Global Domination,

Global Conflicts,
Global (Dis)Orders in
Contemporary World

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
THE INDUSTRIALIZED
WORLD
Southern hemisphere the
developing world
WESTERN HEMISPEHERE
EUROPE AND US; the
democratic/capitalist bloc
Eastern hemisphere asia; the
communist/socialist bloc

Why some civilization

dominate the rest?

Geographical Size

Population

Technological
Advantage

Military Superiority

Ambitious Leader

Economic Advantage

Warlike Spirit of the

People

Craving for
Resources/Raw
Materials

Conflict

International Armed Conflict vs. International Order in

Contemporary World
International Armed Conflicts arise from various causes
International orders are created to prevent, resolve, or
contain conflicts

Main models of a Globalized Order:

Hegemonic order
Balance of power
Democratic peace
Supranational Institutions

Hegemonic OrderDominant country

The Evolution of The

British Empire

Unipolar World

Who will be next

Superpower? China?

Balance of Power

The most powerful countries

in the world in terms of
military capability

Nuclear Enable Countries

North Korea

Pakistan

World War I: The Great

European War

Causes of WWI

1. Nationalism
2. Militarism
3. Imperialism
4. Alliance System

The Two Sides

Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy

England
France
Russia

Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers
England, France,
Russia, United
States, Italy, Serbia,
Belgium, Switzerland

Leaders
Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

Kaiser Wilhelm II

David Lloyd George

(Germany)

(England)

Franz Joseph I

Raymond Poincare

(Austria-Hungary)

(France)

Vittorio Orlando

Czar Nicholas II

(Italy)

(Russia)

The World in 1914

The immediate cause

The bullet that set the world into

fire
June 28, 1914- Assassination of
Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip The Assassin

Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

July 23rd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an

ultimatum
July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 29th Russia Mobilizes its troops
August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.

Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

August 2nd Germany declares war on Russia Germany

invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France
starts
August 3: Germany declares war on France
August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and
invades it,
August 4:England declares war on Germany
August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great
Britain

Who Declared War on

Who?

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia

Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary
Germany Declares War on Russia
Germany Declares War on France
England Declares War on Germany and
Austria Hungary

By the end of 1914, not only

Europe was at war, but also
all of Europes colonies in
Asia, Africa and South
America.

Declaration of war: London

Declaration of war: Berlin

Adolf Hitler celebrating the start of the Great

War: Munich, Germany, Aug. 1914

Australian
poster
urging to
volunteer

German troops advancing on Paris

French troops marching through Paris to the front

Lethal
gases: first
weapon of
mass
destruction

Endless slaughter

British soldiers blinded by poisonous gas

The Birth of Modern

Warfare

New Technology
Guns

The Machine Gun

It

was used by both sides,

hundreds of rounds a
minute could be shot by
one person.

Trench Warfare

Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other.

The trenches ran for miles.

From time to time, one side would attempt to cross

the No-Mans Land the area in between the
trenches.

Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few

months of fighting to four years of fighting

French Soldiers Attacking a

German Trench

Technology:
Chemical Weapons
WWI was the first major war to use
chemical weapons
Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were
the two most popular weapons: They
caused suffocation, blindness, and
death

Soldiers would protect themselves

using Gas Masks

Technology:
The U-boat (Submarine)

Germanys secret weapon during the

war

Sank dozens of British ships,

controlled the oceans.

Submarine

Technology:
Airpower

Both sides used aircraft for

observation, limited bombing, and air
battles

Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and

unreliable,

Technology:
Tanks

Technology:
Flame Throwers

US Road to War
May 7th 1915
Sinking of the Lusitania

Propaganda
US

Propaganda
Great Britain

Propaganda
Germany

Ending the War

The Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of the Big Four at the Paris Peace

Conference
Wilson Proposes his 14 points
Big Four create Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause
Break up of German, Austrian, Russian and
Ottoman Empire
Reparations
Legacy of bitterness and betrayal

TREATY OF
VERSAILLES

EMPIRE COLLAPSED

1. GERMAN EMPIRE
2. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN
EMPIRE
3. RUSSIAN EMPIRE
4. OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The 1917 revolution in Russia: The state has collapsed,

citizen militias patrol streets

The Russian Revolution, 1917

THE ROMANOVS

Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Communist Revolution in Russia

THE WAR AS A REVOLUTIONARY FORCE

Results of the war:
-Collapse of 4 empires: Russian, Austro-Hungarian,
German, Turkish
-World capitalism severely undermined North and
South (economically, politically, socially, ideologically)
-The rise of social protest and revolutionary
movements everywhere

WAR REPARATION
DAMAGE

NEW COUNTRIES WERE

BORN

THE GREAT
DEPRESSION

1929-1939
Stock market
crash
Didnt realize
the effect it
would have
No money to
replenish what
was borrowed

Many found being broke

humiliating.

Why was this bad?

Credit system

People didnt really have

the money they were
spending

WWI
The U.S. was a major
credit loaner to other
nations in need
Many of these nations
could not pay us back

Farmers were already feeling the effects

Prices of crops went down
Many farms foreclosed

People could not afford luxuries

Factories shut down
Businesses went out

Banks could not pay out money

People could not pay their taxes

Schools shut down due to lack of funds

Many families became homeless and had to

live in shanties

Many waited in unemployment

lines hoping for a job.

People in cities would wait in line for

bread to bring to their family.

Some families were forced to

relocate because they had no
money.

A drought in the South lead to

dust storms that destroyed
crops.

The Dust Bowl

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Membership

42 members - by 1930s 59
Defeated countries could not join
e.g. Germany
Russia excluded because
communist
USA did not join - isolation from
world affairs
A club for the victorious?

Woodrow Wilson, US President in 1913-1920

The liberal-democratic proposal for a new world order: US

President Wilsons 14 points, January 1918
Open diplomacy, no secret treaties
Absolute freedom of the seas
Free trade
Maximum arms reduction
Right of nations to self-determination
Creation of an international organization to keep peace
League of Nations
THE KEY THEME:
The principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities and
the right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with
one another, whether they be strong or weak

World War I: 1914-1918

was a cumulative effect of:
- -Rivalries between states (GermanyBritain, France-Germany, RussiaAustria, Germany-Russia, RussiaTurkey, etc.)
- -Class conflicts within states
- -Nationalist struggles against empires

The war for power and influence within the global

system
Expected to be brief
The reality: a bloody 4-year stalemate
Ended by revolutions in Russia (1917) and Germany
(1918)
15 mln. deaths, incl. 9 mln. combat
The flu pandemic of 1918-1919: 20-40 mln. deaths: a
direct environmental effect of the Great War

The tendency toward globalization of conflict has been

developing since the start of World War I in 1914
What made world wars possible:
19th century economic globalization led to growing
interconnectedness, integration of societies
Struggle for power within countries acquired international
dimensions
Availability of economic resources
Development of military technologies
The culture of war
New rationalizations of war
The idea of total war

The Rise of Hitler and

the Nazi Party

Adolf Hitlers
Early Life

Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in

AUSTRIA
He had a poor relationship with his
father and was very close to his
mother
He was an aspiring painter, and was
twice rejected by the Academy of Fine
Arts in Vienna
It was at this time, in 1908, that Hitler
began a
movement
based on the
beliefs that
Germans were
the master
race

The Nazi Party

History of the Swastika
The Swastika is a religious symbol used by the
Egyptians, Chinese, Roman armies, and many others
The Swastika means good luck!
The Nazi Party used the Swastika because they felt it
had connections to original caste systems that
avoided racial mixing
The Swastika is banned in most countries, except for
religious or scholarly reasons

Jaini

Hindu

Nazis

Adolf Hitler

Nazi Propaganda

Two Purposes

To create a positive image of

Hitler and the Nazi Party

To create a negative view of

those considered to be
enemies, particularly Jews

Hitler as the Heroic Leader

Hitler Brings Unity

The Reich will

never be
destroyed if you
are united and
loyal.

Appeals to Traditional Values

Motherhood

German Women
Think of Your
Children

Vote Hitler

Youthful Idealism

Youth
serves the
Fuhrer

Workers of the
mind and hand
Vote for the
front soldier
Hitler!

Power and Pageantry

The bottom slogan reads: Women and girls,

the Jews are your undoing!

The Jew as
Communist
From the cover of
the book
The Eternal Jew

The Jew as Capitalist Exploiter

The God of the Jews is
Money. And to gain
money, he will commit
the greatest crimes.
He will not rest
until he can sit on the
largest sack of money,
until he becomes the
King of Money.

All Enemies are Jews!

Note the similarity between the portrayal of Churchill

(who was not Jewish) and the antisemitic stereotype.

Jews plotting to
rule the world

The Protocols of the

Elders of Zion
(Front cover of a French
edition)

The Jew as demonic

From an
advertising
poster for a
movie

Dehumanizing
Images:
Jews portrayed
as vermin

CAUSES OF WWII

Political instability & economic devastation

Depression
High war debt owed by Germany
High inflation
Massive unemployment

Rise of Fascism
Fascism = total power is given to a dictator
Germany Adolf Hitler
Italy Benito Mussolini
Japan Hideki Tojo
*Became the Axis Powers (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis)

THE ALLIES

GREAT BRITAIN

Winston Churchill

UNITED STATES
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman

CANADA

SOVIET UNION

Joseph Stalin

CHANGE IN AMERICAN POLICY

ISOLATIONISM

Legacy of WWI

Great Depression

ECONOMIC AID TO THE ALLIES

DIRECT INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR

Pearl Harbor
is attacked on Dec. 7,
1941

MAJOR EVENTS OF WWII

September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland

Germany invades France (captures Paris)
Battle of Britain begins (bombing London)
US aids Britain in return for bases
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, HI
Germany declares war on US
US declares war on Germany & Japan
Battle of Midway turning point against Japan
Germany invades Soviet Union
Battle of Stalingrad (turning point in Europe)
D-Day (Doomsday) invasion of Normandy
Atomic Bombs dropped: Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Japan surrenders (V-J Day)

Iosif Stalin

Moscow, August 23, 1939: German Foreign Minister Joachim

von Ribbentrop signs non-aggression pact with Russia

September 1, 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland

German troops in occupied Poland, 1939

Fascist dictators triumphant: Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, June 1940

Japanese attack on US Navy at Pearl Harbor, Dec.7, 1941

Nazi
propaganda
poster: SS
forces kill the
Red beast of
communism

Nazi soldiers celebrating success in Lightning War against Russia, 1942

Nazi reign of terror in occupied Russia

Stubborn resistance

Defenders of Moscow, October 1941

DIMENSIONS OF WORLD WAR TWO

Ideological:
Global Right (The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain,
and smaller allies)
vs.
Global Left (The USSR and the international communist
movement)
vs.
Global Center (US, Britain, Nationalist China)
1939: Right and Left (Hitler and Stalin) make a deal, liberal
democracy the big loser; the Right and Center at war
1941: The Right attacks both the Left and the US; a
Center-Left coalition is formed
1945: The Right is defeated by the Center-Left coalition;
the wars aftermath gives a major boost to the global
Left; liberal internationalism becomes the blueprint of a
new world order

The turning point of WWII. February 1943: German troops surrender at Stalingrad, Russia

Breaking the Nazi war machine

June 1944: Allied forces land in Normandy to liberate

German POWs, Russia, 1944

German POWs outside Moscow, 1944

The victorious Allies: British PM Churchill, US President Roosevelt and

Soviet Generalissimo Stalin at Yalta Conference, Russia, Feb.1945

The Soviet Red Army takes Berlin, May 1945

Berlin, 1945: surrender of the German High Command

Survivors of a Nazi concentration camp

July 1945: Stalin, Truman and Churchill at Potsdam, Germany

Aug.6, 1945: US atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan

Total number of human lives lost in WWII

60-80 mln. (est.)
Total cost
Over $2 trln. (in 1990 US dollars)