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Chng trnh kim sot cht lng - Xy dng biu kim sot cht lng cho
cht chun
Mt chng trnh m bo cht lng tt bao gm phng tin gim st cc hot ng
kim sot cht lng ni b chng hn nh o lng chun xc v chnh xc.
Biu kim sot cung cp mt h thng theo di d liu ny.
Tiu ch biu kim sot
Cc biu kim sot ph bin nht c s dng l cc biu trung bnh dng cho
phn tch cht chun v cc biu bin dng cho phn tch lp li trn mu. C
quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa K khuyn co s dng t nht t 15 n 20 b d liu
mu t mt qu trnh trong kim sot xy dng cc biu ban u. Cc biu
ring bit phi c xy dng cho tng thit b v phng php phn tch c s
dng.
Biu kim sot trung bnh
Mt biu kim sot trung bnh c xy dng bng cch ly gi tr trung bnh v
lch chun (SD) t mt b cc s liu (~20) thc hin trn mt dung dch chun. Lun
lun s dng 2 SD thit lp ngng cnh bo trn (UWL, LWL) v di, 3 SD
xc nh ngng kim sot trn v di (UCL, LCL). Biu trung bnh c th
c xy dng t gi tr trung bnh tnh ton v SD t nng o c hoc t cc
gi tr phn trm phc hi.
V d 1 : 20 gi tr phn trm phc hi (92%, 86%, 97%, 88%, 90%, 93%, 89%,
95%, 94%, 86%, 91%, 94%,92%, 95%, 93%, 89%, 85%,88%, 92%, 94%) cho mt
quy trnh kim sot bn trong phn tch COD c gi tr trung bnh v lch chun
nh sau: x = 91.2, SD = 3.39. Tnh gi tr ngng cnh bo trn v di ln lt l
98% v 84.4%. Tnh gi tr ngng kim sot trn v di ln lt l 101.4% v 81%.
Biu vi cc im phc hi c trnh by nh bn di.
V d 2: 20 gi tr nng COD (120, 102, 94, 129, 111, 91, 139, 146, 136, 96, 125,
131, 121, 113, 143, 132, 138, 143, 123, 138 mg/L) cho mt quy trnh kim sot bn
trong phn tch COD c gi tr trung bnh v lch chun nh sau: x = 123.6 mg/L,
SD = 17.3 mg/L. Tnh gi tr ngng cnh bo trn v di ln lt l 158.2 mg/L v
89 mg/L. Tnh gi tr ngng cnh bo trn v di ln lt l 175.5 mg/L v 71.7
mg/L. Biu vi cc im nng c trnh by nh bn di.
2
3
4
5
6
1.128
1.693
2.059
2.326
2.534
3.267
2.575
2.282
2.115
2.004
Trong :
D2= h s chuyn lch chun (SD) sang bin
RSD= lch chun ca bin
D4=h s chuyn i bin trung bnh sang 3 lch chun ca bin
Bin (R)
4.52 - 4.40
3.67 - 3.88
5.47 - 5.12
7.69 - 7.50
8.48 - 8.91
0.12
0.21
0.35
0.19
0.43
Trong v d ny, D2 = 1.128 v D4=3.267 bi v php phn tch c thc hin hai ln
Mu s ca cng thc l
s chun.
, chnh l sai
Cch tnh lch chun c th tham kho bi vit So snh SD v SRD. SD trong
v d ny s l 17.3 mg/L v c mu n=20. Do , sai s chun l:
t do ca v d ny l:
Trong :
SD = lch chun
Xi2 = tng bnh phng ca cc gi tr o c
Xi = tng cc gi tr o c
n = s lng cc ln o
Tng ca Xi = 56
Tng ca Xi2= 631.90
n=5
SD = 1.08 mg/L
lch chun ca php o c c hoc ln ph thuc vo c hoc ln ca d
liu. V d, kt qu phn tch TSS ca nc thi u vo phi cao hn kt qu phn
tch ca nc thi u ra. Do , gi tr SD ca cc kt qu cho u vo s ln hn so
vi SD ca u ra.
V d 2: Cc phn tch lp li xc nh TSS ca u vo nc thi nh sau: 245,
230, 255, 247 v 253 mg/L TSS
Tng ca Xi = 1230
SD = 9.85 mg/L
S khc bit gia cc gi tr o c ty thuc vo ln v c ca gi tr cn xc
nh, thng qua 2 v d trn cho thy SD ca u ra v u vo khng th so snh
nh gi chnh xc vi nhau (1.08 mg/L vi 9.85 mg/L). Tnh gi tr RSD (hoc
CV) s gii quyt c vn ny do RSD hoc CV s cho ta bit tnh bin thin ca
mu theo phn trm i vi gi tr trung bnh.
Tnh lch chun tng i
Cng thc ca RSD (hoc CV) l
Trong :
RSD= lch chun tng i
SD= lch chun
= gi tr trung bnh ca cc kt qu o c
S dng cc gi tr t v d 1 ta c
= (56mg/L) /5 = 11.2 mg/L
RSD = (1.08 mg/L x 100% )/11.2 mg/L = 9.6%
Tng t s dng cc gi tr t v d 2 ta c
= (1230mg/L) /5 = 246 mg/L
RSD = (9.85 mg/L x 100% )/246 mg/L = 4.0 %