Principles of Democracy 6th Version 2013 Sept

Principles of Democracy
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BCES
( - )

()

( - )

-
() ()
BCES
www.burmaethnicstudies.net
www.burmese.burmaethnicstudies.net
bcescentre@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-616-305-446-3

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pma&;ol. trSmpm

()

ii
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(Chin National Council)
iii
(Chinland Development and Research Society)

US State Department Principles of Democracy
Robert Dahl On Democracy Democracy and Its Critics

Isaiah Berlin Two Concepts of Liberty

Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies

(Dr. Lian H. Sakhong)
Director
Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies
Chiang Mai, 2012
()
'Drdkua&pD usifhpOfw&m;rsm;
()
'Drdkua&pD qdkwmbmvJ
Demos Kratos
Demos
(People) Kratos (Rule)

-

(Peoples Power)
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()

()
(Citizen)

()

()

()

() ()

() ()

()

(The Right

to Recall)
()

()

()
()

()

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()
()
()

()

(Fundamental Freedom)

()

()

()
()


()

()

()

()

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(Peoples Power)
()
?
()
?

? ( -
)

?

(
)

?

?

?

qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;
usifhoHk;yHkusifhoHk;enf;

()

()


(Decision Making Process)

()

()

(Separation of Power)

()

(Political Institutions)

10
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()

()

(
)

()

()
11
()
EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh
EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'

(Civil Society)

12
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(Basic Freedom)

(Fundamental
Human Rights)

13
zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' t"d`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf

14
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()

()

()

(
)

()
15

(Right)
()


(Political Institution)

()

(Division of Power)
(Federal and States Relation)
(Form of State)
()

(Form of Government)

()

16
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()

/

(Constitutional Court)

()

()
-

(Negative Right)

-
17

( - )
()

Af irmative Right
Af irmative Right

()

()
18
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfESifhtnD
tm%mcJGa0jcif;

()

19

()

()
()
()

()

()

(Self-rule)

(Shared-rule)

(Division of Powers)
()

(
)
( )

()
20
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()

(Residual Powers)

() (Self-rule)
(Shared-rule)

()

()

21
()
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

()

/

(Above
22
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the Law)

(The Rule by Law)

(Magna
Carta)

( )

(Above the
Law)
23

()
()

()

()

()

24
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()

()

(The rule of law)
(Ruled by law) ?

?
?
?
?

25
()
Oya'jyKa&;tm%m

Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely

() Seperation
of Power

()

26
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()

()

()

( )
()

/

()

/

()
27
()
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m

()

(General Elections) (
)

28
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()

()
( )

()
()

()

() /

()

(Check and balance)
29
()
w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m

(Above the
Law)

()

30
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()

()

()

/
/

31
()
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh a&G;aumufyJG

()

()

()

32
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()

()

()
()

33
()

()

()

/
()

()
()

34
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35
()
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwD

()

()

( -

- )
36
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
Issue-based
Political Parties ( -
)
()

()

()

()

()

37
()

()

()

()

38
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()
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif zJG@pnf;tyfaom tpdk;&/

!$ef@aygif;tpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHygwDrsm;

()

39

(Semi-Presidential
System)

()

()

40
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()

()

()

()

41
()

()

()

()

42
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
tpdk;&. wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_ESifh yGifhvif;r_

(Responsibility,
Accountability and Transparency)

()
43
()

(Above the law)

()

()
/
(Judicial Review)
()

()

(Con lict of Interest)

(Con licts of Interest and Financial Disclosure Law)

()

()
() (Ombudsman)
44
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
()
(Independent Auditors)

(Administrative Court)
()

(Ethical Rules)
()

45
()
jynfolvlxk. wm0efESifh 0W&m;rsm;

()
(Participation)

()

46
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()

(Responsibilities)

()

(Accountability)
()

()

(Responsibility) (Accountability) (Transparency)

()

(Civil Society)

47
()
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh
vlr_tajcjyK tzJG@tpnf;rsm;
(Civil Society)

(Civil Society)

48
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()

()

() -

/

(
)

/

()
-

49
()

()

()

()

()

()

50
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()

(
)

()
()

()
()
51
()
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif xm;&Sdtyfaom wyfrawmf.

tcef;ursm;

() ()

52
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()

()

()

()

53
()

()
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;
57
()
vGwfvyfr_. tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;

()

-

58
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
59

-

()

() (Division of
Power between Federal and States)
(Decentralization)

Isaiah Berlin
(Positive Freedom; e.g., Freedom of)

60
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(Negative Freedom; e.g., Freedom from..,)

(Positive Freedom)

(Freedom of )
(Positive Freedom)

(freedom of speech,
freedom of expression, freedom of belief, etc.)
(Negative Freedom)

(Freedom from Fear)

(Freedom from Want)

61

(Freedom)

()

()

()

()

62
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()

()

()

()

-
-
-

63
()

() (Transparency) ()
(Accountibility) () (Responsibility)
()

()

64
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65
()
tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;

-

()

66
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
(Freedom) (Fundamental
Human Rights)

()

()

()

()

67

()

()

()

()

68
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/

()

69
()
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdka&;om;cGifh

()

()
70
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

/

/
/

()

()

( )
()

71

()

()

()

72
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

() (Freedom of Speech)

()

(Freedom)

73
74
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()
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&ESifh owif;rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifh

/ /
/

()

()

75

/ /

()

() /
/

()

/

()

76
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()

()

Website

()

()

77
()
bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh

()
()
()

()

78
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()

()

()

79
()
vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;

(Tyranny of Majority)

-

80
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()

()

(Unity in Diversity)
()

(National Identity)

(National Identity)
()

81
(Home Land)

(Cultural Self-determination or Cultural Autonomy)

()

82
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()
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;ESifh usm;rwef;wla&;

()
()

83
()

()

()
()
()
()

() /

()

()

()

()

()

84
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()
'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh
()

()

85
()

()

()

()

()

86
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()

FCDCC
() ()
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;
89
()
tcGifhta&;rsm;/ &ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;

(Bill of Rights, Guarantees and Duties)
(Fundamental Rights)
()
()
()

()
()

()
()
()
90
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()

()

()

()

()
()
()
()

()
()

()

91
() -
-

()

(Civil and Political Rights)
()

()

()
()

()

92
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()
()

()

()
()

()

()
()

()
()

()
()

93
()
() ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()

()
()
94
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(Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Duties)

()
()

()

()

()
()

()
()

()

95
()

()

()
()
()

()
()

()
()

()

96
qvdkif;vsefr+ef;
()

()
(Af irmative Action Rights and General Principles)

() -
-
()

()
()

() ()

()

97

()

()

()
()

()
()
()
()
()
()
()

()

98
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()

()
()

()
()

()

()
()
()

()
qDG'ifEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;yHkusifhoHk;enf;
'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfw&m;rsm; 101
qDG'ifEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;yHkusifhoHk;enf;
'Drdkua&pDqdkwm bmvJ t"d`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf tusOf;

()

102 qvdkif;vsefr+ef;

()
[

() ()

]

'Drdkua&pDzHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_
(Developing Democracy)

(Self-determination)

(Universal value)

()

() ()

NGO

Civil rights

Democratization

Democratization

Democratization


'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv t[ef@twm;rsm;
(Obstacles in the Process)



()

(
)

() (


'Drdkua&pD,Ofaus;r_
(Democratic culture)

()

()
()
()
()
()

(
)

(

)

-


(
)

(Civil
Society)


qDG'ifEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;yHk
(Democracy in Sweden)

(-)

()


()
()


(
) (
) () ()

(Civil Society)

(Process)



(CDRS)
(Chin National Council-CNC)

(Mrs. Monica Bengtson -
(Chinland Development and Research Society-CDRS)

pma&;ol. udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;
(Dr. Lian H. Sakhong)
Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies (BCES)
(ENC)
(CNC)
(CNF)

(ENSCC)
(ENC) -
(UNLD-LA) - (CNLD-Exile)

(Chin National Union)

-

(UNLD)


(B.A.Hons) (M.A)

(B.D) Uppsala University
(Ph.D)

In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics
and Ethnic Identity in Burma

Nordic
Institute of Asian Studies

In Defence of Identity:
Ethnic Nationalities Struggle for Democracy, Human Rights and Federalism
in Burma Orchid Press

Peaceful Co-existance: Towards Federal Union of
Burma

Dr. Lian H. Sakhong

(Martin Luther King Prize)
The Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies (BCES)
The Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies (BCES) is an independent think

tank and study centre founded in 2012 to generate ideas on democracy,
human rights and federalism as an effective vehicle for Peace and
Reconciliation in the Union of Burma.
The main objectives of the Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies are:
To promote Peace and Reconciliation;
To promote the ideas and practices of democracy, human rights and

federalism;
To promote constitutional knowledge, the rule of law and good

governance;
To expand and consolidate the network of organizations and leaders

to promote autonomy and internal self-determination within a
federal arrangement as a means of addressing and ending ethnic
armed con lict in the Union of Burma.
Mission Statement
To engage in research and publication on democratic principles,

human rights and federalism to disseminate knowledge.
To organize policy studies, forums and conferences to advance

public policy for peace and development.
To conduct activities for the development of the rule of law, human

rights, democracy and effective and accountable governance.
To engage in programs to promote and develop democratic and

political institutions.
To initiate programs and activities to assist the strengthening of

good governance and evolving meaningful policies to make effective
autonomy and internal self-determination in member states of the
Union.
To develop new strategies and communication networks to

strengthen communication between ethnic areas and the central
Burma.

Principles of Democracy 6th Version 2013 Sept

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Principles of Democracy

(Chinland Development and Research Society)

'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif zJG@pnf;tyfaom tpdk;&/

tpdk;&. wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_ESifh yGifhvif;r_

(Above the law)

jynfolvlxk. wm0efESifh 0W&m;rsm;

'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif xm;&Sdtyfaom wyfrawmf.

(Positive Freedom; e.g., Freedom of)

(Negative Freedom; e.g., Freedom from..,)

vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fjcif;

tcGifhta&;rsm;/ &ydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;

(Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Duties)

(Af irmative Action Rights and General Principles)

Dr. Lian H. Sakhong

The Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies (BCES)

The Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies (BCES) is an independent think

To promote Peace and Reconciliation;

To promote the ideas and practices of democracy, human rights and

To promote constitutional knowledge, the rule of law and good

To expand and consolidate the network of organizations and leaders

To engage in research and publication on democratic principles,

To organize policy studies, forums and conferences to advance

To conduct activities for the development of the rule of law, human

To engage in programs to promote and develop democratic and

To initiate programs and activities to assist the strengthening of

To develop new strategies and communication networks to

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