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Solarpvpumpingsurvey PDF
Solarpvpumpingsurvey PDF
Submitted by
Amit Desai (08D17008)
Guide: Prof. Anand B. Rao
Abstract
Water pumping is an energy intensive activity and consumes a large amount diesel and
electricity. Solar energy, which is abundantly available in India, can be used for pumping water
via Solar-PV technology. In this study, we try to understand the performance of the already
deployed solar PV water pumps in the Mumbai and Thane area. The sites we visited included
solar pumps installed under Govt. schemes such as the GSDA and installations by private clubs
in both rural and urban areas. Along with the analysis of performance, various socio-economic
aspects of the surrounding communities are also looked at. Based on our findings, we have come
up with a list of recommendations mainly focused on development of community knowledge and
greater accountability from the vendors. Along with these recommendations, future work should
involve gathering of reliable data for analyzing the performance and operation of the pump and a
sizing mechanism as well as a pump-type selection framework.
Table of Contents
1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Motivation ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3
2.1.1
2.1.2
Types of Pumps..................................................................................................................... 5
2.2
2.2.1
Advantages ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2
Limitations ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.3
3
3.2
3.3
Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 18
References ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix I .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Appendix II ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Appendix III ................................................................................................................................................ 23
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Configuration of a solar PV powered pumping system .............................................................. 4
Figure 2-2 Surface Centrifugal Pump ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2-3 A typical 'cut-down' pump .......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3-1 Solar Panel at Ujjaini................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 3-2Storage tank at Ujjaini ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 3-3 Hand Pump at Ujjaini ................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3-4 Solar panel at Avade ................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 3-5 Control Unit at Avade ............................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3-6 Solar Panel at Angav ................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3-7 Solar panel at Joggers park........................................................................................................ 17
ii
Introduction
1.1 Motivation
Unlike conventional diesel or electrical pumps, solar photovoltaic (PV) pumps are powered by
an array of solar panels. Solar PV pumps are designed to operate on DC power produced by solar
panels. These pumps are gaining popularity all over the world, especially in the areas where
electricity is either unavailable or unreliable. Solar PV pumps are becoming a preferred choice in
remote locations to replace hand-pumps, grid-connected electrical pumps and diesel pumps. In
such places, solar PV pumps are even viable economically in comparison to conventionally run
pumps.
Solar water pumps were first introduced for water provision in off-grid areas. The technology
has developed around many different designs and in some water pumps the reliability and
maintenance requirements have improved over the initial pumps introduced to the market. Solar
pumps are easy to install, require no nonrenewable energy, operate autonomously and are
generally good for the sustainability of boreholes due to their low extraction volumes spread
over eight to ten hours a day. The initial capital cost is high due to the cost of the photovoltaic
modules. The maintenance requirements differ and range between annual and five year
maintenance intervals. A perceived limiting factor of solar pumps is that they do not easily cater
for fluctuating water demands or increased water demand although solutions for this are being
offered.
As the initial capital cost is very high, the buying behavior for solar pumps can be classified into
a few categories:
1. High-income individuals setting up a solar pump for personal or commercial use, mostly in
off-grid locations
2. Government funded schemes which install solar pumps for both drinking and irrigation
requirements in locations with either no-electricity or unreliable supply.
3. Co-operative societies or groups that want to install solar pumps- these can be in both offgrid locations and urban locations with reliable supply.
The aim of this study is to understand the basics of solar PV pumps and interact with the relevant
stakeholders within the aforementioned 3 categories. We also list down the learning outcomes of
the field visits to better understand the socio-economic aspects of future possible installations.
1.2 Objective
The objective of this study is
1. To understand the basics of solar-PV based pumps
2. To identify manufacturers, vendors/ suppliers, and customers using solar PV pump sets
3. To understand the issues involved in these applications through interaction with the
stakeholders and field visits
2 Literature Survey
2.1 Understanding the Technology
2.1.1 Main Components
A solar pump typically consists of the following main components (Figure 2-1):
Photovoltaic array: An array of photovoltaic modules connected in series and possibly strings
of modules connected in parallel.
Controller: An electronic device which matches the PV power to the motor and regulates the
operation, starting and stopping of the PVP. The controller is mostly installed on the surface
although some PVPs have the controller integrated in the submersible motor-pump set:
1. DC controller: usually based on a DC to DC controller with fixed voltage setpoint operation.
2. AC controller (inverter): converts DC electricity from the array to alternating current
electricity often with maximum power point tracking.
3. Electric motor: There are a number of motor types: DC brushed, DC brushless, or three phase
induction and three phase permanent magnet synchronous motors.
4. Pump: The most common pump types are the helical rotor pump (also referred to as
progressive cavity), the diaphragm pump, the piston pump and the centrifugal pump.
There are currently three pumping configurations that are the most common:
1. DC drives with positive displacement pumps. This consists of four pump technologies:
a. Diaphragm pump driven by brushed DC motor: Submersible motor/pump
b. Helical rotor pump driven by brushless DC motor: Submersible motor/pump
c. Helical rotor pump driven by surface mounted brushed DC motor
d. Piston pump driven by surface mounted brushed DC motor pump.
2. AC drive powering a submersible induction motor/centrifugal pump unit
3. AC drives powering a three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor. This category
consists of:
a. Positive displacement helical rotor pump
b. Centrifugal pump
The above technologies have specific features which make them suitable for particular
applications:
1. Array voltage: Some of the pumping systems have high array voltages. This has the
advantage that the array may be further from the borehole without significant voltage drop
(dependent on cable size and current). Array positioning may be important where there is
potential for theft.
2. DC motors: DC motors reach efficiencies of up to 80% and are therefore significantly more
efficient than sub-kW three phase motors which have efficiencies in the region of 60% to
65%.
3. Brushless DC motors: This combines the high efficiency of DC motors with low
maintenance as opposed to brushed DC motors which require regular brush replacement
(approximately every one to two years head and quality dependent).
4. Three phase permanent magnet motors: This similarly combines the high efficiency of
permanent magnet motors with low maintenance.
Submersible Pump
A submersible pump is one that is immersed in water. It pumps water by displacement.
Submersible pumps are suited both to deep well and to surface water sources. Most deep wells
use submersible pumps. These pumps are costlier but have a longer life and greater reliability
than surface pumps.
These pumps are designed for high head and medium flow application. They multi-stage pump
and high efficiency micro-controller based inverter. The inverter optimizes the power input and
thus enhances the overall system efficiency.
Choice of Pump: A comparison
Positive displacement pumps have a better daily delivery than centrifugal pumps when driven by
a solar PV system with its characteristic variable power supply. This is due to the considerable
drop in efficiency of the centrifugal pump when operating away from its design speed. This is
the case in the morning and the afternoon of a centrifugal pump driven by a PV array, unless that
array tracks the sun (which is why centrifugal PVPs effectiveness improves more with a tracking
array than a positive displacement PVP). The efficiency curve of a positive displacement pump
is flatter over a range of speeds. However the efficiency of positive displacement pumps
decreases with the shallowness of the borehole (the constant fixed friction losses become a more
significant part of the power it takes to lift water) [3].
6
Based on the case studies available through field testing done in multiple locations around the
world, the advantages and limitations of solar pumping systems can be summarised as:
2.2.1 Advantages
1. Low operating cost: One of the important advantages is the negligible operating cost of the
pump. Since there is no fuel required for the pump like electricity or diesel, the operating cost
is minimal.
2. Low maintenance: A well-designed solar system requires little maintenance beyond cleaning
of the panels once a week. Most vendors provide the post-installation service through trained
technicians for every cluster, so that the farmers dont need to worry about availability of
spares or other related problems.
3. Harmonious with nature: Another important advantage is that it gives maximum water output
when it is most needed i.e. in hot and dry months. Slow solar pumping allows us to utilize
low-yield water sources.
4. Flexibility: The panels need not be right beside the well. They can be anywhere up to 20
meters! 60 feet away from the well, or anywhere you need the water. So, it offers freedom
regarding the placement of panels. These pumps can also be turned on and off as per the
requirement, provided the period between two operations is more than 30 seconds.
2.2.2 Limitations
1. Low yield: Solar pumping is not suitable where the requirement is very high. The maximum
capacity available with solar is very low. However, the output of the solar DC pump is more
than a normal pump.
2. Variable yield: The water yield of the solar pump changes according to the sunlight. It is
highest around noon and least in the early morning and evening. This variability should be
taken into consideration while planning the irrigation.
3. Dry operation: The submersible pump has an in-built protection against dry run. However,
the surface pumps are very sensitive to dry run. A dry run of 15 minutes or more can cause
considerable damage to a surface pump.
4. Water quality: As with any other pump, solar pumps work best if the water is clean, devoid
of sand or mud. However, if the water is not so clean, it is advisable to clean the well before
installation or use a good filter at the end of the immersed pipe.
5. Theft: Theft of solar panels can be a problem in some areas. So the farmers need to take
necessary precautions. Ideally, the solar system should insured against theft as well as natural
hazards like lightning.
The MNRE has a programme for the deployment of various solar PV applications, including
water pumping systems. However, the deployment has been sparse thus far, with only 7,334
solar PV water pumps having been installed across the country as of March 2010 [3]. Water
demand for irrigation is correlated to bright sunny days. Hence, solar-based pumps make sense.
Even so, small buffer storage might be needed to replace diesel satisfactorily. A solar PV water
pumping system consists of a PV array, motor pump and power conditioning equipment, if
needed. The power conditioning equipment is used to stabilize the fluctuating electrical energy
output of the array. Depending on the total dynamic head and the required flow rate of water, the
pumping system can either be on the surface or submersible and the motor can run on either
alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). For AC pumping systems an inverter is required.
Ratings of pump sets are chosen depending on the water requirements, size of field, total
dynamic head, type of irrigation (drip irrigation, use of sprinklers), etc.
The key barrier to the large-scale dissemination of solar PV water pumps is the high capital cost
incurred by farmers compared to the much lower capital cost of conventional pumps. Solar PV is
a competitive option in the face of diesel, its adoption being contingent on the ease of access to
subsidies. Another factor to be considered is the space requirement for the installation of a solar
PV pump set. This factor limits adoption by small-scale farmers to whom land availability is a
major
3 Field Visits
The Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency (GSDA) of the Water Supply and Sanitation
Department of the Government of Maharashtra have come up with an innovative drinking water supply
scheme called Dual Pump Scheme in order to overcome the drawbacks of the existing bore well hand
pump based schemes in rural Maharashtra.
In order to ensure the sustainability of the scheme in terms of maintaining ground water levels, rainwater
harvesting structures are made mandatory on the site of installation. Hence this scheme intends to reduce
drudgery for women by providing for water through taps closer to homes. Due to the rain water
harvesting component of the scheme and focus on source, it gets funded by National Rural Drinking
Water Programme (NRDWP).
Around 1000 such schemes were implemented across Maharashtra during the year 2010-11. During the
initial stages of implementation of this scheme, the solar power component was not a part of it; rather
grid electricity was used to operate the pumps. Later it was observed that there is no electricity available
in economically backward habitations and in hilly, difficult terrains of the state. Hence, GSDA modified
the scheme and developed a Dual Pump Scheme based on Solar Energy.
Within our field visits, we look at both the installations made through the GSDA and private installations
done by clubs or other administrative agencies.
10
11
If we look at the socio-economic situation of the hamlet, it was connected to the grid only very
recently. We also came to know about a case where the villagers felt that they had been overcharged in the electricity bill and had not consumed the said number of units. The meter installed
at the home was also not transparent. Although it might well be the case that the previous debts
were being shown in the bill. On the whole however, it seems that the solar pump is working to
the satisfaction of the people here.
The pump installed at Avade (Figure 3-4 and 3-5) was installed after a proposal for the same was
submitted by the Sarpanch to the GSDA and under their scheme, the funds were released. The
pump is being implemented to supply water for only a part of the village where most of the
households earn their living through farming. The irrigation pumps are run using electricity,
while the solar pump provides for the drinking water through tank storage. The pump set-up here
consisted of the panel and an AC-DC converter along with automated ON/OFF switches. The
people here were also satisfied with the performance although they had to pay Rs. 60/month as
water-tax.
12
The third location, Angav (Figure 3-6) is considerably closer to a semi-urban setting. The solar
pump here was installed in 2011 and supplied drinking water to around 30 households
(population of 150). Although most of the characteristics here are similar to the other location,
the most important thing we noticed was that the panel fittings had started to rust and the terms
of this being covered in the warranty are not clear as such since it only talks about the
performance of the system. The people here were also satisfied with the installation claiming that
it takes only 2-3 hours for the tank to get filled up.
13
14
The system is currently operated by the same technicians who used to operate the pump
previously and based on the interaction, their knowledge and experience in operating the pump
with DC power is questionable. The panel si cleaned every 15 days currently. An important point
to note is that the warranty for the system is only for 1 year (solar panel for 10 years).
15
16
Based on our findings through the case studies, the learning outcomes can be summarized as
follows:
1. With the implementation of community based management, the community takes ownership
of the water supply installation and becomes responsible for the operational costs. When a
solar pump system is installed then the community does not collect money as there are no
operational costs. This leads to a crisis when the system requires a service or replacement
after a few years of operation. Hence the system of collecting a water tax seems more
suitable.
2. The use of batteries can be replaced by having a larger water storage system in the form of a
tank. In our experience, we discovered from the local people that even in cloudy conditions,
the pump was able to fill up the tank, which is a positive sign for shifting towards tank
storage rather than battery storage.
3. Corrosion is a major problem for the pump as well as the panel holdings. Corrosion
prevention measures can be installed so that the pump casing is not corroded.
4. Solar pumps do not utilize boreholes to the full extent a borehole with a safe yield of
5m3/hour will deliver more in 8 hours when pumped with a diesel engine than with a solar
pump. It is understood that tracking will provide a better utilization factor but still not the
same capacity as diesel.
5. The perception of the people still remains that solar pumps are high capital cost and as such
are only a viable option in case of support from larger organizations like a farmer community
or the government.
6. There is no focus on developing technical skill among the people using the system on a daily
basis and in case of any issues; the company has to be contacted. In case of areas that are not
easily accessible, this becomes a huge problem as the drinking water is an essential
commodity.
7. Maintenance tasks such as cleaning of the panels or operation on a daily basis along with
passive tracking should be assigned exclusively to designated people to ensure smooth
operation.
8. Contrary to popular perception, even urban settings provide for feasible deployment of solar
pumps, mainly when the quantity of water to be pumped and stored is larger in quantity, thus
making it more economically feasible.
17
Recommendations
18
References
19
Appendix I
No Particulars
Project Site 1
Project Site 2
Project Site 3
Location
(habitation/GP/Taluka)
Implementation Date/Status
Ujjaini/
Bhokarpada/
Wada
April 2011/ Working
Aavade/
Vishwagarh/
Bhiwandi
Under Construction
Angav/
Angav/
Bhiwandi
2011
Dependent Houses/People
44/260
75/400
30/150
No of Stand posts
NA
Yield of Source
Power rating
NA
SVS
450/900
900/900
900/900
5000/1.5
NA
5000/3
GSR Capacity(l)/
Height(m)
5/1
NA
2-3/1
10
VWSC(Y/N)
11
Water Tax(Rs/month)
50
60
12
Village Electrified(Y/N),
Load shedding
Y(recently),
Y,
Y,
5-6 hrs
once a week
No
Bharat Lahange/
Operator
09260353264
Anant Jadhav/
Sarpanch
09158835369
Ramchandra Kalu
Shelar/ Sarpanch
13
08087765587
14
Peoples View
Satisfied
20
Appendix II
GENERAL INFORMATION
Name, Address and Contact Number of the Pump owner Rotary Club Joggers Park, Vile Parle,
Mumbai. Contact: Mr. Sanjay (Sanjay marketing), Mobile: 09820223853
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
2
Source of Water:
(Details of availability, head and distance
required)
8
9
10
11
No battery
12
13
14
15
33 mtrs
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PARAMETERS
16
17
Installation stakeholders
(Mainly the owner and the vendor)
Cost incurrence (in percentage or in actual
figures), What percentage is loan? Rate of
Interest?
(GSDA/Panchayat/Self/others)
Any remarks on performance
Utilization
Area under each crop (ha) being irrigated using
the system, yields
Change in yield/Extra income generation due to
irrigation calculate the ROIs
Any alternative usage planned for the system
(At least panels) so as to enhance the economic
viability?
Local technician available (Y/N)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Appendix III
22
GENERAL INFORMATION
Name, Address and Contact Number of the Pump owner: BMC, Cement godown, nimkar Road,
Byculla, Mumbai. Contact person: Mr. Deepak Tupe, 9579061984
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
2
Source of Water:
(Details of availability, head and distance
required)
10
11
No battery
12
13
70 ft.
16
NA
17
Installation stakeholders
(Mainly the owner and the vendor)
Cost incurrence (in percentage or in actual
figures), What percentage is loan? Rate of
Interest?
(GSDA/Panchayat/Self/others)
BMC office
18
NA
23
19
20
Utilization
Area under each crop (ha) being irrigated using
the system, yields
Change in yield/Extra income generation due to
irrigation calculate the ROIs
Any alternative usage planned for the system
(At least panels) so as to enhance the economic
viability?
Local technician available (Y/N)
21
22
23
24
25
NA
No
26
27
24