

2

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

x 0, y 0
1 + 3x = 2 y

+ T (2) v (3) ta c h
1 + 3x = 4 y 2 (4) .
1 + 3 y = 2x
1 + 3 y = 4x 2 (5)

+ Tr v vi v (4) v (5) ta c 3( x y ) = 4( x 2 y 2 ) ( x y )(3 + 4 x + 4 y ) = 0 y = x (v

x =1
x 0, y 0 ). Th y = x vo (5) ta c 4x 2 3x 1 = 0
1.
x =

+ Kt hp vi x 0 , suy ra phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x = 1.

Bi 11: Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 + x + 9 + 2 x 2 x + 1 = x + 4
Hng dn: Ta thy: (2 x 2 + x + 9) (2 x 2 x + 1) = 2( x + 4)
+ x = -4 khng phi l nghim
+ Xt x 4 , trc cn thc ta c:
2x + 8
2

= x + 4 2x 2 + x + 9 2x 2 x + 1 = 2

2x + x + 9 2x x + 1
2 x 2 + x + 9 2 x 2 x + 1 = 2
+ Vy ta c h
2 2x 2 + x + 9 = x + 6
2
2
2 x + x + 9 + 2 x x + 1 = x + 4

x = 0

x = 8
7

+ Th li vo phng trnh ta thy tha mn.

Vy phng trnh c 2 nghim: x = 0, v x =
Bi 12: Gii phng trnh
Hng dn: iu kin: x 1

8
7

x 1(3 x 2 + x + 1) + 3 x 3 + 2 x 1 = 0

x 1 + 3x 2 x 1 + x 1 + x x 1 + 3x 3 + x = 0

x 1( x 1 + 3 x 2 + 1) + x( x 1 + 3 x 2 + 1) = 0

( x 1 + x)( x 1 + 3 x 2 + 1) = 0
x 1 + x = 0

2
x 1 + 3 x + 1 = 0

Kt hp vi iu kin ta thy phng trnh v nghim.

Bi 13: Gii phng trnh 3 x 2 1 + x = x 3 1
Hng dn: iu kin: x 3 2
+ Nhn thy x = 3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh

( x 3)( x 2 + 3 x + 9)
x+3
=
x 2 1 2 + x 3 = x 3 2 5 ( x 3) 1 +
3 ( x 2 1) 2 + 23 x 2 1 + 4
x3 2 + 5
x+3
x+3
x 2 + 3x + 9
+ Ta chng minh : 1 +
= 1+
<2<
3
(3 x 2 1 + 1) 2 + 3
x3 2 + 5
( x 2 1) 2 + 23 x 2 1 + 4
3

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

Bi 14: Gii phng trnh:

x
x +1
2
=3
x +1
x

x +1
x
1
,t > 0
= 2
x
x +1 t
1
t=
1
3
2
2 2t = 3 2t + 3t 1 = 0 2

t
t = 1

Hng dn: iu kin: x < 1 x > 0 , t t =

+ Ly t =

x +1 1
4
= x=
x
2
3

Bi 15: Gii phng trnh x 2 + 15 = 3x 2 + x 2 + 8

Hng dn:

x 2 + 15 4 = 3 x 3 + x 2 + 8 3
x2 1

x 2 + 15 + 4
x =1

= 3( x 1) +

x2 1
x2 + 8 + 3

( x 1)(

x +1
x 2 + 15 + 4

x +1
x2 + 8 + 3

3) = 0

Bi 16: Gii phng trnh : (4 x 1) x 2 + 1 = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1

Hng dn: t t = x 2 + 1(t > 0) x 2 = t 2 1
Phng trnh tr thnh (4 x 1)t = 2(t 2 1) + 2 x + 1 2t 2 (4 x 1)t + 2 x 1 = 0
Ta c: = (4 x 3) 2
1
t=
2

t = 2 x 1

3
2
x = 4 ( L)

2
2
x = (2 x 1) 1

x = 0
4

x=
4
x =
3
3

Bi 17: x 4 + 6 x 2 x 2 + 13x 17 = 0( x R)
Hng dn: iu kin: 4 x 6
x 4 + 6 x = 2 x 2 13 x + 17 ( x 4 1) + ( 6 x 1) 2 x 2 + 13 x 15 = 0

( x 4 1)( x 4 + 1)

( 6 x 1)( 6 x + 1)

(2 x 2 13 x + 15) = 0

( x 4 + 1)
( 6 x + 1)
x 5
5x

+
(x 5)(2x 3) = 0
x 4 +1
6 x +1
1
1
(x 5)(

(2x 3)) = 0
x 4 +1
6 x +1
x = 5

1
1

(2x 3) = 0
6 x +1
x 4 + 1
1
1
1
1
+ Ta c:

(2 x 3) = 0

= 2 x 3(1)
x 4 +1
6 x +1
x 4 +1
6 x +1

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

x 4 +1

<

6 x +1

x 4 +1

1 v 2x - 3 5, x [4;6] nn phng trnh (1) v

nghim. Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 5

Bi 18: Gii phng trnh: x 3 + 2 = 33 3x 2
Hng dn:
x 3 + 2 = 3 y
+ t y = 3x 2 y = 3 x 2 y + 2 = 3x . Ta c h phng trnh: 3
y + 2 = 3 x
3

+ y l h phng trnh i xng, tr v vi v ta c:

( x y )( x 2 + y 2 + xy + 3) = 0 x = y x = 1;2
1
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
2

2
2
x + y + xy + 3 = x + 2. xy + y + y + 3 = ( x + y ) + y + 3 > 0
2
4
4
2
4

Bi 19: (4 x 1) 3 2 x + (7 4 x) 2 x 1 = 2 4 x 2 + 8 x 3 + 4 (vi x R)
Hng dn: iu kin:

1
3
x
2
2
a = 3 2 x (a 0)
t
a 2 + b 2 = 2(1)
b = 2 x 1(b 0)

+ V 4 x 1 = 2b 2 ;7 4 x = 2a 2 + 1; 4 x 2 + 8 x 3 = 2 x 1. 3 2 x = a.b
+ T phng trnh cho ta c (2b 2 + 1)a + (2a 2 + 1)b = 2ab + 4(2)
a 2 + b 2 = 2
(2b 2 + 1)a + (2a 2 + 1)b = 2ab + 4

+ Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh

+ y l h phng trnh i xng loi I vi n a, b.

+ Gii h phng trnh trn ta c nghim l : a = b =1
3 2 x = 1

+ Vi a = b = 1 khi ta c:

2 x 1 = 1

x = 1 (tha mn iu kin)

Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 1

Bi 20: Gii phng trnh: 2( x 2 3x + 2) = 3 x 3 + 8
Hng dn: iu kin x 2
+ Bin i phng trnh v dng: 2(2 x 2 2 x + 4) 2( x + 2) = 3 ( x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 4)
+ Do x = 2 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia c hai v cho (x+2) ta c

+ t

2( x 2 2 x + 4)
x 2 2x + 4
3
2=0
x+2
x+2
1

t=
x 2 2x + 4
2

= t (t 0) ta c 2t 3t 2 = 0
2 (loi)

x+2
t = 2

x 2 2x + 4
Vi t = 2
= 4 x 2 2 x + 4 = 4 x + 8 x 2 6 x 4 = 0 x = 3 13
x+2

Bi 21: Gii phng trnh

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

Hng dn: t t = x + 3 + 6 x ( x + 3)(6 x) =

t2 9
2

t = 1
t2 9
=3
2
t = 3
+ Vi t = -1 x + 3 + 6 x = 1 (v nghim)
x = 3
+ Vi t = 3 x + 3 + 6 x = 3
x = 6

+ Phng trnh tr thnh t

Cch khc:
Bi ton c th gii bng cch a v h phng trnh vi u = x + 3 v v = 6 x
Bi 22: Gii phng trnh: x 3 8 x 2 + 13x + 6 + 6( x 3) x 2 5 x + 5 = 0(1)
Hng dn: iu kin: x 2 5 x + 5 0
+ T (1) ( x 3)( x 2 5 x 2) + 6( x 3) x 2 5 x + 5 = 0
x = 3(loai )
2
2
x 5 x 2 + 6 x 5 x + 5 = 0(2)
x 2 5 x + 5 = t , iu kin t 0
t = 1
(2) t 2 + 6t 7 = 0
, t = -7 (loi), t = 1 (tha mn)
t = 7
x = 1
+ Vi t =1 x 2 5 x + 5 = 1
(tha mn iu kin)
x = 4

+ Gii (2): t

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1 v x = 4

Bi 23: 2 2 x + 4 + 4 2 x = 9 x 2 + 16
Hng dn: Bnh phng hai v, lc phng trnh :
4(2 x + 4) + 16 2(4 x 2 ) + 16(2 x) = 9 x 2 + 16
8(4 x 2 ) + 16 2(4 x 2 ) = x 2 + 8 x

+ t t = 2(4 x 2 ) (t 0)
+ Phng trnh tr thnh : 4t 2 + 16t x 2 8 x = 0
x

t1 = 2
+ Gii phng trnh trn vi n t ta tm c
t = x 4
2

+ Do x 2 nn t 2 < 0 khng tha mn iu kin t 0

x 0
x
4 2

x=
(tha mn iu kin x 2
2
2
2
3
8(4 x ) = x
4 2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =
3
x
2

+ Vi t = th

2( 4 x 2 ) =

Bi 24: Gii phng trnh ( x + 4) 2 6 x 3 + 3x = 13

Hng dn: iu kin: x 3 + 3x 0 x 0
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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

+ Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh x 2 + 8 x + 3 6 x 3 + 3x = 0(1)

3
3
6 x+ = 0
x
x
t = 2
3
+ t x + = t (t 4 12 ) , ta c t 2 6t + 8 = 0
(tha mn)
x
t = 4
x = 1
+ Vi t = 2
x = 3

+ Nhn thy x = 0 khng tha mn nn (1) x + 8 +

x = 8 + 61

+ Vi t = 4

x = 8 61

Bi 25: 2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 16
Hng dn: Bin i phng trnh v dng:
2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 2 x + 3 + x + 1 + 2 (2 x + 3)( x + 1) 20

+ t t = 2 x + 3 + x + 1(t 0)
+ Khi t 2 = 2 x + 3 + x + 1 + 2 (2 x + 3)( x + 1)
+ Ta c phng trnh: t 2 t 20 = 0 t = 4; t = 5
+ Ly t = 5 tha mn, thay t = 5 c x = 3
Bi 26: Gii phng trnh

9
2x
+
1 = 0
2
x
2x 2 + 9

Hng dn: iu kin: x 0

2x 2 + 9
2x
+ Phng trnh cho tng ng
+
3= 0
2
x
2x 2 + 9

t = 1
1
+ t t =
0 . Phng trnh tr thnh 2 + 2t 3 = 0
2
t = 1
t
2x + 9
2

x < 0
1
3 2
+ Vi t = 2 x = 2 x 2 + 9 2
x=
2
2
2
4 x = 2 x + 9

+ Vi t = 1 phng trnh v nghim

Bi 27: x 3 + 3x 2 + 4 x + 2 = (3x + 2) 3x + 1
Hng dn:
( x + 1) 3 + ( x + 1) = [(3 x + 1) + 1] 3 x + 1
( x + 1) 3 + ( x + 1) = ( 3 x + 1) 3 + 3 x + 1

x = 0
x = 1
. p s
x = 1
x = 0

+ Xt hm f (a) = a 3 + a ta suy ra x + 1 = 3x + 1 x 2 x = 0
Bi 28: 4 x 3 + x ( x + 1) 2 x + 1 = 0
Hng dn:

( 2 x ) 3 + 2 x = ( 2 x + 1) 3 + 2 x + 1 2 x = 2 x + 1 4 x 2 2 x 1 = 0 x =

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1+ 5
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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

Bi 29: Gii phng trnh

x 2 + 12 + 5 = 3 x + x 2 + 5

Hng dn: phng trnh c nghim th

x 2 + 12 x 2 + 5 = 3 x 5 0 x

5
3

+ Ta nhn thy x = 2 l nghim ca phng trnh, nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch

v dng (x-2)A(x) = 0, thc hin c iu ta phi nhm, tch nh sau:
x 2 + 12 4 = 3 x 6 + x 2 + 5 3
( x 2)(

x+2
x 2 + 12 + 4

+ D dng chng minh c:

x2 4
x 2 + 12 + 4

= 3( x 2) +

x2 4
x2 + 5 + 3

x+2

3) = 0 x = 2
x2 + 5 + 3
5
x+2
x+2

3 < 0, x >
2
2
3
x + 12 + 4
x +5 +3

Bi 30: Gii phng trnh

x + 4 1 x = 1 2x

Hng dn:
1 x 0
1

1 2 x 0

4 x
2
1 x + 1 2x = x + 4

x + 4 0
2 x + 1 = 2 x 2 3 x + 1

( 1 x + 1 2 x ) 2 = x + 4

1
1
1

2 x 2
4 x 2

2 x + 1 0
x=0
x = 0

2
2
7
(2 x + 1) = 2 x 3 x + 1
x =
2

Bi 31: Gii phng trnh: x 3 15 x 2 + 78 x 141 = 53 2 x 9

Hng dn: iu kin xc nh: x R
+ Phng trnh ( x 5) 3 + 5( x 5) = (2 x 9) + 53 2 x 9
+ Xt hm s c trng: f ( x) = t 3 + 5t vi t R
+ Ta c : f ' (t ) = 3t 2 + 5 > 0, t R , suy ra hm s trn ng bin trn R
+ M phng trnh (*) c dng: f ( x 5) = f (3 2 x 9 )
( x 5) 3 = 2 x 9 x 3 15 x 2 + 73 x 116 = 0
x = 4
( x 4)( x 11x + 29) = 0
x = 11 5
2

Bi 32: Gii phng trnh

Hng dn: iu kin: x 12
+ t u = 3 x + 24 ; v = 12 x vi v 0

x + 24 + 12 x = 6

u + v = 6

u + v = 6
u + v = 6
u + v = 6

2
3
2
3
2
3
2
u + v = 36
u + (6 u ) = 36
u + u 12u = 0
u (u + u 12) = 0

+ Ta c

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MT S DNG PHNG TRNH THNG XUT HIN TRONG THI I HC

u = 0

v = 6
u = 4

v = 10

u = 3
v = 3

x = 24
x = 88 (tha mn)

x = 3

Bi 33: Gii phng trnh 23 2 x 1 = 27 x 3 27 x 2 + 13x 2

Hng dn:
(2 x 1) + 23 2 x 1 = (3 x 1) 3 + 2(3 x 1)

+ Xt hm f (a) = a + 23 a ta suy ra 2 x 1 = (3x 1) 3 27 x 3 27 x 2 + 7 x = 0 x = 0

p s: x = 0
Bi 34: Gii phng trnh

x +1 + 3 x2 = 3 x + 3 x2 + x

Hng dn:
+ Xt x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh
+ Vi x 0 , ta chia hai v cho x:
3

x +1 3
x +1 3
+ x = 1 + 3 x + 1 3
1( x 1) = 0 x = 1
x
x

(lm bi tp kt hp vi hc trong v ghi)

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