Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data seventh edition The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals Donald Watson, FAIA, editor-in-chief Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D.., senior editor John Hancock Callender in memorium associate editors: Donald Baerman, AIA Walter Cooper Martin Gehner, P.E. William Hall Bruce W. Hisley Richard Rittelmann, FAIA Timothy T. Taylor, AIA, ASTM.Litwary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data “Time-saver standards for architectural design dat etd by Donald Watsoa, Michac J. Crosbie, John Hancock Callender—7th ed pom Rev. ed of Time-saver standards for architectural design data Ged 1982, Ticlades index, ISBN 0.07-068506-1 1. Building Handbooks, manuals tc. 2. Buildiag—Standanls— Handbooks, manuals ee. 3. Arehitctural design—Handbooks, ‘manuals ct. Watson, Donald, 1937- IL Crosbie, Michael 4. IML Callender John Hancock. 1V. Tie: Time-saver standards for architectural design dts, THISLTSS 1097 ripen, 9718390 cr CCopysight © 1997, 1982, 1974, 1966, 1984, 1950, 1946 by McGraw-Hill ne Al ights reserved Printed inthe United States of America, Except as permite under the United States Copyright Act of 1976. No pat ofthis publication may be reproduced or distbuted in any form or by any means, oF stoged in database o etre system, without the prioe writen permission of the publisher. ‘The McGraw-Hill Professional Rook Group editors Wendy Lochner. Printed and bound by Book design: Sanda Oleik,Prinworks, Lid, Madson, CT, USA. Computer graphics: Birch Bidwell ‘Assistant: Kathleen Beckert ‘www Printworks-Lid.com (Cover design: Sandra Olenik and Margaret Webster Shapiro Photography inthis volume is by Donald Watson, FAIA, excep as noted Discluimer ‘Te infration in this bok as en abtaied frm any sures, inchadng goverment rgtizatons, ade axcciins, nnufactrers ad rofesionas sn rsearch al in practice. The pulaher ets and aur have mde every resonable eff to make this erence Work ‘Sccrate and autonative, but make no wart. an assume no labily forthe acuracy or completenss of the ta, tbls olkstations os fox for any patent pups. The apearane of technical dat o etal material ia ths publication does not conte enoremeat, ‘wrt gaan by the pulse eco auton of any prod, desig, service, paces isthe reaponsy of wer to apply thei frofesstonal knowledge in he use of information and ecommendanns contained inthis Book, to esl igi sources for more dtd {information and o sek exper advice a eed ora appropiate fo the desi and cnsructon of linge. Neder the authors, ers ‘MoCeawHl atall ave ony bly to ny party for any dang reing fro the ue, application cr adapin of tfloasion contained ia “ine SaverStanlads, whether such damages be dct rie o i the nate of lat pois consequential damages. The Tes Saver Staal s pblshed with he undestandig that McGraw Hillis nt engaged i providing architec, enpinecring desig or ther profes. For more information about otber McGraw-Hill materials, call 1-800-2-MCGRAW, ia the United States. nother counties cal your nearest McGrail ofc. ESBLN.0-07-068506-1Contributors Preface to the Seventh Ei Editors of the Seventh Edition Exemplary professional and technical reference books Introduction PART! ARCHITECTURAL FUNDAMENTALS 10 u 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 9 2 Universal design and accessible design $. Saimen, AIA and Elaine Ostroft Architecture and regulation is Ventre Bioclimatic design Donat Watson, FAIA and Murray Solar control Steven V. Szokoloy Daylighting design Benjamin FAIA Natural ventilation Benjamin Evans, FAIA Indoor air quality Ho! Levin ‘Acoustics: theory and applications PE, Steven Haas and C) Jaffe, PAD, LR 1 Br ntley and Ruth T. Brantley Intelligent building systems Donald Watson, FAIA Building economics David $ Haviland, Hon. AIA Estimating and design cost analysis, e, PE, and Bilan Bowen, FRICS fe cycle assessment ‘nn Todd, Nacay Matin and Alex Wilson Donaid Baerman, Al Design-Build delivery system joning: a guide for architects Naney Benner Tucl Haas, and Ker! Sturm, PE. ing performance evaluation gang FE Preiser Ph.D. and U 19 performance Benton, and Allan Daly h Schramm, Ph.D. ix xii xiv xv xvii 21 35 63 75 85 101 7 125 139 151 157 169 183 193 199 209 215 231 239Contents PART II DESIGN DATA A Al ALL Al2 ALS ALA ALS B13 BLA BIS B16 BLT B1-8 B2 B2.1 B2.2 82.3 B24 B25 B26 B27 82.8 B3 B31 SUBSTRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION Soils and foundation types Philip P. Page, Jr. Retaining walls Martin Gehner, PE. Subsurface moisture protection Donald Watson, FAIA and Murray Milne Residential foundation design John Carmody and Joseph Lstiburek, PEng. Termite control Donald Pearman SHELL ‘SUPERSTRUCTURE An overview of structures Design loads Martin Gehner, PE. Structural design-wood Martin Gehner, PE. Structural design-stee! Jonathan Ochshom Structural design-concrete Robert M. Darvas Structural design - masonry Martin Gehner, PE. Earthquake resistant design Eimer E. Botsai, FAIA Tension fabric structures RE. Shaeffer, PE. and Craig Huntington, S.€. EXTERIOR CLOSURE Exterior walll systems: an overview Thermal Insulation Donald Baerman, AIA Building movement Donald Baerman, AIA Corrosion of metals Donald Baerman, AIA Moisture control Joseph Lstiburek, PEng. Watertight exterior walls Stephen S, Ruggiero and James C. Myers Exterior doors and hardware Timothy I. Taylor Residential windows John C. Carmody and Stephen Selkowitz ROOFING Roofing systems Donald Baerman, AIA Time Saver Standans for Architectural Design Data A-19 A358 B-27 B-47 B-61 B-77 B-101 B19 8-127 B-129 8-143 B-155 8-165 B17] 8-183 8-193 8-209 B-217 B-21983.2 Gutters and downspouts Donald Baerman, AIA B3.3. Roof openings and accessories Donald Baerman, AIA B3.4 Radiant barrier systems Philp Fairey INTERIORS C1_ INTERIOR CONSTRUCTIONS 1-1 Suspended ceiling systems Williarn Hat C1-2 Interior partitions and panels Wiliarn Hat C1-3 Interior doors and hardware Timothy I. Taylor C1-4 Flexible infrastructure Vivian Loftness, AIA and Volker Hartkopf Ph.D C2 STAIRCASES €2-1 Stair design checklist John Templer C2-2 Stair design to reduce injuries John Templer €2-3 Stair dimensioning Ernest Irving Freese C3__ INTERIOR FINISHES €3-1 Wall and ceiling finishes Wiliarn Haat €3-2 Flooring Wiliarn Hall D SERVICES DI CONVEYING sysTEMS D1-1 Escalators and elevators Peter R. Smith D2 PLUMBING D2-1 Plumbing systems Arturo De La Vega 2-2 Sanitary waste systems Arturo De La Vega 2-3 Special plumbing systems Arturo De La Vega D2-4 Solar domestic water heating Everett M. Barber, J D3 HVAC 3-1 Energy sources for houses Wiliam Bobenhausen D3-2 Heating and cooling of houses Wiliam Bobenhausen 3-3 Energy sources for commercial buildings Wiliam Bobenhausen Contents 8-239 8-247 8-253 ci C3 C13 23 C-35 c-49 C51 C61 C64 C-67 C89 C79 D-I D-I D-17 D-19 D-27 D-33 D-41 D-63 D-65 D-71 D-83 Time-Saver Standards for Archtetural Design DataContents D3-4 Thermal assessment for HVAC design Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and John Holton, PE, RA D3-5 HVAC systems for commercial buildings Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and Paul Scanion, RE. D3-6 HVAC specialties Catherine Coombs, ClH, CSP D4 FIRE PROTECTION 4-1 Fire safety design Fred Malven, Ph.D. 4-2 Fire protection sprinkler systems Bruce W. Hisley D4-3 Standpipe systems Bruce W. Hisley Dé-4 Fire extinguishers and cabinets Bruce W. Hisley D4-5 Special fire protection systems Bruce W. Hisley 4-6 Fire alarm systems Walter Cooper DS ELECTRICAL D5-1 Electrical wiring systems Benjamin Stein D5-2 Communication and security systems Walter Cooper and Robert DeGrazio D5-3 Electrical system specialties ‘Andrew Prager 5-4 Lighting John Bullough D§-5 Solar electric systems for residences Everett M. Barber, Jr APPENDIX Ill 1 TABLES AND REFERENCE DATA Dimensions of the human figure Insulation values Lighting tables 2 MATHEMATICS Properties of the circle Area, surfaces and volumes Areas-Perimeter ratios Willian Blackwell Useful curves and curved surfaces Seymour Howard, Architect Drawing accurate curves Stering M. Paim, Architect Modular coordination Hans J, Milton and Byron Bloomfield, AIA 3. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND METRICATION Units of measurement Introduction to SI metric system RE. Shaetfer, PE. Metrication Index Reader Response Form D-89 D-WT D-145 D-151 D-153 D-161 D-171 D-175 D-179 D-187 D-191 D-193 D-199 D-219 D-231 D-255 AP-79 AP-85 AP-85 AP-91Contributors to the 6th edition (represented in 7th edition evision) Alcles ofthe following authors are reprinted from the 6th edition of Time-Saver Standards (1982), acknowledging their legacy to professional knovledge represented in this volume: William Blackwell, Architectual Consultant Byron C. Bloomfield, AIA, Modular Building Standards Association Emest Irving Freese ‘Seymour Howard, Professor Emeritus of Architecture, Pratt Institute Hans J. Millon, FRAIA, Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards Sterling M. Palm, AIA Architect Philip P. Page. Jr, Consulting Engineer ‘Syska & Hennessy, Consulting Engineers Howard P. Vermilya, AIA Architect ‘New contributions to the 7th edition Authors: ‘The Following authors have prepared articles forthe Seventh Edition. Their contsibutions are gratefully acknowledged. ‘Their professional addresses and contact information are inicated where appropriate [AIA California Council. ADAPT Production Committee. 1303 J St, Sacramento, CA 95814. Gordon H. Chong, char ‘Stephan Castellanos, Donald M. Comstock, Michael J. Bocchicchio, Sc, Dana Cuff, Ph.D., Betsey O. Dougherty, Joseph Ehrlich, Harry C. Hallenbeck, Lee Schwager, John G.Staffonl, Bruce R. Starkweather, Arba H. Stinnet, Julie Thompson, Paul W. Wele, Jr. Donald Bact wn, ALA, 42 Wayland Street, North Haven, CT 06473. FAX (203) 288-7557. Everett M. Barber, Je, Sunsearch , Inc, PO. Box $90, Guilford CT 06437. FAX (203) 458-9011 Nancy Benner (1947-1997) (Charles C, Benton, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Califor Berkeley, CA 94720-1800 William Bobenhausen, Steven Winter Associates, 50 Washington Steet, Norwalk, CT 06854, Elmer E. Bolsa, FAIA, Professor Emeritus, School of Architecture, University of Hawai t Manoa, Honolul, HI 96822. Brian Bowen, FRICS, Principal, Hanscomb, Ine. 1175 Peachtree Steet, NE, Atlanta, GA 30308, L. Reed Brantley and Ruth T: Brantley, 2908 Robert Place, Honolulu, HI 96816-1720, John Bullough, Research Associate, Lighting Research Center, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ‘Troy, NY 12180. William Burke, Vital Signs Project, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800. John Carmody, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, 1425 University Avenue ‘SE #220, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Robert P. Charette, PE., CVS, 138 Avenue Trenton, Montreal, Quebec HSP 12 Catherine Coombs, CIH, CSP, Steven Winter Associates, 80 Washington Steet, Norwalk, CT 06854 ‘Walter Cooper, ack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017, Michael J, Crosbie, PhD.,47 Grandview Terrace, Esex, CT 06426. Dana Cuff, PhD., Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, School of As and Architecture, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA'90095-1427. Arturo De La Vega, URS Greiner, 1120 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036, Allan Daly, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800, Robert M. Darvas, Professor Emeritus, Univers Blvd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-2069. ty of Michigan, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, 2000 Bonistel (Carolyn Dasher, Portland Energy Conservation, Inc.,921 SW Washington, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97208. Time-Saver Standards for Archtetural Design DataContributors Robert DeGrazio, Flack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017. John P. Eberhard, FAIA, 400 Madison Street, Apt. 702, Alexandria, VA 22314, M, David Egan, PE., PO Box 365, Anderson, SC 29622. Benjamin Evans, FALA (1921 1997) Philip W. Fairey, Deputy Director, Florida Solar Energy Center, Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. hutp:/f wowlsecueeda Martin D. Gehner, PE., Professor of Architectural Engineerin CT 06520. chool of Architecture, Yale University, New Haven, Harry T. Gordon, FAIA, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates, 1056 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 William Hall, MHTN Architects, 2 Exchange Place, Salt Lake City, UT 84111 ‘Steven Haas, Jaffe Holden Scarbrough Acoustics Ine, 114-A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854. “Tudi Haas! Portland Energy Conservation, ne, 921 SW Washington,, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205. Volker Hartkopf, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Center for Building Performance and Diagnosties, Department of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, David S. Haviland, Hon, ALA, Professor, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy NY 12180. Bruce W. Hisley, 27 Northem Pike Trail, Fairfield, PA 17320 John Holton, PE., Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001 fc Huntington, S.E., Huntington Design Associates, In., 1736 Franklin Street Suite S00, Oakland, CA 94612. (Christopher Jaffe, Ph.., Jaffe Holden Scarborough Acoustics, Inc, 144A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854, Jong-Tin Kim, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan ‘Ann Aebor, Mi 48108. Hal Levin, Hal Levin & Associates, 548 Empire Grade, Santa Cruz, CA 95060. Vivian Lofiness, AIA, Professor and Chair, Department of Architecture, Camegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890. Joseph Lstiburek, PEng., Building Science Corporation, 70 Main Street, Westford, MA 01886. FAX (508) 589-5103. Nadav Malin, Associate Elitor, vironmental Building News, RR 1, Box 161, Brattleboro, VT 05301. FAX (802) 257-7304. Fred M. Malven, Ph.D., Professor, lowa State University, College of Design, Ames, IA 50011-3093, Murray A. Milne, Professor Emeritus, School ofthe Arts and Architecture, UCLA, B-315 Perloff Hall, Los Angeles, CA ‘90095-1427. e-mail: milne@ucla.eda James C. Myers, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02174 Jonathan Ochshor, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Comell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Elaine Ostroff, Adaptive Environments Center, Congress Stret, Suite 301, Boston, MA 02210. Donald Pearman, 2001 Hoover Avenue, Oakland, CA 94602 Wolfgang F.E. Preiser, Ph. D., University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Plansing, Cincinnati, (0H 4521-0016. Richard Rittelmann, FAIA, Burt Hill Koser Rttelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001 ‘Stephen S. Ruggiero, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Asington, MA 02174, John P.S. Salmen, AIA , Universal Designers & Consultants, Inc. 1700 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, FAX (01) 770.4338, Paul Scanlon, Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Buller, PA 16001 Time Saver Standans for Architectural Design DataContributors Ulich Schramm, Ph.D., Fakultat fur Architectur und Stadplanung, Universitat Stuttgart, Keplerstrasse 11, 70174 Stuttgart Germany. ‘Stephen Selkowitz, Director, Windows and Daylighting Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. One Cyelo- tron Road. Berkeley, CA 94720, RE. Shaeffer, PE., Professor, Florida A&M University, School of Architecture, 1936 S. Martin Luther King Blvd. ‘Tallahassee, FL 32307. Peter R. Smith, Ph.D., FRAIA, Head, Department of Architectural Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, ‘Australia Karl Sum, RE. Porland Energy Conservation, Ine. 921 SW Washington, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205. uss Sullivan, PE, Burt Hill KoserRittelmana, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 1600 Steven V, Szokolay, PO Box 851, Kenmore, 4069, Queensland, Australia ‘Timothy T. Taylor, ALA, URS Greiner, 1120 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036, John Templer, 14 Verdier Road, Beauford, SC 29902. Joel An Todd, The Scientific Consulting Group, Ine. 656 Quince Orchasd Road, Suite 210, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878-1409, Francis Ventre, Ph.D. 4007 Rickover Road, Silver Spring, MD 2002, Donald Watson, FALA, 54 Larkspur Drive, Trumbull, CT 06611. lakesideDI@ aol.com Alex Wilson, Editor, Environmental Building News, RR 1, Box 161, Brattleboro, VT 05301. PAX (802) 257-7304, Additional contributors and reviewers ‘The special contributions and reviews of the following individuals are gratfuly acknowledged: William A. Brenner, AIA, Executive Director, Construction Metrication Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, 1201 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, Jack Embersits, President, Facilities Resource Management Co., FRM Pak, 135 New Road, Madison, CT 06443-2545. Tom isher, Dean, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Minneapolis, 1425 University Avenue, SE, Minneapolis MN 55455. Rita M. Harrold, Director of Educational & Technical Development, Iuminating Engineering Society of North America 120 Wall Stret, New York, New York 10008-4001 Steve Mawn, Ame san Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Marietta Millet, Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Washington, 208 Gould Hall, Seattle, WA. 98195. Mark Rea, Director, Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institue, Troy, NY 12180, Daniel L. Sehodek, Professor, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, MA 02138, Richard Solomon, PE, Chief Building Fire Protection Engineer, National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quiney, MA 02269-9101 Fred Stitt, San Francisco Institute of Architecture, Box 749, Orinda, CA 94563. Gondon Tully, ALA, Steven Winter Associates, $0 Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854, Time-Saver Standards for Archtetural Design Data