Hng dn thc hnh cho

Ngi sn xut v xut khu Chu

CC QUY NH, TIU CHUN

V CHNG NHN
I VI NNG SN XUT KHU

Cun sch hng dn ny l kt qu ca s phi hp gia Phng Thng mi v Th

trng (EST) vi Vn phng khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng (RAP) - T chc Nng
lng ca Lin hp quc FAO.
Ch bin v tc gi:
Pascal Liu, Phng Thng Mi v Th trng, FAO
ng tc gi:
Siobhn Casey, Phng Cng nghip v H tng Nng thn, FAO
Jean-Joseph Cadilhon, FAO RAP
Peter Sousa Hoejskov, FAO RAP
Nancy Morgan, FAO RAP
Vi s cng tc ca :
Cc c vn kinh t v thng mi ca cc i s qun Php ti chu .
Bin dch: Hong Th Dung, V hp tc quc t, B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn
Minh ho: Earth Net Foundation/Green Net, Thailand
Nhng li cm n khc: B Nng nghip v Thu sn - Cng ho Php ti tr cho
vic bin son, in n v pht hnh bn hng dn ny, thng qua d n
MTF/RAS/212/FRA ca FAO. Bn dch ny c in vi s ti tr ca FAO H Ni v i
s qun Thy S ti Vit Nam.

Vic cp hay khng cp ca ring mt vi cng ty v

vic sn phm ca h hay nhn hiu khng ng vi s tn thnh hay
phn quyt ca FAO. Quan im r rng trong n phm l l quan im
ca (cc) tc gi v khng nht thit phn nh quan im ca FAO.
Vic thit k v trnh by ca n phm thng tin ny khng ng r
rng v bt k mt kin no cho d mt phn ca FAO cp n
lut l v tnh trng pht trin ca bt k mt quc gia, lnh th, thnh
ph hay mt vng cng nh n ch quyn ca n hay cp n
danh gii ca ng bin gii hay ng phn chia lnh th. Tt c
c bo h bn quyn. Vic nhn bn v pht hnh ca n phm
thng tin ny cho gio dc hay cc mc ch phi thng mi khc l
c bn quyn v khng cn bt c vn bn no t ngi gi bn
quyn cung cp bn gc l hon ton c chp thun. Vic nhn bn
ca n phm thng tin ny bn hay cho cc mc ch thng mi
khc b cm nu nh khng c vn bn cho php t ngi gi bn
quyn. Giy xin php cn gi n trng b phn dch v v xut bn,
phng Cng ngh thng tin (KCT), FAO. a ch : Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy hay qua Email : copyright@fao.org

FAO 2007

ii

TI SAO L CUN SCH HNG DN NY?

Mc ch

Cung cp cho nhng nh sn xut v xut khu nhng thng tin v:

 Cc quy nh ca nhng nc nhp khu ln
 Cc chng trnh chng nhn t nguyn chnh
 Cc a ch lin h c th tm kim thm thng tin
v cc quy nh nhp khu v chng trnh chng nhn
C nhiu nh sn xut v xut khu nhn thy rng th trng i vi cc mt hng nng
sn c chng nhn l rt phc tp. C hi v nhng i hi lin quan n cc chng
trnh chng nhn khng phi lc no cng r rng. Thm vo , ngi sn xut thng
khng hiu l nhng yu cu bt buc (l kt qu ca b lut hay quy nh ca nc nhp
khu) hay l t nguyn. Sau khi c cun sch ny, ngi c c th hiu c cc chng
trnh chng nhn t nguyn chnh, tm quan trng ca n, s khc bit gia cc chng
trnh, cng nh nhng thun li v hn ch ca cc chng trnh ny. c th xut khu
cc sn phm ca h, bt c nh sn xut hay xut khu no cng phi p ng c cc
quy nh ca nc nhp khu. Vi l do , ngi c c th tm thy trong cun sch ny
nhng thng tin lin quan ch yu n cc quy nh v nhp khu ca Hoa k, Cng ng
Chu u (EU), Nht Bn v mt s nc khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng. Tuy nhin, phm
vi ca cun sch hng dn ny khng cp n ch v canh tc nng nghip v hot
ng sau thu hoch.
Cun sch ny gm hai phn:
Nhng tiu chun hoc quy nh ca Chnh ph v cc yu cu nhp khu
(phn 1)
Cc tiu chun t nhn chnh v cc chng trnh chng nhn (phn 2)

Cun sch khng th cung cp thng tin mt cch ton din v cc quy nh nhp
khu v chng trnh chng nhn bi v nhiu l do chng hn nh nhng s thay
i mt cch t nhin trong quy nh ca cc nc nhp khu hay s a dng ca
cc sn phm v c tnh ca chng. Do , mt lot cc a ch internet c
cung cp, c th tm kim thm thng tin b xung khi cn thit. Ban c c th
tm thy mt trang chng phn cui ca cun sch ny, ngi c c th
b xung v thm vo cc ng dn Internet thu thp c trong qu trnh tm kim
thng tin.
Chng ti hy vng cun sch ny p ng nhu c cu ca c gi.

iii

LI GII THIU
K hp ln th 28 ca t chc Nng Lng Quc t (FAO) vng Chu Thi Bnh Dng t chc ti
Jakarta thng 5/2006 ku gi cc nc thnh vin v FAO gip nhng ngi sn xut nh bng vic h
tr pht trin doanh nghip v tip cn th trng. Hi ngh cng yu cu FAO tip tc tr gip cc nc trong
vic nng cao nng lc p ng vi tiu chun quc t v cht lng, v sinh an ton thc phm v kim
dch ng thc vt, gip thc y thng mi v bo v sc khe ng thc vt v con ngi. ng thi tr
gip trong vic thit lp v duy tr cc quy nh, kim tra v gim st thch hp nhm m bo cht lng v an
ton thc phm.
FAO ang xc tin vic to ra mi trng kinh doanh thun li trong khu vc Chu . Ci thin nng lc
kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip nng nghip l mt cng vic thng xuyn v tr gip k thut ca FAO
trong vic pht trin ngnh ngh nng thn ti cc nc thnh vin. Vn phng khu vc Chu Thi Bnh
Dng cng tham gia vo vic nng cao cht lng v an ton thc phm ti cc nc Chu thng qua hng
lot cc hot ng can thip.
Quyn sch hng dn v tiu chun, chng nhn v quy nh v hng nng sn xut khu ny l kt qu
ca mt tp hp cc quy tc. N c pht hnh chnh thc ti cuc hp t vn k thut v chng nhn c
lp do FAO t chc ti Nakhonpathom, Thi Lan thng 10 nm 2007, nhm nng cao nhn thc ca cc bn
v tip cn th trng nng sn khu vc, cng c gip ci thin sc cnh tranh, cht lng v an ton cho cc
sn phm ca h.
Qu trnh tch ly nhng kinh nghim k thut v kin thc v pht trin doanh nghip nng nghip, cht
lng, an ton thc phm s c tng kt v nhng chnh sch ch yu s c trnh cho cc B Trng
Nng Nghip cc nc thnh vin trong khu vc trong K hp ln th 29 ca Hi ngh FAO khu vc Chu
Thi Bnh Dng t chc ti Pakistan nm 2008, thng qua ban hnh ti liu v Kinh doanh hng nng sn v
cnh tranh cng nghip nng thn trong trong bi cnh ton cu ha v t do thng mi, ti liu thng tin v
kinh doanh v an ton thc phm trong khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng. Ti hy vng qu trnh ny s a
n cc khuyn ngh v quyt nh chnh sch mc cp cao trong hnh ng thc y hn na doanh
nghip cnh tranh v sn xut nng sn vi cht lng cao v an ton trong khu vc.

He ChangChui
Tr l Tng Gim c v i din Vn Phng t chc FAO
Khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng

iv

LI M U

Mt phn quan trng trong nhim v ca phng Thng Mi v Th Trng (EST) ca FAO l tm ra nhng
vn nh hng n thng mi hng ha v xut cc gii php nhm gii quyt thng qua hot ng
quc gia v quc t. Phng Thng Mi v Th Trng tr gip k thut cho cc nc ang pht trin gip h
hiu v vt qua nhng kh khn trong thng mi. Phng Thng mi v Th trng tham gia trong vic ban
hnh cc tiu chun v chng nhn ca t nhn, khi nhng vn ny tip tc ny sinh trong qu trnh phn
tch nhng vn kinh t v thng mi lin quan ti th trng hng nng sn.
Phng Thng mi v Th trng c nhiu nghin cu v k thut v thng tin xut bn v tiu chun
v chng nhn nhm gip cho cc nh quyt sch trong cc t chc cng v t nhn. Thng 4 nm 2004 Phng
Thng mi v Th trng t chc mt Hi ngh v tiu chun v chng nhn t nguyn v tp hp c
trn 120 bn lin quan thuc nhiu lnh vc cng v t nhn tho lun v nhng c hi v kh khn lin
quan ti nhng tiu chun t nhn v tm kim cc gii php. T n nay, Phng Thng mi v Th Trng
cng xut bn hng lot cun sch ph bin trong vng cho t chc ca nhng ngi sn xut, ging vin,
cc t chc khuyn nng v cc nh xut khu, m t v quy nh nhp khu ca mt s th trng xut khu
chnh v ch yu l cc tiu chun t nhn v chng trnh chng nhn t nguyn. c nhng sch hng
dn ring cho cc vng nh: Trung M, Nam M, Ty Phi v ng Phi. Vi cun sch hng dn ny phng
Thng Mi v Th Trng m rng phm vi tuyn truyn n khu vc Chu .
Tt c nhng cun sch cng nh cc bo co v nghin cu c c phng Thng Mi v Th
Trng xut bn v tiu chun v chng nhn c th ly xung t cng thng tin in t v sn xut nng
nghip v thng mi ca phng:
http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/190/highlight_199.html

Alexander Sarris

Gim c
Phng Thng Mi v Th Trng

MC LC
Phn 1: Cc quy nh k thut v kim sot nhp khu

1. Cht lng thng mi v cc qui nh ghi nhn mc

2. Quy nh v an ton thc phm

3. Cc quy nh v kim dch thc vt

4. Khai bo Hi quan

11

5. Quy nh v nhp khu ti mt s nc Chu

Thi Bnh Dng
6. Cc t chc h tr xut khu v cht lng Chu

14
17

Phn 2: Chng nhn t nguyn

19

1. Nhng cu hi v chng nhn

20

2. Chng nhn v mi trng

23

Nng nghip hu c

23

Chng nhn ISO 14001(Tiu chun quc t v mi trng)

27

3. Chng nhn x hi

29

Cng bng thng mi

29

SA8000

32

4. An ton thc phm v chng ch thc hnh tt

34

4.1.Thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP)

35

4.2. Chng nhn thc hnh sn xut tt

48

5. Chng nhn cht lng thc phm c trng

54

5.1. Ch dn a l (GI)

54

5.2. Chng nhn Halal

56

6. Chng nhn ca hng thy sn Chu

58

PHN 1
CC QUY NH K THUT
V KIM SOT NHP KHU
xut khu sn phm ra th trng th gii, cc nh sn xut
v xut khu phi tun th cc quy nh k thut (tiu chun bt
buc) do cc t chc cng xy dng nhm m bo cht lng sn
phm, bo v mi trng v sc khe ngi tiu dng. Cc quy
nh ny thng khc nhau, ph thuc vo loi sn phm, nc
nhp khu v nc xut khu. Mt s quy nh c xy dng da
trn tiu chun thc phm quc t, trong khi mt s khc do mi
quc gia. Vic khng tun th cc qui nh ny s dn ti vic phi
kim dch hoc b nc nhp khu t chi nhp khu.

Ly mu v kim tra cht lng sn phm

Cc t chc lin chnh ph xy dng theo hng hi ha ha

vi cc tiu chun quc t. Cc t chc ny bao gm:
 y ban tiu chun thc phm do t chc Nng Lng Quc
T (FAO) v t chc Y T Th Gii (WHO) thnh lp ra nhm
xy dng cc tiu chun thc phm, cc hng dn v cc ni
dung lin quan nh cc quy tc thc hnh trong chng trnh
lin kt gia FAO v WHO v cc tiu chun thc phm.
www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp
 y ban v cc Bin php Kim dch thc vt (CPM), t chc
c chn xy dng cc tiu chun quc t v cc bin php
kim dch thc vt v qun l vic thc thi Cng c Bo v
Thc vt Quc t (IPPC).
www.ippc.int/ipp/en/default.jsp
 T chc Th y Th Gii (OIE), t chc c chn xy dng
cc tiu chun v sc khe ng vt trong thng mi quc t
lin quan n ng vt v cc sn phm ng vt.
www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm
Trong phn ny ca cun sch s tp trung vo cc quy nh k
thut v yu cu ch yu v nhp khu ca 3 nc c th trng
nhp khu ng u th gii l Hoa K, Cng ng Chu u (EU)
v Nht Bn. Tuy nhin, th trng Chu cng m ra cc c hi
hp dn cho cc nh xut khu ca Chu . Do ngi c s tm
thy cui phn ny danh sch cc a ch lin h, ngi c thng
tin v cc quy nh nhp khu ca mt s nc Chu . Thm vo
, cun sch hng dn ny cng cung cp ng dn n mt
trang Web lit k cc t chc ca a phng tr gip cho cc
nh xut khu v c th thng bo cho h v th trng khu vc.

1. CHT LNG THNG MI

V CC QUY NH GHI NHN MC
Ngi tiu dng ngy cng quan tm n sc khe ca h,
ngun gc xut x v cht lng ca nhng sn phm m h tiu
dng. Phn ln cc quy nh thng thng u tp trung n phm
cht, kch thc, trng lng v ghi nhn bao b. Qui nh ghi nhn
mc yu cu cc thng tin nh: nc xut x, tn sn phm, chng
loi v s lng. Nhng yu cu lin quan n cht lng thng
mi l chng loi, mu sc, thi hn s dng, h hng bn ngoi v
hnh dng ca sn phm.

Dy chuyn phn cp v chn lc tha mn

tiu chun cao nht cho xut khu.

4
HOA K
Hoa K yu cu tt c nhng nng sn nhp khu
phi t phm cp theo tiu chun ca Ban Th
Trng thuc B Nng Nghip Hoa K (USDA).
Thng tin chi tit v cc yu cu phm cp v
cht lng sn phm c B Nng Nghip Hoa K xy dng c
th tm thy ti cc a ch Internet sau:
USDA: www.ams.usda.gov/standards/stanfrfv.htm
USDA: www.ams.usda.gov/fv/moab-8e.html
FDA: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/lab-ind.html
Mt trong nhng cu thnh ca d lut trang tri (Farm Bill) nm
2002 (Lut An ninh trang tri v u t nng thn nm 2002) l
thc hin vic bt buc ghi nhn v nc xut x (COOL). Thng
tin chi tit v chng trnh ny c th tm thy trn trang Web:
USDA: www.ams.usda.gov/cool/
CNG NG CHU U
Cng ng Chu u yu cu rau qu ti nhp
khu phi p ng tiu chun th trng ca EU
v cht lng v ghi nhn. Vic kim sot c
c quan thanh tra tin hnh ti a im nhp
khu hoc trong mt vi trng hp c kim chng ti nc th
ba, ti a im xut khu. Thng tin chi tit v tiu chun th
trng ca EU tham vn vi Cc Mi Trng, Thc phm v Vn
nng thn ca Anh Quc (DEFRA) trn trang Web:
www.defra.gov.uk/hort/hmi.htm
H tr trc tuyn xut khuca EU cho cc nc ang pht trin
trn trang Web: www.export-help.cec.eu.int/
NHT BN
Nht Bn i hi sn phm nhp khu phi tun
th cc quy nh trong Lut v sinh Thc phm,
Lut tiu chun Nng Nghip ca Nht Bn v
Lut o lng. Thng tin chi tit v tiu chun v
cc th tc nhp khu i vi cc sn phm c th c th thy trn
cc trang Web sau: T chc Ngoi Thng Nht Bn:
www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/
B Nng Nghip, Lm Nghip v Thy Sn: www.maf.go.jp/soshiki/syokuhin/hinshitu/e_label/index.htm

2. QUY NH V AN TON THC PHM

Cc nh sn xut phi m bo cht lng v an ton ca cc sn
phm m h sn xut ra, v trnh c tt c cc nguy c tim tng nh
ri ro t ngun nc nhim hoc nhim vi sinh vt hay ha cht.

Mc d lng ti a cho php i vi

cc loi thuc bo v thc vt
Cc quy nh v mc d lng ti a cho php vi cc loi thuc
bo v thc vt (thuc tr c, thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh v.v)
c hiu lc trn phm vi quc gia v quc t. Cc nh sn xut v
xut khu phi tun th cc quy nh ca nc h (khi gn y
nht c quy nh v mc d lng ti a cho php vi cc loi
thuc bo v thc vt) v cc quy nh ca cc nc nhp khu.
H ch c th s dng cc loi ha cht c ng k s dng
cho tng loi cy trng ring v phi tun th nghim tc hng
dn c nu c th trn cc t hng dn s dng hoc trn cc
cha (ghi trn hp hoc chai l).

S sng qu mc
thuc bo v thc vt
l nguy him v c
th dn n vic nc
nhp khu t chi
mt l hng.
Cc Trang Web di y s cung cp y thng tin v cc quy
nh an ton thc phm cp quc t (V d: Cc tiu chun ca
Codex v nguyn tc ca WTO) hoc cp quc gia:
www.ipfsaph.org/En/default.jsp
www.fao.org/ag/agn/index_en.asp
Trang ch ca y ban Tiu chun Thc phm Th gii:
www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp
H?ng dn th tc ca y ban Tiu chun Thc phm Th gii:
www.codexalimentarius.net/web/procedural_manual.jsp

6
HOA K
Ti Hoa K, mc d lng ti a vi cc loi
thuc bo v thc vt cho c thit lp bi
C quan Bo v Mi trng (EPA) v c C
quan Qun l v Thc phm v Dc Phm
(FDA) gim st ngay ti a im nhp khu i vi tt mt hng
nng sn. Thng tin chi tit v cc yu cu v mc d lng ti a
c thit lp bi C quan Bo v Mi trng c th tm trn trang
Web: www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_04/40cfr180_04.html
www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/viewtols.html
www.epa/gov/fedrfstr/EPA-PEST/index.html
Trang web di y c th gip ngi s dng bit c mc d
lng ti a ca Hoa K v cc nc nhp khu khc theo cy
trng, cc loi hot cht hoc dng thuc bo v thc vt v quc
gia: www.fas.usda.gov/htp/MRL.asp
Cng ng Chu u
Cc nc trong cng ng Chu u tip tc gim
mc d lng ti a thuc bo v thc vt cho
php vi cc sn phm. Vi nhiu loi thuc bo
v thc vt hin c cc mc d lng chung
p dng cho ton b Cng ng Chu u. Tuy
nhin, mt s loi thuc th mc d lng li khc nhau gia cc
nc. Mi quc gia phi xc nh l p ng c cc quy nh
(thng l thng qua b nng nghip) ti a im nhp khu.
Trng hp cc nc trong Cng ng Chu u cha thit lp
c mc d lng ti a, cc nh xut khu yu cu cn phi c
giy php nhp khu. Thng tin chi tit v mc d lng thuc bo
v thc vt cho php ca cc nc thnh vin trong cng ng Chu
u c th tm trn cc trang Web di y:
www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/plant/protection/pesticides/index_e
n.htm
www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/plant/protection/index_en.htm
www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lnb/l21289.htm
Cc im lin h thch hp ca cc nc thnh vin trn trang Web:
www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/plant/protection.evaluation/contact_dec.xls
Thng tin v th tc ng k cp php nhp khu:
www.pesticides.gov.uk/applicant_guide.asp?id=1239

7
NHT BN
Ti Nht Bn, B Y T, Lao ng v Phc Li X
Hi v Cc Mi trng chu trch nhim trong vic
thit lp v kim tra cc mc d lng. Cc mc d
lng ny da trn Lut V Sinh Thc Phm. c
thm thng tin v an ton thc phm c th truy cp vo trang
Web:www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics.foodsafety/index.html

Truy xut ngun gc sn phm

i ph vi nhng vn gn y v an ton thc phm (v d
nh bnh b in) v khng b ton cu, nhiu chnh ph ang tng
cng kim sot tt c cc cng on sn xut, ch bin v phn
phi thc phm nhm bo v ngi tiu dng khi cc nguy c
nhim sinh hc, ha hc v mi trng ln thc phm. Truy xut
(truy tm ngun gc sn phm) l kh nng theo di s di chuyn
ca thc phm qua cc cng on nht nh trong vic sn xut, ch
bin v phn phi. N cng gip tng cng hiu qu trong vic
thu hi cc loi thc phm b nhim. Hn th na, chng cng
gip xc nh gc r ca mt vn an ton thc phm, tun th cc
quy nh php lut v t c s mong i ca ngi tiu dng v
an ton v cht lng khi mua sn phm.

Ghi chp khi thu hoch v ghi m trn bao b l cc phn trong
h thng truy xut ngun gc.
c thm thng tin v vic mt s chnh ph v mt s nh bn
l hin ang yu cu v Phn tch Nguy c v Kim sot ti hn
(HACCP) cng vi vic p dng Thc hnh V sinh tt (GHPs) v
Thc hnh Nng nghip tt (GAPs) hin ang c s dng trong
sn xut thc phm bn c th vo cc trang Web di y:
www.fao.org/ag/agn/food/food_fruits_en.stm
www.fao.org/ag/agn/food/quality_haccp_en.stm
Hng dn v HACCP:
www.fao.org.docrep/w8088e/w8088e00.htm

8
HOA K
Chnh ph Hoa K thng qua Lut Khng b
Sinh hc, Lut ny yu cu tt c cc nh xut
khu phi ng k vi C quan Qun l Thc
phm v Dc phm (FDA) v a ra thng bo
trc khi sn phm n Hoa K. bit thm chi tit v Lut
Khng b Sinh hc ca Hoa K hy lin h:
C quan Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm ti trang Web:
www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ffsbtac5.html
www.access.fda.gov/
Chng trnh ghi nhn nc xut x (COOL) yu cu thc hin
ngy 30 thng 9 nm 2008 tn nc xut x phi c ghi r trn
nhn ca sn phm i vi mt s mt hng nng sn. COOL s c
nh hng n cc qui nh v truy xut ngun gc ca Hoa K ti
cc nc cung cp. Thng tin chung v chng trnh ny c th tm
thy ti a ch USDA:
www.ams.usda.gov/cool/
CNG NG CHU U
Cc quy nh ca Cng ng Chu u v truy
xut ngun gc sn phm c hiu lc t thng 1
nm 2005. tun th nhng quy nh ny, iu
quan trng l cc nh nhp khu EU xc nh r
ngun gc xut x ca sn phm. Chnh v l do
, gn y yu cu cc nh xut khu tun th cc qui nh v truy
xut ngun gc thm tr trong trng hp cc nh xut khu ti cc
nc i tc thng mi theo lut khng i hi phi tha mn yu
cu v truy xut ngun gc p dng trong cng ng Chu u.
Thng tin chung v truy xut ngun gc c th tm thy ti a ch
sau:
www.europa.eu.int.comm/food/food/foodlaw/guidance/guidance_r
ev_7_en_pdf
www.europa.eu.int.comm/food/food/foodlaw/traceability/index_en
.htm
www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/132041/htm
c c gii thch v cc yu cu v sinh thc phm, hy
tham vn qua a ch: www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/biasafety /hygienelegislation/ guidance_doc_8522004_en.pdf
NHT BN
Ti n thi im son tho cun sch hng dn
ny, Nht Bn vn cha c cc yu cu v truy
xut ngun gc i vi cc nh xut khu.

3. CC QUY NH V KIM DCH THC VT

Cc nh sn xut phi tun th quy nh kim dch thc vt nhm
ngn nga s xm nhp v lan truyn ca bnh dch v su hi
sang cc vng khc. Cc nc nhp khu chnh trn th gii tin
hnh phn tch ri ro ca dch hi nhm xc nh mc ri ro
ca mi sn phm nhp khu v kim tra sn phm ti ni n
m bo rng mc ri ro khng b vt qu mc qui nh.

Thanh tra a phng ang kim tra cc loi hng ho nhp

khu.
Vic p dng cp giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt i vi
cc sn phm c quy nh nh cc loi cy trng, ht ging, tri
cy, rau v hoa l cn thit. Thng tin chi tit v ni dung chng
nhn kim dch thc vt ti a ch internet sau:
www.ippc.int/IPP/EN/default.jsp
(trong phn quy nh v kim dch thc vt)

10

HOA K
Ti Hoa K, Cc thanh tra vin ca C quan
Thanh tra sc khe ng Thc vt (mt c quan
thuc b Nng nghip M) phi kim tra v
chng nhn tt c cc l hng trc khi khai bo
Hi quan. Nu c du hiu ca su hi hoc dch bnh c pht
hin, sn phm c th b kh trng (hoc x l theo cch khc), b
tr li nc xut khu hoc b tiu hy. Thng tin chi tit v h
thng kim dch thc vt ca Hoa K c th tm kim trn trang
Web: USDA: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits

CNG NG CHU U (EU)

xut khu sang EU, cc nh sn xut v xut
khu phi tun th cc quy nh v sc khe thc
vt ca EU. Cc quy nh c p dng ngay ti
a im nhp khu. c thm thng tin v cc
quy nh v sc khe thc vt ca EU, lin h qua cng thng tin
in t Kim dch Thc vt Quc t: www.ippc.int/IPP/En/nppo.jsp
hoc c ni dung c th v cc quy nh v kim dch thc vt
ca y ban Chu u (Hi ng thanh tra 2000/29/EC c sa i)
truy cp vo trang Web: www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/consleg/pdf/
2000/en_2000L0029_do_ 001.pdf

NHT BN
Chnh ph Nht bn yu cu cc nc cung cp
phi tun th Lut Bo v thc vt, Lut Sc khe
Thc vt v Lut V sinh Thc phm. Nhng quy
nh c thi hnh bi Phng Bo v Thc vt
thuc B Nng nghip, Lm nghip v Thy sn (MAFF). Thng
tin chi tit v cc quy nh kim dch thc vt hoc h thng kim
dch ca Nht Bn c th tm thy trn cc trang Web:
Trm Bo v Thc vt: www.pps.go.jp/english/
T chc Ngoi thng ca Nht Bn:
www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/plant2003apr-e.pdf
Kim dch ng vt: www.maff-aqs.go.jp/english/ryoko/index.htm

11

4 KHAI BO HI QUAN
Khu cui cng cho sn phm c nhp khu ph thuc vo C
quan Hi quan nc nhp khu. thng qua Hi quan, nh xut
khu phi in nhng thng tin cn thit vo mu t khai (thng
mi, vn chuyn) v tr tt c cc khon ph (thu nhp khu, thu
v l ph khc). Do qu trnh x l nhng mu n ny c th tiu
tn thi gian, mt s nc hin nay a ra chng trnh khai bo
hi quan trc tit kim thi gian. iu ny c ngha l cc sn
phm c th c khai bo hi quan ti nc xut khu do cc c
quan chc nng v cc c quan ny c th m bo cc quy nh
i vi sn phm c tun th y .
Vic khng tun th mt s cc quy nh ca nc nhp khu s c
th l nguyn nhn t chi sn phm.

HOA K
C quan hi quan ch c th cp php nhp cho
cc sn phm vo Hoa K sau khi c
APHIS v FDA kim tra ti ni nhp khu. Cc
nh xut khu cng phi tr cc loi thu cn
thit ti , khi xc nh c s lng, gi tr, kiu dng v
nc xut x. y nhanh thi gian x l ca khu, cc nh
xut khu c th hon tt mt s th tc hi quan nht nh trc
khi vn chuyn. V d, thng qua Dch v Quc t ca APHIS m
hin nay c th thc hin ti mt s nc khai bo trc chng
t nhp khu nh giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt. Cc thng
tin chi tit v cch thc khai bo hi quan trc ca Hoa K c th
bit c qua trang Web:
www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/precealrance
Cc nh xut khu cng c th s dng H thng Thng mi t
ng do Hi quan M xy dng nhm hon tt chng th in t.
Thng tin c th trn trang Web:
www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/import/operations_support/automated_systems/ams/

12

CNG NG CHU U
Nhng th tc khai bo hi quan trong Cng ng
Chu u (EU) khc nhau ty thuc tng nc.
Tuy nhin, rt nhiu nc y c h thng hi
quan in t v cc chng trnh khc gip y
nhanh thi gian khai bo. Thng tin c th v cc th tc hi quan
v biu mc thu quan (theo quc gia) xem trn trang Web:
Hip hi Thu v Hi Quan:
www.europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/comm/about/welcome/index_en.htm
Trung tm Xc tin nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin (CBI):
www.cbi.nl

NHT BN
Trc khi hng n, cc nh xut khu phi thng
bo cho cc trm kim dch ti a im nhp
khu bit thng qua h thng in t do B Y t
v Phc li x hi qun l. gim thi gian cho
cc th tc hi quan, mt mu sn phm c th c gi n phng
th nghim Nht Bn hay ti nc xut khu v kt qu kim tra
s c dng cho vic khai bo hi quan trc. Thu tiu th v cc
khon thu nhp khu khc phi c tr trc khi nhng khai bo
c hon tt. Thng tin thm v cc th tc nhp khu xem ti:
www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/importedfoods/index.html
Hi quan Nht Bn: www.customs.go.jp/english/index.htm

Gii quyt nh th no vi cc l hng b t chi?

Cc l hng nng sn c th b t chi ti cng ca nc nhp
khu do khng tun th mt hoc mt s cc quy nh c nu
trn. Nu vn xc nh l rt nghim trng, l hng v ton b
nguyn liu ng gi s b tiu hy v ngi xut khu phi chu
ton b chi ph. Nu vn xc nh l khng nghim trng, nh
xut khu c th chuyn l hng ny ti th trng khc ni m cc

13

quy nh vi yu cu thp hn v ng nhin ngi xut khu

cng phi chu ton b chi ph.
Hin nay hu ht cc nc cng nghip u c nhng quy nh
chung v nhp khu, chnh v th cc nh xut khu mun chuyn
l hng ti th trng khc s ngy cng kh khn hn, c bit i
vi sn phm ti sng d h hng. Hn na, EU c h thng cnh
bo an ton thc phm, n s t ng thng bo ti tt c cc nc
thnh vin v l hng b t chi; iu ny nhm trnh vic cng mt
l hng c ti nhp khu ti EU thng qua cng khc. Tng t
nh, vy Lut Yu nc (Patriot Act) ca Hoa K ngn chn bt c
l hng no ti nhp khu nu n b chn ti mt cng no .
Sau khi thng qua th tc hi quan, mt l hng c th vn b
nh nhp khu t chi nu n khng tha mn cc yu cu ca nh
nhp khu; L hng s b hu b sau v nh xut khu phi chu
chi ph. Do , l hng b t chi l cc k tn km cho nh xut
khu. iu ny gii thch ti sao cn phi chc chn rng nhng
hng ha c xut khu tun th ng cc nguyn tc v quy
nh ca nc nhp khu v cc yu cu ca nh nhp khu trc
khi hng ha ri nc xut khu. iu ny cng rt quan trng ghi
li bt k mi th tc t chi v nhng ti liu c th lu tr tham
chiu cho cc l hng sau. C cc c ch u tranh vi quyt
nh t chi l hng, nhng thng khng hiu qu i vi cc mt
hng thc phm d h hng.
Nu bn nghi ng mt trong s l hng ca mnh c vn , n
c th l nguyn nhn t chi, th tt nht l thu hi l hng tr li
hoc ngay lp tc thng bo cho khch hng bit. iu ny cho thy
mnh c nhng hnh ng i trc v rt quan tm n an ton
thc phm. Nn nh rng bt c sn phm no b t chi s gy
ting xu, n khng nhng nh hng xu n vic kinh doanh ca
bn m cn ti ton b ngnh kinh doanh m bn ang nm gi, v
cui cng l ti tt c sn phm sn xut ti nc bn.

14

5. QUY NH NHP KHU MT S NC

CHU THI BNH DNG
Chnh ph ca nc bn l ngun khi u ca cc thng tin
quy nh v xut khu v nguyn tc nhp khu trn th trng nc
ngoi. ngh lin h vi B Nng nghip hoc B Ngoi thng
ca nc bn (Ti Vit Nam lin h vi B Nng nghip v Pht
trin nng thn hay B Cng thng). Phng Kinh t hoc Thng
mi ca i S qun ca cc nc nhp khu cng c th cung cp
cho cc bn thng tin v cc quy nh nhp khu.
Thm vo , bn c th tm danh sch di y c th nhng
ngun thng tin v cc nc nhp khu. Xin lu rng danh sch
ny khng phi l y v khng phn nh kin nh gi v bt
c iu g ca FAO v cc t chc hay nhng trang Web c
hoc khng c cp n.
C
Cc quy nh v V sinh v Kim dch Thc vt:
www.daffa.gov.au/aqis/import
BHUTAN
C quan iu phi Nng nghip v Thc phm Bhutan
(BAFRA)
B Nng nghip, Thimphu, Bhutan
in thoi: +975 2 327 031
Fax: +975 20327 032
CNG HA NHN DN TRUNG HOA
Tng cc qun l Cht lng, Thanh tra v Kim dch ca Cng
ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa (AQSIQ): www.aqsiq.gov.cn/
Email: webmaster@aqsiq.cn
in thoi: +86 10 8226 0001 hoc +86 10 8226 1600
B Thng mi (MOFCOM): www.mofcom.gov.cn/
in thoi: +86 10 65120 1919
B Nng Nghip (MOA): www.agri.gov.cn/
in thoi: +86 10 6419 3366

15

HNG KNG
Cc V sinh Thc phm v Mi trng: www.fehd.gov.hk/
Chnh Thanh tra Y t (Xut/ Nhp khu)
in thoi: +852 2867 5570
Fax: +852 2521 4784
Website ca B Nng nghip, Ng nghip v Bo tn c cc
thng tin v nhp khu: www.afcd.gov.hk/
N
Cc nguyn tc v nhp khu cc mt hng nng sn:
www.exim.indiamart.com
MALAYSIA
Thng tin v cc nguyn tc v quy nh nhp khu:
www.agrolink.moa.my
NEW ZEALAND
C quan An ton Thc phm New Zealand
www.nzfsa.govt.nz/labeling-composition
PAKISTAN
Thng tin v cc nguyn tc v nhp khu cc mt hng nng
sn v thy sn: www.cbr.gov.pk
PHILIPPIN
Vn phng Thc phm v Dc phm (B Y t):
www.bfad.gov.ph
in thoi: +63 (2) 807 072; 842 56 06; 842 4538
Fax: +63 (2) 842 4603
Lin h: Gim c iu hnh (director@bfad.gov.ph)
B Nng nghip: www.da.gov.ph
in thoi: +63 (2) 928 8741 65
Fax: +63 (2) 929 8183; 928 5140
Lin h: Th k ph trch Nng nghip, Trng phng quan h
quc t

16

SINGAPORE
Cc quy nh nhp khu
www.customs.gov.sg/leftNav/info/imp/Import+requirements.htm
THI LAN
Cc nguyn tc nhp khu vi cc mt hng nng sn:
www.doa.go.th/en/
www.nfi.or.th/nfi/home.php?form[module]=links&forms[index
]=index&form[lang]=eng
Cc nguyn tc nhp khu vi cc mt hng thy sn:
www.fisheries.go.th/english/index.php
VIT NAM
Tng cc Hi Quan:
www.itpc.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/english/trade_guide/vn_tariff/
vn_index.html
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn:
www.agroviet.gov.vn/en/default.asp
B Thy sn ( st nhp vo B Nng nghip v Pht trin
nng thn)
www.mofi.gov.vn

17

6. CC T CHC H TR XUT KHU

V CHT LNG CHU
Cc nh sn xut v xut khu cn lm quen dn vi rt nhiu
cc quy nh k thut v yu cu nhp khu khc nhau, vic ny c
th lc u rt phc tp. Tuy nhin, c mt s t chc quc t v
quc gia t tr s ti cc nc Chu vi nhim v gip cc
nh sn xut tun th cc quy nh . ng ngn ngi lin lc vi
cc t chc . H c th cung cp thng tin c th hoc hng dn
ph hp.

Ngi ch trang tri ch nhn thng tin v th tc v hn ch

nhp khu ca Chu u t cc t chc phi chnh ph h tr nng
dn.

18

CP QUC T
U ban Tr gip xut khu trc tuyn cho cc nc ang pht trin
ca Cng ng Chu u: www.export-help.cec.eu.int/
Cc hng dn thc y thng mi:
www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/fvo/pdf/guide_thirdcountries_en.p
df
Trung tm Thng mi Quc t: www.intracen.org/menus/itc.htm
C s d liu M rng th trng: www.mkaccdb.eu.int
APEC: Din n Hp tc Kinh t khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng
Trang web thng nht cung cp nhng quy nh nhp khu cho tt
c cc quc gia thnh vin APEC:
www.apec.org/apec/apec_groups/committees/committee_on_trade/
market_access_group/import_regulations/australia.html

CP QUC GIA
Chnh ph ca nc bn c th c cc chng trnh tr gip cho cc
nh xut khu mt hng nng sn v h tr nng dn sn xut cho xut
khu. Hy lin h vi B Nng nghip v B Ngoi Thng.
Thm vo , trang Web di y s lit k cc t chc chnh khu
vc Chu c th cung cp thng tin v nhng tr gip cho xut khu:
www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

19

PHN 2
CHNG NHN T NGUYN
Phn u ca cun sch ny m t cc quy nh k thut quan
trng v nhng yu cu nhp khu ca Hoa K, Cng ng Chu u,
Nht bn v cc nc khc trong khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng.
l cc quy nh v yu cu bt buc i vi cc nh xut khu hoc
sn xut, nu h mun bn sn phm ca mnh vo cc th trng ny.
Phn ny s cp n cc tiu chun t nhn v chng nhn t
nguyn. Tiu chun t nguyn khng phi l bt buc. Nng dn,
ngi xut khu v cc doanh nghip c th quyt nh vic tun th
hay khng tun th cc tiu chun v chp nhn hu qu kinh t v
cc hot ng ca mnh.
Phn ny cung cp thng tin chung v mt s chng trnh chng
nhn nng sn t nguyn t nhn hin c khu vc Chu , bao gm
c cc a ch lin h c th tm kim thm thng tin chi tit.

Mt trin lm quc t v thc phm ch ra cho ngi mua thy

li ch ca nhng sn phm c chng nhn.

20

1. NHNG CU HI V CHNG NHN

Chng nhn t nguyn l g?
C ba cch thm nh rng sn phm t c tiu chun.
Trng hp th nht, mt cng ty c th quyt nh chn mt tiu
chun v ch nh mt s nhn vin ca mnh thm nh tt c cc
phng ban trong cng ty tun theo tiu chun . Cch ny gi l
bn th nht xc nhn. Trng hp th hai, mt cng ty c th yu
cu cc nh cung cp sn phm phi t c tiu chun v t h
kim tra vic nh cung cp c tun th ng khng. Cch ny gi l
bn th hai xc nhn. Cui cng, mt cng ty yu cu cc nh cung
cp sn phm phi t c tiu chun v yu cu mt t chc c
lp khng lin n quan h kinh doanh kim tra vic tun th ca
cc nh cung cp. y gi l bn th ba xc nhn v cng c gi
l cp giy chng nhn. Cho nn, v nh ngha, hot ng cp giy
chng nhn thng phi do bn th ba c lp tin hnh. Vi quan
nim, t chc lp ra tiu chun th khng nn tin hnh hot ng
cp giy chng nhn. ng hn, n s y quyn ch nh cc c
quan thm quyn c lp lm cng vic cp giy chng nhn sau
khi kim tra nng lc ca cc c quan .

Nng dn v cc nhn vin tr gip hc v qu trnh cp chng nhn

21

Mt giy chng nhn l vn bn c bo m c cp bi

mt c quan chng nhn c lp xc nhn rng qu trnh sn xut
hoc sn phm tun th mt tiu chun nht nh. Cc tiu chun
ny c th tp trung vo cc vn mi trng (nh l bo tn t,
bo v ngun nc, s dng thuc bo v thc vt hay qun l cht
thi), hoc cc vn x hi (nh thu nhp ca ngi sn xut,
quyn ca ngi lao ng, an ton v sc khe ngh nghip) hoc
v cc kha cnh khc ca sn xut nh an ton thc phm.

Ti sao cc chng trnh chng nhn tn ti?

Chng nhn mang n nhiu c hi cho ngi sn xut nh vic
thm nhp th trng, bo v cc ngun lc a phng, ci thin
iu kin sng v sc khe cho ngi lm vic trong cng ng
nng thn. N cng c th m bo cho sc khe ngi tiu dng.
Ngi tiu dng ngy cng nhn thc tt hn v nhng vn x
hi, mi trng lin quan n qu trnh sn xut v thng mi thc
phm h tiu th. p ng li nhng mi quan tm ny, cc hnh
thc khc nhau ca cc chng trnh cp giy chng nhn c
cc t chc t nhn v nh nc trin khai.

Ti sao li
chng nhn?
Giy chng nhn dng
chng minh mt sn
phm no c sn
xut theo mt phng thc
nht nh hoc c cc c
tnh nht nh ph hp vi
mt tiu chun. N c
dng ch yu khi nh sn
xut v ngi tiu dng
khng c lin h trc tip, v
d nh trn th trng quc
t, ni m ngi tiu dng
khng th d dng xc nh
sn phm c sn xut
theo ng cch nh m t
ca nh sn xut.

22

Giy chng nhn c th gip phn bit c sn phm ny vi

sn phm khc, iu c th gip cho vic qung b sn phm trn
th trng. Giy chng nhn cng c th gip tng cng thm nhp
th trng v trong mt vi trng hp kt qu lm tng gi thnh
sn xut.
Cc thi trng nhp khu ln nh Nht Bn, Hoa K v EU
ang n r th trng cho nhng sn phm c chng nhn so vi
mt s tiu chun t. Cc sn phm c chng nhn hu c, cng
bng thng mi, thng s bn c gi cao hn sn phm tng
t khng c chng nhn. Cc nc ny ang nhp khu lng ng
k cc sn phm hu c t cc nc Chu . V d ch hu c t
Trung quc v n , c ph hu c t ng Timo, chui hu c,
cng bng thng mi t Philippin v rau hu c t Trung quc v
Thi lan. D sao, cc nh xut khu Chu khng nn b qua th
trng khu vc. Thc ra, vi s pht trin ca cc thnh ph ln, s
ni ln ca tng lp trung lu thnh th v s pht trin ca h
thng siu th cc nc Chu , th trng trong nc cho cc sn
phm cht lng ang pht trin mnh m. Do vy cun sch ny
cng a ra cc thng tin v h thng chng nhn cht lng quc
gia v khuyn kch ngi c tnh n vic khi dy th trng
trong nc v xut khu trong khu vc, nhng yu cu v cht
lng y c th khng qu nghim ngt so vi cc th trng EU,
Hoa K v Nht bn.

Chi ph cho vic chng nhn?

C hai loi chi ph lin quan: (1) chi ph ca vic p ng mt
tiu chun c chng nhn, chi ph ny ph thuc vo nhng
thay i m ngi sn xut phi tin hnh ti trang tri ca h v
ph thuc vo loi chng trnh chng nhn c la chn; (2) chi
ph ca vic cp giy chng nhn, chi ph ny ph thuc thi gian
m cc thanh tra vin phi s dng trong vic kim tra trang tri v
cc chi ph i li cho h.
Ngi sn xut c th la chn trong s rt nhiu cc loi hnh
chng nhn khc nhau. Cc quyt nh c c giy chng nhn
cng nh chn la loi hnh chng nhn l quyt nh quan trng
c nh hng n vic qun l trang tri, u t v chin lc tip
th. Tuy nhin, do mi chng trnh chng nhn c nhng mc tiu
khc nhau nn yu cu cng khc nhau.

23

2. CHNG NHN V MI TRNG

NNG NGHIP HU C
Nng nghip hu c l mt phng php sn xut m qun l trang
tri v mi trng trong trang tri nh mt h thng n l. N s
dng c kin thc khoa hc v truyn thng lm tng sc mnh
cho h sinh thi nng nghip. Trang tri hu c ch trng vo vic
s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trong vng v vic qun
l h sinh thi hn l nhng u t t bn ngoi nh phn khong
v cc ho cht nng nghip. Nng nghip hu c khng s dng
cc ho cht tng hp v cy trng bin i gen. N y mnh cc
bin php canh tc truyn thng bn vng duy tr ph nhiu
ca t nh l t ngh.

Cn bng sinh thi trong trang tri hu c

Nhng yu cu chnh?
C rt nhiu yu cu c th cho cc cy trng c chng nhn
hu c cng nh nhng vt nui, nui trng thu sn, nui ong,
rng v thu hoch cc sn phm hoang d. Cc tiu chun hu c
yu cu phi c mt giai on chuyn i (hoc thi gian m trang
tri p dng phng php sn xut hu c truc khi c
chng nhn, thng thng l 2-3 nm).

24

Mt s tiu chun trang tri hu c

Lm th no c chng nhn?
Cc tiu chun v trang tri hu c ch yu ang c cc c
quan chng nhn t nhn xy dng nhng ti mt s nc Chu
cng c tiu chun v quy nh quc gia v nng nghip hu c
(v d: Nht Bn, Trung Quc, Malaysia, Hn Quc, Thi Lan).
Thm vo c cc t chc t nhn c sng kin gip pht trin
trang tri hu c (v d: Green Net/Earth, Net Foundation ca Thi
Lan). Cng ng Chu u, M v Nht Bn tt c u c quy nh
quc gia v ghi nhn sn phm hu c v nu nh sn xut mun
xut khu sn phm ca h sang cc nc ny, h phi p ng
c cc quy nh .
S la chn c quan chng nhn l rt quan trng. C quan
chng nhn c nh sn xut la chn phi chnh thc c cng
nhn ti quc gia, ni m sn phm s c bn. Cc C quan
chng nhn quc gia chi ph thng r hn so vi cc c quan
chng quc t nhng n khng c bit n ti mt s th trng
nc ngoi.
Giai on chuyn i 2-3 nm thng tn km chi ph cho nh
sn xut bi v sn phm ch bn c vi gi nh cc sn phm

25

nng nghip thng thng, thm ch vic s dng cc bin php hu

c s lm cho gi thnh sn phm tng ln v nng sut thp i, t
nht vo cc nm u. Ti mt s nc cng c nhu cu th
trng v sn phm t trang tri ang trong giai on chuyn i
sang sn xut nng nghip hu c nhng cha nhn c giy
chng nhn. Nhng sn phm ny nhiu khi c ghi nhn sn
phm hu c qu . gim bt chi ph v gip tng cng
sn xut v tun th cc tiu chun, cc nh sn xut c th lin kt
vi nhau lp ra h thng kim sot ni b. lm c iu ,
vn quan trng l nhng ngi sn xut phi tin tng v phi
hp vi nhau trong cng vic, nh vy gia h s c s l thuc ln
nhau. Hng dn cho vic thnh lp v hot ng ca nhm ngi
sn xut c th tm thy Lin on Quc t v tro lu Nng
nghip hu c (xem a ch lin h di y).
Nng nghip hu c c th l c hi hp dn cho rt nhiu nh
sn xut Chu , c bit cho nhng nc hin ti khng s dng
qu nhiu ha cht nng nghip. V d, Trung quc xut khu
ch hu c i khp th gii v rau hu c sang Nht Bn. n
cng xut khu ch hu c, Philippin xut khu chui v xoi hu
c, ng Timo xut khu c ph hu c.

Nhng c hi v Thch thc

Mt khi trang tri c chng nhn, vic bn cc sn phm
hu c c th tng cht lng cuc sng v thu nhp cho ngi sn

Cn b cp chng nhn kho st nng tri

v hi nng dn

26

xut. Cc nh sn xut chuyn hng mnh sang sn xut nng

nghip hu c do nhiu l do khc nhau. Mt s ngi sn xut
nhn thy vic s dng nhiu ha cht l khng tt cho sc khe ca
h v mi trng, trong khi mt s khc th li b hp dn bi gi
bn cao hn v s pht trin th trng ca cc sn phm hu c
trong nhng nm gn y.
Vic chuyn i sang sn xut nng nghip hu c c th d
dng hn hoc mang li nhiu li ch hn cho ngi sn xut ph
thuc vo h c hay khng:
l S dng ng phn bn hu c v cc vt t c php khc
hay s dng cc sn phm ha nng thm canh.
l Lm ch t trng
l C lc lng lao ng (v trong sn xut hu c thng cn
nhiu lao ng).
Cc thng tin v nng nghip hu c
Quc t:
Lin on Quc t v tro lu Nng nghip Hu c (IFOAM):
www.ifoam.org
Email: headoffice@ifoam.org in thoi: +49 228 926 5010
T chc Nng Lng Lin Hp Quc (FAO):
www.fao.org/organicag
Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Thng mi v Pht trin (UNCTAD):
www.unctad.org
Trung tm thng mi Quc t (ITC): www.intracen.org

Marketing:
Mng li thng mi hu c Vng quc Anh
www.organics.com
Email: info@organicTS.com in thoi: +44 797 410 3109
Mng li hp tc quc t - B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA FAS)
www.fas.usda.gov/agx/organics/index.htm

27

Cc trung tm nghin cu:

FIBL Thy S
www.fibl.org/english/index.php
Email: info.suisse@fibl.org
in thoi: +41 628 867 272
Nghin cu Hu c Vng quc Anh
www.organic-research.com
Mng li truyn thng quc gia v Nng nghip bn vng Hoa
k : www.attra.org

T chc tr gip quc gia v c quan chng nhn Chu :

www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

CHNG NHN ISO 14001

Tiu chun 14001 c a ra gip thc thi h thng qun l mi
trng p dng cho cc t chc t nhn v nh nc. N c nn bi
T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) xy dng t chc ny l mt mng
li quc t cc c quan tiu chun quc gia lm vic ng hnh vi cc
chnh ph, cc i din nghnh cng nghip v ngi tiu dng. Trong
khi kh nhiu cc tiu chun ISO khc c th s dng lm cng c
qun l mi trng, v d nh ISO 14001. Nhm cc tiu chun ISO,
bao gm rt nhiu nhng tiu chun t nguyn quc t c hi ha ha,
ang c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip.

Nhng yu cu ch yu l g?
Tiu chun ISO 14001 i hi doanh nghip xy dng mt h
thng qun l mi trng bao gm: Mc tiu v ch th v mi
trng, chnh sch v phng thc t c nhng mc tiu ,
xc nh trch nhim, cc hot ng o to hun luyn nhn vin,
ghi chp s sch v h thng kim tra bt k s thay i no xy
ra. Tiu chun ISO 14001 m t qu trnh qun l m doanh nghip
cn phi lm theo v yu cu cc doanh nghip phi tn trng quy
nh quc gia v mi trng. Tuy nhin, n khng t ra mc
hot ng c th hoc yu cu l phi t c cc mc hot
ng ring .

28

Lm th no c chng nhn
Tiu chun ISO 14001 do cc c quan cp giy chng nhn ca
chnh ph hoc t nhn cp theo trong phm vi qun l ca cc c
quan ny. mt s nc, c quan c thm quyn ca quc gia ch
nh cc t chc chng nhn thc hin cp giy chng nhn ISO.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi sn xut phi thu chuyn gia t vn
gip trong qu trnh chun b v xy dng k hoch qun l mi
trng.

Cc c hi v thch thc
ISO 14001 rt ni ting trong cc ngnh cng nghip. Vic cp
giy chng nhn nhm mc ch lm gim bt tc ng n mi
trng bng mt h thng qun l m n c th to ra nhiu li ch
bn trong thng qua vic y mnh hot ng mi trng (v d
nh vic tit kim s dng nguyn liu th v nng lng hoc ci
tin trong qun l cht thi). Mt hn ch ca ISO 140001 l khng
yu cu v mc hot ng. iu c ngha l mt doanh nghip
c cc mc tiu cao v mi trng v mt doanh nghip khc c
mc tiu thp cng u c th c cp chng nhn. Do , hiu
qu ph thuc ch yu vo cam kt ca tng cng ty. Hn th na,
biu tng ISO ny khng th dng trn sn phm. Tuy nhin, t
chc ca bn c minh chng l c cp chng nhn ISO 14001
trong cc hot ng qung co v quan h vi cng chng. Chi ph
sn phm khng tng. L do l s lng cc cng ty c cp
chng nhn ISO tng ln, tiu chun ny c th khng cn l yu t
quyt nh li th trn th trng, nhng n c th mang n nhng
li ch khc trong cng ty.

Cc thng tin v ISO 14001

Quc t:
T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO): www.iso.org

Cc h tr v c quan cp giy chng nhn quc gia Chu :

www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

29

3. CHNG NHN V X HI
CNG BNG THNG MI
Cng bng thng mi da trn c s c ngi sn xut tr
cng xng ng. Ngi mua cam kt trong cng bng thng mi
tr mc gi ti thiu cho ngi sn xut v cn tr thm mt khon
gi gia tng gi l ph bo m cng bng thng mi. Phn gi tr
gia tng ny h tr cho chnh nhng ngi sn xut v u t
pht trin cng ng. Ngc li, ngi sn xut cam kt trong cng
bng thng mi phi tun th cc quyn ca ngi lao ng, cc
yu cu v x hi v mi trng. Tiu chun c thit lp v chng
nhn di s kim sot ca T chc Ghi nhn Cng bng thng
mi Quc t (FLO). T chc ny bao trm khp th gii gm 20 t
chc phi chnh ph ca cc nc Chu u, Chu M, Chu v
Chu i dng. Nhiu t chc khc khng c lin quan ti FLO
cng ang lp ra cc tiu chun cng bng thng mi.
Rt nhiu nh sn xut ca Chu c hng li t xut khu
sn phm cng bng thng mi. V d Philippin xut khu chui
v ng sang Nht bn, Thi lan xut khu go, Indonesia xut
khu c ph, n v Sri-Lanka xut khu vani v.v...

Qu cng bng thng mi gip xy dng th vin

v ch vui chi cho tr em

30

Nhng yu cu ch yu?
c c giy chng nhn, hi cc nh sn xut phi hot
ng mt cch dn ch. Trong c nhng nguyn tc v s dng
ph bo m cng bng thng mi nh th no v cc yu cu v
bo v mi trng.
i vi cc n in, c mt s yu cu lin quan n quyn lao
ng nh: i x vi cng nhn, t do lin kt v bn bc tp th,
nh v v sinh cho cng nhn, sc kho v an ton cho cng nhn,
v khng c lao ng tr em hoc lao ng b cng bc. Thm vo
, ngi sn xut phi tun th lut php v x hi v mi trng
ti nc sn xut v chng minh vic khng ngng ci thin thng
qua cc t kim tra hng nm.

Lm sao c cp chng nhn ?

Chng nhn cng bng thng mi ca FLO c th c cp v
s dng cho mt nhm cc nh sn xut ca mt hp tc x, mt hi
nng dn hoc nhng trang tri ln c t chc ca ngi lao ng.
Kim sot vin a phng kim tra trang tri v c quan cp giy
chng nhn s quyt nh c cp cho hi nh sn xut hay khng.
Khi c cp chng nhn, th c t thanh tra nh k hng nm
kim tra liu nhng ngi sn xut c p ng c cc yu cu
ca cng bng thng mi v vic h s dng cc qu cng bng
thng mi nh th no. Nhng ngui kinh doanh s dng chng
nhn FLO c ghi trn bao b phi tr l ph bn quyn. Ngi sn
xut phi tr l ph da trn c s ca chi ph thanh kim tra.

Nhng c hi v thch thc

Mt hi cc nh sn xut hoc mt n in c th thu c
nhiu li nhun hn t giy chng nhn cng bng thng mi v
sn phm c chng nhn thng c bn gi cao hn v n nh
hn. Gi tr cho ngi sn xut c xc nh qua cc chi ph sn
xut. N bao gm c bt k mt chi ph ph no c th pht sinh
nhm p ng yu cu ca cng bng thng mi chng hn nh
vic cp lng cho cng nhn. Ni chung, qu cng bng thng
mi l cung cp mt s ngun kinh ph cho cng ng nhm nng
cao iu kin sng cho cc thnh vin trong cng ng .

31

Hn ch ln nht ca h thng cng bng thng mi l nh sn

xut ch c th nhn c giy chng nhn khi T chc FLO tm
thy th trng tiu th sn phm c ghi nhn cng bng thng
mi ca h bc cn thit u tin. tham gia vo h thng cng
bng thng mi, cn hi T chc FLO v cc nh nhp khu cng
bng thng mi cc thng tin lin quan n c hi th trng cho
cc sn phm ca h. Mt hn ch na l khi mt hi cc nh sn
xut hay mt n in c cp chng nhn th khng c g m
bo rng tt cc sn phm c bn v a ra th trng u l
cng bng thng mi .

Thng tin v cng bng thng mi

Quc t:
FLO quc t, Bonn, c: www.fairtrade.net
Email: info@fairtrade.net in thoi: +49 228 949 230
C quan Chng nhn FLO, Bonn/ c:
Email: info@flo-cert.net
Xut khu sn phm cng bng thng mi n Nht bn:
TransFair Nht Bn: www.fairtrade-jp.org
AlterTrade Nht Bn: www.altertrade.co.jp

T chc tr gip quc gia v c quan cp giy chng nhn

Chu :
www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

32

CHNG NHN SA8000

SA8000 l mt chng trnh cp chng nhn t nguyn t nhn
v khong khng lm vic, chng trnh ny c xy dng bi t
chc phi chnh ph Trch nhim x hi Quc t (SAI) vi mc ch
to ra cc iu kin lm vic tt hn. Tiu chun SA8000 da trn
cc tiu chun quc t v khong khng lm vic bao gm c nhng
vn lin quan n cng bng x hi, quyn ca ngi lm vic
v iu kin lm vic. Mt s hng ln xut khu chui, da, thuc
l, ru vang, tri cy ng hp v c ph ch bin c cp
chng nhn SA8000. n thng 12 nm 2006 c khong 500
chng nhn SA8000 c cp cho cc c s Chu (trong
190 n , 140 Trung quc v 58 Pakistan).

Nhng yu cu ch yu?
Chng nhn SA8000 a ra cc tiu chun thp nht v iu
kin lm vic nhm m bo mi trng lm vic an ton v lnh
mnh, v t do lin kt, bn bc tp th v mt chin lc ca doanh
nghip cho vic qun l mang tnh x hi ni lm vic. cng
c cc qui nh v thi gian lm vic, lng, chng phn bit i
x, s dng lao ng tr em hay cng bc lao ng.

Lm th no c cp chng nhn?
Doanh nghip c cc iu kin hot ng sn xut ph hp c
th np n xin cp chng nhn SA8000 cho cc C quan cp
chng nhn c kim chng SAI. Sau khi kim tra ban u v
khi giy chng nhn c cp, doanh nghip c kim tra nhm
m bo tip tc tun th cc tiu chun. Doanh nghip sn xut
thng phi tr ph cho vic chng nhn, bao gm chi ph thanh
kim tra, cc hot ng hiu chnh v phng nga. Du chng nhn
SA8000 khng c s dng trn nhn sn phm nhng doanh
nghip c th s dng n trong hot ng qung co. Khng c mt
u i ring no v gi hay th trng cho cc sn phm c cp
giy chng nhn SA8000.

33

Nhng c hi v thch thc

Chng nhn SA8000 l mt trong nhng tiu chun chi tit nht
v iu kin lm vic so vi cc quyn lao ng quc t. N mang
li li ch trc tin cho doanh nghip sn xut hng ho v c th
s dng trong cc hot ng cng. Tiu chun SA8000 c th gip
nng cao hiu qu v cht lng sn xut, cng nh gip cho vic
tuyn dng v gi c ngi lao ng. Mc d chng nhn
SA8000 kh ph bin trong cc ngnh cng nghip tuy nhin
vic trin khai cn rt chm chp trong ngnh nng nghip hng ha
v n kh thc hin trong iu kin sn xut mang tnh ma v.
Thng tin v SA8000
Quc t:
C quan Trch nhim x hi
Quc t
Tel: +1 212 6841414
e-mail: info@sa-intl.org
Web: www.sa-intl.org
Danh sch cc t chc chng
nhn SA8000:
www.sa-ntl.org/index.cfm?
fuseaction=document.show
DocumentByID&nodelD=1&
DocumentID=60

Mt mi trng lm vic an ton

v lnh mnh

T chc tr gip quc gia v c quan cp giy chng nhn

Chu :
http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

34

4. AN TON THC PHM

V CHNG NHN THC HNH TT
Tng nhu cu c cp chng nhn an ton thc phm
H thng siu th Chu u ang i hi cc nh cung cp phi
c chng nhn t tiu chun an ton thc phm t nhn nh
GLOBALGAP, BRC v IFS. H thng ny chim trn 60% cc sn
phm ti sng bn l nhiu nc Chu u. Thm vo , mi
cng ty bn l thm ch cn yu cu v cht lng cao hn cc nh
cung cp nhm phn bit r sn phm ca h vi cc sn phm ca
cc i th cnh tranh.
Tng t, ti th trng Chu , h thng siu th hoc cc nh
kinh doanh ch bin nng sn a phng cng yu cu mt vi
chng nhn ti thiu v an ton thc phm v cc khch hng ny
yu cu cht lng cao hn khi mua sn phm ca ngi sn xut.
Ngay c Chu v quc t nng dn v cc nh sn xut s i hi
hn yu cu chng nhn da trn tiu chun an ton thc phm.
Phn di y s cp n mt s loi hnh tiu chun t
nguyn v an ton thc phm v thc hnh sn xut tt. u tin l
tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP). Cc tiu chun ny
ph hp vi nng dn v n bao gm ton b qu trnh sn xut
nng nghip t u vo n cng trang tri. i din ca n l tiu
chun thc hnh nng nghip tt ton cu (GLOBALGAP), mt
tiu chun t nguyn do nhiu h thng siu th Chu u yu cu,
v cc Tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP) ca quc gia v
khu vc ang c trin khai ti Chu . Phn ny cn miu t cc
Tiu chun cho Thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP). Cc tiu chun ny
ch yu p dng cho cc hng ch bin nng sn thnh thc phm
ti sng.

35

4.1.Thc hnh Nng nghip Tt (GAP)

4.1.1 Gii thiu v GAP
GAP l g?
Theo ti liu ca FAO 2003 - GAP l cc qu trnh thc hnh
canh tc ch bin ti trang tri hng ti s bn vng v mi trng,
kinh t v x hi v kt qu l an ton v cht lng ca thc phm
v cc sn phm nng nghip khng phi l thc phm.
Cc nguyn l, tiu chun v quy nh ca GAP?
Cc nguyn l, tiu chun
v quy nh ca thc hnh
nng nghip tt (GAP) theo
hng dn c xy dng
trong nhng nm gn bi
ngnh cng nghip thc phm,
cc t chc ca ngi sn
xut, cc t chc chnh ph v
phi chnh ph nhm mc ch
h thng ha cc phng thc
thc hnh nng nghip ti
trang tri cho mt lot cc sn
phm.
Ti sao cc nguyn l,
tiu chun v quy nh ca
GAP tn ti c?

Thanh tra GLOBALGAP kim

tra sn phm n
Chu u

Nhng nguyn l, chng

trnh hay tiu chun GAP tn
ti c l do mi quan tm ngy cng tng v cht lng v an
ton thc phm trn ton th gii. Mc ch ca GAP l rt khc
nhau t vic p ng cc yu cu ca thng mi v ca chnh ph,
t cc vn cht lng v an ton thc phm, n cc yu cu
ring v c trng ca sn phm. Cc mc tiu ca h thay i t
vic m bo an ton v cht lng ca sn phm trong cc cng
on ca sn xut; nm bt c hi mi ca th trng qua thay i
s qun l ca h thng cung ng; nng cao s dng cc ngun ti

36

nguyn thin nhin, sc khe v iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao

ng n vic to ra cc c hi th trng mi cho nng dn v cc
nh xut khu ti cc nc ang pht trin.
Cc li ch v thch thc ch yu l g?
C rt nhiu li ch trong cc nguyn l, tiu chun v quy nh
ca GAP, bao gm tng cng cht lng v an ton thc phm, to
thun li cho vic thm nhp th trng v gim bt cc ri ro lin
quan n thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng, d lng ti a
cho php v cc nguy c gy nhim khc. Nhng kh khn ln
nht trong p dng GAP l tng cc chi ph sn xut, c bit l vic
ghi chp lu tr s sch, kim tra d lng v chng nhn, thiu
thng tin v cc dch v h tr.
Thng tin v GAP:
FAO GAP: www.fao.org/prods/GAP/index_en.htm

4.1.2 Cc chng trnh GAP cp quc gia v khu vc

4.1.2.1. Thc hnh nng nghip tt ton cu (GLOBALG.A.P)
Ngy 7 thng 9 nm 2007, EurepGAP (Thc hnh nng nghip
tt ca Chu u) i tn thnh GLOBALGAP, iu phn nh
phm v nh hng ca n trn ton cu. GLOBALGAP l mt t
chc t nhn xy dng cc tiu chun chng nhn t nguyn v
cc th tc cho vic thc hnh nng nghip tt. Ban u n c
mt nhm cc siu th Chu u xy dng nn. Mc ch ca
GLOBALGAP lm tng s tin tng ca khch hng i vi thc
phm an ton, thng qua thc hnh nng nghip tt ca ngi sn
xut. Trong tm ca GLOBALGAP l an ton thc phm v truy
xut ngun gc, bn cnh n cng cp n cc vn khc
nh an ton, sc khe v phc li cho ngi lao ng v bo v mi
trng. GLOBALGAP l mt tiu chun trc cng trang tri, iu

37

c ngha l vic cp chng nhn ch cho cc qu trnh sn xut

t khi ht ging c gieo trng n khi sn phm xut khi trang
tri. Cn phi nh rng GLOBALGAP ch l mt tiu chun t
nhn.
Cho n nay GLOBALGAP xy dng cc tiu chun cho rau
v tri cy, cy trng sen, hoa v cy cnh, c ph, ch, tht ln, gia
cm, gia sc v cu, b sa v thu sn (c hi). Cc sn phm khc
th ang c nghin cu v pht trin (xem thm trn trang Web
ca GLOBALGAP).

Cc yu cu ch yu?
Tiu chun GLOBALGAP yu cu cc nh sn xut phi thit
lp mt h thng kim tra v gim st hon chnh. Sn phm
c ng k c th b truy xut li ngun gc ti tng trang tri
ni n c trng. Cc nguyn l ca GLOBALGAP rt linh
hot vi vic thc hnh canh tc trn ng rung nh kh trng t
v s dng phn bn, nhng n li rt nghim ngt vi vic s dng
thuc bo v thc vt v mc d lng thuc bo v thc vt. Thm
vo , vic ghi chp s sch v chng minh sn phm c sn
xut nh th no l vn rt quan trng v nhng ghi chp t m
v thc hnh sn xut trang tri nht thit phi c lu tr.

Lm th no nhn c cp chng nhn ?

GLOBALGAP khng t n cp giy chng nhn m y quyn
cho cc c quan c ng k chng nhn. Trc tin, n yu cu nm
c tt c nhng quy nh chung ca GLOBALGAP v cc im
kim tra trong phm vi sn xut sn phm tng ng, sau mi
lin h vi cc c quan cp giy chng nhn tin hnh cc th
tc cp chng nhn. Ngi nng dn mun c cp chng nhn
GLOBALGAP cn phi tnh n cc khon chi ph nht nh. V h
phi tr chi ph cho vic ng k, kim tra v cp giy chng nhn.
C ngi sn xut ring l hoc nhm cc nh sn xut u c
th xin cp giy chng nhn, chi ph ny ph thuc vo c quan cp
giy chng nhn c chn v thi gian cn thit cho vic thanh

38

kim tra. Ngoi khon ph tr cho c quan cp giy chng nhn, nh

sn xut phi tr thm ph hng nm cho vic duy tr giy chng
nhn.
Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh
c cp chng nhn GLOBALGAP, nh sn xut hoc
nhm cc nh sn xut cn hon thin h thng qun l v theo di
cc hot ng ca trang tri.
iu ny i hi phi c kh nng v qun l v ti chnh;
do nhng nh sn xut c quy m ln s thun li hn trong vic
p ng cc yu cu t ra.
Nhng nh sn xut c cp giy chng nhn s thun li hn
khi bn sn phm cho cc ca hng bn l, ni m yu cu c giy
chng nhn GLOBALGAP. Tnh n thng 9 nm 2007, GLOBALGAP c 35 thnh vin bn l v dch v thc phm (34 Chu
u v 1 Nht Bn).
Khng c khon ph gia tng hoc ghi nhn cho sn phm
GLOBALGAP, v n l tiu chun ti thiu tp trung vo mi quan
h gia cc c s kinh doanh.
Thng tin v GLOBALG.A.P:
Quc t
GLOBALG.A.P. c/o FoodPLUS GmbH
www.globalgap.org
e-mail: info@foodplus.org

Tel: +49 221 579 9325

Ban lin lc
Ngi lin h GLOBALG.A.P. ti Trung Quc:
Gim c n ti Trung Quc
Tel: +86 133 2113 8571

39

Cc c quan c GLOBALGAP ch nh cp giy chng

nhn Chu

www.globalgap.org/fuit/cbs.html?countryid=211&continentid=16

4.1.2.2. Thc hnh nng nghip tt ca ng nam (ASEANGAP)

ASEANGAP l do ban th k ca t chc ASEAN xy dng
(vi i din cc nc thnh vin) v c a ra t nm 2006. N
l mt tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt trong c qu trnh sn
xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch i vi rau qu ti khu
vc ASEAN. Mc tiu ca ASEANGAP l tng cng hi ha ha
cc chng trnh GAP quc gia ca cc nc thnh vin ASEAN
trong khu vc, cao sn phm rau qu an ton cho ngi tiu
dng, duy tr cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v thc y thng
mi rau qu trong khu vc v quc t.

Nhng yu cu ch yu ca ASEANGAP ?
ASEANGAP gm c 4 phn chnh:
 An ton thc phm
 Qun l mi trng
 Sc khe, an ton lao ng v phc li cho ngi lm vic
 Cht lng sn phm
Mi mt phn c th s dng ring l hay kt hp vi cc phn
khc. iu ny cho php tng bc thc hin ASEANGAP, thc
hin tng phn mt, trn c s u tin ca mi quc gia.

Lm th no nhn c chng nhn?

Vic cp chng nhn c cc C quan chc nng ca mi quc
gia ASEAN tin hnh.

40

Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh

Mc tiu ca ASEANGAP l nng cao hi ha ha cc tiu
chun ca cc sn phm v thc y thng mi nhiu c hi cho
cc nh sn xut c chng nhn y mnh vic xut khu rau qu
ti ca h sang cc nc ASEAN khc. i vi cc nc ASEAN
km pht trin s c c hi s dng ASEANGAP nh l quy chun
trong vic pht trin chng trnh GAP quc gia, v ASEANGAP
bao gm cc hng dn thc hin, ti liu hun luyn cng nh
nguyn l v cc bin php thc hnh c khuyn co. Cc nc
thnh vin c th quy chun chng trnh GAP quc gia ca mnh
vi ASEANGAP t c s hi ha.
Hn ch ln nht ca ASEANGAP l mi ch a ra cc tiu
chun cho cc sn phm rau qu ti. N khng bao gm cc sn
phm cn c ri ro cao trong thc phm an ton nh sn phm
c ct lt. y vn l tiu chun rt mi trong khu vc v quc
t. ASEANGAP khng phi l tiu chun chng nhn cho cc
sn phm hu c hay sn phm bin i gen.
Thng tin v ASEANGAP
ASEANGAP: www.aphnet.org/gap/ASEANgap.html

4.1.2.3. Chng nhn SALM ca Malaysia

Malaysia pht trin mt s chng trnh m bo cht lng
cho nhng ngi sn xut ban u thng qua mt lot h thng
chng nhn t nguyn bao gm: b phn chng nhn rau qu ti
(SALM), chng nhn vt nui (SALT), chng nhn sn phm c v
thy sn (SPLAM), v b phn chng nhn sn phm hu c
(SOM). Vic tin hnh cc tiu chun GAP Malaysia c bt
u bng vic B Nng nghip (DOA) a vo s dng h thng
chng nhn trang tri chnh thc ca Malaysia (SALM) nm 2002.
SALM l mt chng trnh chng nhn cc trang tri tun th
thc hnh nng nghip tt, hot ng theo phng thc bn vng

41

v thn thin vi mi trng v nng sut, cht lng sn phm an

ton cho tiu dng.
SALM bao gm ba hng chnh :
 Thit k mi trng ca trang tri
 Cc phng thc thc hnh ti trang tri
 S an ton cho sn phm trang tri

Nhng yu cu ch yu?
Theo 3 hng trn, 21 yu t s c nh gi v trong 17
loi ghi chp phi c duy tr. Nhng thng tin thng trc ti cc
trang trai c chng nhn SALM bao gm: vic s dng t, loi
t, ngun nc v cht lng ca nc ti, vic lm t bao gm
c kh trng t, qu trnh bn phn, k thut thu hoch v vn
chuyn sn phm trn ng rung, x l sau thu hoch v ng gi,
v s l cht thi t trang tri.

Lm th no c cp chng nhn ?
Trc tin nng dn phi ng k vi B Nng nghip v phi
qua mt t kim tra ca i thanh tra Ban th k ph duyt bo co
ca i thanh tra l c s kim tra trang tri ln th hai chun
b mt bo co k thut trnh ln y ban cng nhn. Nu c
chp nhn, trang tri s c cp chng nhn GAP v c php
dn l-g SALM. Sau trang tri phi chu s kim tra v phng
thc thc hnh v tip theo l phn tch d lng ca sn phm v
ngun nc.

Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh

Nhng trang tri c ng k s c u tin th trng
a phng bi v n c tiu chun l ni u tin cung cp v to
ra mt s khc bit. Tuy vy khng c khon ph gia tng no vi
cc sn phm t trang tri c chng nhn. Nhng trang tri c
chng nhn SALM s c php s dng l-g sn phm tt nht

42

ca Malaysia, mt nhn hiu do Chnh quyn lin bang v tip th

nng sn (FAMA) qun l. V xut khu, thng qua mt tha thun
song phng vi Singapore, nhng l hng ny s c i x u
i.
Tuy nhin, h thng ny u do Cc Nng nghip qun l, thanh
tra v chng nhn cho nn n cn thiu tnh minh bch. H thng
SALM cng khng nhn c s cng nhn tng ng ca cc
nc khc hay cc tiu chun t nhn, nhng quy chun vi
GLOBALGAP bt u t thng 9 nm 2007v n s lm thay i
tnh th..
Thng tin v Malaysia SALM:
- Cc Nng nghip Malaysia:
www.doa.gov.my/main.php
H thng SALM, Malaysia:
www.doa.gov.my/main.php?Content=contentdetails&ContentI
D=12&CurLocation=0&Page=1
4.1.2.4. Q-GAP Thi Lan v chng nhn ThaiGAP
Nhm p ng cc yu cu v cht lng v an ton i vi th
trng trong nc v xut khu, Chnh ph Thi lan c nhng
bc tin ng k trong vic xy dng, gii thiu v thc hin
chng trnh chng nhn cht lng v an ton thc phm Q. H
thng Q c xy dng chng nhn cc bc ca qu trnh sn
xut thc phm an ton bng vic s dng l g Q cho tt c nng
sn (cy trng, vt nui v thy sn). Cc Nng nghip cp cc loi
chng nhn bao gm Q GAP, Q xng ng gi, Q ca hng. Mt
h thng qun l cht lng: Thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP) cho
sn xut ti trang tri c xy dng da trn vic ci tin cc
tiu chun quc t vi 3 mc chng nhn. Mc 1 l d lng thuc
bo v thc vt an ton; mc 2 l d lng thuc bo v thc vt an

43

ton v khng c dch hi v mc 3 l d lng thuc bo v thc

vt an ton, sch dch hi v cht lng cao hn.

Nhng yu cu chnh l g ?
Tiu chun xc nh r 8 im kim tra, nhng yu cu t ra
v cch thc tin hnh. Cc im kim tra ny gm: ngun nc,
a im nui trng, s dng cc ho cht nguy him trong nng
nghip, kho cha sn phm v vn chuyn trn ng rung, ghi
chp s liu, sn xut sn phm sch su bnh, qun l cht lng
nng sn trong sn xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch. T im
1 5 l chng nhn mc 1; t 1 6 l chng nhn mc 2 v c 8
im l chng nhn mc 3.

Lm th no c chng nhn ?
H thng chng nhn l t nguyn v do chnh ph qun l. Vn
phng Quc gia v Nng sn v Tiu chun Thc phm (ACFS) l
c quan chnh thc cng nhn v Cc Nng nghip l c quan thc
thi chc nng v cp chng nhn. Nng dn np n v cc ti tiu
c lin quan cho vn phng a phng ca C quan Nghin cu v
Pht trin Nng nghip (OARD), c quan ny tin hnh kim tra.
Nng dn s c thng bo v kt qu kim tra v c mt vi ngy
bit kt qu c th cc hot ng iu chnh s c tin hnh.
Bn kim tra GAP sau c gi n ban lnh o ca C quan
Nghin cu v Pht trin Nng nghip a phng xem xt trnh
by vi tiu ban cp chng nhn GAP. Tiu ban ny bin son v
trnh ln y ban qun l an ton thc phm sau y ban ny cp
chng nhn.

Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh

Hin ti, chng nhn Q GAP khng tnh n bt k khon ph
no. H thng c thanh tra v chng nhn bi Cc Nng nghip.

44

H thng ny v giy chng nhn ca n cha c quy chun ha

quc t. xy dng c tiu chun t chun ha quc t, Phng
Thng Mi hp tc vi vi Chnh ph Thi Lan bt u pht trin
ThaiGAP. Ti thi im xut bn cun sch hng dn ny, s cng
tc gia cc bn lin quan ca Thi Lan v GLOBALGAP mi ch
bt u cho vic xy dng ThaiGAP. Theo k hoch nh l
ThaiGAP c th t c quy chun vi GLOBALGAP vo cui
nm 2008.
Thng tin v Q GAP v ThaiGAP ca Thi Lan
B Nng nghip v Hp tc x ca Thi Lan:
www.acfs.go.th
www.doa.go.th/en/
Hng dn kim tra cp chng nhn:
www.aphnet.org/workshop/SPS%20matters/Thailand/
thai%20gap.pdf
Phng Thng mi Thi Lan, Bng Cc
www.thaiechamber.com
Tel: + 66 2622 1860
4.1.2.5. Nht Bn chng nhn JGAP
Sng kin nng nghip tt ca Nht Bn (JGAI) do mt nhm
cc nh sn xut ca thnh lp vo thng 4 nm 2005, thit lp
mt h thng m bo an ton cho cc sn phm nng sn bng vic
thit lp mt tiu chun chung v thc hnh nng nghip tt ti Nht
Bn JGAP. B Nng nghip Nht Bn thng bo n thng 62006, JGAP tr thnh tiu chun quc gia, iu ny c ngha l
nhiu nh bn l t nhn v h thng GAP ca B Nng nghip s
cng chung mt tiu chun. N quyt nh vic quy chun JGAP

45

vi GLOBALGAP nhm tng cng s cng nhn ca cc nh bn

l trong nc v quc t. Vic quy chun vi GLOBALGAP
hon thnh vo thng 8 nm 2007.

Nhng yu cu ch yu l g ?
H thng JGAP c chia ra lm bn phn:
An ton thc phm, bao gm im kim sot v phn bn, ht
ging, mua bn sn phm.
Xem xt v mi trng bao gm: nc, t, nng lng v a
im lin k.
Phc li v an ton ca ngi lao ng bao gm mc lng
ti thiu v o to.
H thng qun l bn hng bao gm s lu tr s sch v truy
xut ngun gc.

Lm th no c chng nhn?
JGAP do mt y ban iu hnh qun l, u ban c quyn cao
nht trong nh hng chnh sch ca JGAP. y ban iu hnh c
mt Ban k thut xy dng cc tiu chun v cc quy nh chung
v mt Hi ng vi i din rng ri ca cc bn lin quan l cc
nh cung cp v bn l. Vic cp giy chng nhn do bn t nhn
th ba c t cch v tiu chun tin hnh.

Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh

JGAP mang n c hi cho nng dn Nht Bn bi n phn nh
c im ring bit ca n nng nghip Nht Bn, v quy m ca
trang tri, cc vn php l v mi trng, th ch v ngn ng.
Nhng thch thc i vi JGAP l vic thc hin GAP trong s
nng dn sn xut nh vi chi ph thp, t chc nng dn v hi ha
tt c h thng GAP ring r ca cc nh bn l.
JGAP c quy chun vi GLOBALGAP vi mt danh mc
kim tra chp thun (AMCL) trong vic quy chun, m ch cc

46

im kim tra gii hn c quy chun. L g JGAP tn ti nhng

ch c s dng trong hot ng gia cc nh kinh doanh v khng
ti im cui trong bn hng.
Thng tin v JGAP Nht Bn
JGAP: www.jgai.jp/

4.1.2.6. Thc phm xanh ca Trung Quc v chng nhn

ChinaGAP
Chnh ph Trung Quc thit lp h thng chng nhn nh
nc v nng sn v thc phm trong chui sn xut v xy dng
2 chng trnh GAP a vo chng nhn trong trang tri. Hai
chng trnh GAP ny nhm mc ch khch l sn xut nng
nghip, gim bt ri ro lin quan n an ton thc phm, iu phi
cc thnh phn khc nhau trong chui cung cp nng sn v khch
l s pht trin ca cc tiu chun quc t v thc hnh nng nghip
tt v cc tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt quc t v hot ng
chng nhn c lin quan. B Nng nghip xy dng tiu chun
thc phm xanh xy dng thc hnh nng nghip tt cho th
trng ni a Trung Quc, trong khi Chnh ph Trung Quc v
GLOBALGAP kt hp xy dng ChinaGAP nhm cung cp
cho th trng quc t. Mt bn ghi nh c k vi GLOBALGAP vo thng 4 nm 2006 xng th tc quy chun chnh
thc.

Nhng yu cu ch yu l g?
Chng nhn ChinaGAP c 2 mc tip cn. Giy chng nhn
hng hai ch cn nng dn tun theo mt s iu bt buc ch yu
trn c s ca GLOBALGAP, trong khi giy chng nhn hng
nht yu cu phi tun th ton b nhng quy nh bt buc ch yu
v th yu. Chng nhn ChinaGAP hng nht d nh s tng
ng vi chng nhn ca GLOBALGAP.

47

Lm th no c cp chng nhn ?
Cc quy nh ca Trung Quc v chng nhn v cng nhn
c ban hnh thng 11 nm 2003, Hi ng nh nc y quyn
cho C quan Qun l Cp chng nhn v Cng nhn (CNCA)
qun l, thc thi v u quyn trong vic chng nhn v o to
thanh tra vin, c quan xt nghim v kim ton. CNCA ban
hnh cc nguyn l, quy tc v ti liu tp hun v ChinaGAP v
bt u th im hot ng chng nhn v cng nhn 18 tnh ca
Trung Quc tnh n gia nm
2007.

Nhng c hi v thch
thc chnh
ChinaGAP l mt c hi
cho nng dn Trung Quc nng
cao cht lng v an ton trong
sn xut nng nghip ca h.
Do yu cu i vi chng nhn
hng nht l rt cao v ch mt
s t nng dn Trung Quc c
th t c chng nhn ny.
Vo thi im xut bn cun
sch hng dn ny c 217
doanh nghip ang hot ng
Mt vn c ph cng c th
theo tiu chun ChinaGAP v yu cu chng nhn mi trng,
116 doanh nghip c cp
x hi v thc phm an ton
chng nhn. Quy chun vi
GLOBALGAP cng s c hiu
lc trong thi gian sp ti.

Thng tin v thc phm xanh v ChinaGAP:

Trung tm Pht trin Thc phm Xanh, B Nng nghip:
www.greenfood.org.cn
C quan Qun l cp chng nhn v cng nhn (CNCA):
www.cnca.gov.cn

48

4.1.2.7. n - IndiaGAP
Tnh n thi gian xut bn cun sch ny C quan Pht trin
nng sn v thc phm xut khu ca n khi xng xy
dng tiu chun IndiaGAP. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca tiu
chun ny l t c cng nhn quy chun vi GLOBALGAP
m ra th trng Chu u cho cc nh sn xut nng sn n .
Thng tin v IndiaGAP:
C quan Pht trin Nng sn v Thc phm xut khu,
New Delhi
Email: headq@apeda.com
Tel. +91 11 2651 3204

4.2. Chng nhn thc hnh ch bin tt

4.2.1. Chng nhn Tiu chun Thc phm Quc t (IFS)
Nm 2002 cc nh bn l c xy dng mt tiu chun
chung gi l Tiu chun Thc phm quc t (IFS) cho cc h thng
qun l an ton thc phm. Nm 2003 cc nh bn l (v c bn
bun) thc phm ca Php tham gia nhm hnh ng IFS v
ng gp cho vic xy dng nhng vn bn quy phm hin hnh.
Tiu chun thc phm quc t c thit k nh mt cng c
ng nht nhm m bo an ton thc phm v kim cht lng
ca nh sn xut thc phm c thng hiu bn l. Tiu chun ny
c th p dng cho tt c cc cng on v ch bin thc phm tip
theo sau qu trnh trng trt.

Nhng yu cu ch yu l g?
Chng trnh Tiu chun thc phm quc t (IFS) cho php 2
mc chng nhn:
 Mc c s c coi l yu cu ti thiu i vi cng nghip
thc phm quc t.
Mc cao hn c coi nh mt tiu chun cao cp i vi
cng nghip thc phm quc t.

49

c im ca mc c s bao gm 230 mc, trong khi c

im mc cao cp gm thm 60 hng mc na. Hn na, 46
khuyn ngh c a vo h thng cho cc cng ty mun th
hin kh nng thc hnh tt nht trong lnh vc . Mi c im
ca tiu chun, mt s im c th c quy nh ty theo tun
th v mc ca tng c im. Giy chng nhn ( mc c s
hay cao cp) c cp ph thuc vo s im t c.

Lm th no c chng nhn?
Chng nhn IFS l a im ring ngha l phm vi kim tra b
hn ch do a im ni m vic kim tra c tin hnh, nhng tt
c cc loi sn phm sn xut ti a im ny u phi c xem
xt. Thi gian nh gi li l mi nm mt ln. i vi mc cao
cp chng nhn xc nh 2 ln, v khng lin quan n sn
phm ma v, thi gian nh gi li s c gim xung l 18
thng. Chi ph cho chng nhn rt khc nhau do tng c quan cp,
nhng bnh qun khong 2000 la M cho 1,5 ngy thanh tra trn
ng rung.

Nhng c hi v thch thc

Hu ht cc nh bn l c, Php v mt s nc Chu u
khc u yu cu chng nhn IFS. Hin nay, cc nh bn l yu cu
chng nhn IFS ch vi cc nh cung cp cc sn phm thc phm
t nhn.
S lng cc nh cung cp c chng nhn IFS Chu vn
cn rt t nhng t khi vic s dng tiu chun Chu u tng ln v
s lng cc c quan cp chng nhn cng nhn IFS Chu tng
ln, n to ra nhng c hi ln cho cc nh xut khu y tng
cng sc cnh tranh ca h th trng Chu u bng cc chng
nhn ca h thng chng nhn IFS.
Thng tin v IFS:
IFS: www.food-care.info
Email: info@food-care.info
in thoi: +49 (0) 30 726 250 74

50

4.2.2. Quy tc an ton cht lng thc phm (SQF)

Quy tc an ton cht lng thc phm c Cc Nng nghip
bang Western ca c xy dng vo nm 1996. Nm 2003 quyn s
hu trn ton cu ca cc tiu chun ny c chuyn giao cho Vin
Tip th Thc phm (FMI) ca Hoa K v hin nay quy tc SQF
ang c Vin SQF trc thuc FMI qun l.

Nhng yu cu ch yu l g?
Chng trnh SQF l quy trnh qun tng hp t nguyn v cht
lng v an ton thc phm, quy trnh c thit k cho ngnh cng
nghip thc phm p dng i vi tt c cc khu ni trong chui
cung cp thc phm. Quy tc da trn Hng dn HACCP ca
Codex. Hai chng trnh chng nhn c thit lp dnh cho hai
nh cung cp thc phm khc nhau:
SQF 1000: dnh cho nhng nh sn xut ban u v nhng
vn lin quan (sn xut trc cng trang tri, thu hoch v nhng
chun b cho sn phm ban u).
SQF 2000: dnh cho cng nghip thc phm v nhng vn
lin quan (thnh phn v nguyn liu th, thc phm c ch bin,
thc ung v dch v).
Mi chng trnh cho php 3 mc chng nhn:
Mc 1 (An ton thc phm c bn): chng nhn ny m bo
rng cng ty thc hin cc chng trnh tin quyt (Thc hnh ch
bin hoc nng nghip tt), v nhng kim sot an ton thc phm
c bn.
Mc 2 (k hoch an ton thc phm p dng HACCP): chng
nhn ny m bo rng cng ty thc hin chng trnh tin quyt
v k hoch an ton thc phm theo phng php HACCP.
Mc 3 (pht trin h thng qun l cht lng v an ton thc
phm ton din): chng nhn ny m bo rng cng ty thc hin
chng trnh tin quyt v k hoch an ton thc phm da trn c
s nguyn l HACCP v ngn nga s c lm gim cht lng.

51

thc hin mc 2, nh sn xut phi tun th mc 1 cng vi

nhng yu cu b sung. Cng tng t nh vy, thc hin mc
3, nh sn xut phi tun th theo ng mc 2 cng vi nhng yu
cu b sung. mi mt mc tun th ng nhng iu khon l
ngha v khng c bt k ngoi l no.

Lm th no c chng nhn?
Ch nhng thanh tra vin SQF lm vic cho cc c quan chng
nhn c cp php v ch nh mi c th chng nhn quy tc
SQF. Mt khi mc 1 t c, nh cung cp s c a ln v
tr ng k SQF c sn trn trang web SQF.

Nhng c hi v thch thc chnh

Chng nhn SQF mang li rt nhiu li ch v gi tr cho cc
nh cung cp. Bng vic tun th mt tiu chun t nguyn c
quc t cng nhn, SQF lm gim c nhu cu thanh tra nhiu
ln cho nhiu tiu chun khc nhau, cho php nh cung cp chuyn
cc ngun lc t vic tun th thanh tra nhiu ln i vi mt lot
h thng chng nhn. SQF l mt h thng gia cc nh kinh doanh,
ch yu c xy dng cho cc nh sn xut ban u bn cho cc
nh ch bin thc phm, do khng c nhn sn phm.
Thng tin thm v SQF
Vin An ton cht lng thc phm: www.sqfi.com
in thoi: +1 202 220 0635
n v cp chng nhn SQF khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng:
Cng ty Dch v chng nhn ton cu Silliker
www.silliker.com/australia/home/php
in thoi: +61 (0)3 8878 3204 Fax: +61 (0)3 8878 3210

52

4.2.3. Tiu chun ca Hip hi Bn l Anh Quc (BRC)

Tiu chun ca Hip hi Bn l Anh quc l tiu chun chng
nhn t nguyn t nhn do Hip hi Bn l Anh quc (BRC) xy
dng. Tiu chun c lp ra nhm bo v sc khe ngi tiu dng
v gip cho nhng nh bn l Anh tun th lut An ton thc
phm ca Vng quc Anh. Do , tiu chun BRC c xem nh
l mt cng c gip cho cc nh bn l c c s kim nh sn
phm t cc nh cung cp sn phm cho h. Vic s dng nhng
tiu chun ny yu cu chp nhn v thc thi cc nguyn tc
HACCP, thit lp mt h thng qun l cht lng hiu qu v dn
chng bng ti liu cng nh vic kim sot mi trng lm vic,
sn phm, qu trnh ch bin v con ngi. N c th c p dng
cho bt k mt doanh nghip cung cp thc phm no.

Vic p dng tiu chun BRC yu cu phi do bn th ba chng

nhn. Nhng sn phm chng nhn c phn bit trn th
trng bi chng mang lg BRC.
Thng tin thm v BRC
Tiu chun BRC: www.brc.org.uk/standards

4.2.4. ISO 22000

Tiu chun ISO 22000 c xy dng thun tin cho vic
thit lp h thng qun l an ton thc phm. N lin kt vi cc
nguyn l HACCP cng nh cc bin php truy xut. ISO 22000
c son tho bi T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) cng vi
Lin minh Cng nghip Thc phm v ung ca Cng ng
Chu u (CIAA), Hip hi cc Nh hng v Khch sn Quc t
(IH&RA), Sng kin An ton thc phm ton cu (GFSI) v T
chc An ton thc phm th gii (WFSO). Vi l do , ISO 22000
hi ha cc yu cu ca h thng qun l an ton thc phm quc

53

gia trn khp th gii trn nn tng phi chnh ph v t nguyn. Bt

k bn lin quan no trong chui thc phm (nh trng trt, nh
chn nui, nh sn xut thc phm, nh ch bin, nh bn bun, nh
bn l) u c th p dng tiu chun ny. ISO 22000 c th c
s dng c lp hoc kt hp vi h thng qun l cc tiu chun
khc. L-g ca ISO ny khng c s dng trn sn phm.

Thng tin thm v tiu chun ISO 22000

T chc Tiu chun Quc t: www.iso.org

4.2.5. Cc c quan chng nhn v t chc h tr cho GAP v

GMP Chu
www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

54

5. CHNG NHN CHT LNG

THC PHM C TRNG
Gn y, mt s cc chng trnh chng nhn t nguyn t nhn
hnh thnh ch trng vo cc c tnh ring bit ca thc phm
m khng trc tip lin quan n thuc tnh ho hc, l hc hay sinh
hc ca chng. Thay vo , cc chng trnh ny tp trung vo c
im a l hoc vn ha. Phn ny s gii thiu 2 h thng : Cc
ch n a l v Halal.
5.1. Cc ch dn a l (GI)
Mt ch dn a l (GI) l mt tiu chun t nhn t nguyn
c nhm cc nh sn xut hoc chnh quyn a phng ng k
thng qua c quan qun l quc gia v s hu tr tu. Ch dn a l
l mt du n v cht lng gip cho vic khuch trng b quyt,
truyn thng, a dng ca cht lng i vi nhng sn phm th
v ch bin. Ch dn a l phn bit cc sn phm c c tnh cht
lng ring bit ni bt m thc cht l thuc tnh ngun gc xut
x ca n, v sn phm c sn xut t mt vng a l xc nh.
Thng thng nhng c tnh ny c ngi tiu dng a
phng, quc gia hay thm ch quc t cng nhn t trc. Ch dn
a l bo v hp php cho tn sn phm gn lin vi cc yu t a
l v ngn cn vic s dng bt hp php nhng ch dn a l ghi
trn nhn ca cc sn phm t nhng vng khc. Do vy n c
xem nh mt bin php qung b thch hp cho thng mi khu vc
v quc t ca nhng sn phm mang c tnh a phng.
Nhng v d v ch dn a l ang hin din ti ASEAN nh:
Thanh long - Bnh Thun, nc mm Ph Quc ca Vit Nam; C
ph Doi-Tung ca Thi lan; Tr Long-nh ca Trung quc. Rt
nhiu nc Chu c nhng nng sn v thc phm c hng
li t vic bo h v qung b ca chng nhn c trng a l, v
d nh Tr Dac-gi-linh n , C ph Ba-li ca Indonesia.
ng k mt ch dn a l (GI) mi, ngi sn xut phi np
n cho c quan qun l v s hu tr tu ca nc h. Ni dung
n phi ni r tn ca sn phm lin quan n cc yu t a l,

55

tn gi nht thit phi c dng ph bin hin ti hoc lin

quan n lch s. Ngi sn xut cng phi chng minh quan h
nhn qu gia c tnh ca sn phm v c im a l ca a
phng hoc nhng kin thc truyn thng ca vng sn xut. Trn
c s , h xc nh r nguyn l ca cc qu trnh thc hnh sn
xut v ch bin m h phi cam kt tun th theo. iu ny c
ngha m t c trng c nht ca sn phm m n cho php
nhng ngi sn xut a phng kt hp sn phm ca h vi tn
gi a l. Cui cng, mt c quan (bn th ba) thay mt chnh ph
phi kim tra, chng nhn cht lng ca qu trnh sn xut v ch
bin, l ni bo m cui cng ca cht lng sn phm. Khi
c ng k, cc nh sn xut v ch bin ng trn vng a l
v ai p ng c cc nguyn l thc hnh th c th s dung
nhn c trng a l c ngi khi u to nn v c chnh
ph bo h.
Thng tin v c trng a l khu vc Chu :
www.ecap-project.org/activitiesevents/at_regional_level/
eu_asean_seminar_on_the_protection_and_promotion_
of_geographical_indications_gis.html
Thng tin chng nhn c trng a l Chu u:
www.ec.europa.eu/agriculture/foodqual/quali1_en.htm
Cc t chc tr gip quc gia v c quan chng nhn
Chu :
www.fao.org/es/esc/en/15/262/highlight_270.html

56

5.2. Chng nhn Halal

Halal trong ting A-rp c ngha l c php. N ch dn
nhng vt hoc hnh ng c o Hi cho php. Khi lin h
n thc phm, n thng c dng din t cc th m Hi gio
cho php n, ung hoc s dng. Ngc li vi Halal l Haram,
ting A-rp c ngha l khng c php, thing ling hoc cm k.
i vi ngi sn xut v thng mi, iu ny a n mt s m
bo rng tt c nhng yu t u vo, dng c, my mc, v lao
ng s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, bo qun, phn
phi trong chui cung cp sn phm phi trnh bt c th g c
coi l cm k. Quy trnh ny bao trm c thc phm cung nh cc
sn phm khng phi l thc phm nh thuc cha bnh v m
phm. Chng nhn Halal ang tr nn ngy cng quan trng i vi
th trng nng sn Chu bi v gi tr thng mi thc phm ca
th gii Halal c tnh khong 150 t la M. i vi rt nhiu
ngi Hi gio vic ra nc ngoi hoc sng trong nc ph thuc
vo thc phm nhp khu, l-g Halal tr nn mt du hiu tin
tng v cht lng trong vic mua thc phm c chng nhn l
c php theo lut ca o Hi. Du hiu th trng chng t
rng vic bn hng tng ln cc i l phn phi v cc tim n
m c chng nhn Halal. Nh vy l-g Halal c th c
cc bn lin quan trong chui cung ng thc phm s dng nh mt
phng tin tip th n nhng ngi tiu dng Hi gio.
Cc yu cu v Halal rt khc nhau ty theo tng nc, tuy
nhin chng nhn Halal ca Malaysia ang tr thnh quy chun
quc t cho hng ha ca o hi. Chng nhn Halal c trung
tm Hi gio cng nhn thc y vic thanh kim tra, cp chng
nhn v hng n ca thanh tra vin. Ph chng nhn c tha
thun vi hi ng chng nhn, thng l mt trung tm c
ph chun ca o hi , trung tm c l-g c ng k cho
nhn mc sn phm. Qu trnh chng nhn xc nhn rng hng nng
sn l Halal, ph hp vi ngi tiu dng l tn Hi Gio, c

57

ngun gc t c s sn xut v ch bin c chng nhn. S

thiu hp tc gia cc c quan Chng nhn Halal trn th gii v
nhng vn lin quan n vic thi hnh ang l thch thc m cc
bn tham gia phi i mt.

Thng tin thm v nhng yu cu chng nhn Halal

www.gov.my/MYGOV/BI/Directory/Business/BusinessBy
Industry/AgriculturendAgroBasedIndustry/HalalCertification/

58

6. CHNG NHN CA HNG THY SN

CHU
Cc sn phm c t vic nh bt v nui trng l mt hng
c bun bn trn khp th gii. Khong 38% sn lng c trn
th gii tham gia xut khu trn th trng quc t. c tnh c gn
mt na cc sn phm c hin nay c sn xut t ngh nui trng
thy sn v ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong thng mi cc sn
phm t c. Khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng sn xut trn 80%
sn lng thy sn v v vy cng l mt vng trng im trong
vic kinh doanh cc loi sn phm ny.
Ngnh nui trng thy sn c nhiu im chung vi ngnh trng
trt v chn nui (nhng khc vi nh bt hi sn) v chnh v vy
nui trng thy sn phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc ging nh vi
cc sn phm nng nghip khc v vic kim sot cht lng v
thm nhp cc th trng xut khu. Nhng yu cu ngy mt
nghim ngt t cc nh bn l v ngi tiu dng lin quan n an
ton ca thy sn c th pht sinh t thc tin sn xut ang thc
y ngnh ny phi ch ti c ch m bo cho ngi tiu dng
v khch hng. Nhng vn v mi trng v x hi mt s h
thng sn xut thy sn, khng lin quan n an ton thc phm,
cng to mi quan tm ca cng ng dn ti vic mt s ngi
mua yu cu m bo chc chn hn v trch nhim sn xut. iu
ny dn ti s gia tng nhanh chng v yu cu chng nhn i vi
mt s hng thy sn gn y, mt xu hng c coi l chc chn
tng ln. Vi hu ht cc nc chu ang t ra ch hn v an
ton thc phm, ang c s gia tng nhanh chng cc h thng
chng nhn sn phm, hng dn thc hnh nui trng thy sn
tt, quy tc qun l, v cc c ch hay h thng khc d nh cung
cp c s cho vic sn xut hi sn an ton v bn vng. S gia tng
nhanh chng ny c th phn tc dng bi c th khin ngi mua
hoc ngi tiu dng ln ln v cng chng hiu nhm v nhng g
thc s ang c m bo bi cc h thng chng nhn khc nhau.
Vic thiu s hi ha hoc quy chun gia cc tiu chun v cc h
thng cng ngn cn s so snh thch hp gia cc h thng khc
nhau, iu pht sinh nhng vn thiu ht trong cng nhn i

59

vi cc sn phm c chng nhn.

Chng nhn ca hng thy sn vn ang trong giai on tng
i sm. Ti thi im pht hnh cun sch ny, p ng yu cu
ca y ban Ngh c: Tiu ban Nui trng thy sn (COFI/AQ), FAO
v Mng li cc trung tm nui trng thy sn Chu Thi
Bnh Dng (NACA) xut quy trnh xy dng cc hng dn
v chng nhn nui trng thy sn gip cho cc h thng chng
nhn minh chng mt mc chp nhn c v m bo rng
chng nhn nui trng thy sn c c tin hnh l ng tin cy.
Nhng hng dn ny cng m bo rng tt c cc nh sn xut
thy sn ca cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, hot ng quy
m ln v nh u c th hng li nh nhau t nhng c hi c
c bi vic chng nhn nui trng thy sn v khng gy nhng
bt li khng chnh ng ti cc nh sn xut quy m nh.

Thng tin thm v cc hng dn ny

ngh lin h vi Th k k thut ca Tiu ban nui trng
thy sn ca FAO (COFI/AQ) hoc xem trang Web:
www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=
org&xml=FI_org.xml&xp_nav=3.2

60
GHI CH

i vi nhiu nh sn xut, th trng cho hng nng sn c

cp giy chng nhn rt phc tp, cc li th v yu cu lin
quan ti nhiu chng trnh chng nhn khng phi lc no
cng r rng. Hn na, cc nh sn xut thng khng hay bit
s khc nhau gia cc tiu chun bt buc hay t nguyn p
dng cho cc sn phm xut khu. V vy, cun sch ny c
bin tpnhm lm r hn v chng nhn t nguyn.
Sau khi xem ni dung cun sch, ngi c s hiu hn v cc
h thng chnh chng nhn t nhn t nguyn, tm quan trng
ca cc h thng ny, s khc nhau gia cc chng trnh
cng nh cc li th v hn ch ca chng. Cun sch ny
cung cp thng tin ch yu l v nhng quy nh nhp khu
chnh M, Cng ng chu u, Nht Bn v cc quc gia khc
trong khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng.

Lin h :

Vn phng i din FAO ti Vit Nam

S 3 ph Nguyn Gia Thiu
H ni
Vit Nam
in thoi : (84) 4 9424208
Fax: (84) 4 9423257
Email : FAO-VN@fao.org