Professional Documents
Culture Documents
April 2000
programmed using Intels VID code. Charge pump converters, linear regulators and battery charger circuits are
included here, with Li-Ion batteries receiving extra attention. There are, of course, circuits that cannot be so simply
categorized. Come browse. Ill get out of the way and let
the authors describe their creations.
Note: Article Titles appear in this application note exactly
as they originally appeared in Linear Technology magazine. This may result in some inconsistency in the usage
of terminology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BUCK)
New LTC1435LTC1439 DC/DC Controllers Feature Value and Performance ..................................................... 4
The LTC1266 Operates From 12V and Provides 3.3V Out at 12A ....................................................................... 7
The New LTC1435 Makes a Great Microprocessor Core Voltage Regulator ......................................................... 8
LTC1433/LTC1434: High Efficiency, Constant-Frequency Monolithic Buck Converter........................................ 10
24 Volt to 14 Volt Converter Provides 15 Amps ................................................................................................. 12
LTC1553 Synchronous Regulator Controller Powers Pentium Pro and Other Big Processors ......................... 13
Synchronizing LTC1430s for Reduced Ripple .................................................................................................... 16
Combine a Switching Regulator and an UltraFast Linear Regulator for a High Performance 3.3V Supply ....... 18
The LTC1624: a Versatile, High Efficiency, SO-8 N-Channel Switching Regulator Controller ............................. 19
Low Cost 3.3V to 1.xV 6 Amp Power Supply ..................................................................................................... 21
The LT1374: New 500kHz, 4.5A Monolithic Buck Converter............................................................................. 23
LTC1504: Flexible, Efficient Synchronous Switching Regulator Can Source or Sink 500mA .............................. 24
High Efficiency Distributed Power Converter Features Synchronous Rectification ............................................. 26
Fixed Frequency, 500kHz, 4.5A Step-Down Converter in an SO-8 Operates from a 5V Input ............................. 29
VID Voltage Programmer for Intel Mobile Processors........................................................................................ 32
New DC/DC Controller Enables High Step-Down Ratios ..................................................................................... 34
LTC1627 Monolithic Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Maximizes Single or Dual Li-Ion Battery Life ............ 36
The LTC1625 Current Mode DC/DC Controller Eliminates the Sense Resistor ................................................... 38
PolyPhase Switching Regulators Offer High Efficiency in Low Voltage, High Current Applications ................. 39
LTC1622: Low Input Voltage, Current Mode PWM Buck Converter.................................................................... 43
AN84-1
Application Note 84
Wide Input Range, High Efficiency Step-Down Switching Regulators ................................................................ 46
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BOOST)
12 Volt Output from the LT1377 ...................................................................................................................... 51
The LT1370: New 500kHz, 6A Monolithic Boost Converter ................................................................................ 53
Bootstrapped Synchronous Boost Converter Operates at 1.8V Input ................................................................. 55
REGULATORS (SWITCHING)BUCK-BOOST
500kHz Buck-Boost Converter Needs No Heat Sink ........................................................................................... 56
Battery-Powered Buck-Boost Converter Requires No Magnetics ....................................................................... 57
REGULATORSSWITCHING (INVERTING)
Making 5V 14-Bit Quiet .................................................................................................................................... 57
Negative-to-Positive Telecommunication Supply ............................................................................................... 60
Positive-to-Negative Converter Powers 48V Telecom Circuits ......................................................................... 61
Low Noise LT1614 DC/DC Converter Delivers 5V at 200mA from 5V Input ..................................................... 62
48V to 5V DC/DC Converter Operates from the Telephone Line ....................................................................... 63
REGULATORSSWITCHING (FLYBACK)
The LT1425 Isolated Flyback Controller ............................................................................................................. 65
High Isolation Converter Uses Off-the-Shelf Magnetics ..................................................................................... 68
Wide-Input-Range, Low Voltage Flyback Regulator ........................................................................................... 69
REGULATORSSWITCHING (LOW NOISE)
The LT1533 Heralds a New Class of Low Noise Switching Regulators ............................................................... 70
LT1533 Ultralow Noise Switching Regulator for High Voltage or High Current Applications .............................. 74
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MULTIOUTPUT)
LTC1538-AUX: a New Addition to LTCs Adaptive Power Controller Family .................................................... 77
High Efficiency, Low Power, 3-Output DC/DC Converter .................................................................................... 77
Dual-Output Voltage Regulator ........................................................................................................................... 78
Switcher Generates Two Bias Voltages without Transformer ............................................................................. 80
New IC Features Reduce EMI from Switching Regulator Circuits ....................................................................... 81
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
Power Management and High Efficiency Switcher Maximize Nine-Volt Battery Life ........................................... 85
LT1307 Micropower DC/DC Converter Eliminates Electrolytic Capacitors .......................................................... 86
An Ultralow Quiescent Current, 5V Boost Regulator........................................................................................... 89
Capacitive Charge Pump Powers 12V VPP from 5V Source ............................................................................... 90
LTC1474 and LTC1475 High Efficiency Switching Regulators Draw Only 10A Supply Current ........................ 91
Free Digital Panel Meters from the Oppressive Yoke of Batteries ....................................................................... 94
The LTC1514/LTC1515 Provide Low Power Step-Up/Step-Down DC/DC Conversion without Inductors ........... 95
LTC1626 Low Voltage Monolithic Step-Down Converter Operates from a Single Li-Ion Cell ............................. 96
12V Wall Cube to 5V/400mA DC/DC Converter is 85% Efficient......................................................................... 99
Micropower 600kHz Fixed-Frequency DC/DC Converters Step Up from a 1-Cell or 2-Cell Battery ................... 100
LT1610 Micropower Step-Up DC/DC Converter Runs at 1.7MHz ..................................................................... 103
Low Noise 33V Varactor Bias Supply ............................................................................................................... 105
The LTC1516 Converts Two Cells to 5V with High Efficiency at Extremely Light Loads ................................... 106
REGULATORSLINEAR
Low Dropout Regulator Driver Handles Fast Load Transients and Operates on A Single 3V10V Input ........... 107
AN84-2
Application Note 84
The LT1575/LT1577 UltraFast Linear Regulator Controllers Eliminate Bulk Tantalum/Electrolytic Output
Capacitors ........................................................................................................................................................ 108
LT1579 Battery-Backup Regulator Provides Uninterruptible Power ................................................................. 111
BATTERY CHARGERS
The LT1511 3A Battery Charger Charges All Battery Types, Including Lithium-Ion .......................................... 114
LT1512/LT1513 Battery Chargers Operate with Input Voltages Above or Below the Battery Voltage ............... 116
Li-Ion Battery Charger Does Not Require Precision Resistors .......................................................................... 118
LT1510 Charger with V Termination ............................................................................................................ 119
Constant-Voltage Load Box for Battery Simulation........................................................................................... 121
High Efficiency, Low Dropout Lithium-Ion Battery Charger Charges Up to Five Cells at 4 Amps or More ........ 122
Battery Charger IC Can Also Serve as Main Step-Down Converter ................................................................... 127
LT1635 1A Shunt Charger ................................................................................................................................ 129
800mA Li-Ion Battery Charger Occupies Less Volume than Two Stacked Quarters ......................................... 130
Single-Cell Li-Ion Battery Supervisor ............................................................................................................... 132
POWER MANAGEMENT
LTC1479 PowerPath Controller Simplifies Portable Power Management Design .......................................... 134
The LTC1473 Dual PowerPath Switch Driver Simplifies Portable Power Management Design ........................ 137
Short-Circuit-Proof Isolated High-Side Switch ................................................................................................. 139
Tiny MSOP Dual Switch Driver is SMBus Controlled ........................................................................................ 140
LTC1710: Two 0.4 Switches with SMBus Control Fit into Tiny MSOP-8 Package ......................................... 141
MISCELLANEOUS
VID Voltage Programmer for Intel Mobile Processors...................................................................................... 141
Battery Charger IC Doubles as Current Sensor ................................................................................................. 145
100V, 2A, Constant-Voltage/ Constant-Current Bench Supply ......................................................................... 146
A Complete Battery Backup Solution Using a Rechargeable NiCd Cell ............................................................. 147
What Efficiency Curves Dont Tell ..................................................................................................................... 149
APPENDIX A: COMPONENT VENDOR CONTACTS ......................................................................... 153
INDEX ............................................................................................................................ 157
, LTC, and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation; Adaptive Power, Burst Mode, No RSENSE, PolyPhase, PowerPath and UltraFast are trademarks of Linear Technology
Corporation. Gelcell is a trademark of Johnson Controls, Inc.; Kool M is a registered trademark of Magnetics, Inc.; Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corp.; VERSA-PAC is a trademark of
Coiltronics, Inc.
AN84-3
Application Note 84
RegulatorsSwitching (Buck)
NEW LTC1435LTC1439 DC/DC CONTROLLERS
FEATURE VALUE AND PERFORMANCE
by Randy Flatness, Steve Hobrecht and Milton Wilcox
Introduction
The new LTC1435LTC1439 multiple-output DC/DC controllers bring unprecedented levels of value to supplies for
notebook computers and other battery-powered equipment, while eliminating previous performance barriers.
+
2.2F
INT VCC
VIN
*CMDSH-3
DR VCC
BOOST
VPROG
0.1F
56pF
EXT.
CLOCK
10k
COSC
TGS
PLL IN
SW
PLL LPF
BG
IRLML2803
T1
0.01F
MBRS1100
MBRS140
IRF7403
+
100
SENSE+
POR
10k
22F
35V
2
IRF7403
TGL
510pF
1000pF
LTC1437
0.033
100
SENSE
ITH
51pF
VOSENSE
0.1F
RUN/SS
3.3F
35V
0.1F
EXT VCC
VOUT1
5V/3A
100F
10V
2
LBI
47k
LBO
AUX DR
SFB
AUX FB
SGND
ZETEX
FZT749
PGND AUX ON
1MEG
100k
26V
VOUT2
12V/200mA
4.7F
25V
T1 = DALE LPE-8562-A092
(650) 665-9301
*CENTRAL SEMICONDUCTOR
(516) 435-1110
Figure 1. High Efficiency, Constant Frequency, Dual-Output Supply Delivers 3A at 5V and 250mA at 12V
AN84-4
Application Note 84
Cost Effective LTC1437 Switcher/Linear Combination
with 5V/3A and 12V/200mA Outputs
The main switcher loop, shown in the schematic in Figure 1, is set to 5V by strapping the VPROG pin high. Other
output options include 3.3V (VPROG low) and adjustable
(VPROG open).
The 12V output in Figure 1s circuit is provided by the
auxiliary linear regulator operating in conjunction with a
secondary winding feedback loop using the SFB pin. The
turns ratio for the transformer is 1:2.2, resulting in a
secondary output voltage of approximately 15V. The secondary resistive divider causes the SFB pin voltage to drop
below the internal 1.19V reference if the secondary output
is loaded and the 5V output has little or no load. This forces
continuous operation as necessary to guarantee sufficient
headroom for the linear regulator to maintain 12V regulation independent of the 5V load. The auxiliary output is
turned on and off with the AUX ON pin.
The auxiliary regulator can also be used in an adjustable
mode, determined by the voltage on the AUX DR pin.
When the AUX DR voltage is higher than 9.5V, as is the
VIN 5.2V-25V
10
0.1F
2.2F
*CMDSH-3
Si4412DY
22F
35V
2
IRLML2803
VIN
*CMDSH-3
VPROG1 VPROG2
BOOST2
TGL1
TGL2
TGS1
TGS2
SW1
SW2
BG1
BG2
IRLML2803
0.1F
10H
0.1F
10H
MBRS140
MBRS140
Si4412DY
100
0.033
SENSE1+
SENSE2+
SENSE1
SENSE2
VOSENSE2
Si4410DY
100
1000pF
100F
10V
2
10k
LTC1439
1000pF
1000pF
ITH1
220pF
VOUT2
3.3V/3A
0.1F
10k
ITH2
0.1F
0.05F
RUN/SS1
0.02
1000pF
100
1000pF
100
22F
35V
2
Si4410
100F
10V
2
220pF
RUN/SS2
20
56pF
EXT.
CLOCK
10k
EXT VCC
4.7nF
COSC
AUX DR
PLL IN
AUX ON
PLL LPF
AUX FB
0.01F
51pF
316k
LB1
LB0
SGND
PGND
POR2
47k
MMBT2907ALT1
ZETEX
ZTX849
100
+
221k
VOUT3
2.9V/2.5A
330F
6.3V
VOUT1
5V/3A
*CENTRAL SEMICONDUCTOR (516) 435-1110
AN84-5
Application Note 84
case in Figure 1, the regulator automatically configures
itself for fixed 12V operation using an internal AUX FB
resistive divider. When AUX DR is less than 8.5V, the
internal divider is removed and the user can adjust the
output voltage via an external divider referenced to 1.19V.
The external auxiliary regulator PNP pass transistor is
sized for the desired output current; in this case a SOT-223
device is used to deliver up to 200mA.
AN84-6
Application Note 84
THE LTC1266 OPERATES FROM 12V AND PROVIDES
3.3V OUT AT 12A
by Craig Varga
Circuit Description and Operation
D1
MBR120T3
R11
4.3k
R10
220
Q5
2N3906
C7 TO C12
100F, 16V
6
C16
0.1F
R9
220
Q6
MPS2222
R8
51
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R6
1k
C13
1F
TDRV
BDRV
PWRVIN
PGND
LBO
PINV
BINH
VIN
ITH
SENSE
C14
C3
300pF 1000pF
D3
MBR0520LT3
16
C17
0.001F
S/D
VFB
8
R4
0.015
L1
4H
R13
1.0
15
R5
0.015
VOUT
3.3V
12A
14
R1
100
13
LBIN
U1
LTC1266
12
SGND
CT
R10
10k
1%
R2
100
11
10
9
SENSE+
C1
1000pF
C2
3300pF
E1
S/D
Q4
VN2222LL
Q1
Si4410
4
R12
5.1
Q3
Si4410
4
Q2
8 Si4410
4
8
D2
MBRS320T3
C4 TO C6, C15
330F, 6.3V
4
R3
6.04k, 1%
ALL POLARIZED CAPACITORS ARE AVX TYPE TPS (207) 282-5111 OR EQUIVALENT
AN84-7
Application Note 84
two low-side switches are nearly zero, since these devices
are turned on and off into nearly zero volts (the forward
drop of the Schottky).
There is no fundamental limitation on how high the maximum input voltage can be with this approach. The drive
level shift is limited by the breakdown rating of Q4.
Obviously, the power transistors and input capacitors
must be rated for the intended input voltage. A low power
12V supply is needed to provide power for the LTC1266
and voltage for the bootstrap supply.
24V IN
+ C12
R14
20k
D4
MBR0540LT3
R11
4.3k
Q5
2N3906
D3
1N759
12V
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
R6
1k
C11
1F
C9
0.1F
R9
220
Q6
MPS2222
R8
51
Q4
VN2222LL
TDRV
BDRV
PWRVIN
PGND
PINV
BINH
VIN
LBO
Q1
Si4410
4
R12
5.1
D2
MBR0520LT3
16
C10
0.001F
S/D
VFB
ITH
SENSE
330F
35V
SEE NOTE 3
8
R4
0.015
L1
7H
R5
0.015
VOUT
3.3V
12A
14
R1
100
R7
10k
1%
R2
100
11
10
9
SENSE+
C7
C3
470pF 1000pF
R13
1.0, 1/4W
15
13
LBIN
U1
LTC1266
12
SGND
CT
330F
35V
SEE NOTE 3
R10
220
Q7
MPS2222A
+ C13
Q3
Si4410
4
C1
1000pF
C2
3300pF
Q2
8 Si4410
4
C4 TO C6, C15
330F 6.3V
4
5
8
D1
MBRS340T3
R3
6.04k, 1%
E1
S/D
1. ALL POLARIZED CAPACITORS ARE AVX TYPE TPS
OR EQUIVALENT UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE.
(207) 282-5111
AN84-8
Application Note 84
The circuits 165kHz switching frequency was selected as
a compromise between transient response and circuit
efficiency. This frequency is determined by the value of C1.
Output voltage transient response is shown in Figure 7.
The transient response can be adjusted for other applications by changing the values of compensation components R1, C3 and C14. Efficiency curves for different input
voltages and load currents up to 3.2 amps are shown in
Figure 8.
100
5.5V INPUT
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
100mVP-P
50mV/DIV
4A
2A/DIV
10V INPUT
15V INPUT
80
70
20V INPUT
0.0A
60
500s/DIV
28V INPUT
50
0.01A
0.1A
1.0A
10A
5.5V-28V
C9
22F
35V
C1
68pF
1
TG
COSC
C10
22F
35V
16
Q1
SI4412
C2
0.1F
2
R1
10k
RUN/SS
BOOST
15
C3
330pF
3
ITH
SW
SFB
VIN
14
C6
0.1F
C14
47pF
4
C4
100pF
SGND
INT VCC
VOSENS
BG
SENSE
PGND
SENSE+
EXT VCC
12
C5
0.001F
8
C9, C10 =
C12, C13 =
D1 =
D2 =
C7
0.1F
2.9V/
2.65A
C11
470pF
11
10
R2
0.033
D1
MBRS0530
13
LTC1435
5
L1
10H
R3
35.7k
C13
100F
10V
Q2
SI4412
+
+
C8
4.7F
D2
MBRS140T3
C12
100F
10V
R4
24.9k
AVX, TPSE226M035
L1 = SUMIDA, CDRH125-10
AVX, TPSD107M010
Q1 = Q2 = SILICONIX, SI4412DY
MOTOROLA, MBRS0530
R2 = IRC, LR2010-01-R033-F
MOTOROLA, MBRS140T3
AN84-9
Application Note 84
2.9V
10V
1V/DIV
0.0V
0.0V
1.25A
5V/DIV
4A
1A/DIV
0.0A
0.0A
200s/DIV
2A/DIV
2s/DIV
AN84-10
Application Note 84
0.1F
* MBRS130LT3
** COILCRAFT DO3316-104
AVX TPSD107M010R0100
AVX TPSE686M020R0150
100
68F
20V
VIN = 5V
D1*
100H
L1**
100F
10V
INPUT VOLTAGE
3.6V TO 12V
10k
13
C
LTC1433 OSC
5 SGND
POR 12
6 RUN/SS
ITH 11
4 NC
7 LBO
8 LBI
0.1F
80
VIN = 12V
VIN = 9V
70
60
POWER ON RESET
50
680pF
VOSENSE 10
5.1k
VPROG 9
47pF
40
0.001
6800pF
0.01
0.10
1.00
* MOTOROLA MBRS130LT3
** COILCRAFT DO3316 SERIES
AVX TPSD107M010R0100
AVX TPSE107M016R0100
+
VOUT
5.0V
VIN (V)
L1**
68H
100F
10V
D1*
0.01F
3.0
180
4.0
240
5.0
290
6.0
340
7.0
410
7.5
420
SSW
NC
BSW
NC
SGND
RUN/SS
LBO
LBI
LTC1433
PWRVIN
16
PGND
15
SVIN
14
COSC
13
POR
12
ITH
11
VOSENSE
10
VPROG
INPUT VOLTAGE
3V TO 7.5V
100F
16V
100pF
+
0.1F
6800pF
9
680pF
5.1k
EFFICIENCY (%)
VOUT
3.3V
PWRVIN 16
PGND 15
SVIN 14
1 SSW
2 NC
3 BSW
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
VIN = 7V
80
70
VIN = 3.5V
60
50
40
0.001
VOUT = 5.0V
COSC = 100pF
0.01
0.10
1.00
AN84-11
Application Note 84
24 VOLT TO 14 VOLT CONVERTER
PROVIDES 15 AMPS
by John Seago
INPUT
18V TO 28V
C10
1000F
35V
C11
1000F
35V
T1
R3
10
D1
1T
100T
R8
R7 1.2
1K
C15
100pF
D2 1N758
Q1
2N3904
C1
120pF
Q3
1
C2, 0.1F
R1, 10k
3
C3, 330pF
C4, 47pF
4
5
C5, 100pF
R2
11.8k
COSC
TG
RUN/SS
ITH
SFB
BOOST
SW
U1
LTC1435
VIN
INT VCC
SGND
BG
VOSENS
SENSE
SENSE +
PGND
EXT VCC
15
C7, 0.1F
C12
470pF
D3
C8, 0.1F
12
11
R10
100
D6
C17
0.001F
Q5
VN2222LL
R11
100k
L1
10H
14
13
Q4
2N3906
R9
0.62
D7
1N751
Q2
2N3906
16
C16
0.001F
C9
4.7F
D4
14V
AT 15A
R6
127k
C13
470F
25V
10
R4, 100
D8
1N4148
R5, 100
R12, 100
C18
1F
R14
430
R13
2.2k
R16
16k
Q6
2N3904
C19
0.01F
R15
470
C20
0.001F
AN84-12
C14
470F
25V
GND
C6, 0.001F
Application Note 84
A = Q3 SWITCH VOLTAGE
20V/DIV
B = L1 CURRENT
10A/DIV
0.0V
0.0A
C = T1 PRIMARY CURRENT
10A/DIV
0.0A
D = OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE
14VDC
0.2V/DIV
2S/DIV
AN84-13
Application Note 84
Typical Application
DIP switch, or hard wired, to set the desired output
voltage. This allows the output voltage to be programmed
easily in steps while eliminating the need to stock an
assortment of precision resistors. This flexibility in output
voltage setting is cheap insurance against last-minute
power supply voltage changes by microprocessor manufacturers.
LTC1553 Overview
The on-chip, 5-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) allows
the output voltage to be adjusted from 1.80V to 3.5V, as
shown in Table 1. Current limiting is maintained by sensing the voltage drop across the RDS(ON) of the high-side
MOSFET. The DAC accuracy, initial reference voltage
tolerance and internal feedback resistor tolerances result
in a maximum initial output voltage error of 1% of the
selected output voltage. The line and load regulation plus
temperature drift over the 0C to 70C temperature range
will contribute another 1% to the output error budget.
This gives a total static operating error of less than 2%,
providing sufficient headroom (3%) for the dynamic
response to remain within a 5% output voltage tolerance,
while still requiring a reasonable amount of output
capacitance.
It pays to look at the regulator design from two perspectives: electrical and thermal. Most processor applications
operate at average currents that are approximately 80% or
less of the specified peak current. As such, the thermal
VIN = 5V
10F +
0.1F
5.6k
5.6k
1N5817
RIMAX
5.6k
VCC
IMAX
PWRGD
PVCC
0.1F
Q1A, Q1B
(2 IN PARALLEL)
G1
LO
2.0H/18A
FAULT
Pentium Pro
Processor
SYSTEM
CIN
990F
3 330F
OT
VOUT
IFB
LTC1553
VID0VID4
Q2
5V
C0
2310F
7 330F
G2
OUTEN
COMP
SS
GND
PGND
SENSE
1.8k
CONNECTING
VID0VID4
TO DIP SWITCH
TO SET VOUT
DALE NTHS-1206N02
(605) 665-9301
C1
100pF
RC
20k
CC
0.01F
CSS
0.01F
0.1F
Q1A, Q1B, Q2: MOTOROLA MTD20N03HDL
(800) 441-2447
1552_06.eps
AN84-14
Application Note 84
100
90
(VDC)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
No CPU
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
VID4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.1
1
10
LOAD CURRENT (A)
100
1552_07.eps
AN84-15
Application Note 84
The inductor need not retain its no-load inductance up to
the current-limit threshold. If the inductor still retains on
the order of 25% to 30% of its initial inductance under
worst-case short-circuit current conditions, the circuit
should prove reliable. However, you do want to ensure
that approximately 60% to 75% of the initial inductance is
retained at nominal full load. Excessive inductance roll-off
will result in higher than expected output ripple voltage at
high loads, along with increased dissipation in the power
FETs and the inductor itself.
Proper loop compensation is critical for obtaining optimum transient response while ensuring good stability
margins. The compensation network shown here gives
good response when used with the inductor and the
output capacitors values shown in Figure 17. Several low
ESR capacitors are placed in parallel to reduce the total
output ESR, resulting in lower output ripple and improved
transient performance. Generally speaking, low ESR, high
value output capacitors should be chosen to optimize the
use of board space. However, if the ESR value is too low
for a given capacitor value, loop stability problems can
occur. The feedback loop depends on the frequency of the
ESR zero being well below the loop crossover frequency. There is 45 of positive phase shift at the frequency where the capacitive reactance equals the ESR of
the capacitor. Without this phase shift, the loop would be
impossible to stabilize. Low ESR, AVX TPS-series tantalum capacitors are a very good compromise between
ESR, capacitance value and physical size.
Input capacitors are included to suppress the input switching noise and to keep the input 5V supply variation to a
minimum during the Q1 ON/OFF cycle. Excessive conSYNCHRONIZING LTC1430s FOR REDUCED RIPPLE
by Craig Varga
The recent move to split-plane microprocessors by several
CPU makers has led to the inclusion of multiple switching
regulators on many motherboard designs. These regulators typically provide 3.3V for system logic and a separate
supply for the processor core. Current requirements of
5A10A or more per supply are not unusual. The LTC1430
synchronous buck regulator is commonly used to provide
these tightly regulated supplies. By nature, the input
current waveform in the buck topology is discontinuous,
AN84-16
Application Note 84
12V
5V
U1
LTC1430
14
11
12
10
PVCC1
Vcc
G1
FSET
IFB
IMAX
SD
G2
PGND
COMP
SENS
SS
4 SGND
+SENS
MASTER
Q1
L1
13
OUT 1
16
Q2
C3
8
R1
130k
PVCC2
C2
2
15
3
5
SLAVE
FB 6
R2
15k
R3
10k
12V
5V
U2
LTC1430
14
11
12
10
PVCC1
Vcc
G1
FSET
IFB
IMAX
G2
SD
PGND
COMP
SENS
SS
4 SGND
+SENS
Q3
L2
13
16
3
OUT 2
Q4
C4
PVCC2
C1
2
15
DI1430_01.eps
FB 6
AN84-17
Application Note 84
COMBINE A SWITCHING REGULATOR AND AN
ULTRAFAST LINEAR REGULATOR FOR A HIGH
PERFORMANCE 3.3V SUPPLY
by Craig Varga
Introduction
It is becoming increasingly necessary to provide low
voltage power to microprocessor loads at very high
current levels. Many processors also exhibit high speed
load transients. The Pentium Pro processor from Intel
exhibits both of these requirements. This processor
requires 3.3V 5% at approximately 14A peak (9A average) and is capable of making the transition from a low
Circuit Operation
The circuit shown in Figure 21 takes advantage of a new,
ultrahigh speed linear regulator combined with a switching regulator to get the best of both worlds. An LTC1435
synchronous buck regulator is combined with an LT1575
12V
C11
150F
16V
C12
150F
16V
C13
150F
16V
C17
1F
C16
1F
13
9
1
C8, 68pF
C7, 0.1F
2
3
C10, 1000pF 4
C9
1500pF
R5
16.5k
5
6
C15
1F
VIN
EXTVCC
TG
SW
COSC
RUN/SS
BOOST
ITH
INTVCC
SFB
U2
LTC1435
SGND
VOS
PGND
10
BG
16
Q2
L1
4H
14
C3, 0.1F
15
12
D1, CMDSH-3
11
R6
7.5m
R3
100
Q3
C18
1000F
10V
C20 +
1000F
10V
C19
1000F
10V
8
S+
S
C2, 1000pF
+
C4, 4.7F
D2
MBRS330T3
C5
0.1F
R8
15K
S/D
IPOS
7
U1
INEG
LT1575
3
6
GATE
GND
12V
C6
0.1F
VIN
COMP
FB
Q1
IRLZ44
C21, 10pF
C22
1000pF
R9
2k
R1
2.1k, 1%
C1, 470pF
R2
1.21k
1%
AN84-18
C23
1F
R7
35.7k
L1 = COILTRONICS CTX01-13199-X2
(561) 241-7876
Q2, Q3 = SILICONIX SUD50N03-10
(800) 544-5565
R4
100
DI1575_01.eps
3.3V
VCORE
40 1F
X7R
CERAMIC
0805 CASE
Application Note 84
100
SWITCHER EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
80
50mV/DIV
TOTAL EFFICIENCY
70
60
50
0
4
6
8
10
LOAD CURRENT (A)
12
200s/DIV
14
DI1575_02.eps
AN84-19
Application Note 84
100
VIN
1000pF 4.5V TO 25V
RC
5.1k
SENSE
CC, 570pF
2 I /RUN
TH
3
100pF
4
VIN
BOOST
LTC1624
VFB
TG
GND
SW
VIN = 5V
90
RSENSE
0.05
7
6
M1
Si4412DY
CB
0.1F
CIN
22F
35V
x2
EFFICIENCY (%)
L1
10H
D1
MBRS340T3
VOUT
3.3V/2A
R2
35.7k
80
VIN = 10V
70
60
R1
20k
VIN = 20V
COUT
100F
10V
x2
50
1mA
10mA
100mA
1A
LOAD CURRENT
10A
1624_07.eps
1624_06.eps
CIN
22F
35V x2
VIN
5V
CC, 330pF
2
3
100pF
4
SENSE
ITH/RUN
VIN
GND
1000pF
RSENSE
0.04
7
BOOST
LTC1624
VFB
L1
20H
SW
VOUT
12V/1A
D1
MBRS130LT3
6
TG
1
RC
5k
CB
0.1F
M1
Si4412DY
R2
35.7k
1%
1624_08.eps
AN84-20
R1
3.92k
1%
COUT
100F
16V
x2
Application Note 84
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
80
70
60
50
1mA
10mA
100mA
LOAD CURRENT
1A
1624_09.eps
1000pF
CC, 330pF
2
3
100pF
4
ITH/RUN
VIN
GND
RSENSE
0.082
7
BOOST
LTC1624
VFB
RC
10k
SENSE
L1a
6
TG
SW
D1
MBRS130LT3
VOUT
12V/0.5A
CIN
22F
35V x2
VIN
5V TO 15V
CB
0.1F
M1
Si4412DY
22F
35V
L1b
R2
35.7k
1%
L1a, L1b:CTX50-4
1624_10.eps
R1
3.92k
1%
COUT
100F
16V
x2
AN84-21
Application Note 84
overall shutdown current below 10A plus external FET
leakage. (For further reductions in shutdown current, an 8pin LTC1522 may be used in place of the LTC1517-5; the
LTC1522 is the same as an LTC1517-5 with shutdown.)
The additional LTC1517-5 circuitry will not take up much
board space. The entire circuit consumes only 0.045 in2.
100
90
Pulling the SHDN pin on the LTC1430 low will shut down
the power supply. Q1 and Q2 will be forced off and the
LTC1430 quiescent current will drop to 1A. Although the
LTC1517-5 does not have a shutdown feature, the no-load
operating current is an extremely low 6A. This keeps the
70
60
50
40
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
10
1517_02.EPS
VIN
3.3V
C1
Y5V CERAMIC
3.3F
2
1
LTC1517-5
C3
0.22F
C6 TO C9*
330F
6.3V
C10
4
0.1F
R2
24k
C2
Y5V CERAMIC
10F
C11
1F
L1
2.4H, 8A
SUMIDA
CDRH127-2R4
Q1
Si4410
5V
D1
BAT54
C5
1F
OFF
R1
100
Q2
Si4410
R3
1k
C4
0.1F
ON
VIN = 3.3V
VOUT = 1.9V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LTC1430CS
16
G1
G2
15
PVCC1
PVCC2
14
PGND
VCC
13
GND
IFB
12
SENSE
IMAX
11
FB
FREQSET
10
SENSE +
COMP
9
SS
SHDN
C12
0.1F
D2
MBRS120
C16
0.018F
R5
4.99K
1%
VOUT
1.9V
6A
R6
10K
1%
C17 TO C21 *
330F
6.3V
5
R4
5.2k
C13
390pF
C14
0.012F
C15
10F
10V
1517 TA03
AN84-22
Application Note 84
THE LT1374: NEW 500kHz, 4.5A MONOLITHIC
BUCK CONVERTER
by Karl Edwards
Introduction
The LT1374 is a 4.5A buck converter using an on-chip
80m switch. With its 500kHz operating frequency and
integral switch, only a few external, surface mount components are required to produce a complete switching regulator. The LT1374s features include current mode control,
external synchronization and a low current (typically 20A)
shutdown mode. Improvements have been made to reduce
start-up headroom and switching noise. A novel power
device layout makes it possible to fit a high speed, bipolar,
80m switch into a surface mount SO-8 package. The
LT1374 is also available in DD and TO-220 packages for
higher power applications.
Application: 5V/4.25A Buck Converter
With its 25V input and 4.5A minimum switch current, the
LT1374 will fit into a wide range of applications. Figure 31
shows a typical buck converter with a 6V to 25V input
range, a 5V output and 4.25A of output current capability.
Due to the low on-resistance of the switch, efficiency
remains high over a wide range of currents, as shown in
Figure 32. To reduce power dissipation, both the BIAS pin
and boost circuit are supplied from the 5V output.
D2
1N914
100
C3*
10F TO
50F
BOOST
R1
56k
LT1374-5 BIAS
SHDN
GND
R2
33k
L1**
5H
FB
VC
CC
3.3nF
D1
MBRS330T3
95
OUTPUT**
5V/4.25A
VSW
VIN
C1
100F, 10V
SOLID
TANTALUM
EFFICIENCY (%)
INPUT
6V TO 25V
C2
0.27F
90
85
80
75
1374_02.EPS
70
0
0.5
2.5
1.0 1.5 2.0
LOAD CURRENT (A)
3.0
3.5
1374_03
AN84-23
Application Note 84
PCB Layout
The loop compensation capacitor, CC, produces a pole in
the frequency response at 240Hz. Unity-gain phase margin can be further improved with the addition of a resistor,
typically 2k, in series with CC, adding a zero to the
frequency response. This, however, can cause a largesignal subharmonic problem in the loop. The output ripple
voltage feeds back through the error amplifier to the VC
pin, changing the current trip point of the next cycle. This
changes the voltage ripple at the output, and the loop is
closed. Adding a second capacitor directly from the VC pin
to ground to form a pole at one-fifth the switching frequency solves the problem.
Introduction
The LTC1504 is an 8-pin step-down switching regulator.
It consists of a 200kHz fixed frequency, voltage-feedback,
buck-mode switching regulator controller and a pair of
1.5 power switches in an 8-pin SO package. The LTC1504
also includes a synchronous rectifier on-chip, maximizing
efficiency and minimizing external parts count while allowing the output to both sink and source current: it can
source or sink up to 500mA with input voltages from 3.3V
to 10V and output voltages as low as 1.26V. The LT1504
can achieve 100% duty cycle at the output switch, maximizing dropout performance with low input-to-output
voltage differentials. The LTC1504 includes an onboard
precision reference and user-programmable currentlimit and soft-start circuits, allowing implementation of
full-featured power conversion circuits with a minimum of
external components.
IMAX
VIN
5V
VCC
CIN
22F
AN84-24
LEXT 47H
SHDN
VOUT
3.3V/500mA
SW
LTC1504-3.3
GND
SS
CSS*
O.1F
SHUTDOWN
RIMAX**
68k
SENSE
COMP
COUT
100F
CC
1000pF
1504_01.EPS
Application Note 84
110
SHUTDOWN
RIMAX
68k
110
IMAX
I
IMAX
VIN
5V
VCC
CIN
22F
SHDN
MAX SHDN
LEXT 47H
SHDN
VOUT
3.3V/500mA
SW
10F
CERAMIC
LTC1504-3.3
GND
SS
CSS
O.1F
SENSE
COMP
RC
7.5k
VCC
VCC
TERMPWR
COUT
100F
LEXT 47H
LTC1504
LTC1504
SENSE
GND
GND
FB
SS
COMP
SS COMP
15k
110
COUT
100F
12k
7.5k
CF
220pF
110
SW
SW
18
TO
27
LINES
220pF
0.01F
1540_03.EPS
CC
0.01F
1504_02EPS
50mA and 200mA, peaking at 92% at 100mA and remaining above 82% all the way to the maximum 500mA load.
Current limit is set at 500mA in this example; it can be
reduced by lowering the value of RIMAX. CSS sets the startup time at approximately 25ms.
The circuit in Figure 33 relies on the ESR of the output
capacitor to maintain loop stability with just a single
capacitor at the COMP pin. Figure 33 uses a surface mount
electrolytic capacitor with about 400m ESR. A low ESR
tantalum output capacitor can improve the transient
response at the output but requires a more complex
compensation network at the COMP pin (Figure 34). There
is a tradeoff to be made here: the minimum component
count solution is the simplest and uses the least expensive
components but pays a penalty in transient response. The
low ESR circuit in Figure 34 has improved transient
response and actually uses less board space: the tantalum
output capacitor is smaller than the electrolytic device
used in Figure 33 and the additional compensation components are tiny 0603 surface mount devices.
Note that the input bypass capacitor in both Figures 33 and
34 is an AVX TPS type, a relatively costly surge-tested
tantalum capacitor. This is a small, surface mount device
that has a surge current rating adequate to support the
500mA maximum load current of the LTC1504. Buck
regulators (like the LTC1504) inherently draw large RMS
currents from the input bypass capacitor, and the capacitor
type chosen must be capable of withstanding this current
without overheating. As with all switching regulator circuits, layout is critical to obtaining maximum performance; if in doubt, contact the LTC Applications Department for component selection and layout advice.
Sink/Source Capability Improves SCSI Terminators
and Supply Splitters
Figure 35 shows an adjustable-output LTC1504 connected as a 2.85V regulator for use as a SCSI terminator.
The ability of the LTC1504 circuit to sink current makes it
ideal for use in terminator applications, where the load is
just as likely to be putting current into the regulator as
taking it out. The synchronous-buck architecture of the
LTC1504 allows it to shift cleanly between sourcing and
sinking current, making it ideal for such applications. The
small number of tiny external components required
minimizes the space used by the terminator circuit. A low
ESR output capacitor is used along with an optimized
compensation network to improve output transient
response and maintain maximum data fidelity.
SHUTDOWN
IMAX
I
SHDN
MAX SHDN
VCC
VCC
5V
10F
CERAMIC
LEXT
47H (22H)*
SPLIT SUPPLY
2.5V 500mA
SW
SW
LTC1504
LTC1504
SENSE
GND
GND
FB
SS
COMP
SS COMP
7.5k
11.8k
COUT
47F
12.1k
220pF
0.01F
1540_04.EPS
COUT = TAJC476M016R
LEXT = SUMIDA CDRH73-470 (LOWER RIPPLE/HIGHER EFFICIENCY)
*CDRH73-220 (FASTER TRANSIENT RESPONSE)
AN84-25
Application Note 84
Substituting a different set of feedback resistors (Figure
35) creates a 5V supply splitter, which creates a 2.5V
ground to allow analog circuitry to operate from split
supplies. Op amp circuits and data converters like to
CINPUT
1000F
16V 2
OS-CON
R1
100k
13
2
C1
1F
RT
15k
CT 1500pF
RCOMP
4.7k
CCOMP
2200pF
4
3
5
CAVG 2200pF
7
10
C2
0.1F
D1 1N914
20
12VIN
BOOST
RUN
TG
5VREF
TS
SLOPE
BG
IAVG
SENSE
12
RSENSE
0.002
Q2Q5
IRL3103D2
4
D3
1N5817
ILIMIT
0.01
0.005
0.002
10A
20A
50A
9
RREF
1k
RFB
3k
5V
COUTPUT 50A
2200F
6.3V
OS-CON
RFB
3K
1.66K
1.25K
450
40
1339_01.EPS
AN84-26
RSENSE
16
VC
FB
Q1
IRL3803
L1
10H
50A
18
11
19
SENSE +
D2
1N5817
LT1339
VREF
C3
1F
17
CT
Distributed Power
VOUT
5V
3.3V
2.8V
1.8V
1.3V
*SEE TEXT
Application Note 84
12V
(SUPPLIED SEPARATELY)
D1
1N914
C5
47F
R1
100k
C3
1F
17
13
2
C1
1F
RT
15k
48V
4
3
Q8
FMMT720
20
RUN
TG
5VREF
TS
SLOPE
BG
19
Q9
FMMT619
18
CAVG 2200pF
RCOMP
4.7k
CT
10
C3
0.1F
C2
2200pF
VC
VREF
10A
20A
50A
5V
50A
COUT
2200F
6.3V
OS-CON
4
Q3Q6
IRFZ44
4
R1
10k
D3 1N914
RFB
18.2K
8.66K
3K
1.66k
1.25k
RFB
ILIMIT
D2 3.3V
C4
1F
Q10
FMMT720
11
SENSE +
12
SENSE
9
FB
IAVG
12V
16
LT1339
5
BOOST
12VIN
CT
1500pF
RSENSE
CINPUT
0.01
1500F
0.005
Q1Q2
63V
0.002
IRFZ44
4
2
L1
D4 TO D14
10H 50A RSENSE
0.002
3A 10
Q7
FMMT619
3k
RREF
1k
15
1339_02.EPS
VOUT
24V
12V
5V
3.3V
2.8V
Figure 38. 48V In, 5V/50A Out, High Power Buck Converter
VIN
15V25V
CIN
1000F 35V
2
R13
2k
Q7 FZT849
C10
R1
100k 0.1F
C1
0.1F
2
R2
1k
RT
47k
6
CAVG
2.2nF
5
9
14
10
C11
22F
35V
12V
SLOPE
SENSE+
11
SENSE
12
BOOST
TG
TS
CT
D4
MURS
120
C3
1F
20
C3
3.3F
Q3 Si4450
18
R9
10
C6
1F
T2**
SS
16
FB
VC
SYNC
1
Q1, Q2 = SUD50N03
L1 = 15 TURNS AWG20 77130-A7
* T1 = POWER TRANSFORMER
** T2 = GATE-DRIVE TRANSFORMER
(SEE FIGURE 4 FOR DETAILS)
SGND
8
COUT
220F 10V
OS-CON
Q5
R5
PGND
15
U3
CNY17-3
D5
1N914
R8
1k
D6 1N914
C7 1F
C5
1F
C9 0.1F
R7 1k
3
C4
220pF
V+
R6 560
R11
10
R12 1k
10
Si4539DY
Q6
PHASE
VREF
R10
10
VOUT
5V/6A
Q2
12V
R14 10
BG
Q4 Si4450
19
U1
LT1339
IAVG
L1 7H
T1*
D2
IN4148
3.3
R4
33k
D3
MURS120
Q1
5VREF
SECONDARY
GROUND
13
17
RUN 12VIN
R3
560
3
CT
230pF
RSENSE
0.02
1/2W
D1
12V
ISOLATION
BARRIER
PRIMARY
GROUND
COLL
RFB
2.49k
8
U2
REF
LT1431
GND-S
5
GND-F
6
RREF
2.49k
Figure 39. Galvanically Isolated Synchronous Forward Converter (see Figure 40 for Details of T1 and T2)
AN84-27
Application Note 84
localized gate voltages above VT, the threshold voltage of
the bottom MOSFET. To defeat the physicists, we add 3.3V
of negative offset to the bottom gate drive, effectively
making the threshold of the bottom MOSFETs 3.3V harder
to reach (see Figure 38). This offset is provided by the 3.3V
Zener, 1F capacitor, 10k resistor and the 1N914 diode
preceding the gate of the bottom MOSFETs.
2MIL
POLYESTER
FILM
SECONDARY, 9 TURNS
TRIFILAR 26AWG
PRIMARY, 9 TURNS
TRIFILAR 26AWG
10
11
1500VDC ISOLATION
TUCK TAPE ENDS
3
12
Figure 39 details a Galvanically isolated LT1339 synchronous forward converter. Operating at its rated load of 6V
at 5A, this circuit achieves 87% efficiency with a 15V input
and 85% efficiency with a 24V input. Figure 40 shows
details of the transformers used in Figure 39s circuit.
9
1339 04 .eps
Q1 TO Q2
IRF3205 2
Q7 FMMT720
VIN
5V/60A
RSENSE
0.002
D1
1N914
Q8 FMMT619
L1
40H
C3
1F 20
BOOST
19
CINPUT +
220F 6.3V
4
18
VOUT
28V/8.5A
+
+
17
12VIN
TG
RUN
R1
100k
13
C7
47F
16V
TS
RFB
27k
12V
Q9
FMMT619
C4
1F
U1
LT1339
16
Q3 TO Q6
IRF3205 4
BG
FB
5VREF
SLOPE
C5
10pF
R3 100
RT
10k
12
SENSE+
CT
11
SENSE
VC
10
14
C6
0.1F
VREF
PHASE
IAVG
SS
RREF
1.2k
Q10
FMMT720
R2 100
CT
2200pF
3
7
RCOMP
7.5k
CSS
10F
CAVG
2.2nF
CCOMP
1.5nF
Figure 41. This 5V to 28V Synchronous Boost Converter Limits Input Current at 60A (DC)
AN84-28
COUT
2200F
35V 6
C1
1F
Application Note 84
FIXED FREQUENCY, 500kHz, 4.5A STEP-DOWN
CONVERTER IN AN SO-8 OPERATES FROM A 5V INPUT
by Karl Edwards
Introduction
The LT1506 is a 500kHz monolithic buck mode switching
regulator, functionally identical to the LT1374 but optimized for lower input voltage applications. Its high 4.5A
switch rating makes this device suitable for use as the
primary regulator in small to medium power systems. The
small SO-8 footprint and input operating range of 4V to
15V is ideal for local onboard regulators operating from 5V
or 12V system supplies. The 4.5A switch is included on the
die, along with the necessary oscillator, control and logic
circuitry to simplify design. The parts high switching
frequency allows a considerable reduction in the size of
external components, providing a compact overall solution.
The LT1506 is available in standard 7-pin DD and fusedlead SO-8 packages. It maintains high efficiency over a
wide output current range by keeping quiescent supply
current to 4mA and by using a supply-boost capacitor to
saturate the power switch. The topology is current mode
for fast transient response and good loop stability. Full
cycle-by-cycle short-circuit protection and thermal shutdown are provided. Both fixed 3.3V and adjustable output
voltage parts are available.
INPUT
5V
C3
10F TO
50F
CERAMIC
BOOST
VIN
OPEN
OR
HIGH
= ON
L1
5H
85
OUTPUT
3.3V
4A
LT1506-3.3
SENSE
VC
+
CC
1.5nF
D2
1N914
VSW
SHDN
GND
D1
MBRS330T3
C1
100F, 10V
SOLID
TANTALUM
1506 TA01
EFFICIENCY (%)
C2
0.68F
80
75
70
0
2
3
LOAD CURRENT (A)
AN84-29
Application Note 84
C1, C3: MARCON THCS50E1E106Z
D1: ROHM RB051L-40
D2: 1N914
L1: DO3316P-682
3-BIT RING
COUNTER
1.8MHz
INPUT
6V TO 15V
LT1506-SYNC
LT1506-SYNC
LT1506-SYNC
C3A
10F
25V
D1A
C3B
10F
25V
D1B
D2A
L1B
6.8H
C2B
330nF
10V
C2A
330nF
10V
C3C
10F
25V
C1
10F
25V
D1C
L1A
6.8H
C4
68nF
25V
R2
4.99k
1%
5V
12A
D2B
L1C
6.8H
C2C
330nF
10V
D2C
1506 F15
AN84-30
Application Note 84
Redundant Operation
The typical tantalum compensation value of 1.5nF is
increased to 22nF (3) for the ceramic output capacitor. If
synchronization is not used and the internal oscillators
free run, the circuit will operate correctly, but ripple
cancellation will not occur. Input and output capacitors
must be ripple rated for the individual output currents.
PHASE 1
CURRENT
CURRENT
PHASE 1
TIME
TIME
PHASE 2
CURRENT
CURRENT
PHASE 2
TIME
TIME
PHASE 3
CURRENT
CURRENT
PHASE 3
TIME
TIME
TOTAL
CURRENT
CURRENT
TOTAL
TIME
TIME
AN84-31
Application Note 84
VID VOLTAGE PROGRAMMER
FOR INTEL MOBILE PROCESSORS
by Peter Guan
LTC1435A
COSC
43pF
CSS
0.1F
2
3
CC2
220pF
COSC
VIN
RUN/SS
TG
ITH
SW
CC
1000pF
INTVCC
RC
10k
BOOST
5
6
51pF
SGND
VOSENSE
BG
PGND
RF
4.7
13
CF
0.1F
16
+
M1
Si4410DY
CIN
10F, 30V
2 R
SENSE
VOUT
1.30V TO
2.00V/7A
0.015
14
L1 3.3H
D B*
12
0.22F
SENSE
VCC
15
+
11
10
SENSE SENSE+
7
8
4.7F
D1
MBRS
-140T3
M2
Si4410DY
LTC1706-19
FB
GND
*DB = CMDSH-3
FROM P
1000pF
LTC1706-19 3
0.1F
VCC
7
6
VID0
SENSE
8
VID1
100pF
1
VID2
2
5
VID3
FB
470pF
GND
4
6.8k
1
2
3
4
SENSE
VIN
ITH/RUN BOOST
VFB
GND
TG
SW
8
7 0.1F
6
RSENSE
0.033
Si4412DY
VOUT
1.3V3.0V
5
L1 10H
MBRS340T3
CIN
22F
35V
2
COUT
100F
10V
2
Figure 48. High Efficiency SO-8, N-Channel 3A Switching Regulator with Programmable Output
AN84-32
COUT
820F
4V
2
Application Note 84
Table 2. VID Inputs and Coresponding Output Voltages
Code
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
Output
0000
G ND
GND
GND
GND
2.00V
0001
G ND
GND
GND
Float
1.95V
0010
G ND
GND
Float
GND
1.90V
0011
GND
GND
Float
Float
1.85V
0100
G ND
Float
GND
GND
1.80V
0101
G ND
Float
GND
Float
1.75V
0110
G ND
Float
Float
GND
1.70V
0111
G ND
Float
Float
Float
1.65V
1000
Float
GND
GND
GND
1.60V
1001
Float
GND
GND
Float
1.55V
1010
Float
GND
Float
GND
1.50V
1011
Float
GND
Float
Float
1.45V
1100
Float
Float
GND
GND
1.40V
1101
Float
Float
GND
Float
1.35V
1110
Float
Float
Float
GND
1.30V
10k
EXTERNAL
FREQUENCY
SYNCHRONIZATION
0.1F
COSC
39pF
CSS
0.1F
COSC
VIN
RUN/SS
TGL
TGS
LTC1436A-PLL
ITH
CC
510pF
SW
INTVCC
RC
10k
BOOST
6
100pF
VIN
4.5V22V
1
24
PLL LPF PLLIN
SGND
VOSENSE
BGL
PGND
18
+
M1
Si4412DY
21
19
M3
IRLML2803
20
L1
3.3H
CIN
22F, 35V
2
RSENSE
0.02
VOUT
1.30V
2.00V/5A
DB*
17
0.22F
+
16
15
SENSE SENSE+
9
10
1000pF
SENSE
VCC
22
4.7F
M2
Si4412DY
D1
MBRS
-140T3
FB
LTC1706-19
COUT
100F
10V
2
GND
*DB = CMDSH-3
FROM P
Figure 49. High Efficiency, Low Noise, Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator with Adjustable Output Voltage
AN84-33
Application Note 84
VIN
12V
VCC 3.3V
LT1575
LTC1706-19 3
VCC
7
6
VID0
SENSE
8
VID1
1
VID2
2
5
VID3
FBK
GND
4
1
2
1F
3
4
SHDN
IPOS
VIN
INEG
GND
GATE
FB
COMP
3.3V
7
6
5.1
IRFZ24
220F
+
VOUT
1.27V TO 2.03
IN 50.8mV STEPS
7.5k
24F
10pF
1000pF
Figure 50. UltraFast Transient Response, Low Dropout Regulator with Adjustable Output Voltage
35
RECOMMENDED
REGION FOR
MIN ON-TIME
AND MAX
EFFICIENCY
30
MINIMUM ON-TIME (ns)
LTC1435A
25
MOSFET VDS LIMIT
20
LTC1435
15
10
f = 250kHz
ILOAD = 0A
L = 4.7H
T = 25C
5
0
1.25
300
250
IMAX =
0.1
RSENSE
200
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.25
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
2.5
AN70 F52
AN84-34
350
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
INDUCTOR RIPPLE CURRENT (% OF IMAX)
Application Note 84
VIN
4.5V TO 22V
LTC1435A
COSC
43pF
CSS
0.1F
2
3
CC
330pF
COSC
VIN
RUN/SS
TG
ITH
SW
INTVCC
CC2
51pF
RC
10k
BOOST
5
100pF
SGND
VOSENSE
BG
PGND
13
+
M1
Si44412DY
16
CIN
10F, 30V
2
14
L1 4.7H
DB*
12
RSENSE
0.033
0.1F
VOUT
1.60V/3A
35.7k
1% +
15
+
11
10
4.7F
M2
Si44412DY
D1
MBRS
-140T3
102k
1%
SENSE SENSE+
7
8
COUT
100F, 6.3V
2
*DB = CMDSH-3
CENTRAL
(516) 435-1110
1000pF
IL =
VOUT (1 VOUT/VIN)
FL
1.6 (1 1.6/22)
250kHz 4.7H
= 1.3A
AN84-35
Application Note 84
Intel Mobile Processor VID Power Converter
LTC1435A
COSC
43pF
CSS
0.1F
2
3
CC2
220pF
COSC
RUN/SS
ITH
CC
1000pF
TG
SW
INTVCC
RC
10k
BOOST
5
51pF
VIN
SGND
VOSENSE
BG
PGND
RF
4.7
13
CF
0.1F
16
+
M1
Si4410DY
CIN
10F, 30V
2 R
SENSE
VOUT
1.30V TO
2.00V/7A
0.015
14
L1 3.3H
DB*
12
6
0.22F
15
10
VCC
+
11
SENSE
4.7F
M2
Si4410DY
D1
MBRS
-140T3
LTC1706-19
FB
COUT
820F
4V
2
GND
4
*DB = CMDSH-3
CENTRAL
(516) 435-1110
SENSE SENSE+
7
8
1000pF
FROM P
AN84-36
Application Note 84
R3
249k
CITH
47pF
1 I
TH
VIN 8.5V
R4
80.6k
2 RUN/SS
DR
LTC1627
6
VFB 3
VIN
CSS
0.1F
CIN*
22F
16V
1%
SYNC/ 8
FCB
7
V
4 GND
SW
D1
MBR0520LT1
1%
D1
1.8V
22F***
6.3V
25H R1
1:1 100k
1%
* AVX TPSC226M016R0375
** AVX TPSC107M006R0150
*** AVX TAJA226M006R
(207) 282-5111
VSEC
3.3V/100mA
VOUT
1.8V/0.3A
COUT**
100F
6.3V
R2
80.6k
COILTRONICS CTX25-1
(561) 241-7876
MMSZ4678T1
10mA MIN LOAD CURRENT
RECOMMENDED
1%
CITH
47pF
1 I
TH
CSS
0.1F
VIN
8.4V
CITH
47pF
C1
0.1F
VIN
2.8V4.5V
BAT54S**
D1
D2
SW
+
CIN
22F
16V
2 RUN/SS
DR
LTC1627
3
6
VFB
VIN
4 GND
CIN
22F
16V
SYNC/ 8
FCB
7
V
CSS
0.1F
1 I
TH
C2
0.1F
R1
249k
1%
VOUT
3.3V/0.5A
R2
80.6k
1%
COUT
100F
6.3V
SYNC/ 8
FCB
7
V
2 RUN/SS
DR
LTC1627
6
VFB 3
VIN
4 GND
*SUMIDA CD54-250
(847) 956-0666
AVX TPSC107M006R0150
AVX TPSC226M016R0375
(207) 282-5111
25H*
SW
* SUMIDA CD54-150
(847) 956-0666
** ZETEX BAT54S
(516) 543-7100
AVX TPSC107M006R0150
AVX TPSC226M016R0375
(207) 282-5111
15H*
R1
169k
1%
R2
80.6k
1%
VOUT
2.5V/0.5A
COUT
100F
6.3V
AN84-37
Application Note 84
100
VIN = 20V
VOUT = 2.5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
95
by Christopher B. Umminger
Introduction
LTC1625
90
LTC1435
85
80
0
2
3
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Design Examples
Figure 58 shows the LTC1625 in an application supplying
a 2.5V output using an external feedback divider. Si4410DY
MOSFETs from Siliconix allow this converter to deliver up
RF 1
2
CSS
0.1F
3
4
CC1
820pF
RC1
10k
CC2 220pF 7
8
LTC1625
EXTVCC
VIN
SYNC
TK
RUN/SS
SW
FCB
TG
ITH
BOOST
SGND
INTVCC
VOSENSE
VPROG
BG
PGND
16
15
M1
Si4410DY
14
CB
O.22F
13
11
L1 7H
CVCC
4.7F
R2
11k
1% +
R1
10k
1%
9
M2
Si4410DY
* DB = CMDSH-3
AN84-38
VIN
5V TO 28V
CIN
10F
30V
2
D1
MBRS140T3
*DB
12
10
CF
0.1F
5
DI_1068_02a. EPS
5V
VOUT
2.5V/5A
COUT
100F
10V
0.065 ESR
3
Application Note 84
RF 4.7
CSS
INTVCC
0.1F
3
4
CC1
1nF
RC1
10k
CC2 220pF
7
8
LTC1625
16
VIN
EXTVCC
SYNC
TK
RUN/SS
SW
FCB
TG
ITH
BOOST
SGND
INTVCC
VOSENSE
VPROG
BG
PGND
15
M1
Si4412DY
14
13
12
**DB
11
10
CF
0.1F
CB
O.1F
VIN
12V TO 28V
CIN
22F
35V
2
L1* 39H
D1
MBRS140T3
CVCC
4.7F
R2
35.7k
1% +
R1
3.92k
1%
VOUT
12V/2.2A
COUT
100F
16V
0.030 ESR
M2
Si4412DY
* L1 = SUMIDA CDRH127-390MC
** DB = CMDSH-3
Introduction
AN84-39
AN84-40
ISENSE1
ISENSE2
R6
3.09k
1%
C28
0.1F
C38
3300pF
R31
1k
13
11
10
R8
4.3k
R9
4.3k
C37
3300pF
12V R32
10
C26 +
22F
25V
R30
1k
OSC
CD4047
RX
RST
CX
AST
AST
T
+T
RET
RCC
U4
5
4
6
8
12
3
1
C6, 100pF,
NPO, 5% 2
5V
CLOCK
2
+
C31
0.022F
C29
1F
16V
SYNC2
R4
1k
R3
1k
SYNC1
C3
22F
25V
R7
51k
C16
180pF
C2
1F
16V
2
PVCC1
1
G1
4
FB
3
GND
LTC1430ACS8
C15
1500pF
R15
10k
U3
7
PVCC2
8
G2
5
SHDN
6
COMP
C24
1F
16V
R16
10
12V
2
PVCC1
1
G1
4
FB
3
GND
LTC1430ACS8
C14
1500pF
R14
10k
7
8
5
6
U2
PVCC2
G2
SHDN
COMP
C25
1F
16V
5V
Q8
R26 Si4410DY
1
R27
1
Q5
Si4410DY
L2
0.8H
ISENSE1
L1
0.8H
C20
6800pF
R29
1
C9 +
470F
6.3V
C12
470F
6.3V
C7
470F
6.3V
C8
470F
6.3V
R18
10k
1%
R2
9.76k
1%
R12
10k
C17
1000pF
C34
1F
10V
C36
1F
10V
C35
1F
10V
R24
39k
Q1
MMBT3906LT1
D1
BAW56LT1
C18
1000pF
SYNC2
SYNC1
R17
10k, 1%
C33
470F
6.3V
R11
0.002
TRACE
+VIN
C32
470F
6.3V R5
9.76k
1%
R13
0.002
TRACE
C11
470F
6.3V
ISENSE2
C10 +
470F
6.3V
ETQP1F0R8LB
C4
1F
10V
C19
6800pF
R28
1
ETQP1F0R8LB
C5
1F
10V
(408) 986-0424
Q9
Si4410DY
Q7
Si4410DY
CHARGE PUMP
D3
OPTIONAL
BAT54
C27, 0.47F
Q6
R19 Si4410DY
1
R25
1
R23
1
Q4
R22 Si4410DY
1
Q3
Si4410DY
CHARGE PUMP
OPTIONAL
C23
D2
BAT54 0.47F
Q2
R20 Si4410DY
1
R21
1
D4
BAT54
5V
NOTES:
1. ALL RESISTORS = 5% UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE.
2. INPUT/OUTPUT CAPACITORS = KEMET T510 SERIES
3. TRACE RESISTORS R11, R13 = 0.1" WIDE x 0.675" LONG
R1
51
C1
1F
16V
C13
180pF
C21
47F
10V
(4)
U1
LT1006
SHARE AMPLIFIER
6
1
C30
0.022F
C22
1F
10V
5V
R10
10
12V
INPUT
RTN
+VIN
OUTPUT
RTN
+VOUT
2.5V/30A
Application Note 84
Application Note 84
100
VIN = 5V
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
VOUT = 3.3V
90
VOUT = 2V
85
V =
160mV
100mV/DIV
VOUT = 2.5V
80
75
70
10
15
20
CURRENT (A)
25
10s/DIV
30
CHANNEL A
5A/DIV
CHANNEL A + B =
TOTAL INPUT
RIPPLE CURRENT,
UNFILTERED
20mV/DIV
CHANNEL B
5A/DIV
IO = 15A
f = 306kHz
VO = 2.5V
VIN = 5V
2s/DIV
2s/DIV
AN84-41
Application Note 84
A+B
5A/DIV
CHANNEL A
CHANNEL B
IO = 25A
2s/DIV
AN84-42
Application Note 84
100
90
Introduction
The 8-pin LTC1622 step-down DC/DC controller is designed to help system designers harness all of the available energy from lithium-ion batteries in several ways. Its
wide operating input-voltage range (2.0V to an absolute
maximum of 10V) and 100% duty cycle allows low
dropout for maximum energy extraction from the battery.
The parts low quiescent current, 400A, with a shutdown
current of 15A, extends battery life. Its user-selectable
Burst Mode operation enhances efficiency at low load
current.
VIN = 4.2V
VIN = 3.3V
80
VIN = 8.4V
70
VIN = 6V
60
VOUT = 2.5V
RSENSE = 0.03
50
40
0.100
0.010
LOAD CURRENT (A)
0.001
1.000
For portable applications where board space is a premium, the LTC1622 operates at a constant frequency of
550kHz and can be synchronized to frequencies of up to
750kHz. High frequency operation allows the use of small
inductors, making this part ideal for communications
products. The LTC1622 comes in a tiny 8-lead MSOP
package, providing a complete power solution while
occupying only a small area.
Efficiency Considerations
The efficiency curves for Figure 67s circuit are shown in
Figures 68 and 69. Figure 68 shows the efficiency with
Burst Mode enabled, whereas Figure 69 has Burst Mode
defeated. (Burst Mode is defeated by connecting the
SYNC/Mode pin to ground.) Note that, at low load currents, the efficiency is higher with Burst Mode operation.
However, constant frequency operation is still achievable
R2 0.03
VIN
2.5V8.5V
LTC1622
1
SENSE
2
7
ITH
PDRV
5
6
SYNC/MODE
GND
4
3
RUN/SS
VFB
8
C1 +
10F
16V
R1
10k
C3
220pF
VIN
Si3443DV
L1 4.7H
D1
470pF
C1: MURATA CERAMIC GRM235Y5V106Z
(814) 236-1431
C2: SANYO POSCAP 6TPA47M
(619) 661-6835
L1: MURATA LQN6C-4R7M04
(814) 237-1431
R3
159k
VOUT
C2 2.5V/1.5A
47F
6V
R4
75k
D1: IR10BQ015
(310) 322-3331
R2: DALE, 0.25W
(605) 665-9301
AN84-43
Application Note 84
100
VIN = 4.2V
VIN = 3.3V
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
80
70
60
VIN = 6V
VOUT = 2.5V
RSENSE = 0.03
50
40
0.001
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(AC COUPLED)
0.1V/DIV
VIN = 8.4V
0.010
0.100
1.000
0.1ms/DIV
at a lower load currents with Burst Mode operation defeated. The kinks in the efficiency curves indicate the
transition out of Burst Mode operation.
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(AC COUPLED)
0.1V/DIV
0.1ms/DIV
R2 0.03
VIN
2.5V TO
8.5V
8
C1 +
47F
16V
R1
22k
C3
100pF
2
5
4
LTC1622
1
VIN
SENSE
7
ITH
PDRV
6
SYNC/MODE
GND
3
RUN/SS
VFB
470pF
Si3443DV
L1 1.3H
D1
R3
159k
VOUT
C2 2.5V/1.5A
100F
6V
R4
75k
AN84-44
D1: IR10BQ015
(310) 322-3331
R2: DALE, 0.25W
(605) 665-9301
Application Note 84
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(AC COUPLED)
0.1V/DIV
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(AC COUPLED)
0.1V/DIV
0.1ms/DIV
0.1ms/DIV
100
VIN = 4.2V
100
VIN = 3.3V
VIN = 3.3V
90
80
VIN = 8.4V
70
VIN = 6V
60
50
40
0.001
VOUT = 2.5V
RSENSE = 0.03
0.010
0.100
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.000
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
VIN = 4.2V
80
VIN = 8.4V
70
VIN = 6V
60
50
40
0.001
VOUT = 2.5V
RSENSE = 0.03
0.010
0.100
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.000
AN84-45
Application Note 84
WIDE INPUT RANGE, HIGH EFFICIENCY
STEP-DOWN SWITCHING REGULATORS
by Jeff Schenkel
Introduction
The LT1676/LT1776 are current mode switching regulator
ICs optimized for high efficiency operation in high input
voltage, low output voltage buck topologies. These two
parts are pin-for-pin compatible and virtually identical in
operation, the only difference being their internal oscillator frequencies100kHz for the LT1676 vs 200kHz for
the LT1776. They operate in a fixed frequency mode (as
opposed to constant off-time or on-time, for instance) and
can be externally synchronized to a higher switching
frequency.
The internal output switch is rated at a nominal peak
current of 700mA, which typically accommodates DC
output currents of up to 500mA. The input voltage range
is 7.4V to 60V. Maintaining acceptable efficiency in the
upper half of this input voltage range requires very fast
output-switch edge rates. The LT1676/LT1776 contain
specialized output circuitry to deliver this performance.
Additionally, they contain circuitry to monitor output load
level and reduce leading-edge switch rate (turn-on) when
the output load is light. This arrangement helps avoid
pulse skipping at light load, with its consequent subharmonic behavior.
+
C1
39F
63V
1
C5
100pF
6
Applications
5
VIN
SHDN
VCC
VSW
LT1676
FB
SYNC
VC
GND
L1
220H
2
3
D1
MBRS1100
7
8
4
C1: PANASONIC HFQ
(201) 348-7522
C2: AVX D CASE TPSD107M010R0080
(803) 946-0362
C4, C5: X7R OR COG/NPO
D1: MOTOROLA 100V, 1A, SMD SCHOTTKY
(800) 441-2447
L1: COILCRAFT DO3316P-224
(847) 936-6400
C3
2200pF
X7R
R3
22k
5%
90
C2
100F
10V
C4
100pF
FOR 3.3V VOUT VERSION:
R1: 24.3k, R2: 14.7k
L1: 150H, DO3316P-154
IOUT: 0mA TO 500mA
R1
36.5k
1%
VOUT
5V
0mA to 500mA
R2
12.1k
1%
1676 F04a
80
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN
12V TO
48V
60
50
40
VIN = 12V
VIN = 24V
30 VIN = 36V
VIN = 48V
20
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
1676 F04b
AN84-46
Application Note 84
+
C1
15F
35V 1
C5
100pF
6
5
VIN
2
SHDN
VCC
3
VSW
LT1776
7
FB
8
VC
SYNC
GND
4
C2
100F
10V
L1
68H
+
D1
MBRS1100
C3
2200pF
R3
22k
5%
C4
100pF
R1
36.5k
1%
90
VOUT
5V
0mA to
400mA
80
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN
10V TO 30V
R2
12.1k
1%
60
50
40 VIN = 10V
1776 F07a
VIN = 20V
30
VIN = 30V
20
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
1776 F07b
AN84-47
Application Note 84
VIN
12V TO 48V
+
R7
10M
C1
39F
63V 6
Q1
PN2484
Q2
2N2369
5
VIN
2
SYNC
VCC
3
VSW
U1
LT1676
7
FB
8
SHDN
VC
GND
NC
L1
220H
D1
MBRS1100
C3
100pF
C2
100F
10V
VOUT
5V
R1
39k
5%
R2
10k
5%
R3
323k
1%
7
C1: PANASONIC HFQ
8
(201) 348-2552
C2: AVX D CASE
TPSD107M010R0080
(803) 946-0362)
C4, C5: X7R OR COG/NPO
D1: MOTOROLA 100V, 1A,
SMD SCHOTTKY
(800) 441-2447
L1: COILCRAFT DO3316-224
(847) 639-6400
V+
OUT
4
IN
3
IN +
U2
LTC1440
6
REF
5
HYST
V
GND
2
R6
22k
R7
2.4M
R4
100k
1%
1676 F06
Target voltage and current limits are independently programmable. The output voltage of 7.2V, which corresponds to the charging voltage of a 3-cell lead-acid battery, is set by the R1/R2 divider and the internal reference
of the LT1776. Output current, presently 200mA, is set by
current sense resistor R4 and the R5/R6 divider. (A 16-pin
version of the LT1620 that implements end-of-cycle detection is also available. This is useful for implementing
lead-acid battery top-off charger behavior or the like.
See the LT1620 data sheet for further information.)
90
80
VIN = 12V
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
VIN = 48V
VIN = 36V
VIN = 24V
60
50
40
30
20
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
1676 F07b
AN84-48
Application Note 84
VIN
11V TO 30V
(SEE TEXT)
C1
39F
63V
5
1
C5
100pF
VIN
SHDN
7
FB
2
VCC
U1
LT1776
3
VSW
8
SYNC
VC
L1
100H
C4
2200pF
C3
100pF
GND
4
U3
LT1121-5
C6
0.33F
C7
0.1F
C8
1F
R5
3k
R6
12k
R4
0.5
7.2V
D1
MBRS1100
C2
100F
10V
R3
22k
+
8
AVG
IOUT
3-CELL
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
R2
12.1k
1%
6
VCC
R1
57.6k
1%
U2
LT1620
7
5
PROG
IN +
4
1
NC
SENSE
IN
GND
1776 TA02
Positive-to-Negative Converter
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
150
200
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
250
1776 TA05
AN84-49
Application Note 84
for the worst case sum of the input voltage plus the
absolute value of the output voltage. The relatively high
input voltage rating of the LT1676/LT1776 parts along
with their good efficiency under such conditions make
them an excellent choice for implementing this topology.
The circuit as shown converts an input voltage in the range
of 10V to 28V to a 5V output. Available output current is
300mA at the worst case VIN of 10V.
C1
15F
35V
5
VIN
1
VCC
SHDN
C7
100pF
LT1776
VSW
FB
SYNC
VC
2
L1* 100H
3
7
8
D1
MBR1100
C6
100pF
GND
4
R3
22k
5%
C2
100F
10V
C5
2200pF
X7R
VOUT 5V
R1
36.5k
1%
R2
12.1k
1%
C3
100F
10V
VOUT 5V
D2
MBR1100
L1*
100H
VIN
10V TO 28V
C4
100F
10V
VIN
10V TO 28V
C1
15F
35V
5
VIN
1
C5
100pF
LT1776
6
SHDN
SYNC
VCC
VSW
FB
VC
2
3
L1 100H
7
8
GND
4
R3
22k
5%
C3
2200pF
X7R
C4
100pF
AN84-50
D1
MBRS1100
R1
36.5k
1%
R2
12.1k
1%
C2
100F
10V
VOUT
5V
0mA TO 300mA
Application Note 84
RegulatorsSwitching (Boost)
In the circuit of Figure 87, the LT1377 with L1, D1, D2 and
C6 make up a positive boost circuit. As the internal power
switch in the IC turns on, the voltage at pin 8 goes low and
energy is stored in inductor L1. When the power switch
turns off, L1 transfers energy through diodes D1 and D2
to capacitor C6 and the positive output load. C6 supplies
load current when the power switch is on. Resistors R2
and R3 provide feedback from the positive output. R1, C3
and C4 provide loop compensation. C1 is the input capacitor and C2 provides local decoupling for the IC.
L1
10H
4V TO 10V
INPUT
C1
10F
25V
Y5U
D2
D1
MURS110 MURS110
5
4
VIN
VSW
S/S
U1
LT1377
C2
0.47F
1
C3
0.0047F
R1
2k
VC
FB
NFB
SGND
PGND
C4
0.047F
12V
OUTPUT
R2
86.6k
+ C6
2
3
2.2F
25V
Y5U
+ C5
10F
25V
Y5U
R3
10k
D3
MBRS130L
D4
MBRS130L
+
L2
0.047H
C7
2.2F
25V
Y5U
12V
OUTPUT
AN84-51
Application Note 84
13.00
12.75
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
SWITCH VOLTAGE
5V/DIV
PIN 8
0
12.50
15mA LOAD
12.25
50mA LOAD
12.00
100mA LOAD
11.75
11.50
SWITCH CURRENT
0.5A/DIV
PIN 8
11.25
10.75
11.00
0
0.5s/DIV
4 5 6 7
INPUT VOLTAGE
10
13.00
12.75
12.50
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
12V OUTPUT
RIPPLE
0.1V/DIV
AC COUPLED
12V OUTPUT
RIPPLE
0.1V/DIV
AC COUPLED
12.25
100mA LOAD
12.00
50mA LOAD
15mA LOAD
11.75
11.50
11.25
11.00
10.75
0
4 5 6 7
INPUT VOLTAGE
10
0.5s/DIV
D1
MURS110
L1
10H
4V TO 10V
INPUT
C1
10F
25V
Y5U
12V
OUTPUT
5
4
VIN
VSW
S/S
U1
LT1377
C2
0.47F
1
C3
0.0047F
R1
2k
VC
FB
NFB
SGND
PGND
C4
0.047F
8
C6
2.2F
25V
Y5U
2
3
C5
10F
25V
Y5U
D3
MBRS130L
D4
MBRS130L
L2
0.047H
AN84-52
D2
MURS110
R3
2.21k
R2
8.25k
C7
2.2F
25V
Y5U
12V
OUTPUT
Application Note 84
voltage and load current, while the voltage of the unregulated negative output changes as shown in Figure 90. Line
and load regulation of the unregulated output will improve
with smaller changes of input voltage or load current.
A common requirement is for the positive output to
regulate the majority of power while the negative output
supplies a much smaller, unregulated bias current. Measurements taken on the test circuit of Figure 87 showed
the unregulated 12V output had less than 1% variation
for a fixed 15mA load while the input voltage changed from
Introduction
The LT1370 is a 500kHz, 6A boost converter. At 65m
on-resistance, 42V maximum switch voltage and 500kHz
switching frequency, the LT1370 can be used in a wide
range of output voltage and current applications.
The high efficiency switch is included on the die, along
with the oscillator, control and protection circuitry necessary for a complete switching regulator. This part combines the convenience and low parts count of a monolithic
solution with the switching capabilities of a discrete
power device and controller. The LT1370, features curL1*
D1
MBRD835L
VIN
OFF
ON
S/S
5V
VOUT
12V
VSW
R1
53.6k
1%
FB
LT1370
C1**
22F
25V
GND
C2
0.047F
R3
2k
VC
R2
6.19k
1%
C3
0.0047F
C4**
22F
25V
2
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
85
80
1370_02.EPS
*COILTRONICS
(561) 241-7876
UP2-4R7 (4.7H)
UP4-100 (10H)
**AVX TPSD226M025R0200
75
MAX IOUT
L1
IOUT
4.7H 1.8A
10H 2.0A
70
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
2.0
1370_03
AN84-53
Application Note 84
Positive-to-Negative Converter
VIN
2.7V TO 13V
C1
100F
VIN
OFF
ON
VSW
S/S
LT1370
FB
2
D2
P6KE-15A
D3
1N4148 1
C4
100F
2
3
R2
2.49k
1%
VOUT
5V
R3
2.49k
1%
GND
C2
0.047F
R1
2k
D1
MBRD835L
NFB
VC
C3
0.0047F
T1*
*PULSE PE-53719
(619) 674-8100
MAX I
OUT
IOUT VIN
1.75A 3V
2.25A 5V
3.0A 9V
1370_04.EPS
5V SEPIC Converter
Figure 96 shows a SEPIC converter. One of the advantages
of the SEPIC topology is that the input voltage can range
from below to above the output voltage. In Figure 96, the
input voltage range is from 4V to 9V, with a 5V output. The
magnetic coupling of inductors L1A and L1B is not critical
for operation, but generally they are wound on the same
core. C2 couples the inductors together and eliminates the
VIN
4V TO 9V
L1A*
6.8H
VIN
OFF
ON
VSW
S/S
LT1370
C1
33F
20V
FB
GND
D1
MBRD835L
R2
18.7k
1%
C2
4.7F
VC
L1B*
6.8H
R1
2k
C4
0.047F
R3
6.19k
1%
C5
0.0047F
1370_05.EPS
MAX I
OUT
IOUT VIN
1.8A 4V
2A 5V
2.6A 7V
2.9A 9V
AN84-54
VOUT
5V
C3
100F
10V
2
Application Note 84
need for a switch snubber network. C2 must have a very
low ESR, because the ripple current is equal to ISW/2. Its
capacitance value is not critical and has no significant
effect on loop stability. The voltage across C2 is equal to
ILOAD = 1A
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
85
ILOAD = 0.25A
80
75
70
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5 3.7
VIN (V)
3.9
4.1
4.3
1630_03.EPS
R3 0.025
VIN
2.5V TO 4.2V
C1
330F
6.3V
TANT
ILOAD = 2A
R1
100
1000pF
+
D1
D2
D3
D4
R2
100
C2 1F
9 LTC1266 8
SENSE
SENSE+
2
D1 TO D4 = MBR0530T1
3
4
5
6
+
C5
10F
16V
C7
220pF
C6
1F
C8
0.012F
LBOUT
BINH
LBIN
VIN
TDRIVE
CT
VFB
ITH
SHDN
R8
SGND
6.2k
12
C9
0.033F
16
L1
22H/7A
COILCRAFT
DO-5022-223
R4 2
Q2
IRF7401
14
13
1
10
11
R5 2
Q1
IRF7401
R6
100k
1%
+
C4
1200pF
D5 MBRS120T3
PGND
15
VOUT
5V/2A
C3
3 330F
6.3V
TANT
R7
33.2K
1%
AN84-55
Application Note 84
allows the circuit to start up even when the input voltage
is below the minimum input voltage of the IC (3.5V). With
a 1A load, the regulator operates down to 1.8V.
Figure 98 shows the efficiency of the regulator versus the
input voltage at three different load currents. At 2A of load
current, efficiency drops as the input voltage is decreased
Regulators (Switching)Buck-Boost
500kHz BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
NEEDS NO HEAT SINK
by Mitchell Lee
OUTPUT (mA)
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
INPUT (V)
15
20
A 1:1 bifilar-wound toroid is used as the magnetic element. A careful analysis showed that, in spite of the
500kHz operating frequency, a high permeability (mr =
125) Magnetics Inc. Kool M core exhibited the best
efficiency when compared to powdered iron materials.
Copper loss is minimized by the use of the high-perm Kool
M material, with only a slight core-loss penalty.
2.7V TO 20V
INPUT
L1
HL-8798
100F +
20V
OS-CON
+
33F
20V
150F
6.3V
OS-CON
5V
OUTPUT
Maximum available output current varies with input voltage, and is shown (for 3A peak switch current) in Figure
100. Efficiencies for several input voltages are shown in
Figure 101. At a 2.7V input, most of the loss is tied up in
the LT1371 switch, whereas the output diode is the
dominant source of loss with high inputs. Because these
losses are small, surface mount construction provides
adequate dissipation, eliminating the need for heat sinks.
In this application, the synchronization feature of the
LT1371 is not used. When driven with an external clock at
the shutdown/sync pin (S/S), the chip can be synchronized to any frequency between 600kHz and 800kHz.
OS-CON MBRS340T3
VIN
NC
3.6k
SW
VIN = 12V
S/S
80
LT1371
NFB
FB
GND
VC
20k
47nF
1.2k
4.7nF
EFFICIENCY (%)
OFF ON
90
VIN = 5V
70
60
VIN = 2.7V
50
0
AN84-56
500
1000
LOAD (mA)
1500
2000
Application Note 84
R1 100k
LTC1515CS8-3.3/5
1
ON OFF
RESET
5V 3.3V
7
C2
10F
10V
(1206)
3 OR 4
CELLS
VOUT
POR
GND
3.3V/50mA
OR
5V/50mA
8
4
5/3
6
CI+
VIN
CI
C3
10F
10V
(1206)
5
C1
0.1F
(0603)
C1 = AVX 0603YC104MAT2A
C2, C3 = TAIYO YUDEN LMK316F106ZL
SHDN
0
VRIPPLE = 0.1V
20
40
60
VSS
80
VDD
DGND
100
120
1k
100k
1M
10k
RIPPLE FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
1410 G08
AN84-57
Application Note 84
new family of ADCs, here represented by the LTC1419,
has excellent PSRR. This family makes it easy to achieve
high performance data conversion, even at 14 bits, using
a switch-mode regulator for a 5V supply.
Performance Results
L1
2
C6
1
2
INVERTING
CONVERTER
5
C8
22F
10V
TANT
4
7
6
S/S
C10
10F
CER
VSW
VIN
U2
LT1373
GND
GND S
NFB
VC
R4
4.99k
1%
3
1
1F CER
3
4
C5
5
6
C12
0.1F
D1
R3
4.99k
C9
0.01F
C11
100F
10V
TANT
8
R5
4.99k
1%
R6
499
1%
9
10
11
12
13
14
+AIN
AVDD
AIN
DVDD
VREF
VSS
28
27
C7
26
25
U1
BUSY
LTC1419
24
CS
AGND
23
D13 (MSB)
CONVST
22
RD
D12
21
D11
SHDN
20
D10
D0
19
D9
D1
18
D8
D2
17
D7
D3
16
D6
D4
15
DGND
D5
COMP
DI_1419_01.eps
Figure 104. The LTC1419s 80dB PSRR Allows the LTC1373 to Generate
the 5V and Power the ADC without Signal-Coversion Degradation
AN84-58
MICROPROCESSOR/
MICROCONTROLLER
INTERFACE
Application Note 84
5V
C4
100F
TANT
C2
2F
2
C1
10F
TANT
FB/SHDN
CAP+
V+
8
7
OSC
U1
LT1054
6
VREF
4
5
CAP
VOUT
R1, 30.1k
ANALOG
INPUT
3
4
C3
0.002F
GND
1F CER
C6
1
C5
R2, 120k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
AIN
DVDD
VREF
VSS
28
27
C7
26
25
U2
BUSY
LTC1419
24
CS
AGND
23
D13 (MSB)
CONVST
22
RD
D12
21
D11
SHDN
20
D10
D0
19
D9
D1
18
D8
D2
17
D7
D3
16
D6
D4
15
DGND
D5
COMP
MICROPROCESSOR/
MICROCONTROLLER
INTERFACE
DI_1419_02.eps
LTC1419
5V LAB SUPPLY
5V LT1373
fSAMPLE =800kHz
fIN = 91kHz
S/N = 80.5dB
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
50
100
150
200
250
FREQUENCY (kHz)
300
350
400
DI_1419_04.eps
0
LTC1419
5V LAB SUPPLIES
fSAMPLE = 800kHz
fIN = 91kHz
S/N = 80.5dB
40
60
LTC1419
5V LAB SUPPLY
5V LT1054
fSAMPLE = 800kHz
fIN = 91kHz
S/N = 80.8dB
20
40
AMPLITUDE (dB)
20
AMPLITUDE (dB)
AVDD
AMPLITUDE (dB)
+AIN
80
100
60
80
100
120
120
140
140
160
160
0
50
100
150
200
250
FREQUENCY (kHz)
300
350
400
50
100
150
200
250
FREQUENCY (kHz)
300
350
400
AN84-59
Application Note 84
NEGATIVE-TO-POSITIVE
TELECOMMUNICATION SUPPLY
by Kurk Mathews
+VOUT
Many telecommunication circuits require a positive supply voltage derived from a 48V input. The traditional
approach to negative-to-positive conversion has been to
use a buck-boost converter (see Figure 109). Unfortunately, this topology suffers drawbacks as the power level
and input-to-output voltage difference increases.
VIN
DI_1680_01.eps
33
1.5nF
T1
L1, OUTPUT
20H
5V/6A
220F* 220F*
35V + 35V
24k
1k
1F
63V
MBR2045CT
300pF
24k
220F* 220F*
35V + 35V
33
1.5nF
MBR0520LT1
50
1W
0.015
1W
IRF640
R1
24k
330F
6.3V
SANYO
OSCON
10
4.22k
48V
Q3
2N5401
R4
78.7k
15
SYNC
9
10
13
S GATE
S+
11
RUN/SHDN
1
SL_ADJ
BAV21
14
L1
BIAS
R2
1M
C1
220F
35V
LT1680
12VIN
VFB
0.1F
R5
7.5k
5VREF
CT
IAVG
16
Q1
2N7000
20k
Q2
2N3904
16k
SS
4
2.2nF
0.1F
R3
4.75k
1F
1nF
20k
1.2k
0.1F
1k
AN84-60
Application Note 84
The LT1680s unique differential current sense amplifier
has an input common mode range of 0.3V to 60V. If VIN
is expected to exceed 60V, the sense resistor could be
relocated in the main FETs source and the input capaciPOSITIVE-TO-NEGATIVE CONVERTER POWERS
48V TELECOM CIRCUITS
by Mitchell Lee
If youre designing a system that interfaces to telecom
equipment, chances are youll need a 48V supply. The
circuit in Figure 111 supplies up to 6W at 48V and scales
to more than 12W with higher power components. Based
on the inverting topology, the converter exhibits excellent
efficiency over a wide range of loading conditions (see
Figure 112).
CTX02-13836
3
12
2
10
5
11
4
8
6
220F
16V
150F
63V
VSW
VIN
D3**
LT1172HV
VC
GND
The LT1171s error amplifier is designed for positiveboost applications, and hence its gain and reference are of
the wrong phase and polarity for sensing an inverted
output. In this application, the error amplifier is simply
bypassed and feedback is applied at the compensation
(VC) pin. Zener diode D2 senses the output, pulling down
on Q1 and the VC pin, in response to small increases in
output voltage. Pulling down on the VC pin reduces peak
switch current, and constitutes negative feedback. If the
output is a little low, the Zeners diminished feedback
signal is overcome by an internal 200A current source at
the VC pin, thereby increasing peak switch current and
restoring the output voltage.
FB
100
1k
100nF
D1*
10nF
90
1F
GND
Q1
2N3904
1k
+
*D1 = 1N4148
**D3 = MUR120
COILTRONICS
(561) 241-7876
1k
D2
1N5261B
47V
220F
63V
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN
12V
80
70
60
VOUT
48V/
120mA
50
0
30
90
60
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
120
DI_1171_02. EPS
AN84-61
Application Note 84
LOW NOISE LT1614 DC/DC CONVERTER DELIVERS
5V AT 200mA FROM 5V INPUT
by Steve Pietkiewicz
The inverting DC/DC converter function is traditionally
realized with a capacitor-based charge pump. Although
simple, the output impedances of the best charge pump
solutions are in the 5 to 10 range, resulting in significant
regulation issues when the load current increases beyond a few tens of milliamperes. The LT1614 inductorbased inverting DC/DC converter uses closed-loop regulation to obtain an output impedance of 0.1, eliminating
output voltage droop under load.
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VSW
5V/DIV
C3
1F
L1
22H
VIN
5V
L2
22H
500ns/DIV
D1
SHDN
VC
VOUT
5V/200mA
R1
69.8k
LT1614
C1
33F
500ns/DIV
SW
VIN
VSW
5V/DIV
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
NFB
GND
R2
24.9k
100k
C2
33F
1nF
VSW
5V/DIV
D1: MBR0520
(800) 441-2447
L1, L2: MURATA LQH3C220 (814) 237-1431
C1, C2: AVX TAJB336M010 (803) 946-0362
C3: AVX1206YC105KAT (CERAMIC, X7R)
AN84-62
500ns/DIV
Application Note 84
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
50
40
3
10
30
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
300
can be used to increase efficiency, although such inductors are more expensive than the Murata units specified.
D1
T1
1N5817
10:1:1
+
L1
L3
VA
D3
1N4148
Q1
R4
2M
Q3
2N3904
6
7
C1
0.1F
R2
1.30M
1%
R3
604k
1%
1
2
C3
47F
D2
1N4148
L2
R1
1.3M
C2
0.022F
VOUT
5V
VIN
SHDN
LB0
LT1316
+ C4
47F
5
SW
FB
R7
Q2
MPSA92 432k, 1%
DI_48-5_01.eps
LBI
RSET
GND
3
4
R5
69.8k
1%
R6
121k
1%
48V
T1 =DALE LPE-4841-A313, LPRI = 2mH
Q1 =ZETEX ZVN 4424A
(605) 665-1627
(516) 543-7100
AN84-63
Application Note 84
The circuit shown in Figure 118 operates as a flyback
regulator with an auxiliary winding to provide power for
the LT1316. To understand the operation of this circuit,
examine Figure 118. When power is first applied, the LBI
pin is low, causing the SHDN pin to be grounded through
LBO. This places the part in shutdown mode and only the
low-battery comparator remains active. During this state,
VIN rises at a rate determined by R1 and C1. The LT1316
draws only 6A in shutdown mode; R1 needs to supply
only this current, the current through R2 and R4, and C1s
charging current. When LBI reaches 1.17V (VIN 3.7V)
the LBO pin lets go of SHDN and the part enters the active
mode. Once this state is reached, switching action begins
and the output voltage begins to increase. As the device
switches, the LT1316 VIN pin draws current out of C1; VIN
then decreases sufficiently to trip the low-battery detector, stopping the switching. Start-up proceeds in this
irregular fashion until, eventually, the voltage at VA increases
to 5V. (VA is the same as VOUT, because L2 and L3 have the
same number of turns.) After start-up, current is supplied
to the LT1316 from VA rather than from the 48V rail,
SWITCH PIN
VOLTAGE
10V/DIV
SECONDARY
CURRENT
200mA/DIV
SECONDARY
CURRENT
200mA/DIV
PRIMARY
CURRENT
50mA/DIV
PRIMARY
CURRENT
50mA/DIV
50S/DIV
1S/DIV
90
0.3
VIN = 36V
VIN = 48V
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
VIN = 72V
60
VIN = 36V
0.2
VIN = 48V
VIN = 72V
0.1
50
40
1
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
DI_48-5_04.eps
AN84-64
0
0
2
3
POWER OUT (mW)
DI_48-5_05.eps
Application Note 84
RegulatorsSwitching (Flyback)
Typical Applications
Introduction
Low voltage circuitry, such as local area networks (LAN),
isolation amplifiers and telephone interfaces, frequently
requires isolated power supplies. The flyback converter is
often the choice for these low power supplies because of
its simplicity, size and low parts count. Unfortunately,
designers are forced to add optocouplers and references in order to achieve the desired output regulation and
transient response.
The LT1425 provides a one-chip solution for these and
other applications. The LT1425 is a 275kHz current mode
controller with an integral 1.25A switch designed primarily
to provide well regulated, isolated voltages from 3V20V
sources. The LT1425 is available in a 16-pin SO. Features
include a new error amplifier and load compensation
circuitry that eliminate the need for optocouplers while
maintaining output regulation typically within a few percent.
200mV/DIV
100mA/DIV
5ms/DIV
5V
C1
10F
25V
C2
10F
25V
0.1F
22.1k
1%
2
3
4
5
100k
1000pF
47pF
3.01k
1%
6
7
8
INPUT
COM
GND
N/C
LT1425
GND
SD
RFB
ROCMP
VC
RCMPC
RREF
VIN
SYNC
VSW
SGND
PGND
GND
GND
16
D1
15
14
C5
13
D2
MBRS130LT3
R1
2
T1
C3
10F
25V
4
11
C6
OUT
COM
R3
12
R2
C4
10F
25V
1.8k
6
9V
10
0.1F
9
1425_01.eps
TRANSFORMER T1
L PRI
TURNS
RATIO
ISOLATION
SIZE
(L W H)
IOUT
EFFICIENCY
D1
D2
R1, R2
C5, C6
R3
DALE
LPE-4841-A307
36H
COILTRONICS
CTX02-13483
1:1:1
500VAC
250mA
76%
NOT USED
NOT USED
47
330pF
13.3k
27H
1:1
500VAC
14 14 2.2mm
200mA
70%
1N5248
MBR0540TL1
75
220pF
5.9k
AN84-65
Application Note 84
A: VSW = 20V/DIV
B: ISW = 1A/DIV
C: VSW = 20V/DIV
D: ISW = 0.2A/DIV
1s/DIV
even with one output fully loaded and the other unloaded
(1.5% with input voltages of 10V15V). The isolation
voltage is ultimately limited only by bobbin selection and
transformer construction.
Figure 127 implements a 12V to 5V/1A step-down regulator with off-the-shelf magnetics. The circuit uses an external, cascoded 100V MOSFET to extend the LT1425s 35V
maximum switch voltage limit. D1 and Q1 ensure the
LT1425 does not start until almost 9V, guaranteeing
adequate gate voltage for the MOSFET. The MUR120
prevents the source from rising above the gate at turn-off.
330pF
130
MBRS1100T3
T1
5V TO
15V
2
+15V
6
1F
22F
35V
1N759
1
0.1F
18.4k
0.1%
2
3
4
3.01k
1%
GND
N/C
SD
RFB
ROCMP
16
14
12
3k
OUT
COM
MBRS1100T3
MBR0540LT1
220pF
VC
15F
35V
3k
15V
7.32k
1%
0.1F
INPUT
COM
1425_06.eps
AN84-66
11
15
13
RCMPC
12
RREF LT1425 VIN
6
11
SYNC
VSW
7
10
SGND
PGND
8
9
GND
GND
5
1000pF
GND
75
15F
35V
(516) 241-7876
Application Note 84
330pF
100
12V
22F
35V
MBRS340T3
9
2.4k
1
0.1F
D1
1N755
7.5V
25.5k
1%
2
3
4
5
6
1000pF
7
3.01k
1%
GND
GND
N/C
SD
RFB
ROCMP
VC
16
220F
10V
5V
220F
10V
+
200
15
14
10
11
12
OUT
COM
13
RCMPC
12
RREF LT1425 VIN
11
SYNC
VSW
10
SGND
PGND
9
GND
GND
10
MMFT1N10E
0.1F
INPUT
COM
9.3k
1%
COILTRONIX
VP1-0190
TURNS RATIO 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
12H PER WINDING
(561) 241-7876
MUR120
1425_07.eps
1.8k
Q1
2N3906
1000pF
18
T1
INPUT
COM
2
BAV21
R1
24k
3.3F
BAV21
1
R2
18
2
0.1F
30.1k
1%
C1
27F
35V
3
4
5
6
3.16k
1%
D1
7.5V
1N755
7
8
1000pF
GND
GND
N/C
SD
RFB
ROCMP
510
4
16
15
5V
9, 10
150F
6.3V
6
T1
MBR745
11, 12
150F
6.3V
50
1W
OUT
COM
150pF
14
13
RCMPC
12
RREF LT1425 VIN
11
SYNC
VSW
10
PGND
SGND
9
GND
GND
VC
10
Q1
IRF610
MUR120
36V TO
72V
2.4k
Q2
2N3906
D2
7.5V
1N755
Q3
2N3904
5k
100k
10k
0.1F
1425_08.eps
AN84-67
Application Note 84
30
28
20
D2
MUR120
C3
100F
50V
50
150
100
TOTAL LOAD CURRENT (mA)
D4
MUR120
+
PE63387
C5
100F
50V
VOUT
24V/200mA
R4
3.6k
(6.7mA MIN LOAD)
D3
1N914
R1
200
* L1 = PE53829
** T1 = PE63387
VIN
R2
18k
SW
VC
C2
100nF
PULSE ENGINEERING
(619) 674-8100
C4
10nF
LT1172 FB
GND
R3
1k
AN84-68
200
DI_1068_04. EPS
L1*
100H
T1**
C1
100F
50V
24
22
D1
P6KE36A
VIN
10V TO 15V
26
Application Note 84
WIDE-INPUT-RANGE, LOW VOLTAGE FLYBACK REGULATOR
by Kurk Mathews
Many new switching regulators are designed with a specific application or topology in mind. If your requirements
happen to fall within these parameters, all is well. Unfortunately, when faced with unusual requirements, the
designer is often forced to choose bare-bones, universal
regulators. The LTC1624 overcomes these issues by
providing a full featured regulator that can operate in the
step-down (buck), step-up (boost), buck-boost or flyback
mode.
This constant-frequency current mode controller includes
a high-side differential current sense amplifier and a
floating high current N-Channel MOSFET driver. In the
buck mode, an external bootstrap capacitor between the
BOOST and SW pins works in conjunction with the internal
5.6V regulator and diode to provide a regulated supply for
a high-side driver. In the boost, buck-boost or flyback
mode, the SW pin is grounded, providing drive for a lowside MOSFET.
220pF
47
T1 12
50V/75mA
MURS120T3
18k
1
VIN
4.75V24V
330F
35V
SANYO
MV-GX
0.02
R3
220
1F
1
SENSE
VIN
BOOST
LTC1624
TG
SW
ITH/RUN GND
2
4
7
6
5
1F
C1
220pF
Q2
MPS2222A
15k
11
10
4
2
8
10
1F
MURS120T3
18k
7
Q1
IRL540N
VFB
3
1k
0.01F
1F
R1
47
1F
50V/75mA
620k
R2
43k
AN84-69
Application Note 84
RegultorsSwitching (Low Noise)
THE LT1533 HERALDS A NEW CLASS OF
LOW NOISE SWITCHING REGULATORS
by Jeff Witt
20mV/DIV
200V/DIV
1533_01.eps
5V
47F
6.3V
14
1
VIN
NC
COL A
25nH*
PGND
8
11
4
NFB
DUTY
COL B
SHDN
RCSL
RVSL
SYNC
GND
9
RT
CT
6
18k
VC
FB
1.2k
220pF
15
12
4k68k
13
4k68k
D2
7
21.5k
10
2.49k
15k
1000pF
1500pF 0.015F
AN84-70
L2
10H
L1
300H
16
LT1533
3
D1
T1
C1
22F
20V
12V/200mA
C2
22F
20V
Application Note 84
TRACE A
0.5A/DIV
TRACE A
0.5A/DIV
TRACE B
20mV/DIV
TRACE C
500V/DIV
TRACE B
20mV/DIV
TRACE C
500V/DIV
0.2s/DIV
1533_04.eps
0.2s/DIV
Figure 134. Lowering the Slew Rates of the Power Switches (Trace A) Eliminates High Frequency Ripple at the Output (Traces B and C)
+
14
VIN
NC
COL A
PGND
16
LT1533
3
11
4
3.3
COL B
RCSL 12
13
R
SHDN
SYNC
VSL
GND
RT
CT
18k
3300pF
VC
FB
LT1121-CS8
3.3
+
L2
100H
68k
4k68k
47k
3
22F
35V
1
332k
2 BAT85
15
DUTY
T1
2
25nH*
NFB
L1
100H
22F
10V
150k
150k
22F
35V
5 4
1, 2, 7, 8
12V
80mA
LT1175-CS8
332k
3
2.2F
25V
+
2.2F
25V
12V
80mA
4 1N5819
10
10k
AN84-71
Application Note 84
VIN
3.3V
L1
100H
C2
33F
10V
1
3
8
11
4
D1
VOUT
5V/350mA
C1 +
100F
10V
14
VIN
NC
COL A
COL B
DUTY
NFB
PGND
LT1533
SHDN
RCSL
SYNC
RVSL
FB
GND RT
9
CT
6
10
15
*50nH
16
12
4k68k
13
4k68k
7.50k
VC
18k
10
2.49k
10k
1000pF
2200pF
0.01F
1533_06.EPS
(561) 241-7876
(800) 441-2447
(207) 222-5111
Grounding the Duty pin of the LT1533 disables the feedback loop and runs each switch at 50% duty cycle,
allowing the LT1533s use in DC transformer circuits.
Such circuits are useful for generating bipolar or isolated
supplies; Figure 135 shows an example. The LT1533
switches 5V across a 3.3:1 transformer and a diode bridge
rectifies the secondary side voltages to produce nominally
16V bipolar outputs that are regulated to 12V. Shortcircuit current limit at the output is provided by the
LT1533s switch current limit; the 1A switch limit is
transformed to 0.3A on the secondary.
AN84-72
Application Note 84
TRACE A
5V/DIV
TRACE A
5V/DIV
TRACE B
0.5A/DIV
TRACE B
0.5A/DIV
TRACE C
20mV/DIV
TRACE C
20mV/DIV
5s/DIV
5s/DIV
1533_07.eps
Figure 137. Limiting Switch Slew Rates (Traces A and B) Lowers the High
Frequency Content of the Boost Regulators Output Ripple (Trace C)
AN84-73
Application Note 84
High Voltage Input Regulator
The LT1533 switching regulator1, 2 achieves 100V output noise by using closed-loop control around its output
switches to tightly control switching transition time. Slowing down switch transitions eliminates high frequency
harmonics, greatly reducing conducted and radiated noise.
The parts 30V, 1A output transistors limit available power.
It is possible to exceed these limits while maintaining low
noise performance by using suitably designed output
stages.
T1
7
5
8
24VIN
(20V TO 50V)
4
10F
9
3
MBRS140
10
1
0.002F
220
10k
Q3
MPSA42
Q4
2N2222
10k
Q1
L3
OPTIONAL
100H SEE TEXT
12
1k
+
4.7F
2
14
4
3
1500pF
11
5
18k
L1, L3: COILTRONICS CTX100-3
(561) 241-7876
L2: 22nH TRACE INDUCTANCE, FERRITE BEAD
OR INDUCTOR
COILCRAFT B-07T TYPICAL
(847) 639-6400
Q1, Q2: ON SEMI MTD6N15
(800) 282-9855
T1: COILTRONICS VP4-0860
15
COL A
VIN
0.01F
MBRS140
COL B
SYNC
DUTY
SHDN
CT
LT1533
L2
PGND
RT
NFB
10
11
VC
FB
GND
RCSL
12
13
12k
10k
RVSL
16
8
7
7.5k
1%
2.49k
1%
AN70 F40
Figure 138. A Low Noise 24V to 5V Converter (VIN = 20V50V): Cascoded MOSFETs Withstand 100V Transformer Swings,
Permitting the LT1533 to Control 5V/2A
AN84-74
+
220F
0.002F
Q2
1k
5VOUT
10k
220
L1
100H
100F
Application Note 84
A = 20V/DIV
B = 5V/DIV
(AC COUPLED)
A = 5mV/DIV
C = 100V/DIV
B = 100V/
DIV
10s/DIV
2s/DIV
Current Boosting
Figure 140 boosts the regulators 1A output capability to
over 5A. It does this with simple emitter followers (Q1
Q2). Theoretically, the followers preserve T1s voltage and
current waveform information, permitting the LT1533s
slew-control circuitry to function. In practice, the transistors must be relatively low beta types. At 3A collector
current, their beta of 20 sources 150mA via the Q1Q2
base paths, adequate for proper slew-loop operation.5 The
follower loss limits efficiency to about 68%. Higher input
voltages minimize follower-induced loss, permitting efficiencies in the low 70% range.
330
5V
1N5817
0.05
T1
Q1
+
4.7F
14
11
3
1500pF
4
5
18k
0.003F
VIN
SHDN
COL A
DUTY
COL B
SYNC
CT
PGND
LT1533
RVSL
RT
RCSL
10
0.01F
VC
GND
NFB
FB
4.7F
15
Q2
0.05
330
16
L2
7
R2
2.49k
1%
12V
L3
33H
OPTIONAL FOR
LOWEST RIPPLE
+
100F
100F
1N5817
1N4148
13 10k
12 10k
680
L1
300H
R1
21.5k
1%
AN70 F42
Figure 140. A 10W, Low Noise, 5V to 12V Converter: Q1Q2 Provide 5A Output Capacity while Preserving the LT1533s Voltage/Current
Slew Control. Efficiency is 68%. Higher Input Voltages Minimize Follower Loss, Boosting Efficiency Above 71%
AN84-75
Application Note 84
Notes:
1 Witt, Jeff. The LT1533 Heralds a New Class of Low Noise Switching
Regulators. Linear Technology VII:3 (August 1997).
4 This circuit derives from a design by Jeff Witt of Linear Technology Corp.
5 Operating the slew loops from follower base current was suggested by
Bob Dobkin of Linear Technology Corp.
RegulatorsSwitching (Multioutput)
10
+
0.1F
100
100
1
2
CSS1
1000pF
1000pF
4
220pF
10k
5
1000pF
56pF
7
8
470pF
10k
9
1000pF
100pF
220k
10
11
390k
3pF
12
220pF
1000pF
0.1F
13
10
10
24V
T1
15H
14
BOOST1
TGL1
RUN/SS1
SW1
SENSE+1
VIN
SENSE1
BG1
VPRGM1
INT VCC
PGND
ITH1
28
M1
SGND
EXT VCC
SFB1
SW2
ITH2
TGL2
VOSENS2
BOOST2
SENSE 2
AUXON
SENSE+2
AUXFB
RUN/SS2
AUXDR
3.3F
35V
0.033
VOUT1
5V/3A
27
26
+
CMDSH-3
25
24
MBRS140T3
M2
GND
23
22
M4
21
0.033
19
17
MBRS140T3
100F
10V
2
VOUT2
3.3V/3.5A
L1
10H
20
18
100F
10V
2
BG2
COSC
LTC1538CG-AUX
KEYBOARD
CONTROLLER
SIGNAL
0.1F
VIN
5.2-28V
MBRS1100T3
22F
35V
2
22F
35V
2
M3
0.1F
CMDSH-3
5V STANDBY
16
AUX ON/OFF
15
CSS2
47k
Q1
2N2907A
KEYBOARD
CONTROLLER
SIGNAL
100k
L1 = SUMIDA CDRH125-100MC 10H
INPUT AND OUTPUT CAPACITORS ARE AVX-TPS SERIES
HAVING A MAXIMUM ESR SPECIFICATION
Figure 142. LTC1538-AUX Provides 3.3V/3.5A, 5V/3A, 12V/120mA and 5V/20mA Standby Power
AN84-76
4.7F
25V
Application Note 84
LTC1538-AUX: A NEW ADDITION TO LTCS
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROLLER FAMILY
by Steve Hobrecht
Notebook Computer Power Solution
The circuit shown in Figure 142 is a power solution for a
portable notebook computer. The switching controllers
provide 5V at 3A, 3.3V at 3.5A and a regulated 12V/120mA
output using the auxiliary regulator. See the LTC1538AUX/ LTC1539 data sheet for techniques illustrating how
to generate other voltage and current combinations using
the auxiliary regulator. The circuit provides a standby 5V
output to power a keyboard controller. The keyboard
controller has the ability to control the run/soft-start
HIGH EFFICIENCY, LOW POWER,
3-OUTPUT DC/DC CONVERTER
by John Seago
The recent proliferation of battery powered products has
created a lot of interest in low power, high efficiency DC/
DC converter designs. These products are small, lightweight and portable, so space for bulky batteries is limited.
Often, operating time between charges is a major selling
feature, making the efficient use of battery power very
important. Since many products cannot function with a
single regulated voltage, multiple-output DC/DC converters are required.
6V TO 20V
C1
68pF
C7
22F
35V
U1
LTC1435CS
1
C2, 0.1F
R1, 10k
C4, 47pF
2
3
C3
330pF
4
5
6
7
C5
100pF
RUN/SS
SW
SFB
VIN
INT VCC
VOSENSE
SENSE
8 SENSE+
C6
0.001F
BOOST
ITH
SGND
T1
R4
10
TG
COSC
BG
PGND
16
15
Q1
1/2 Si9936
D1, MBR0530
30H
5V/0.1A
D3
MBR0540
C12
100F
10V
14
3.3V/0.5A
C8
0.1F
13
D2
MBRS130L
12
11
C9, 0.1F
10
C10, 4.7F
R5
0.1
C11
220pF
R6
35.7k
R7
20k
Q2
1/2 Si9936
C13
100F
10V
GND
EXT VCC 9
T1
R3, 100
R2, 100
C14
100F
10V
5V/0.05A
DI1435_01.eps
R5 = IRC, LR2010-01-R100-J
C7 = AVX, TPSE226M035R0300
C12, 13, 14 = AVX, TPSD107M010R0100
T1 = COILTRINICS, CTX02-13299
Q1/Q2 = SILICONIX, Si9936DY
D4
MBR0540
AN84-77
Application Note 84
The circuit of Figure 143 provides 3.3V at 0.5A, 5V at 0.1A
and 5V at 0.05A, and has greater than 93% efficiency for
test loads between 1.25W and 2.4W with a 6V input. Load
and line regulation of the positive outputs are quite good.
Each output voltage was measured with all output currents
varied independently between 20% and 100% of their full
load range, while the input voltage was varied from 6V to
20V. Table 3 shows the worst-case output voltages
measured.
Table 3. Worst-Case Output Voltages
Output
Minimum
Maximum
3.3V
3.307V
3.315V
5V
5.03V
5.24V
5V
4.98V
5.51V
AN84-78
Application Note 84
VCC
5V
FROM P
1
C1
SHDN
C1+
GND
C2
VOUT
C2+
VCC
C1 = 0.47F
7
LTC1263
C3 = 10F
VOUT = 12V/60mA
C2 = 0.47F
C4 = 10F
VCC
Si9410DY
1
1F
2
3
4
5
6
CT
180pF
7
CC
3300pF
RC
470
BDRIVE
TDRIVE
PWR VIN
PGND
PINV
LBOUT
BINH LTC1266-3.3
LBIN
VIN
SGND
CT
SHDN
ITH
NC
SENSE
SENSE+
16
+
D1
MBRS140T3
Si9410DY
15
CIN
100F
20V
2
14
13
12
11
10
9
1000pF
L*
5H
+
RSENSE
0.02
COUT
220F
10V
2
VOUT = 3.3V/5A
*COILTRONICS CTX0212801
DI1263_01.eps
AN84-79
Application Note 84
SWITCHER GENERATES TWO BIAS VOLTAGES
WITHOUT TRANSFORMER
by Jeff Witt
LCD displays and CCD imaging circuits in todays portable
products require several bias voltages of 10V to 20V at a
few mA. When symmetric bipolar bias supplies are needed,
the negative supply can be generated with a discrete
charge pump operating from the power switch of the
boost regulator that generates the positive supply. However, an asymmetric bipolar supply is typically required:
for example 20V and 10V for LCD displays or 15V and
7.5V for CCDs. One possible solution is to add a linear
regulator to the negative output; this adds cost and greatly
reduces the efficiency of the switcher. Another possibility
is a 2-output flyback circuit, but the added cost and bulk
of a transformer make this solution unappealing. The
circuit in Figure 145 avoids these penalties, producing 20V
at 5mA and 10V at 5mA from 3.3V with 73% efficiency.
The circuit uses standard surface mount parts.
The LT1316, a micropower Burst Mode switching regulator with an integrated 0.6A power switch, operates in an
ordinary boost circuit to generate the 20V (VOUT1) set by
resistor divider R1 and R2. An internal comparator at the
L1
47F
VIN
3.3V
5
SW
FB
SHDN
LT1316
C1
33F
10V
LBO
LBI
RSET
3
R5
10k
VOUT1
20V/5mA
C3
3.3F
35V
R1
1M
150k
R3
1M
VOUT1 200mV/DIV
(AC COUPLED)
2
R2
64.9k
GND
4
L1 = COILCRAFT DO1608C-473
C1 = AVX TAJB336M035R
C2 = AVX TAJA105M035R
C3, C4 = AVX TAJB335M035R
82k
SW PIN 20V/DIV
BAT54
C2
1F
35V
VOUT2 1V/DIV
(AC COUPLED)
BAT54
BAT54
Q1
2N7002
R4
590k
C4
3.3F 35V
AN84-80
BAT54
150pF
6
VIN
FB pin regulates the output by gating the LT1316s oscillator. A charge pump (C2 and associated diodes) coupled
to the LT1316s switch pin generates the negative output
voltage. This negative output (VOUT2) is monitored by the
LT1316s low-battery detector through the resistor divider
R3 and R4, using the positive 20V output as a reference.
When the negative output falls below 10V, the low-battery
detector output (LBO pin and lowest trace in Figure 146)
turns Q1 on, enabling the charge pump and charging
output capacitor C4. Note that the switch pin jumps
between ground and ~10V during this period. Once the
negative output has been charged enough to overcome the
low-battery detectors hysteresis, Q1 turns off and the
switch pin is free to fly to 20V, charging the positive
output.
VOUT2
10V/5mA
0.1ms/DIV
Application Note 84
NEW IC FEATURES REDUCE EMI
FROM SWITCHING REGULATOR CIRCUITS
by John Seago
Switch-Frequency Synchronization
Switching regulator noise results from switching high
currents on and off. This creates high energy levels at the
switching frequency and all of its harmonics. A common
EMI-control technique is to synchronize the switching
frequency to an external clock so that all harmonic frequencies can be controlled. The LTC1436-PLL uses a
phase-locked loop for synchronization to avoid the loss of
slope compensation common to other synchronizing techniques. In addition, the input to the VCO in the phaselocked loop is available at the PLL LPF (phase-locked loop
lowpass filter) pin, so that a lowpass filter can be used to
control how fast the loop acquires lock.
Frequently, EMI problems dont show up until the integration phase of product development. By using this EMI
suppression capability, a resistor or capacitor value change
may be all that is required to solve an interference problem. The LTC1436-PLL shown in the circuit of Figure 147
produces a switched 5V, 3A output and a 3.3V, 0.1A linear
output. The circuit is configured to provide either switchfrequency synchronization or switch-frequency modula5.5V TO
24V
MOD
R7
10
PLL
SWITCHFREQUENCY
MODULATOR*
R2, 10k
C1
C2, 47pF
PLL
C3, 0.1F
2
3
R3, 10k
C5, 47pF
C6
100pF
C11
22F
35V
C12
22F
35V
R6
47k
MOD
0.01F
C4
330pF
INTVCC
5
6
7
8
R4, 100
C7, 0.001F
R5
100
PLLIN
COSC
POR
RUN/SS
BOOST
ITH
TGL
SFB
SW
SGND
VPROG
TGS
LTC1436-PLL
VIN
VOSENSE
INTVCC
SENSE
BG
10
SENSE +
11
12
R9
20k
PLL LPF
PGND
AUXON
EXTVCC
AUXFB
AUXDR
24
23
POR
22
21
Q1
20
19
18
17
16
R8
0.033
5V
3A
C10
0.1F
Q3
C8
0.1F
L1
10H
D1
MBRS0530
C9
4.7F
D2
MBRS130L
C13, C14
100F
10V
2
Q2
15
GND
14
13
R10
35.7k
R11
47k
C15
3.3F
Q4
MMBT2907ALT1
DI1436_01.eps
3.3V
0.1A
AN84-81
Application Note 84
20dBm
VIN = 10V
VO = 5V AT 3A
BW = 100Hz
40dBm
60dBm
80dBm
100dBm
120dBm
1kHz
500kHz
1MHz
DI1436_02.eps
65dBm
75dBm
85dBm
VIN = 10V
VO = 5V AT 3A
BW = 300Hz
95dBm
105dBm
1MHz
15MHz
30MHz
DI1436_03.eps
Switch-Frequency Modulation
Access to the VCO input also makes it possible to modulate the regulators switching frequency. Through frequency modulation, the peak energy of the fundamental is
spread over the frequency range of modulation, thus
decreasing the peak energy level at any one frequency.
This frequency spreading action increases with each har-
AN84-82
monic, so that the second harmonic has twice the bandwidth and the third harmonic has three times the bandwidth until all the harmonics blend together, decreasing
the signal strength at all frequencies. This can be seen in
the spectrum analyzer plots shown in Figures 148150.
Application Note 84
55dBm
65dBm
75dBm
85dBm
VIN = 10V
VO = 5V AT 3A
BW = 300Hz
95dBm
105dBm
1MHz
15MHz
30MHz
DI1436_04.eps
Figure 148 shows the full load output noise level from the
circuit of Figure 147, before and after switch-frequency
modulation. The black trace shows the normal output
noise from 1kHz to 1MHz with the VCO at minimum
frequency, whereas the colored trace shows output noise
after modulation around the center frequency. The 228kHz
unmodulated switch-frequency output noise decreased
more than 30dB through modulation between 270kHz and
370kHz. Figures 149 and 150 show a 10dB to 15dB
attenuation in full-load output voltage noise from 1MHz to
30MHz after modulation.
1.5V
LTC1436-PLL
PIN 17
(5V)
COSC = 100pF
~10ms
8
1.2M
TLC555
7
DISCH
6
OUT
THRESH
4
5
RESET
CONT
220
1.3f0
FREQUENCY
0.9V
0.1F
1
GND
+VCC
0V
510k
TRIG
COSC = 47pF
f0
2N3904
0.7f0
LT1077
LTC1436-PLL
PIN 1
(MOD)
150k
0.1F
100k
DI1436_06.eps
0.5
1.0
1.5
VPLL LPF (V)
2.0
2.5
DI1436_05.eps
LTC1436-PLL
PIN 6
(GND)
AN84-83
Application Note 84
20dBm
20dBm
40dBm
40dBm
60dBm
60dBm
80dBm
80dBm
100dBm
100dBm
10VIN
5VOUT AT 3mA
BW = 100Hz
120dBm
10Hz
10kHz
20kHz
10VIN
5VOUT AT 3mA
BW = 100Hz
120dBm
10Hz
10kHz
20kHz
DI1436_08.eps
DI1436_07.eps
Cycle skipping, Adaptive Power and forced current operation are all available on the LTC1436-PLL, so that the best
operating mode can be selected for each application.
The conventional way of avoiding audio-frequency interference is the forced current mode, where both high
current MOSFETs continue to operate at full frequency and
normal duty cycle under all load conditions. This causes
AN84-84
100
3. FORCED CONTINUOUS
OPERATION: CONSTANT
FREQUENCY USING
LARGE MOSFETS Q1 AND Q2
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
(1)
10V IN
5V OUT
80
70
60
50
1mA
(2)
(3)
10mA
100mA
1A
OUTPUT CURRENT
10A
Application Note 84
For this circuit (Figure 156), power-up is initiated by a low
level signal on the NAND gate. This signal could come from
any front-panel switch or from an external interrupt signal.
The system power is turned off by means of a low level
signal from a controller/logic device. In either case, the
control signal to the LTC1174 must be latched. (A latched
turn-off signal ensures a known state on the LTC1174
shutdown pin during the collapse of the 5V supply.)
RegulatorsSwitching (Micropower)
POWER MANAGEMENT AND HIGH EFFICIENCY
SWITCHER MAXIMIZE NINE-VOLT BATTERY LIFE
by LTC Applications Staff
The LTC1174 (3.3V, 5V and adjustable versions) can
convert a 9V battery source to system power with very
high efficiency. Efficiency is over 90% at load currents
from 20mA to 425mA and over 85% at a load current of
4mA. For a given load, maximum battery life can be
obtained by minimizing shutdown current during system
shutdown and maximizing converter efficiency during
operation. A single control line to the LTC1174 can be used
to select shutdown mode or operational mode, as required.
3
6
7
LBIN VIN IPGM
5
SW
+
9V
22F*
0.22F
LTC1174-5
VOUT
GND SD
4
8
9V
100k
100k
1/2 CD4012
L1**
50H
5V
D1
1N5818
0.1F
TO CONTROLS,
ETC.
100F*
* AVX TPS
** COILTRONICS CTX50-4
(561) 241-7876
9V
9V
9V
D
1/2 CD4013
100k
5V
100k
93.1k
R
9V
100k
9V
TO
CONTROLLER
5V
C1
0.1F
R1
200k
0.0068F
TO PIN 1
OF LTC1174
30.9k
100k
2N2222
FROM OPEN
COLLECTOR OUTPUT
OF CONTROLLER
1 = ON, 0 = OFF
RUN
STANDBY*
RUN
STANDBY
0
5 SEC
TIME
*STANDBY TIME IS LONG
IAVG < 5mA
AN84-85
Application Note 84
90
1.5V
CELL
SHUTDOWN
LT1307
SHDN
LBO
GND
VC
C1 = MURATA-ERIE GRM235Y5V105Z01
MARCON THCS50E1E105Z
TOKIN 1E105ZY5U-C103-F
C2 = MURATA-ERIE GRM235Y5V106Z01
MARCON THCS50E1E105Z
TOKIN 1E106ZY5U-C304-F
VIN = 1.5V
50
0.1
1
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
300
90
R1
1.02M
1%
R2
604k
1%
3.3V
75mA
C2
10F
80
VIN = 1.00V
70
VIN = 1.25V
VIN = 1.5V
60
D1 = MOTOROLA MBR0520L
L1 = SUMIDA CD43-100
AN84-86
VIN = 1.25V
D1
SW
FB
R3
100k
C3
680pF
VIN = 1.00V
70
60
EFFICIENCY (%)
C1
1F
VIN
LBI
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
50
0.1
10
1
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100 200
Application Note 84
IL
200mA/DIV
ILOAD 55mA
5mA
VIN = 1.25V
500s/DIV
20
VOUT
200mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
25
RBW = 100Hz
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
255
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
RBW = 100Hz
30
10
100
FREQUENCY (kHz)
1000
655
40
455
FREQUENCY (kHz)
RBW = 100Hz
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
255
455
FREQUENCY (kHz)
655
AN84-87
Application Note 84
L1
10H
LED Driver
D1
VOUT1
VIN
1.5V
CELL
R2
1.02M
1%
SW
R4
4.7
VOUT2
FB
LT1307
C1
1F
R3
604k
1%
GND
VC
R1
100k
C2
10F
C4
1F
C3
680pF
VOUT1
5mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VOUT1
50mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VOUT2
5mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VOUT2
5mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
200ns/DIV
AN84-88
VIN = 1.3V
VIN = 1.3V
200ns/DIV
Application Note 84
L1
10H
VIN
D2
100k
VIN
Q1
2N3906
AA
CELL
C2
1F
D1
SW
LB0
FB
NC
LT1307
VC
C3
22F
VLBI
100mV/DIV
LBI
SHDN
R2
22k
D3
R1
8
GND
C1
1F
ON
OFF
100k
L1 = MURATA-ERIE LQH3C100K04
D1 = MOTOROLA MBR0520L
C1, C2 = CERAMIC
ISW
100mA/DIV
ON/OFF
VIN
0.22F
VIN = 2V TO 5V
+
10F
+
10F 4
C1+
C1
VIN
SHDN
LTC1516
VOUT
GND
C2+
C2
0.22F
8
7
FROM MPU
6
5
LOW IQ MODE (5Hz TO 100Hz, 95% TO 98% DUTY CYCLE) VOUT LOAD ENABLE MODE
IOUT 100A
(IOUT = 100A TO 50mA)
VOUT = 5V 4%
AN84-89
Application Note 84
The LTC1516 must be taken out of shutdown mode for a
minimum of 200s to allow the internal sense circuitry to
start up and keep the output in regulation. As the VOUT load
current increases, the frequency with which the part is
taken out of shutdown must also be increased to prevent
VOUT from drooping below 4.8V during the OFF phase (see
6.0
ICC (A)
4.0
2.0
100
10
0.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
100
1000
IOUT (A)
VIN (V)
Figure 171. No-Load ICC vs Input Voltage for Figure 170s Circuit
CIN
10F
C1+
C1
470nF
VCC
SHDN
OFF
ON
C1
LTC1263
C2+
C2
470nF
C2
12V AT 60mA
VOUT
COUT
10F
VPP
FLASH
MEMORY
AN84-90
Application Note 84
8
4.75V TO 5.5V
VCC = 5V
12V LOAD = 3mA
10F
VCC
7V OUTPUT (V)
+
C1+
SHDN
470nF
C1
LTC1263
C2+
470nF
C2
GND
VOUT
12V OUTPUT
6
1
+
10F
1F
10
7V LOAD (mA)
100
MBR0520L
VCC = 5V
MBR0520L
12
+12V
10F
OUTPUT (V)
7V OUTPUT
8
7V
20
40
60
COMMON LOAD CURRENT (mA)
80
Schemes like this one often suffer from poor cross regulation. Although the inverting output is not directly regulated, the 7V load does affect the 12V output, thereby
improving cross regulation (see Figure 175). The regulation with a common load (such as op amps) is shown in
Figure 176.
AN84-91
Application Note 84
Other features include Burst Mode operation to maintain
high efficiency over almost four decades of load current,
an on-chip low-battery comparator and a shutdown mode
to further reduce supply current to 6A. The LTC1475
provides on/off control with push-button switches for use
in handheld products.
The LTC1474/LTC1475 are available in adjustable and
fixed 3.3V/5V output voltage versions, in 8-pin MSOP and
SO packages.
3.3V/200mA Step-Down Regulator
A typical application circuit using the LTC1474 is shown in
Figure 177. This circuit supplies a 200mA load at 3.3V with
an input supply range of 4V18V (3.3V at no load). The
0.1 sense resistor reduces the peak current to about
285mA, which is the minimum level necessary to meet the
200mA load current requirement with a 100H inductor.
The peak current can be reduced further if a higher value
inductor is used. Since the output capacitor dominates the
output voltage ripple, an AVX TPS series low ESR (150m)
output capacitor is used to provide a good compromise
between size and low ESR. With this capacitor the output
ripple is less than 50mV.
Efficiency Considerations
The efficiency curves for the 3.3V/200mA regulator at
various supply voltages are shown in Figure 178. Note the
flatness of the curves over the upper three decades of load
current and that the efficiency remains high down to
LBO
LBI
VFB
RUN
LBO
VIN
LBI
SENSE
SW
GND
100k
1000pF
0.1F
5
0.1
VOUT
3.3V/200mA
COUT
100F
6.3V
L1 100H
1.69M
10pF
MBR0530
90
RUN
D1:
L1:
COUT:
CIN:
MBR0530
SUMIDA CDRH74
TPSC107006R0150
THC50EIE106Z
1M
VIN
4V TO 18V
10F
25V
EFFICIENCY (%)
LTC1474
1
VIN = 5V
VIN = 10V
80
VIN = 15V
70
L = 100H
VOUT = 3.3V
RSENSE = 0.1
60
50
0.02
0.2
2
20
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
200
1474_04.eps
AN84-92
Application Note 84
RUN
100k
U1
LTC1475
LTC1474
ON
MODE
RUN
SHUTDOWN
RUN
VFB
2
3
ON OVERRIDES SHUTDOWN
WHILE RUN IS LOW
VFB
ON
LBO
VIN
LBI/OFF SENSE
GND
SW
8
7
6
10F
5
100H
ON
OFF
VOUT
VBATT
+
2.2M
1M
LTC1475
100F
VBATT
LBI
VFB
1474_05.eps
MODE
RUN
SHUTDOWN
RUN
MMBD914LT1
VCC
100k
LTC1475
ON/OFF
VFB
1
2
3
4
VFB
ON
LBO
VIN
LBI/OFF SENSE
GND
SW
8
7
6
100H
1M
VBATT
10F
5
VOUT
100F
2.2M
VBATT
VFB
1474_06.eps
Figure 181. A Single Push-Button Controls On/Off for the LTC1475 Regulator and Microcontroller
AN84-93
Application Note 84
FREE DIGITAL PANEL METERS FROM THE
OPPRESSIVE YOKE OF BATTERIES
by Mitchell Lee
Digital panel meters (DPMs) have dropped in price to well
under $10 for 3-1/2 digit models, even in single-piece
quantities. These make excellent displays for many instruments, but suffer from one major flaw: they require a
floating power supply, usually in the form of a 9V battery.
This renders inexpensive meters useless for most applications because no one wants multiple 9V batteries in their
product.
The circuit shown in Figure 182 powers up to five meters
from a single 1.8V to 6V source. The source need not be
floating, yet all five outputs are fully floating, isolated and
independent in every respect. The circuit consists of an
LT1303 micropower, high efficiency DC/DC converter
driving a 5-output flyback converter. An off-the-shelf
surface mount coil, Coiltronics VERSA-PAC VP1-0190,
is used as the transformer. This device is hipot tested to
500VRMSmore than adequate for most applications.
Feedback is extracted from the primary by Q1, which
samples the flyback pedestal during the switch off time.
Typical DPMs draw approximately 1mA supply current.
The primary is also loaded with 1mA for optimum regulation and ripple. Primary snubbing components, a necessity in most flyback circuits, are obviated by the primary
feedback rectifier and smoothing capacitor. Although this
circuit has been set up for 9V output (9.3V, to be exact),
some DPMs need 5V or 7V. Use a 4.3k or 6.2k resistor
in place of R1 for these voltages. The output voltage is set
by
R1 = (VOUT 0.7)/1mA.
Do not attempt to regulate the output beyond 10V or you
will exceed the maximum switch rating of the LT1303. The
LT1111 is better suited for higher voltage applications.
AN84-94
Output ripple measures 200mVPP and can be proportionately reduced by increasing the output capacitance. If
more ripple is acceptable, the output capacitors can be
reduced in value. A shutdown feature is available on the
LT1303, useful where a sleep function is included to
save power.
With each output loaded at 1mA, the input current is
16.5mA on a 5V supply. This figure rises to about 45mA on
a 1.8V (2-cell) input. If the system is battery operated and
if the battery voltage does not exceed 7V, operate the
circuit directly from the battery for best efficiency. In lineoperated equipment, use a regulated 5VDC or 3.3VDC
supply.
5 MBR0520L
10F
25V
MBR0520L
+
1.8VDC
6VDC
10F
25V
OFF
10F
25V
+
VIN
ON
LT1303 SW
SHDN
FB
GND
PGND
R1
8.2k
Q1
2N3906
10F
25V
10F
25V
MBR0520L
R2
1.2k
10F
25V
10F
25V
10.7H
COILTRONICS
VP1-0190
DIGITAL
PANEL
METERS
DIDPM_01.eps
Application Note 84
THE LTC1514/LTC1515 PROVIDE LOW POWER
STEP-UP/STEP-DOWN DC/DC CONVERSION
WITHOUT INDUCTORS
by Sam Nork
Introduction
Many applications must generate a regulated supply from
an input source that may be above or below the desired
regulated output voltage. Such applications place unique
constraints on the DC/DC converter and, as a general rule,
add complexity (and cost) to the power supply. A typical
example is generating 5V from a 4-cell NiCd battery. When
the batteries are fully charged, the input voltage is around
6V; when the batteries are near end of life, the input voltage
may be as low as 3.6V. Maintaining a regulated 5V output
for the life of the batteries typically requires an inductorbased DC/DC converter (for example, a SEPIC converter)
or a complex hybrid step-up/step-down solution. The
LTC1514/LTC1515 family of switched capacitor DC/DC
converters handles this task with only three external
capacitors (Figure 183).
A unique architecture allows the parts to accommodate a
wide input voltage range (2.0V to 10V) and adjust the
operating mode as needed to maintain regulation. Hence,
the parts can be used with a wide variety of battery and/
or adapter voltages. Low power consumption (IQ = 60A
typ) and low parts count make the parts well suited for
space-conscious low power applications, such as cellular
phones, PDAs and portable instruments. The parts come
in adjustable and fixed output-voltage versions and include additional features such as power-on reset capability (LTC1515 family) and an uncommitted comparator that
is kept alive in shutdown (LTC1514 family).
100k
OFF
RESET
5V
3.3V
3
4
SHDN
VOUT
VIN
POR
LTC1515-3.5
5/3
C1+
GND
C1
VOUT = 5V 4% OR 3.3V 4%
IOUT = 0 TO 50mA
5.0
4.9
6
5
VOUT (VOLTS)
ON
5.1
+
0.22F
+
10F
10F
VIN = 4 CELLS
4.8
3
1514_01.eps
4
5
VIN (VOLTS)
6
1514_XX.eps
AN84-95
Application Note 84
ON
OFF
R4
10
Q2
R5
220k
Q1
VOUT =
3.3V
+
C4
10F
R1
47k
R3
750k,
1%
SHDN
C5
2.2nF
VIN
LBO
LTC1514-5
R2
402k,
1%
VOUT
C1+
LBI
C1
GND
VOUT = 5V
6
5
+
C1
0.22F
+
C3
22F
C2
10F
1514_04.eps
Q1 = TP0610T
Q2 = MMBT3906LT1
Introduction
The LTC1626 incorporates automatic power saving Burst
Mode operation to reduce gate-charge losses when the
load current drops below the level required for continuous
operation. With no load, the converter draws only 160A;
in shutdown it draws a mere 1Amaking it ideal for
current-sensitive applications.
5.0
4.5
+
0.1F
VIN
PWR VIN
LBIN
4.0
CIN
47F
16V
L1*
22H
RSENSE**
0.1
VOUT
(2.5V/0.25A)
SW
LTC1626
LBOUT
3.5
D1
MBR0520LT1
PGND
3.0
SHDN
10k
1%
SHUTDOWN
SENSE+
2.5
ITH
1k
2.0
CT
SGND
VFB
3900pF
1.5
0
AN84-96
1000pF
SENSE
100pF
CT
270pF
* SUMIDA CDRH62-220
** IRC 1206-R100F
10k
1%
AVX TPSD107K010
AVX TPSD476K016
COUT
100F
10V
Application Note 84
100
95
0.1F
VIN
PWR VIN
SHUTDOWN
VOUT
2.5V/0.25A
D1
P GND
CT
CT
270pF
RSENSE**
0.1
SW
LTC1626
ITH
470
L*
33H
COUT
100F
6.3V
EFFICIENCY (%)
CIN
47F
16V
VIN = 3.5V
90
85
80
L1 = 33H
VOUT =2.5V
RSENSE =0.1
CT = 270pF
SENSE+
3900pF
1000pF
10k
1%
SENSE
SGND
* COILTRONICS CTX33-4
** IRC 1206-R100F
MBRS130LT
AVX TPSC107M006R0150
AVX TPSD476K016
75
70
0.01
VFB
100pF
10k
1%
1.00
0.10
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
3 OR 4
CELL
NiCD OR
NiMH
0.1F
VIN
PWR VIN
LBIN
* SUMIDA CDRH62-220
** IRC 1206-R100F
AVX TPSD107K010
AVX TPSD476K016
CIN
47F
16V
L1*
22H
RSENSE**
0.1
LTC1626
LBOUT
SHDN
SHUTDOWN
R1
10k
1%
D1
MBR0520LT1
PGND
SENSE+
SGND
CT
270pF
1000pF
CT
1k
VOUT
2.5V/0.25A
SW
ITH
3900pF
SENSE
VFB
100pF
R2
10k
1%
COUT
100F
10V
FOR 3.3V:
R1 = 15k 1%
R2 = 9.09k 1%
AN84-97
Application Note 84
Typical Applications
Conclusion
The LTC1626 is specifically designed to operate from a
single-cell Li-Ion battery. With its low dropout, high efficiency and micropower operating modes, it is ideal for
battery operated products and efficiency-sensitive devices such as cellular phones and handheld industrial and
medical instruments.
(2.5V TO 4.2V)
L1B
L1A
3
0.1F
VIN
PWR VIN
LBIN
L1B
CIN
100F
16V
33F
10V*
SW
LTC1626
LBOUT
L1A
PGND
MANUFACTURER
PART NO.
COILTRONICS
DALE
CTX33-4
LPT4545-330LA
L1B
33H
3300pF
SENSE
CT
75pF
1000pF
RSENSE**
0.1
AN84-98
VOUT
3.3V
15k
1%
SGND
SENSE+
100pF
* DESIGN LIMIT
VFB
CT
1k
200
350
0500*
0500*
0500*
ITH
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.2
D1
MBRS130LT1
SHUTDOWN
SHDN
L1A
33H
IOUT (mA)
TOP VIEW
1
4
Li-Ion
SINGLE
CELL
VIN (V)
9.09k
1%
COUT
100F
10V
Application Note 84
90
88
EFFICIENCY (%)
84
VIN = 8V
86
VIN = 12V
82
VIN = 18V
80
78
76
74
72
70
50
100
350
400
DI-ADAP_02.EPS
VOUT
0.5V/DIV
IL1
0.5A/DIV
ILOAD
0.3A/0.15A
50s/DIV
DI_ADAP_03.eps
C2
10F
CERAMIC
10k
Q2
2N3904
1N5818
6
SW
U1
LT1307B
FB
30k
Q1
2N3904
10k
5
2
Q3
2N3906
GND
4
VC
1
1F
CERAMIC
L1
22H
VIN
SHDN
30k
1000pF
R1
12.1k
1%
R2
42.2k, 1%
R3
100k
C1
33F
25V
L1 = SUMIDA CD54-220
DI_ADAP_01.EPS
Figure 192. This Negative Buck Converter Delivers 5V at 400mA from a 7V25V Input
AN84-99
Application Note 84
MICROPOWER 600kHz FIXED-FREQUENCY
DC/DC CONVERTERS STEP UP FROM A 1-CELL
OR 2-CELL BATTERY
by Steve Pietkiewicz
VOUT
200mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
INDUCTOR
CURRENT
1A/DIV
1ms/DIV
3V TO 4.2V
L1
4.7H
VIN
SHDN
SW
LBI
R1
301k
LT1308
Li-Ion
CELL
C1
100F
LBO
5V
1A
FB
GND
VC
R2
100k
RC
47k
CC
22nF
C2
100F
NiCD
CELL
C1
10F
C1: CERAMIC
C2: AVX TPS SERIES
D1: IR 10BQ015
D1
3.3V
400mA
FB
GND
RC
47k
CC
22nF
R2
100k
C2
100F
1308_04.eps
95
V IN = 3.6V
90
VIN = 1.2V
VOUT = 3.3V
R1 = 169k
85
V IN = 4.2V
80
85
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
LBO
VC
2200F
R1
169k
LT1308
1308_01,eps
SW
LBI
D1
L1
4.7H
VIN
SHDN
80
V IN = 3V
75
75
70
65
60
70
65
55
50
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
1308 G01
1308 F01a
AN84-100
Application Note 84
VOUT
200mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VOUT
200mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
IL1
1A/DIV
ILOAD
400mA
50mA
ILOAD
400mA
50mA
2ms/DIV
100s/DIV
VIN
1.6V
TO 6V
L1A
N=1
10H 1
VIN
C1 +
VC
SW
C8
1nF
R4
47k
C7
22nF
LT1308
C6
10F
3
L1C 3
N = 0.3
R3
340k
SHDN
100F
L1B
N = 0.7
D1
D2
5V
200mA
FB
GND
R1
100k
R2
2.01M
+
C2
100F
3.3V
200mA
C3
100F
D3
7
L1D
N = 3.5
6
6
CCD BIAS
18V
10mA
D1, D2 = IR 10BQ015
D3, D4 = BAT-85
L1 = COILTRONICS CTX02-13973
+
L1E
N=2
5
1308_08.eps
D4
C4
10F
C5
10F
CCD BIAS
10V
10mA
Figure 202. This Digital Camera Power Supply Delivers 5V/200mA, 3.3V/200mA, 18V/10mA and 10V/10mA from 2 AA Cells
AN84-101
Application Note 84
2-Cell Digital Camera Supply
Produces 3.3V, 5V, 18V and 10V
SHUTDOWN
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
100mA LOADS
70
150mA
LOADS
60
1.5
200mA LOADS
2.5 3
3.5 4
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
4.5
AN84-102
D1
5V
200mA
FB
VC
GND
RC
100k
CC
680pF
R2
324k
1%
C2
33F
C1: CERAMIC
D1: MOTOROLA MBRO520L
L1: 22H SUMIDA CD43-220
1308_10.eps
ILOAD
LBO
VOUT
LT1317
100mV/DIV
5V OFFSET
55
50
2 CELLS
R1
1M
LT1317
VOUT
LT1307
100mV/DIV
5V OFFSET
75
65
SW
LBI
C1
10F
10V
L1
22H
VIN
SHDN
200mA
5mA
500s/DIV
Application Note 84
through C1. Since C1 is ceramic, its ESR is low and there
is no appreciable efficiency loss. C5 is charged to VOUT
when the switch is off, then its bottom plate is grounded
when the switch turns on. The negative output is fairly well
regulated, since the diode drops tend to cancel. The circuit
is switching continuously at rated load, where efficiency is
75%. Output ripple is under 40mV and can be reduced
further with conventional postfiltering techniques.
Conclusion
The LT1308 and LT1317 provide low noise compact
solutions for contemporary portable-product power
supplies.
D2A
D2B
VOUT
4V/10mA
VIN
2.5V5V
C5
1F
SHDN
SHUTDOWN
C1
10F
SW
VIN
C3
15F
LB1
LT1317
D1
R1 1M
+VOUT
4V/70mA
FB
LB0
VC
C4
1F
L1
22H
GND
+
R3
47k
R2
442k
C2
33F
L2
22H
C6
680pF
Figure 206. This SIngle Li-Ion Cell to 4V DC/DC Converter Has a Maximum Height of 2mm
D1
VOUT
3V
30mA
Introduction
The LT1610, a micropower DC/DC converter IC, addresses
the issue of footprint in several ways. First, the switching
frequency is 1.7MHz, allowing the use of small, inexpensive, minimal-height inductors and capacitors. Second,
the frequency-compensation components have been integrated, eliminating the requirement for an external RC
network in most applications. Finally, the device comes in
LTCs 8-lead MSOP package, one-half the size of the 8lead SO package.
6
VIN
3
+
1 CELL
C1
22F
5
SW
FB
SHDN
R1
1M
2
LT1610
8
COMP
VC
1
GND
R2
681k
C2
22F
PGND
4
1610 TA01
AN84-103
Application Note 84
85
L1
4.7H
VOUT = 3V
80
VIN = 1.25V
VIN = 1.5V
75
EFFICIENCY (%)
D1
VIN
3
70
VIN = 1V
65
C1
15F
2 CELLS
60
VOUT
5V/100mA
5
SW
FB
SHDN
1M
2
332k
LT1610
8
COMP
VC
55
GND
C2
15F
PGND
4
50
1
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
0.1
100
1610 TA02
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
VOUT
50mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
IL1
100mA/DIV
1610 TA04
VIN = 2V
VIN = 1.5V
70
60
31mA
ILOAD
1mA
VIN = 1.25V
VOUT = 3V
500s/DIV
AN84-104
50
0.1
100
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
Application Note 84
from the battery in shutdown mode, preventing inadvertent battery discharge through the load. The LT1610s subA shutdown current reduces standby losses, increasing
battery life.
C3
4.7F
CERAMIC
L1
4.7H
INPUT
Li-ION
3V to 4.2V
6
VIN
1
C1
22F
6.3V
5
SW
2
L2
4.7H
604k
LT1610
8
COMP
SHDN
GND
VOUT
3.3V
100mA
1M
FB
VC
D1
C2
22F
6.3V
PGND
4
7
C1, C2: AVX TAJA226M010R
C3: AVX 1206YG475
D1: MOTOROLA MBR0520
L1, L2: MURATA LQH3C4R7M24
1610 TA06
SHUTDOWN
D3
680
150pF
D2
C3 0.1F
VIN
C1
15F
10V
L1 22H
VIN
D1
VOUT
33V
0mA TO 10mA
SW
SHDN
LT1317B
33k
A 47
150k
VC
0.1F
C2
10F
35V
0.1F
0.1F
FB
GND
3300pF
5.90k
Figure 213. This Circuit Generates a Low Noise Bais Supply for Varactor-Based Tuning Circuits
AN84-105
Application Note 84
The circuit (Figure 213) is a simple boost regulator with its
output voltage doubled by diodes D2 and D3 and capacitor
C3. With this doubler, the circuit can generate an output
voltage greater than the voltage rating of the LT1317Bs
internal power switch. This supply can deliver 10mA at
NODE A
OUTPUT RIPPLE
20mV/DIV
NODE B
OUTPUT RIPPLE
20mV/DIV
1s/DIV
ON/OFF
7
2
2 CELLS
C1+
C2+
C1
C2
SHDN
GND
VIN
VOUT
4
C2
5
6
3
+
10F
VOUT =
5V 4%
IOUT =
0mA TO 20mA
10F
C1 = C2 = 0.22F
AN84-106
Application Note 84
the output begins to droop. The charge pumps 2-phase
clock controls the internal switching of flying caps C1 and
C2. (See Figure 216.) On phase one of the clock, the flying
caps are connected between VIN and GND. On phase two,
the negative plate of C1 is connected to VIN, the negative
plate of C2 is connected to the positive plate of C1, and the
positive plate of C2 is connected to the output. During this
phase of the clock, the potential on the top plate of C2 is
approximately 3 VIN and the charge is dumped from C2
onto the output cap to raise the output voltage. The
repeated charging and discharging of C1 and C2 continues
at a nominal frequency of 600kHz until the output voltage
has risen above the internal comparators trip point.
VIN
10F
S2A
VOUT
S1A
S2B
0.22F
C2
C1 +
90
C1
VIN = 3V
VIN = 2.75V
VIN = 2V
S1B
S1C
0.22F
100
10F
EFFICIENCY (%)
C2 +
80
70
VIN = 2.5V
S2C
60
VIN = 2.25V
S1D
50
0.01
CHARGE PUMP
0.1
1.0
IOUT (mA)
10
100
RegulatorsLinear
LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR DRIVER HANDLES
FAST LOAD TRANSIENTS AND OPERATES ON
A SINGLE 3V10V INPUT
by Lenny Hsiu
Introduction
The LT1573 is designed to provide a low cost solution to
applications requiring high current, low dropout and fast
transient response. When combined with an external PNP
power transistor, this device provides up to 5A of load
current with dropout voltages as low as 0.35V. The LT1573s
AN84-107
Application Note 84
VIN
4.5V5.5V
CIN
100F
TANT
VIN
LT1573
CTIME***
RC 1k
CC 100pF
GND
QOUT
MOTOROLA
D45H11
VOUT
COMP
LATCH
RB
50
DRIVE
SHDN
RD
24
R1
1.6k
COUT1*
FB
LOAD
R2
1k
COUT2**
Introduction
AN84-108
Application Note 84
VIN 12V
* FOR T 45C:
C6 = 24 1F Y5V
CERAMIC SURFACE
MOUNT CAPACITORS.
FOR T > 45C:
C6 = 24 1F X7R
CERAMIC SURFACE
MOUNT CAPACITORS.
PLACE C6 IN THE
MICROPROCESSOR
SOCKET CAVITY
LT1575-3.5
1
SHDN
2
C2
VIN
1F 3
GND
4
OUT
IPOS
INEG
GATE
COMP
C3
10pF
VIN
5V
C5
330F
7
6
5
R2
5
R1
7.5k
C4
1000pF
Q1
IRFZ24
VOUT
3.5V
5A
50mV/DIV
2A/DIV
0
C6*
24F
GND
I = 0.2A to 5A
200s/DIV
1575/77 TA01
AN84-109
Application Note 84
tolerance. This permits a 50% reduction in the number of
ceramic capacitors required from twenty-four to twelve.
Loop compensation is adjusted accordingly.
2.8V output. This circuit provides all the power requirements for a split-plane system: 3.3V for the logic supply
and 2.8V for the processor-core supply. Note that both
SHDN pins are tied to a common time-out capacitor. If
either or both regulators encounter a fault condition, both
regulator sections are latched off after the time-out period
is exceeded.
LT1575-3.3
12V
1
Q2
VN2222L
RESET
C1
1F
SHDN
C2
VIN
1F 3
GND
4
OUT
IPOS
INEG
GATE
COMP
5V
R3*
0.007
7
6
5
+
R2
5
C3
10pF
PLACE C6 IN THE
MICROPROCESSOR
SOCKET CAVITY
C5
330F
Q1
IRFZ24
R1
3.9k
C4
1500pF
VOUT
3.3V
5A
C6**
12F
GND
1575/77 TA12
FAULT RESET
INPUT
5V
C1
330F
6.3V
+
1/2 LT1577
1/2 LT1577
1
2
12V
3
C3
0.33F
SHDN
IPOS
VIN
INEG
GND
GATE
FB
COMP
16
15
14
13
C5
10pF
C4
0.1F
R7
R3
2.1k
1.21k
R1
3.9
R2
3.9k
C6
1500pF
Q1
IRFZ24
SHDN
IPOS
VIN
INEG
GND
GATE
FB
COMP
VI/O
3.3V
12
11
10
9
C7
10pF
C9 TO
C20*
1F
R4
1.21k
R8
1.6k
AN84-110
C2
330F
6.3V
R5
3.9
R6
7.5k
C8
1000pF
Q2
IRFZ24
VCORE
2.8V
C21 TO
C44*
1F
AN69 F06
Application Note 84
LT1579 BATTERY-BACKUP REGULATOR PROVIDES
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
by Todd Owen
A B
6V
VIN1
Introduction
5V
6V
VIN2
5V
VOUT 5V
4.8V
100mA
IIN1
0
100mA
IIN2
0
Circuit Examples
1
LB01
0
1
BACKUP
0
1
LB02
0
1
DROPOUT
0
1579_04.eps
+
6V
1F
R1
2.7M
R2
1M
6V
100k
100k
5V
300mA
4.7F
LBO1
LBO2
R3
2.7M
DROPOUT
SS
LBI2
R4
1M
100k
BACKUP
VIN2
1F
100k
LT1579-5
LBI1
OUT
VIN1
SHDN
BIASCOMP
GND
TO POWER MANAGEMENT
0.01F
1579_03.eps
AN84-111
Application Note 84
LBO2, BACKUP and DROPOUT) are open-collector outputs that require an external pull-up resistor. They are
capable of sinking 20A at a maximum output voltage of
0.32V, which is useful for driving both CMOS and TTL
logic families. For driving LEDs, all logic outputs can sink
5mA at a maximum output voltage of 1.2V.
Figure 224 is the timing diagram for the basic circuit. No
time scale is shown for the timing diagram because actual
discharge rates are a function of the load current and the
type of batteries used. The timing diagram is meant as a
tool to help in understanding the LT1579s basic operation.
Five milestones are noted on the timing diagram. Time A
is where the primary input voltage drops enough to trip the
low-battery detector, LB1. The trip threshold for LB1 is set
at 5.5V, slightly above the dropout voltage of the primary
input. At time B, the BACKUP flag goes low, signaling the
beginning of the transition from the primary source to the
secondary source. Between times B and C, the input
current makes a smooth transition from VIN1 to VIN2. By
OUT
VIN1
C1
1F
IN1
R2
2.7M
R1
1M
R10
1M
LBI1
D2
D1
R3
1M
BACKUP
LBO1
R4
10M
C3
4.7F
DROPOUT
VOUT
5V/300mA
MAIN GOOD
NC
SS
VIN2
D3
IN2
C2
1F
R5
1M
R6
2.7M
LT1579-5
LBI2
R7
1M
R8
330k
BIASCOMP
C5
0.1F
D4
5.1V
1N751A
C4
0.01F
LBO2
VCC
1/4
74C02
1/4
74C02
SHDN
GND
GND
1/4
74C02
RESET
R9
1.5M
D1 TO D3 = 1N4148
Figure 225. Added SR Latch Shuts the LT1579 Off when Both Low-Battery Detectors are Tripped
AN84-112
1579_05.eps
Application Note 84
never reaches that point. Note that the primary begins to
supply significant current again when the secondary input
drops low enough to cause a loss in output regulation. This
occurs because the input/output voltage differential of the
primary input increases as the output voltage drops. The
LT1579 will automatically maximize the power drawn
from the inputs to maintain the highest possible output
voltage.
A final circuit example is shown in Figure 225. This circuit
has a few notable changes from the basic application.
First, the Secondary Select pin is connected directly to
LBO1. When the primary input voltage drops below the
threshold level for LB1, the comparator output will pull the
Secondary Select pin low. This forces the device to switch
completely over to the secondary input, limiting the discharge voltage of the cells. Second, the logic gates used
form an SR latch. When both batteries are below the
threshold level for their respective comparators, the latch
will be set, forcing the part into shutdown. The latch is
reset by pulling up on the RESET node, allowing the part
to come out of shutdown.
The series resistance of a battery can cause its terminal
voltage to rise as its current decreases. This effect can
reset the low-battery detector and cause the LT1579 to
oscillate between the primary and secondary inputs. To
combat this, the low-battery comparators have up to
18mV of built-in hysteresis at the input to the comparator
(LBI1, LBI2). The hysteresis is determined by the amount
of load current on the comparator output. At no load, the
comparator hysteresis is zero, increasing to a maximum
of 18mV for load currents above 20A. For the pull-up
resistor shown, load current on the output of the comparator is 5A, so hysteresis will be 5mV. With the values
shown for resistor divider R2/R3, this translates to 19mV
AN84-113
Application Note 84
is reduced to keep the adapter current within specified
levels.
Battery Chargers
THE LT1511 3A BATTERY CHARGER CHARGES
ALL BATTERY TYPES, INCLUDING LITHIUM-ION
by Chiawei Liao
LT1511 Applications
Lithium-Ion Charging
The 3A lithium battery charger (Figure 226) charges
lithium-ion batteries at a constant 3A until the battery
voltage reaches a limit set by R3 and R4. The charger will
then automatically go into a constant-voltage mode, with
the current decreasing to zero over time as the battery
reaches full charge. This is the normal regimen for lithiumion charging, with the charger holding the battery at float
voltage indefinitely. In this case no external sensing of full
charge is needed.
Current though the R3/R4 divider is set at 15A to minimize battery drain when the charger is off. The input
current to the OVP pin is 3nA and this error can be
neglected.
R7
500
C1
1F
CLN
VCC
SW
D1
MBR340
0.47F
L1**
10H
BOOST
LT1511
D2
1N4148
+
10F
RS4
ADAPTER CURRENT SENSE
R5
UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT
UV
COMP1
200pF
SPIN
OVP SENSE
RS3
200
1%
VC
BAT
RS2
200
1%
RS1
0.033
BATTERY CURRENT
SENSE
50pF
300
CPROG
1F
1k
RPROG
4.93k
1%
R6
5k
0.33F
R3
390k
0.25%
BATTERY
VOLTAGE SENSE
R4
162k
0.25%
AN84-114
PROG
DIN
CLP
GND
COUT
22F
TANT
+
4.2V
+
4.2V
VBAT
2 Li-Ion
Application Note 84
With divider current set at 15A, R4 = 2.465/15mA = 162k
and
R1 =
VOUT 1.245
1.245 + (3 107)
R2
Lithium-ion batteries typically require float-voltage accuracy of 1% to 2%. The accuracy of the LT1511 OVP voltage
is 0.5% at 25C and 1% over full temperature. This
leads to the possibility that very accurate (0.1%) resistors
might be needed for R3 and R4. Actually, the temperature
of the LT1511 will rarely exceed 50C in float mode
because charging currents have tapered off to a low level,
so 0.25% accuracy resistors will normally provide the
required level of overall accuracy.
R1 =
(2.465)(4000)
ILOW
R2 =
(2.465)(4000)
IHI ILOW
LT1511
PROG
300
RPROG
4.7k
5V
0V
CPROG
1F
Q1
VN2222
PWM
IBAT = (DC)(3A)
AN84-115
Application Note 84
LT1512/LT1513 BATTERY CHARGERS OPERATE
WITH INPUT VOLTAGES ABOVE OR BELOW
THE BATTERY VOLTAGE
by Bob Essaff
Applications
The LT1512 and LT1513 are specifically optimized to use
the SEPIC converter topology, which is shown in Figure
228s typical application. The SEPIC (single-ended primary inductance converter) topology has several advantages for battery-charging applications. It will operate with
input voltages above or below the battery voltage, has no
path for battery discharge when turned off, and eliminates
the snubber losses of flyback designs. It also has a current
sense point that is ground referred and need not be
connected directly to the battery. The two inductors shown
are actually two identical windings on one inductor core,
although two separate inductors can be used.
Introduction
The LT1512 and LT1513 form a unique family of constantcurrent, constant-voltage battery chargers that can charge
batteries from input voltages above or below the battery
voltage. This feature can help simplify system design and
add product flexibility by allowing battery charging from
multiple sources, such as a wall adapter, a 12V automotive
system or a 5V power supply, all with the same circuit. The
constant-current, constant-voltage architecture makes the
LT1512 and LT1513 well suited for charging NiCd, NiMH,
lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries.
The topology is essentially identical to a 1:1 transformerflyback circuit except for the addition of capacitor C2,
which forces identical AC voltages across both windings.
This capacitor performs three tasks: it eliminates the
power loss and voltage spikes usually caused by a flybackconverters leakage inductance; it forces the input current
and the current in resistor R3 to be a triangle wave riding
on top of a DC component instead of forming a large
amplitude square wave; and it eliminates the voltage
spikes across the output diode when the switch turns on.
L1A*
C2**
D1
1F
2
MBRS130LT3
C3
22F
25V
VIN
CHARGE
VSW
0.5A
L1B*
LT1512
4
SHUTDOWN
S/S
GND
6
VFB
7
VC
IFB
C5
0.1F
R1
R2
R4
24
C4
0.1F
2.4
R3
0.2
C1
22F
25V
CURRENT (A)
WALL
ADAPTER
INPUT
2.2
INDUCTOR = 33H
2.0
1.8
SINGLE LITHIUM
CELL (4.1V)
1.6
LT1513
1.4
1.2
1.0
DOUBLE LITHIUM
CELL (8.2V)
SINGLE LITHIUM
CELL (4.1V)
0.8
0.6
0.4
LT1512
DOUBLE LITHIUM
CELL (8.2V)
0.2
AN84-116
0
0
10
15
20
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
25
30
Application Note 84
Programming the Charge Current
VOUT 1.245
R1 =
1.245 + (3 107)
R2
where VOUT = battery float voltage
VIN
L1A
C2
1F
2
22F
25V
VIN
CHARGE
VSW
SHUTDOWN
S/S
GND
6
VC
7
Off-State Leakage
Charging can be terminated by placing the LT1512/LT1513
into shutdown mode. If the battery remains connected to
the charger when in the off state, two leakage paths that
load the battery must be considered.
The first is the 100A resistor-divider feedback current
that flows through R1 and R2. This current can be eliminated with the addition of a FET, Q1, between R1 and the
R2/VFB junction, as shown in Figure 231. In this example,
pulling the charge/shutdown input above 3.75V will activate charging and turn on Q1, whereas driving the charge/
shutdown input below 0.6V will shut down the LT1512/
LT1513 and turn off Q1.
MBRS130LT3
R1
L1B
VFB
IFB
0.1F
0.47F
R1
24
BATTERY
CHARGE
LT1512
4
R3B
0.24
HI CHARGE
C1
22F
25V
SHUTDOWN
S/S
LT1512/LT1513
R2
Q1
VN2222
VFB
GND
R3A
2
Q1
R2
LOW CHARGE
Q1 = SILICONIX Si9410DY
C2 = AVX1206Y2105KAT1A
AN84-117
Application Note 84
The second leakage path to consider is in the output diode,
D1 (Figure 228). When the charger is in the off state, the
output diode sees a reverse voltage equal to the battery
voltage. Though the Schottky diode reverse leakage may
typically be only 10A, its guaranteed specifications are
D3
1N5819
C1
D1
0.22F 1N5819
VIN
SW
LT1510
CONSTANT VOLTAGE/
CONSTANT CURRENT
BATTERY CHARGER
VREF
2.465V
BOOST
R1
R2
R3
L1**
33H
J1
J2
+ 3-CELL
Li-ION
BATTERY
D2
1N914
PROG
1F
LT1510
GND
VC
16V TO 28V
CIN*
10F
VOUT = 12.3V
BAT
OVP
VCC
0.1F
300
3.83k
1k
OVP
SENSE
BAT
+
R4
COUT
22F
TANT
3-CELL
Li-ION
BATTERY
J1
R1
R2
R1 = R4 VOUT VREF
VREF
R2 = (R1+R2) K
R3 =
R4 K
V
1 (1 K) REF
VOUT
AN84-118
R5
100k
Q3
VN2222
*TOKIN OR MARCON CERAMIC SURFACE MOUNT
** COILTRONICS CTX33-2
J2
R3
R4
Application Note 84
The following values were calculated: R1 = 20k, R2 =
324, R3 = 80.6 and R4 = 4.99k.
The voltage below which J1 should be opened is 12.34V
1.3%/2 = 12.22V.
At the heart of the circuit in Figure 234 is U3, a sample-andhold IC (LF398). For every clock pulse at pin 8, the output
of U3 (pin 5) updates to the input level on pin 3. When the
battery voltage drops, the input to U3 also drops. If the
update step at the output of U3 is sufficiently negative, U2B
latches in the high state and Q1 turns on. Q1 terminates the
charge by pulling down the LT1510s VC pin, and thereby
disabling it.
U2A and the associated passive components smooth,
amplify and level shift the battery voltage. The timer (U4)
updates the hold capacitor (C8) every fifteen seconds. The
timer signal stays high for 7ms, sufficient time for the hold
capacitor to be charged to the input level. U2B and the
associated parts form a latch that requires a momentary
negative voltage at pin 6 to change state. R15 supplies the
negative feedback and Q2, R16, R17 and C10 reset the
latch on turn-on.
U3s output voltage droops at a rate proportional to the
hold capacitors internal leakage and the leakage current at
pin 6 (10pA typical). This droop is very low and does not
affect the operation of the circuit.
The minimum negative battery voltage slope required to
trigger termination (dV/dT) is 0.3mV/s. It can be calculated from:
dV/dT = VTRIG/(TCLK GU2A) where:
VTRIG is the trigger voltage of U2B,
VTRIG = VREF R12/(R11 + R12) = 5 1/101 = 49.5mV
VREF = 5V
TCLK is the clock period, 15 seconds,
GU2A is the gain of the first stage, = R8/(R4 || R5) = 11
AN84-119
Application Note 84
12V
2
15
VCC1
VCC2 14
13
PROG
SW
C1
0.22F
3 BOOST
U1
LT1510
4
GND
CR2
1N5819
L1*
30H
CR1
1N914
VC
12
CR3
1N5819
C3 +
R1 1F
300
R2
6.19k
C4
R3 0.1F
1k
11
GND BAT
C5
22F
25V
B1***
C6
0.1F
C12
16
15
C9
0.1F
5
LT1029CZ
U2B
5 LT1013
OUTPUT
CLK
150
R13
10k
LOGIC
0.01F
R20
100k
11
10
HOLD
CAPACITOR
6
C8
1F
ECQV1HIOSJL
PANASONIC
4
R10
30.1k
Q1
2N3904
12
7
R15
100k
R16
100k
Q2
2N3904
R17
100k
LOGIC
REFERENCE
13
C10 +
22F
INPUT
14
U4
CD45368
5VREF
R11
100k
U2A
3 LT1013
+
4
R14
10k
30k
R8
100k
R18, 100k
R19
100k
U3
LF398
OFFSET
CLK
C11
0.22F
N/C
2
R5
100k
SENSE
R9
30.1k
R4
10k
C2
10F
R6
100k
**1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16
C7
0.1F
R7
10
5VREF
R12
1k
R21
10k
NOTES: *
**
***
4.9
2:00:55 Hours
5:37 Minutes
1:59:14 Hours
48 Seconds.
AN84-120
END OF
0.8A CHARGE
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
7:30
15:00
22:30
TIME (MIN)
30:00
Application Note 84
CONSTANT-VOLTAGE LOAD BOX
FOR BATTERY SIMULATION
by Jon Dutra
Linear Technology has developed many new switcherbased battery charger ICs. Testing accuracy, regulation
and efficiency in the lab with a battery load is inconvenient
because the terminal voltage of a battery constantly changes
as it is being charged. If much testing is to be done, a large
supply of dead batteries will be needed, since one set of
cells can quickly become overcharged. This article
describes an active load circuit that can be used to simulate a battery in any state of charge. The battery simulator
provides a constant-voltage load for a battery-charging
circuit, independent of applied charging current. The
simulators impedance is less than 500m at all reasonable input frequencies. Best of all, the simulator can never
be overcharged, allowing long-term testing and debugging of a charger system without the possibility of battery
damage.
Circuit Operation
The simulator (Figure 236) uses an LT1211 high speed,
single-supply op amp to drive the base of a high gain PNP
transistor-stage active load. Power for the LT1211a
portion of the charging currentis supplied through a
R1 10k
0.033F
1N5817 OR
BAT-85
+
5.0V OR 2.5V
100k
10 TURN
POT
1/2
LT1211
LT1004-2.5
0.5
5W
30k, 1%
100F
25V
510
15.5
5.3
15.4
5.2
15.3
Q1*
2N6667
0.033F
LT1004-2.5
IN+
1.1k
270F
25V
2.5V OR 0V
4A FUSE
VOLTAGE (V)
10k, 1%
5.1
15.2
5V
15.1
15
15V
1N5400
S1
4.8
14.8
IN
14.7
4.7
0
4.9
14.9
0.5
1.5
2
CURRENT (A)
2.5
AN84-121
Application Note 84
100
VBATT = 16.8V
EFFICIENCY (%)
95
Introduction
VBATT = 12.8V
90
85
Rechargeable lithium batteries feature higher energy density per volume, higher energy density per weight and
higher voltage per cell than any of the competing battery
chemistries. For these reasons, manufacturers of portable
equipment are adopting the lithium-ion rechargeable battery as the battery of choice for high performance portable
equipment. Lighter weight and increased operating time
between charges are important features that customers
want and need from portable products.
VIN = 24V
80
0
2
3
4
CHARGE CURRENT (A)
+VIN
R7
1.5M
13
VIN
2
RUN/SS
SHUTDOWN INPUT
(SD = 0V)
C12
0.1F
R5
1k
C14
1000pF
C11
56pF
2
3
IPROG
IOUT
SENSE
5
GND
IN+
LT1620CMS8
4
IN
PROG AVG VCC
8
C15
0.1F
R6
4k
RPROG = 21k
FOR 4A
C10
100pF
3
7
16
SW
LTC1435CG
12
INT VCC
COSC
BOOST
ITH
BG
SENSE
PGND
8
5
C16
0.33F
C18
0.1F
C17, 0.01F
TG
C1, C2
22F 2
35V TANT
Q1
RSENSE
0.02
14
C13
0.033
C4
0.1F
D2
VOSENS
L1
27H
C5, 0.1F
15
C6, 0.33F
11
Q2
10
C8
100pF
SENSE+
SGND
D1
SFB
4
C7, 4.7F
C9, 100pF
R3
(SEE TEXT)
L1 = CTX27-4, COILTRONICS
Q1, Q2 = Si4412DY, SILICONIX
D1, D2 = CMDSH-3, CENTRAL
R2, 0.1%
(SEE TEXT)
1620_01.eps
AN84-122
IBATT
C3
22F
Application Note 84
2.0
9V), programmable soft start, logic-controlled micropower shutdown and a secondary feedback control pin.
Because external MOSFET switches are used, the maximum output load current is determined by the current
capabilities of the selected FETs.
VBATT = 16.8V
IPROG = 200A
CONSTANT CURRENT
PROGRAMMED FOR 4A
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0
2
3
4
CHARGE CURRENT (A)
5
1620_03.eps
VCC
RUN/SS
SHUTDOWN INPUT
TG
Q1
CSS
L1
LTC1435
IBATT
RSENSE
COSC
+
BG
Q2
R2
GND
VOSENS
INT VCC
ITH
SENSE
R3
PROGRAM
CONSTANT
VOLTAGE
C15
VCC
IN
AVG
LT1620
SENSE
PROG
R6
IOUT
RPROG
PROGRAM
CONSTANT
CURRENT
1620_04.eps
AN84-123
Application Note 84
INDUCTOR
CURRENT
80mV
CHARGE
CURRENT
IBATT
AVG PIN
RSENSE
EXTERNAL AVERAGING
CAPACITOR, C15
IN+
IN
+5V
X1
800mV
R6
800mV
CAVG
2.5k
4.2V PROG
IPROG
RPROG
X10
CURRENT
SENSE
AMPLIFIER
gm
LT1620
40mV OFFSET
VCC
IOUT
SENSE
+5V
ITH
INT VCC
SENSE+
SENSE
LTC1435
1620_05.eps
AN84-124
Application Note 84
D3
+VIN
1M
Q3
2N3906
SHUTDOWN
D4
47k
CSS
VCC
RUN/SS
TG
Q1
L1
LTC1435
D3, D4 = 1N4148
1620_06.eps
Figure 243. Circuitry that Shuts Down the Charger when Input Power is Removed, Minimizing Reverse Battery Current Drain
AN84-125
Application Note 84
When input power is applied, the charger can still be shut
down with an external signal to the RUN/SS pin. Shutdown
occurs by pulling this pin low; releasing it allows the
capacitor to charge up via the internal 3A current source,
producing a soft start.
By substituting higher current MOSFETs and changing
some component values, much higher charging currents
can be obtained.
Selecting Battery Voltage Programming Resistors
The charging voltage of lithium-ion cells is either 4.1 or 4.2
volts per cell, depending on the battery chemistry. Contact
the battery manufacturer for the recommended charge
voltage. To program battery charging voltage (float voltage) use the following equation (for best accuracy and
stability, use 0.1% resistors).
( )
VBATT = VREF 1 + R2
R3
VBATT
1
VREF
Selecting RSENSE
RSENSE is an external, low value resistor that is placed in
the inductor current path to develop a signal representative of the inductor or charge current (IBATT). This signal
is used as feedback to control the switching regulator
constant-voltage and constant-current loops. To minimize overall dropout voltage and power dissipation in the
sense resistor, a sense voltage of 80mV was chosen to
represent maximum charging current. Use the following
equation to select current sense resistor RSENSE. The
maximum battery charge current (MAX IBATT) must be
known.
AN84-126
RSENSE =
0.08V
MAX IBATT
Selecting IPROG
IPROG is a current from the PROG pin to ground that is used
to program the maximum charging current. IPROG can be
derived from a resistor to ground, from the output of a DAC
or by other methods. This program current is generated
using resistors and the 5V VCC available from the LTC1435.
Refer to the simplified diagram of the constant-current
control loop shown in Figure 242. The DC voltage across
CAVG is proportional to the average charge current. This
voltage drives one input of a transconductance (gm)
amplifier. A program voltage (relative to the 5V VCC line)
proportional to the desired, or programmed charge current is applied to the other input of the transconductance
amplifier. This voltage should be selected to be ten times
the average voltage dropped across RSENSE when the
charger is in a constant-current mode.
If the voltage across CAVG increases to a level equal to the
voltage at the PROG pin, the transconductance amplifier
begins pulling down on the ITH pin of the LTC1435, thereby
limiting the peak inductor current, and thus the average
charge current.
The program voltage needed on the program pin can easily
be generated by two resistors, as shown in Figure 242. A
current (IPROG) is generated by these resistors and the 5V
VCC voltage. This IPROG develops a voltage across R6,
which is used to set the maximum constant charge current
level. The circuit is designed for an approximate PROG
voltage of 800mV (dont exceed the maximum spec of
1.25V), referenced to the LT1620 VCC pin. Because of the
gain-of-10 amplifier, this corresponds to a typical voltage
across RSENSE of 80mV (with a maximum of 125mV).
The recommended range of resistor values for R6 is
approximately 2k to 10k. With 0.8V across R6, this will
result in program currents (IPROG) between 400A and
80A.
Application Note 84
The LT1620 was designed to reduce the charging current
to zero under all conditions when the IPROG is set to zero.
To ensure that the charging current will always go to zero,
an offset was designed into the transconductance
amplifier. In the equations for R6 and RPROGRAM, this
offset is represented by using 840mV rather than 800mV.
PC Board Layout
Example:
RPROG =
0.08V
0.08V
=
= 0.02
MAX IBATT
4A
0.84V
0.84V
=
= 4.2k
IPROG 200A
5V 0.84V
5V 0.84V
=
= 20.8k
200A
IPROG
RPROG =
R6 [5 10(IBATT)(RPROG)]
0.04 + 10(IBATT)(RPROG)
IPROG =
10(IBATT)(RPROG) + 0.04
R6
AN84-127
Application Note 84
VIN
CR3 1N5819
U1
LTC1510CS16
1
C1
0.22F
VIN
C6
100F
L1**
33H
CR2
1N914
4
5
L2
2.2mH
CR4
1N5817
L3
10H
6
CR1
1N5819
SYSTEM
ON/OFF
SWITCH
7
8
GND
GND
SW
VCC1
BOOST
VCC2
GND
PROG
OVP
VC
SENSE
BAT
GND
GND
GND
GND
16
C2
10F
15
14
13
12
11
10
R3
1.5k
7
SW
Q3
VN2222
SENSE
+
U2
LT1300CS8
3
5
C7
NC
SHDN
ILIM
NC 100F
PGND
GND
8
1
SELECT
C8*
0.1F
SYSTEM
LOAD
Q1*
VIN MPS3906
R1
100k
CR7*
1N914
CR6*
1N914
C9*
0.1F
C3
Q2*
22F
Si9433
25V
C5
1F
R5
1k
R6
300
R8
12.4k
R9
100k
VIN
R4
4.99k
CR5 1N5819
C4
0.1F
R7*
100k
+
Q4
VN2222
BAT1
CHARGE/TRICKLE
R2*
1M
* SEE TEXT
** COILTRONICS CTX33-2
TOKIN OR MARCOM CERAMIC SURFACE MOUNT
Figure 244. LT1510 Battery Charger/Main Step-Down Converter Provides Glitch-Free Transfer between AC and Battery Operation
AN84-128
EFFICIENCY (%)
71.0
70.5
70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0
67.5
8
13
18
23
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
28
DI1510_02.eps
Application Note 84
system is operating from the battery and turned on. Q2
(Si9433) is required if the series resistance of 0.2
between the BAT pin and SENSE pin is too high. The
Si9433s on resistance is 0.075. The charge pump
comprising C8, C9, CR6, CR7 and R2 biases the gate of
Q2. Q1 and R1 turn Q2 off on AC operation (VIN active). R7
programs the trickle-charge current (maximum value is
about 100k) and the equivalent value of R7 and R8
programs the charge current. The Charge input must be
pulled low at the end of the charge.
internal 200mV reference is amplified to 7.05V and compared against the feedback. RT1 introduces a TC that
accurately tracks the batterys correct charging voltage
over a wide temperature range. Because RT1 is designed
to compensate for changes in battery temperature, it
should be located close to the battery and as far as
possible from the shunt elements. When the battery
charges to 14.1V, the op amp output voltage begins to rise,
turning on the Darlington shunt and resisting further
increases in voltage. Full panel power is divided equally
between the transistor and 7.5 resistor when the battery
is completely charged. Dont forget to provide adequate
heat sinking and air flow for up to 15W dissipation.
14.1V
2A
100nF
1M
3
1A SOLAR
ARRAY
+
200mV
REF
1/2 LT1635
1 7.05V
64.5k
1M
OA
1/2 LT1635
220
6
TIP121
12V, 5Ah
Gelcell
4
7.5/10W
DALE HLM-10
105
2.43k
RT1
7.5k
AN84-129
Application Note 84
The charger is designed to handle 1A continuous, which
is compatible with a 20W panel. There is no need to
disconnect or diode isolate the charger during periods of
darkness, because the standby current is only 230A
less than 10% of the self discharge of even a small battery.
If a different or adjustable output is desired, the feedback
ratio can be easily modified at the 1M divider. 14.1V is a
compromise between an aggressive charge voltage and a
conservative float voltage. Given the cyclic nature of
800mA Li-Ion BATTERY CHARGER OCCUPIES
LESS VOLUME THAN TWO STACKED QUARTERS
by Fran Hoffart
VIN = 12V20V
D1
MBRM140T3
D2
MBRM140T3
1
2
C2
0.22F
L1
TP3-100
10H
3
4
5
6
D3
MMBD914LT1
7
8
VBAT = 2.465V 1 +
R5 + R6
R4
GND
GND
SW
VCC
BOOST
VCC
PROG
GND
OVP
LT1510-5
VC
NC
NC
SENSE
BAT
GND
GND
16
C1
15
14
10F
IBAT = 2000
13
12
11
10
9
R2
300
R3
1k
2.465V
R1
R1
6.19k
1%
C3
1F
C4
0.1F
IBAT
TO VIN
R4
4.99k
0.5%
Q1
2N7002
R5
R6
11.0k
0.5%
1.02k
0.5%
VBAT = 8.4V
Li-ION
BATTERY
(2 CELLS)
C5
22F
IBAT = 800mA
DI 1510 01.eps
Figure 247. Compact, Low Profile, Constant-Current/Constant-Voltage Charger for Li-Ion Batteries
AN84-130
Application Note 84
Fused-Lead Package Offers
Lower Thermal Resistance
The LT1510-5 is available in a specially constructed 16lead plastic SSOP package that has the die-attach paddle
connected (fused) directly to the four corner leads and fits
in the same area as an SO-8 package. This low profile
fused-lead package provides a lower thermal resistance
by conducting much of the heat generated by the die
through the copper leads to the PC board copper.
To take advantage of the improved thermal properties of
this fused-lead package, it is important to provide as much
PC board copper around the package leads as practical.
Back-side copper and internal copper layers interconnected by feed-through vias all contribute to the overall
effectiveness of the PC board as a heat sink.
Charger Operation
A typical charge profile for a discharged Li-Ion battery is
an initial constant-current charge at 800mA until the
battery voltage rises to the programmed voltage. It then
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Part Number
THCR50E1E106ZT
12063C224MAT1A
0805ZC105MAT
08055G104MAT1A
EEFCD1B220R
MBRM140T3
MMBD914LT1
TP3-100
2N7002
LT1510-5CGN
Description
10F, 25V, 20% Y5U Ceramic
0.22F, 25V, 20% X7R Ceramic
1F, 10V, 20% X7R Ceramic
0.1F, 50V, 20% X7R Ceramic
22F, 12.5V, 20% Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic
1A, 40V Schottky
0.2A 100V Silicon
10H Thin-Pac
SOT-23 N-Channel MOSFET
6.19k. 1% Chip Resistor
300,, 5% Chip Resistor
1k, 5% Chip Resistor
4.99k, 0.5% Chip Resistor
11.0k, 0.5% Chip Resistor
1.02k, 0.5% Chip Resistor
Battery Charger IC
Vendor
Marcon
AVX
AVX
AVX
Panasonic
Motorola
Motorola
Coiltronics
Zetex
IRC
IRC
IRC
IRC
IRC
IRC
LTC
Phone
(847) 696-2000
(207) 282-5111
(207) 282-5111
(207) 282-5111
(408) 945-5660
(800) 441-2447
(800) 441-2447
(561) 241-7876
(516) 543-7100
(512) 992-7900
(512) 992-7900
(512) 992-7900
(512) 992-7900
(512) 992-7900
(512) 992-7900
(408) 432-1900
AN84-131
Application Note 84
erratic. Although Li-Ion battery use is becoming widespread, it is costly to damage the battery. The supervisory
circuit protects the battery from overcharging and/or
overdraining and prevents the battery voltage from falling
out of its operating region. The LT1496 operates down to
2.2V, ensuring that circuit operation is maintained when
the battery voltage falls below 3V.
SW*
VBAT
1.75V
10A
A2
1/4 LT1496
RS
175k
5%
TO LOAD
RH1
10M
5%
RSW
1M
5%
R3
1.75M
0.1%
D1
BATTERY
A1
1/4 LT1496
R1
500k
0.1%
LT1634
1.250V
1.25V
1A
R2
1.25M
0.1%
VBAT
RH2
10M
5%
D2
A3
1/4 LT1496
A4
1/4 LT1496
R4
1.25M
0.1%
D1, D2 = 1N458
R1R4 = CAR6 SERIES IRC (512) 992-7900
*TP0610L for 50mA LOAD
AN84-132
Application Note 84
VBAT
Node A
Output
A2
Output
A3
Output
A4
< 3V
< 1.25V
Low
Low
High
3V< V
< 4.2V
1.25V < V
< 1.75V
Low
High
Low
> 4.2V
> 1.75V
High
High
Low
VBAT =
R3
R3
(VOHMIN + VBE + 1.75V) + (1.75V
) + 1.75
R4
RH1
Status
Load Off,
Charge State
Load On,
Charge State
Load On,
Charge
Terminated
R3
RH1
1+
where:
VOHMIN = output voltage swing high (LT1496)
VOLMAX = output voltage swing low (LT1496)
VBE = diode voltage of 1N458
Using an automobile analogy, if the LT1496 op amp is the
transmission of the circuit (switching from one state to the
next), the LT1634 voltage reference is the engine. It not
only generates the threshold voltages, but also the amount
of error that the circuit will have. How much accuracy and
error you get depends on the car you drive. Maximum
input offset voltage and input bias current for the LT1496
are 475V and 1nA, respectively. The LT1634 is a 0.05%
initial accuracy, 25ppm/C tempco, 10A precision shunt
reference. Its 1.250V output voltage will appear at the
input of A3 with an accuracy of 0.088% (initial accuracy +
input offset voltage). R1 and R2 being 0.1% resistors, the
worst-case ratio error will be 0.2%. The worst-case volt-
VAHYS1
1.75
1.25
VAHYS2
VHYS2
State
VA (V)
VHYS1
3.0
VBAT (V)
4.2
AN84-133
Application Note 84
age error across R1 will then be 0.2% or 1mV. This error
compared to the 1.75V threshold voltage is 0.057%.
Similarly, error at 1.75V due to worst-case 2nA input bias
current is 0.057%. Total worst-case error at 1.75V will be
0.202%.
This supervisory circuit demonstrates unparalleled performance achievable only with Linear Technologys
supermicropower precision devices. The supervisory circuit consumes only 20mA. Battery voltage monitoring and
control accuracy is better than 0.5%.
Power Management
AC
ADAPTER
SWA/B
DCIN
SWC/D
BAT1
SWE/F
INRUSH
CURRENT
LIMITING
+
SWG
BAT2
CIN
HIGH EFFICIENCY
DC/DC SWITCHING
REGULATOR
(LTC1435, ETC.)
SWH
BATTERY
CHARGER
(LT1510)
BACK-UP
REGULATOR
LTC1479
PowerPath CONTROLLER
POWER
MANAGEMENT
P
LTC1479 - BLK1
AN84-134
5V
Application Note 84
SWA
DCIN
SWB
12V AUX
SWC
RSENSE
0.033
SWD
LTC1538-AUX
TRIPLE, HIGH EFFICIENCY,
SWITCHING REGULATOR
0.1F
SWE
SWF
MBRS140T3
330
GA SAB GB
GC SCD GD
GE SEF GF
SENSE+
3.3V
BACKUP
BATTERY
RDC2
DCIN
5.0V
SENSE-
DCDIV
Li-Ion
BATTERY
PACK #1
VBKUP
RDC1
BACK-UP
REGULATOR
BAT1
BAT2
Li-Ion
BATTERY
PACK #2
LTC1479
PowerPath CONTROLLER
VBAT
POWER
MANAGEMENT
P
RB2
BDIV
RB1
CHGMON
VCC
VCCP
V+
SW VGG
GG SG
GH SH
DCIN
+
2.2F
16V
+
0.1F
1F
50V
1mH *
1F
50V
SWG
SWH
LT1510
Li-Ion BATTERY
CHARGER
LTC1479 - FIG03
AN84-135
Application Note 84
Back-Up Power and System Recovery
the three main input power sources. The power path diode
with the highest input voltage passes current through to
the input of the DC/DC converter to ensure that the system
cannot lock up regardless of how power is initially applied.
Backup power is provided by a standby switching regulator, which is typically powered from a small rechargeable
battery and ensures that the DC/DC input voltage does not
drop below a predetermined level (for example, 6V).
In the 3-diode mode, only the first half of each power path
switch pair, that is, SWA, SWC and SWE, is turned on; and
the second half , that is, SWB, SWD and SWF, is turned off.
These three switch pairs now act as 3-diodes connected to
SWB
SWA
DCIN
ON
OFF
SWD
RSENSE
SWC
BAT1
12V
ON
OFF
SWF
SWE
CIN
BAT2
HIGH
EFFICIENCY
DC/DC
SWITCHING
REGULATOR
5V
3.3V
ON
OFF
LTC1479
POWER
MANAGEMENT
P
LTC1479 - FIG04
AN84-136
Application Note 84
critical decisions can be made by the microprocessor
without the inherent delays associated with bus protocols
and the like. These delays are acceptable in certain portions of the power management system, but it is vital that
the power path switching control be made through a direct
connection to the power management microprocessor.
The remainder of the power management system can be
easily interfaced to the microprocessor through either
parallel or serial interfaces.
Introduction
The LTC1473 is the latest addition to Linear Technologys
new family of power management controllers, which
simplify the design of circuitry for switching between two
batteries or a battery and an AC adapter.The LTC1473 dual
PowerPath switch driver drives low loss N-channel
MOSFET switches that direct power in the main power
path of a single or dual rechargeable battery system, the
MBRD340
DCIN
Si9926
SWA1
RSENSE
SWB1
12V
BAT1
Si9926
SWA2
CIN
SWB2
BAT2
HIGH
EFFICIENCY
DC/DC
SWITCHING
REGULATOR
5V
3.3V
MB914LT1
C1
1F
50V
L1
1mH
SW
VGG
C2
1F
50V
V+
STEP-UP
SWITCHING
REGULATOR
GATE
DRIVER
GATE
DRIVER
LTC1473
IN1
INRUSH
CURRENT
SENSING
AND LIMITING
IN2
DIODE
POWER
MANAGEMENT
P
+
1473_01.eps
TIMER
CTIMER
4700pF
Figure 253. Dual-Battery PowerPath Switch Driver: VGG Regulator, Inrush Limiting and Switch-Gate Drivers
AN84-137
Application Note 84
The LTC1473 uses a current sense loop to limit current
rushing in and out of the batteries and the system supply
capacitor during switch-over transitions or during a fault
condition. A user programmable timer monitors the time
during which the MOSFET switches are in current limit and
latches them off if the programmed time is exceeded. A
unique 2-diode logic mode ensures system start-up,
regardless of which input receives power first.
Typical Application
A typical dual-battery system is shown in Figure 254. The
LTC1473 accepts commands from a power management
Si9926
MBRD340
BAT1
MMBD2823LT1
MMBD2823LT1
DCIN
SUPPLY
MONITOR
CTIMER
4700PF
IN1
GA1
LTC1473
IN2
SAB1
POWER
MANAGEMENT
P
+
+
1F
1mH
DIODE
GB1
TIMER
SENSE+
V+
SENSE-
VGG
GA2
SW
SAB2
GND
GB2
RSENSE
INPUT OF SYSTEM
HIGH EFFICIENCY DC/DC
SWITCHING REGULATOR
(LTC1435,ETC)
0.04
COUT
1F
1473_03.eps
MMBD914LT1
BAT2
Si9926
AN84-138
Application Note 84
SHORT-CIRCUIT-PROOF ISOLATED
HIGH-SIDE SWITCH
by Mitchell Lee
Figure 255 shows a MOSFET switch, driven by the
LTC11775 2.5kVRMS isolator. This device allows a logic
signal to control a power MOSFET and provides complete
galvanic isolation. The device includes an internal current
limiting circuit, but at higher voltages limiting the current
is just not enough for effective protection of the MOSFET.
Foldback (shown on the LTC1177 data sheet) helps, but
the part has trouble starting certain types of loads when
foldback current limiting is used. The circuit shown here
latches off in an overcurrent condition and is restarted by
cycling the logic input.
Q1 and Q2 form an SCR with a holding current of less than
100nA. If the load current exceeds approximately 1A, the
5V
2.5kV
ISOLATION BARRIER
24V
OFF
100
ON
VIN
C1
10nF
OUT
LTC1177
G1
SENSE
G2
Q2
2N3904
10M
D1
1N914
Q1
2N3906
MTD3055EL
20M
10M
0.5
1W
LOAD
AN84-139
Application Note 84
Applications
Introduction
The LTC1623 SMBus switch controller offers an inexpensive, space-saving alternative for controlling peripherals
in todays complex portable computer systems. Pin-to-pin
connections between the system controller and each
peripheral device not only result in complicated wiring, but
also limit the number and type of peripheral devices
connected to the system controller. Using the SMBus
architecture, the LTC1623 eliminates these problems by
requiring only two bus wires and allowing easy upgrades
and additions of new peripherals.
Tracking the growing popularity of portable communication systems, the LTC1623 makes a very handy single-slot
3.3V/5V PC Card switch matrix. As shown in Figure 257,
this circuit enables a system controller to switch either a
3.3V or a 5V supply to any of its SMBus-addressed
peripherals. Besides N-channel switches, the LTC1623
can also be used to control a P-channel switch, as shown
in Figure 258. As a result, the load connected to the Pchannel switch will be turned on upon power-up of the
LTC1623, whereas the other load must wait for a valid
address and command to be powered.
VCC
2.7V TO 5.5V
10F
VCC
(FROM
SMBus)
1k
GA
CLK
DATA
Q1
0.1F
(PROGRAMMABLE)
VCC
2.7V TO 5.5V
1k
Q2
LTC1623 GB
0.1F
AD0
10F
AD1
GND
VCC
LOAD 2
LOAD 1
1623 F02
1k
DATA
Q1
GA
CLK
(FROM
SMBus)
0.1F
1k
Q2
LTC1623 GB
0.1F
AD0
(PROGRAMMABLE)
AD1
GND
LOAD 1
LOAD 2
Q1: Si3442DV
Q2: Si6433DQ
5V
10F
VCC
1k
GA
CLK
DATA
Q1
Si3442DV
TO PC CARD VCC
0V/3.3V/5V
0.1F
Q2*
LTC1623
AD0
1F
1k
Q3*
GB
AD1
GND
0.1F
3.3V
*1/2 Si6926DQ
AN84-140
10k
1623 TA02
1623 F02
Application Note 84
LTC1710: TWO 0.4 SWITCHES WITH SMBus
CONTROL FIT INTO TINY MSOP-8 PACKAGE
Introduction
The LTC1710 SMBus dual switch (Figure 259) is a complete solution for supplying power to portable-equipment
peripherals without the need for external switches. Two
by Peter Guan
VCC
2.7V TO 5V
10F
VCC
5V
SW0D
GND TO VCC
SW0D
2.7V
10F
10F
10F
LTC1710
SW0
5
CLK
LTC1710
LOAD 1
FROM SMBus
6
DATA
CHARGE
PUMPS
SW1
3
7
AD1
CLK
OUT0
2.7V LOAD
FROM SMBus
LOAD 2
DATA
OUT1
AD1
5V LOAD
Miscellaneous
VID VOLTAGE PROGRAMMER
FOR INTEL MOBILE PROCESSORS
by Peter Guan
Microprocessor manufacturers relentless push for higher
speed and lower power dissipation, especially in areas of
mobile laptop computer processors, is forcing supply
voltages to these processors to a level previously thought
impossible or impractical. In fact, the supply voltage has
become so critical that different microprocessors demand
different yet precise supply voltage levels in order to
function optimally.
To accommodate this new generation of microprocessors, LTC introduces the LTC1706-19 VID (voltage
identification) voltage programmer. This device is a precision, digitally programmable resistive divider designed for
use with an entire family of LTCs DC/DC converters with
onboard 1.19V references. These converters include the
LTC1433, LTC1434, LTC1435, LTC1435A, LTC1436,
LTC1438, LTC1439, LTC1538-AUX, LTC1539 and
LTC1624. (Consult the factory for future compatible DC/
DC converter products.) The LTC1706-19 is fully compliant with the Intel mobile VID specifications and comes in
a tiny SO-8 package. Four digital pins are provided to
program output voltages from 1.3V to 2.0V in 50mV steps
with an accuracy of 0.25%.
AN84-141
Application Note 84
VIN
4.5V TO 22V
LTC1435A
COSC
43pF
CSS
0.1F
2
3
CC2
220pF
COSC
VIN
RUN/SS
TG
ITH
SW
CC
1000pF
INTVCC
RC
10k
BOOST
5
51pF
SGND
BG
VOSENSE
PGND
RF
4.7
13
CF
0.1F
16
+
M1
Si4410DY
CIN
10F, 30V
2 R
SENSE
VOUT
1.30V TO
2.00V/7A
0.015
14
L1 3.3H
DB*
12
0.22F
+
11
10
SENSE SENSE+
7
8
SENSE
VCC
15
4.7F
M2
Si4410DY
D1
MBRS
-140T3
FB
LTC1706-19
COUT
820F
4V
2
GND
*DB = CMDSH-3
FROM P
1000pF
Applications
Figure 261 shows a VID-programmed DC/DC converter
for an Intel mobile processor that uses the LTC1435A and
LTC1706-19 to deliver 7A of output current with a programmable VOUT of 1.3V to 2.0V from a VIN of 4.5V to 22V.
Simply connecting the LTC1706-19s FB and SENSE pins
to the LTC1435As VOSENSE and SENSE pins, respectively, closes the loop between the output voltage sense
and the feedback inputs of the LTC1435A regulator with
the appropriate resistive divider network, which is controlled by the LTC1706-19s four VID input pins.
Table 6 shows the VID inputs and their corresponding
output voltages. VID3 is the most significant bit (MSB) and
VID0 is the least significant bit (LSB). When all four inputs
are low, the LTC1706-19 sets the regulator output voltage
to 2.00V. Each increasing binary count is equivalent to
decreasing the output voltage by 50mV. Therefore, to
obtain a 1.30V output, the three MSBs are left floating
while only VID0 is grounded. In cases where all four VID
inputs are tied high or left floating, such as when no
processor is present in the system, a regulated 1.25V
output is generated at VSENSE.
AN84-142
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
Output
0000
GND
GND
GND
GND
2.00V
0001
GND
GND
GND
Float
1.95V
0010
GND
GND
Float
GND
1.90V
0011
GND
GND
Float
Float
1.85V
0100
GND
Float
GND
GND
1.80V
0101
GND
Float
GND
Float
1.75V
0110
GND
Float
Float
GND
1.70V
0111
GND
Float
Float
Float
1.65V
1000
Float
GND
GND
GND
1.60V
1001
Float
GND
GND
Float
1.55V
1010
Float
GND
Float
GND
1.50V
1011
Float
GND
Float
Float
1.45V
1100
Float
Float
GND
GND
1.40V
1101
Float
Float
GND
Float
1.35V
1110
Float
Float
Float
GND
1.30V
Application Note 84
Figure 262 shows a combination of the LTC1624 and the
LTC1706-19 configured as a high efficiency step-down
switching regulator with a programmable output of 1.3V
to 2.0V from an input of 4.8V to 20V. Using only one
N-channel power MOSFET, the two SO-8 packaged LTC
parts offer an extremely versatile, efficient, compact regulated power supply.
Figure 263 shows the LTC1436A-PLL and the LTC170619, a combination that yields a high efficiency low noise
synchronous step-down switching regulator with programmable 1.3V to 2V outputs and external frequency
synchronization capability.
VIN
4.8V TO 20V
VCC
2.7V TO 5.5V
LTC1624 1000pF
LTC1706-19 3
VCC
7
6
VID0
SENSE
8
VID1
100pF
1
VID2
2
5
VID3
FB
470pF
GND
4
6.8k
10F
1
2
3
4
SENSE
VIN
ITH/RUN BOOST
VFB
GND
TG
SW
8
7 0.1F
6
RSENSE
0.05
Si4412DY
CIN
22F
35V
2
VOUT
1.3V TO 2.0V
5
10H
MBRS340T3
COUT
100F
10V
2
Figure 262. High Efficiency SO-8, N-Channel Switching Regulator with Programmable Output
10k
EXTERNAL
FREQUENCY
SYNCHRONIZATION
0.1F
COSC
39pF
CSS
0.1F
COSC
VIN
RUN/SS
TGL
TGS
LTC1436A-PLL
ITH
SW
CC
510pF
INTVCC
RC
10k
BOOST
6
100pF
VIN
4.5V TO 22V
1
24
PLL LPF PLLIN
SGND
BGL
VOSENSE
PGND
18
+
M1
Si4412DY
21
19
M3
IRLML2803
20
L1
3.3H
CIN
22F, 35V
2
RSENSE
0.02
VOUT
1.30V TO
2.00V/5A
D B*
17
0.22F
+
16
15
SENSE SENSE+
9
10
1000pF
SENSE
VCC
22
4.7F
M2
Si4412DY
D1
MBRS
-140T3
FB
LTC1706-19
COUT
100F
10V
2
GND
*DB = CMDSH-3
FROM P
AN84-143
Application Note 84
Besides the LTC family of 1.19V-referenced DC/DC converters, the LTC1706-19 can also be used to program the
output voltages of regulators with different onboard references. Figure 264 shows the LTC1706-19 programming
the output of the LT1575, an UltraFast transient response,
low dropout regulator that is ideal for todays powerhungry desktop microprocessors. However, since the
LT1575 has a 1.21V reference instead of a 1.19V reference, the output will range from 1.27V to 2.03V in steps of
50.8mV.
VIN
12V
VCC 3.3V
LT1575
LTC1706-19 3
VCC
7
SENSE
VID0
8
VID1
1
VID2
2
FBK
VID3
GND
4
2
1F
5
3
4
SHDN
IPOS
VIN
INEG
GND
GATE
FB
COMP
3.3V
7
6
5.1
IRFZ24
5
220F
VOUT
1.27V2.03
IN 50.8mV STEPS
7.5k
24F
10pF
1000pF
Figure 264. UltraFast Transient Response, Low Dropout Regulator with Adjustable Output Voltage
AN84-144
Application Note 84
BATTERY CHARGER IC
DOUBLES AS CURRENT SENSOR
by Craig Varga
Its always fun to find applications for an IC that its
designer never intended. The circuit shown in Figure 264
is such a design. In many cases, a circuit is required to
provide a ground-referenced output voltage that is proportional to a measured current. Frequently, the current must
be measured with a shunt in the positive rail that may be
well above ground and, worse yet, may vary considerably
with time. The LT1620 was originally intended as a controller for a synchronous buck regulator in battery-charger
applications. The normal operating mode for this IC is to
mirror a current signal down to a 5V reference supply. By
adding a single small-signal MOSFET and a few resistors,
it is possible to again mirror this signal to provide a ground
referenced output.
Circuit operation is as follows: The LT1620 operates by
producing a voltage between the VCC pin and the AVG pin
that is 10 the voltage across sense resistor R5. C2 filters
4.0
C2
0.33F
IL
LOAD
R5
0.02
INPUT
IL
C1
1000pF
LT1620
7
8
AVG
PROG
1
6
VCC
SENSE
2
4
IN
IOUT
3
5
IN+
GND
3.5
R1
100k
R4
10k
1%
R2
1.2M
Q1
TP0610T
R3
31.6k
OUTPUT
C3
0.33F
5V
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
4
LOAD CURRENT (A)
AN84-145
Application Note 84
100V, 2A, CONSTANT-VOLTAGE/
CONSTANT-CURRENT BENCH SUPPLY
by Mitchell Lee and Jesus Rosales
VIN
40V TO
60V
T1
3.3k
2W
L1
20H
MUR1560
+
MBR745
2N6387
10
MUR120
IRF450
2.2k 1000pF
C1
10F, 100V
FILM CAP
10F, 200V +
FILM CAP
10F, 200V
FILM CAP
VOUT
0V TO
100V
0.03, 2W
0.1F
1k
4.7k
100k
1N5817
100
1N5817
U2A
U1
LT1270
1N4148
1k
3
2
10
1/2
LT1413
R21, 1k
3.9k
6
5
0.1F
4
3.9k
1k
3.9k
R3
4.5k
R4
3.9k
R1
3.9k
R2
3.9k
2.2k
1N4148
0.1F
15k
3
+
1/2
LT1413
2
U2B
1
10k
2N2907
680F +
100V
2
56F
+ 35V
3.9V
1/2
LT1215
+
15V
0.33F
1F
2.2k
U3B
100
U3A
20k
1/2
LT1215
+
100
22V
2
3
R20
10k
5
15k
1F
10k
LT1034CZ-2.5
0.01F
AN84-146
R5
2.7M
Application Note 84
A COMPLETE BATTERY BACKUP SOLUTION
USING A RECHARGEABLE NiCd CELL
by L.Y. Lin and S.H. Lim
lithium battery. This solution requires low-battery detection, necessitates battery access and invites inadvertent
battery removal. The LTC1558 battery backup controller
eliminates these problems by permitting the use of a
single, low cost 1.2V rechargeable Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
cell. The LTC1558 has a built-in fast-/trickle-mode charger
that charges the NiCd cell when main power is present.
Battery-powered systems, including notebook computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and portable instruments, require backup systems to keep the memory
alive while the main battery is being replaced. The most
common solution is to use an expensive, nonrechargeable
FROM P
OPEN DRAIN
SOFT RESET
L11
22H
BACKUP
BATTERY
NiCd
1.2V
R14
10k
C11
47F
6.3V
SW
VCC
VBAK
+ C12
1F
CTL LTC1558-3.3
5
2
RESET
GND
PUSH-BUTTON
RESET
SW11
FB
BKUP
R15
12k
TO
P
R13
100k
Q11
Si4431DY
R11
51k
1%
MAIN BATTERY
4.5V TO 10V
R12
21.2k
(20.0k 1% +
1.21k 1%)
C2
0.1F
13
9
CSS
0.1F
CC2
51pF
C1
100pF
RC
10k
16
TG
SW
14
C4
15
BOOST
0.1F
LTC1435
12 D1***
6
INTVCC
VOSENSE
8
3
ITH
SENSE+
C5
7
2
1000pF
RUN/SS
SENSE
Q2
11
1 C
BG
OSC
Si4412DY
+ C3
SGND PGND
4.7F
10
16V
COSC 5
68pF
4
CC
330pF
VIN
EXTVCC
Q1
Si4412DY
SFB
*
**
***
CIN
100F
16V
2
L1*
10H
RSENSE**
0.033
+
D2
MBRS140T3
SUMIDA CDRH125-100
IRC LR2010-01-R033-F
CENTRAL CMDSH-3
SUMIDA CDRH73-220
SANYO CADNICA N-110AA
COUT
100F
10V
2
VOUT
3.3V
LOAD CURRENT
3A IN NORMAL MODE
30mA IN BACKUP MODE
R1
35.7k 1%
R5
20k
1%
C6
100pF
1558 01.eps
Figure 268. LTC1558 Backup System with an LTC1435 as the Main System Regulator
AN84-147
Application Note 84
180
300
VBAK = 4V
VOUT = 3.3V
VBAK = 4V
VOUT = 3.3V
250
140
BACKUP TIME (MINS)
160
120
100
80
60
200
150
100
40
50
20
0
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40
BACKUP CELL VOLTAGE (V)
10
15
20
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
25
30
1558_03
6%
7.5%
AN84-148
% of VREF
VFB
VBAK
100%
1.272V
4.325V
94%
1.196V
4.065V
92.5%
1.177V
4.000V
Application Note 84
Recovery from Backup Mode to Normal Mode
When a new main battery pack is inserted into the system,
Q11s body diode forward biases. Once the voltage at the
FB pin increases to more than 6% below VREF, the boost
converter is disabled and the system returns to normal
C6
100F
10V
Introduction
VOUT
3.3V
+
VOUT
3.3V
C6
100F
10V
D1
MBRM5819
1
L1
22H
2
3
4
5
6
C7
0.1F
7
8
NC
BSW
LTC1433
NC
SVIN
COSC
SGND
POR
RUNSS
ITH
LB0
VOSENSE
LB1
VPROG
14
C4
0.1F
L1
100H
MBRM520LT1
C3
22F, 20V
16
PWRVIN
PGND 15
L2
22H
4
5
SSW
NC
BSW
LTC1433
SVIN
NC
COSC
SGND
POR
RUNSS
7
C7
LB0
0.1F 8
LB1
ITH
VOSENSE
VPROG
VIN
C5
47pF
14
13
12
R1 5.1k
11
10
C1
6800pF
C2
680pF
DI_EFF_01b.eps
L1 = SUMIDA CD54-101
L2 = SUMIDA CD54-220
C5
47pF
6
VIN
8
LBIN
SHDN
2 LTC1174-3.3 1
VOUT
LBOUT
3
12
10
MBRM5819
VIN
13
11
C3
33F, 20V
16
PWRVIN
PGND 15
SSW
C4
0.1F
mode. The BKUP pin pulls low and turns Q11 back on. This
allows the new battery pack to supply input power to the
LTC1435. The LTC1558 now accurately replenishes the
amount of charge removed from the NiCd cell through the
internal charger and gas-gauge counter.
R1 5.1k
C1
6800pF
C2
680pF
IPGM
GND
SW
C3
0.1F
VIN
C2
22F
50V
L1
68H
VOUT
C1
100F
10V
D1
MBR0520LT1
DI_EFF_01a.eps
L1 = SUMIDA CD54-220
DI_EFF_01c.eps
L1 = SUMIDA CDRH74-680
AN84-149
Application Note 84
100
100
FIGURE 270a
FIGURE 270b
FIGURE 271
90
85
90
85
80
80
75
75
4
6
7
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
3
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LTC1433 WITH DUAL INDUCTORS
LTC1433 WITH SINGLE INDUCTOR
LTC1174HV
5
4
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
3
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LTC1433 WITH DUAL INDUCTORS
LTC1433 WITH SINGLE INDUCTOR
LTC1174HV
2
1
0
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
TIME (HOURS)
2.0
2.5
0.5
DI_EFF_03.eps
1.0
1.5
TIME (HOURS)
2.0
2.5
DI_EFF_04.eps
6
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
5
4
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
6
7
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
DI_EFF_02b.eps
Figure 272b. Efficiency Curves
for
Figure 271s Circuits, ILOAD = 10mA
DI_EFF_02a.eps
FIGURE 271a
FIGURE 271b
FIGURE 271c
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
95
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
3
2
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LTC1433 WITH DUAL INDUCTORS
LTC1433 WITH SINGLE INDUCTOR
LTC1174HV
1
0
0
10
20
30
TIME (HOURS)
40
5
4
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
3
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
LTC1433 WITH DUAL INDUCTORS
LTC1433 WITH SINGLE INDUCTOR
LTC1174HV
2
1
0
50
60
DI_EFF_05.eps
AN84-150
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
8
10
12
TIME (HOURS)
14
16
18
20
DI_EFF_06.eps
Application Note 84
9
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
8
7
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
6
5
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
TIME (HOURS)
2.0
2.5
DI_EFF_07.eps
BATTERY OUTPUT
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
8
7
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
6
5
4
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
3
2
1
0
0
8
10
12
TIME (HOURS)
14
16
18
20
DI_EFF_08.eps
Figure 278. Lifetime with Load Step from 10mA to 410mA
one 9V Alkaline Battery (10% Duty Cycle, TPERIOD = 20s)
AN84-151
Application Note 84
The above result indicates that if the load is intermittent in
nature, the user can operate the device much longer if the
power is provided by alkaline batteries. Again, the NiCd
exhibits a sudden death at the end of its life, whereas the
alkaline shows a much gentler decay. The gentle sloping
of the output voltage of Figure 275 towards the end of the
battery life can be attributed to the on-resistance of the
switch when the regulator is in dropout.
AN84-152
9V-to-3.3V
Application Note 84
APPENDIX A: COMPONENT VENDOR CONTACTS
The tables on this and the following pages list contact
information for vendors of non-LTC parts used in the
application circuits in this publication. In some cases,
Capacitors
Vendor
Product
Phone
URL
AV X
Chip Capacitors
(843) 946-0362
AV X
Tantalum Capacitors
(207) 282-5111
Electronic Concepts
(908) 542-7880
Kemet
Tantalum Capacitors
(408) 986-0424
www.kemet.com
Marcon
(847) 696-2000
www.chemi-con.com/main/company/marcon.html
www.avxcorp.com/products/capacitors
www.eci-capacitors.com
Murata Electronics
Capacitors
(814) 237-1431
www.iijnet.or.jp/murata/products/english
Nichicon
Electrolytic Capacitors
(847) 843-7500
www.nichicon-us.com
Panasonic
Poly Capacitors
(714) 373-7334
www.panasonic.com/industrial_oem/electronic_components/
electronic_components_capacitors_home.htm
Sanyo
Oscon Capacitors
(619) 661-6835
www.sanyovideo.com
Sprague
Capacitors
(207) 324-4140
www.comsprague.com
Taiyo Yuden
Chip Capacitors
(408) 573-4150
http://www.t-yuden.com
Tokin
Capacitors
(408) 432-8020
www.tokin.com
United Chemicon
Electrolytic Capacitor
(847) 696-2000
www.chemi-con.com/main
Vitramon
(203) 268-6261
www.vishay.com
Wima
Paper/Film Capacitors
(914) 347-2474
www.wimausa.com
Diodes
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
IR LEDs
(800) 235-0312
www.semiconductor.agilent.com/ir
Central Semiconductor
(516) 435-1110
www.centralsemi.com
LEDs
(201) 489-8989
www.sli-lighting.com/cml
LEDs
(800) 421-6815
www.ddp-leds.com
Fuji
Schottky Diodes
(201) 712-0555
www.fujielectric/co/jp/eng/index-e.html
General Semiconductor
Diodes
(516) 847-3000
www.gensemi.com
Motorola*
Discretes
(800) 441-2447
www.mot-sps.com/products/index.html
ON Semiconductor*
Discretes
(408) 749-0510
Panasonic
LEDs
(201) 348-5217
Temic
IR Photo Diodes
Zener/Small Signal
Diodes
(408) 970-5700
www.onsemi.com/home
www.panasonic.com/industrial_oem/semiconductors/
semiconductor_home.htm
www.temic.com
(650) 665-9301
www.vishay.com
(516) 543-7100
Vishay
Zetex
www.zetex.com
AN84-153
Application Note 84
Inductors and Transformers
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
API Delevan
Inductors
(716) 652-3600
www.delevan.com
BH Electronics
Inductors
(612) 894-9590
www.bhelectronics.com
BI Technologies
Transformers
(714) 447-2656
www.bitechnologies.com
Coilcraft
Inductors
(847) 639-6400
www.coilcraft.com
Coiltronics
Inductors/ Transformers
(561) 241-7876
www.coiltronics.com
Dale
Inductors/ Transformers
(605) 665-1627
www.vishay.com/fp/fp.html#inductors
Gowanda
Inductors
(716) 532-2234
www.gowanda.com
Midcom
Inductors/ Transformers
(800) 643-2661
www.midcom-inc.com
Murata Electronics
Inductors,
(814) 237-1431
www.murata.com
Panasonic
Inductors/ Transformers
(714) 373-7334
www.panasonic.com/industrial_oem/electronic_components/
electronic_components_inductors_coils_and_transformers.htm
Philips
Inductors
(914) 246-2811
www.acm.components.philips.com
Philips
Planar Inductors
(914) 247-2036
www.acm.components.philips.com
Pulse
Inductors
(619) 674-8100
www.pulseeng.com
Sumida
Inductors
(847) 956-0667
www.japanlink.com/sumida
Tokin
Inductors
(408) 432-8020
www.tokin.com
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
Logic
Fairchild
Logic
(207) 775-4502
www.fairchildsemi.com
Logic
(800) 442-7747
www.intersil.com
*Motorola
Logic
(800) 441-2447
www.mot-sps.com/products/index.html
*ON Semiconductor
Logic
(408) 749-0510
www.onsemi.com/home
Toshiba
Logic
Single Gate Logic
(949) 455-2000/
(714) 455-2000
www.toshiba.com/taec
*Logic Devices formerly manufactured by by Motorola are now manufactured by ON Semiconductor; there have been no changes in part numbers as of January 2000
Resistors
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
Allen Bradley
Carbon Resistors
(800) 592-4888
www.ab.com
AVX
Chip Resistors
(843) 946-0524
www.avxcorp.com/products/resistors/chiprstr.htm
BI Technologies
Resistors/Resistor
Networks
(714) 447-2345
www.bitechnologies.com
Bourns
Potentiometers, SIPs
(801) 750-7253
Dale
Sense Resistors
(605) 665-9301
IRC
Sense Resistors
(361) 992-7900
www.bourns.com
www.vishayfoil.com
or www.vishay.com
www.irctt.com
RG Allen
(818) 765-8300
www.rgaco.com
TAD
Chip Resistors
(800) 508-1521
www.tadcom.com
Taiyo Yuden
Chip Resistors
(408) 573-4150
www.t-yuden.com
(507) 625-8445
www.thin-film.com
Tocos
SMD Potentiometers
(847) 884-6664
www.tocos.com
AN84-154
Application Note 84
Transistors
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
Central Semiconductor
(516) 435-1110
www.centralsemi.com
Fairchild
MOSFETs
(408) 822-2126
www.fairchildsemi.com
IR
MOSFETs
(310) 322-3331
www.irf.com
Motorola*
Discretes
(800) 441-2447
www.mot-sps.com/products/index.html
ON Semiconductor*
Discretes
(408) 749-0510
www.onsemi.com/home
Philips
Discretes
(401) 767-4427
www-us.semiconductors.philips.com
Siliconix
MOSFETs
(800) 554-5565
www.siliconix.com
Zetex
(516) 543-7100
www.zetex.com
*Discretes formerly manufactured by Motorola are now manufactured by ON Semiconductor; There are no changes in part numbers as of January 2000.
Miscellaneous
Vendor
Product
Phone Number
URL
Aavid
Heat Sinks
(714) 556-2665
www.aavid.com
Epson
Crystals
(310) 787-6300
www.eea.epson.com
Infineon
(formerly Siemens
Semiconductor)
Optoelectronics
(108) 257-7910
www.infineon.com/us/opto/content.htm
Magnetics, Inc.
(800) 245-3984
www.mag-inc.com
MF Electronics
Crystal Oscillators
(914) 576-6570
www.mfelec.com
Murata Electronics
RF Devices
(770) 433-5789
www.murata.com
QT Optoelectronics
RF Switches
(408) 720-1440
www.qtopto.com
Raychem
Fuses
(800) 227-4856
www.raychem.com
RF Micro Devices
RF Semiconductors
(336) 664-1233
www.rfmd.com
RTI/Ketema
Surge Suppressors
(714) 630-0081
www.rtie.rti-corp.com
Schurter
(707) 778-6311
www.schurterinc.com
Thermalloy
Heat Sinks
(972) 243-4321
www.thermalloy.com
Toko
RF Products
(847) 699-3430
www.tokoam.com
AN84-155
Application Note 84
Index
B
Battery Backup
LTC1558 System with LTC1435 Main System Regulator 147
Battery Chargers 114115
Additional Feature Circuits
LT1512/LT1513, Shutdown-Controlled Disconnect 117
LTC1435/LT1620, Shutdown when Input Power is
Removed 125
LTC1510, Doubles as Main System Regulator 128
General
LT1511, Mod for NiCd and NiMH Charging 115
LT1512, 0.5 Amp 116
LT1635, 1A Shunt 129
Lead-Acid
LT1776/LT1620 , Wide VIN Range, High Efficiency 49
Lithium-Ion
LT1510, 12 Cell 130
LT1510, 3-Cell, without Precision Resistors 118
LT1511, 3 Amp 114
LT1512, 50mA/400mA Programmable 117
LTC1435/LT1620, 35 Cell 122
NiCd
LT1510, 3-Cell with V Termination 120
Testing
Constant-Voltage Battery Simulator 121
Battery Simulators 121
Battery Supervisor
Single Cell Li-Ion 132
Bench Supply
100V/2A Constant Voltage, Constant Current 146
C
Component Vendors
Capacitors 153
Diodes 153
Inductors 154
Logic 154
Miscellaneous 155
Resistors 154
Transformers 154
Current Sensor 145
AN84-156
M
Micropower Switching Regulators. See RegulatorsSwitching
(Micropower)
Miscellaneous 141149
Modulator
Switch-Frequency
for LTC1436-PLL 83
P
Power Magagement 134141
LTC1479 PowerPath Controller
3-Diode Mode 136
Block Digram 134
PowerPath Switch Driver
LTC1473, Dual-Battery 137, 138
SMBus
LTC1623, Controls P-Channel Switch 140
LTC1623, Controls Two High-Side Switches 140
LTC1710, Switches Two Peripherals 141
LTC1710, Switches Two Peripherals with Different
Voltages 141
System
Dual Li-Ion Battery 134
VID Controlled
LT1575/LTC1706, LDO with Adjustable Output Voltage 144
Power Supply. See RegulatorsLinear; Regulators
Switching; RegulatorsSwitching (Micropower)
R
RegulatorsLinear 107111
Adjustable
LT1575/LTC1706, LDO with Adjustable Output Voltage 144
Battery Backup
LT1579, 6V to 5V/300mA 111
LT1579, with Added Latch for Shutdown 112
Low Dropout
LT1573, 3.3V/5A Microprocessor Supply 108
LT1575, 1.27V2.03V VID Controlled 34
Application Note 84
LT1575, 5V to 3.3V with Current Limit 110
LT1575, 5V to 3.3V/5A 109
Microprocessor Supply
LT1573, 3.3V/5A 108
LT1577, Dual Regulator for Split-Plane Systems 110
Multioutput
LT1577, Dual Regulator for Split-Plane Systems 110
RegulatorsSwitching. See also RegulatorsSwitching
(Micropower)
Boost 5153
LT1339, 5V In, 28V/6A Out Synchronous 28
LT1370, 5V In, 12V/2A Out 53
LT1377, 4V10V In, 12V/100mA Out 51, 52
LT1533, 3.3V to 5V/350mA Boost Converter 72
LTC1266, 2.5V4.2V In, 5V/2A Out 55
LTC1624, 5V In, 12V/1A Out 20
Buck 450
12V to 3.3V/9A Hybrid 17
LT1339, 10V18V In, 5V/50A Out 26
LT1339, 48V In, 5V/50A Out 27
LT1374, 6V25V In, 5V/4.25A Out 23
LT1425, 12V to 5V/1A Isolated Supply 67
LT1506, 5V In, 3.3V/4A Out 29
LT1676, 12V-48V In, 5V Out 48
LT1676, 12V-48V In, 5V/0.5A Out 46
LT1676, Minimum Component-Count 46
LT1676/LTC1440, Burst Mode Configuration 48
LT1776, 10V30V In, 5V/0.4A Out 47
LT1776, Minimum PC Board Area 47
LTC1266, 12V In, 3.3V/12A Out 7
LTC1266, 24V In, 3.3V/12A Out 8
LTC1430, 3.3V In, 1.9V/6A Out 22
LTC1430, Dual, Synchronized 17
LTC1430A, 2.5V/30A, 2-Phase Synchronous 40
LTC1433, 3.6V12V In, 3.3V/600mA Out 11
LTC1435, 18V28V In, 14V/15A Out 12
LTC1435, 5.5V28V In, 2.9V/2.65V Out 9
LTC1435A 4.5V22V In, 1.3V2V/7A Out 36
LTC1435A, 4.5V22V In, 1.3V2V/7A Out 32
LTC1435A, 4.5V22V In, 1.6V/3A Out 35
LTC1436A-PLL, 4.5V22V In, 1.3V2V/5A Out 33
LTC1436A-PLL/LTC1706, 4.5V22V to 1.3V2V/5A 143
LTC1439, 5.2V25V In, 5V/3A, 3.3V/3A, 2.9V/2.5A Out 5
LTC1473, 28V In, 5V/3A and 12V/250mA Out 4
LTC1504, 5V In, 3.3V/0.5A Out 24
LTC1504, Improved Transient Response 25
AN84-157
Application Note 84
RegulatorsSwitching (continued)
Isolated
LT1172, 10V15V In, 24V/200mA Out Isolated Flyback 68
LT1339, 15V25V In, 5V/6A Out 27
LT1425, 12V to 5V/1A Isolated Supply 67
LT1425, 5V to 9V/250mA Isolated LAN Supply 65
LT1425, Fully Isolated 15V, 600mA Supply 66
LCD Bias
LT1316, 20V/5mA/10V/5mA LCD 80
Low Noise 7076
LT1533, 24V to 5V/2A Converter 74
LT1533, 3.3V to 5V/350mA Boost Converter 72
LT1533, 5V to 12V/80mA DC/DC Converter 71
LT1533, 5V to 12V/200mA Push-Pull Converter 70
LT1533, 5V to 12V/5A Converter 75
LTC1436-PLL, 5V/3A/3.3V/0.1A Supply 81
Microprocessor Supply
12V to 3.3V/9A Hybrid 17
2.9V Regulator for Portable Pentium Processor 9
LTC1435/LTC1706, Pentium II Processor Supply 142
Mobil Pentium II VID Power Converter 32
Multioutput 7684
LT1316, 20V/5mA/10V/5mA LCD Bias Supply 80
LT1377, 4V10V In, 12V/100mA Out 51, 52
LT1425, Fully Isolated 15V, 600mA Supply 66
LT1533, 5V to 12V/80mA DC/DC Converter 71
LT1776, Dual-Output SEPIC (5V/5V) 50
LTC1263/LTC1266, 3.3V/5A/12V/60mA Supply 79
LTC1435, 5V/0.1A, 3.3V/0.5A, 5V/0.5A Supply 77
LTC1436-PLL, 5V/3A/3.3V/0.1A Supply 81
LTC1439, 5.2V25V In, 5V/3A, 3.3V/3A, 2.9V/2.5A Out 5
LTC1473, 28V In, 5V/3A and 12V/250mA Out 4
LTC1538-AUX, 3.3V/3.5A, 5V/3A, 12V/120mA, 5V/20mA 76
LTC1624, 4.75V24V In, 50V/75mA Out 69
LTC1627, 1.8V/0.3A/3.3V/100mA 37
No RSENSE
LTC1625, 12V28V In, 12V/2.2A Out 39
LTC1625, 5V28V In, 2.5V/5A Out 38
PolyPhase
LTC1430A, 2.5V/30A, 2-Phase Synchronous 40
SEPIC
100V/2A Bench Supply 146
LT1370, 2 Li-Ion Cells to 5V/2.9A 54
LT1776, Dual Output (5V/5V) 50
LTC1624, 5V15V In, 12V/0.5A Out 21
Step-Down. See RegulatorsSwitching: Buck
Step-Up. See RegulatorsSwitching: Boost; Regulators
Switching: Flyback
AN84-158
Supply Splitter
LTC1504, 5V to 2.5V/500mA 25
Switched Capacitor
LTC1515, 3- or 4-Cell to 3.3V or 5V/50mA 57
Synchronized
LTC1430, Dual Buck 17
LTC1436A-PLL/LTC1706, 4.5V22V to 1.3V2V/5A 143
Telecom
LT1172, 12V to 48V/120mA Telecom Supply 61
LT1425, 36V to 72V In, 5V/2A Out Telecom Supply 67
LT1680, 48V to 5V/6A Telecom Supply 60
LTC1504, SCSI-2 Terminator 25
VID Voltage Controlled
LTC1435A, 4.5V22V In, 1.3V2V/7A Out 32
LTC1436A-PLL, 4.5V22V In, 1.3V2V/5A Out 33
LTC1436A-PLL/LTC1706, 4.5V22V to 1.3V2V/5A 143
LTC1553, 5V In, 1.8V3.5V/14A Out 14
LTC1624, 4.8V20V In, 1.3V3.0V Out 32
LTC1624/LTC1706 4.8V20V to 1.3V2.0V 143
RegulatorsSwitching (Micropower) 85
2-Cell Digital Camera Supply 101
Boost
LT1307, Single-Cell to 3.3V/75mA Converter 86
LT1307, Single-Cell to 3.3V/75mA Converter with Output RC
Filter 86
LT1308, Single-Cell Li-Ion to 5V/1A 100
LT1317, 2-Cell to 5V/200mA 102
LT1317B, 33V/10mA Varactor Bias Suppy 105
LT1610, 2-Cell to 5V/100mA 104
LT1610, Single Cell to 3V/30mA 103
Single-Cell NiCd to 3.3V/400mA 100
Buck
LTC1174, 9V to 5V Converter 85
LTC1474, 4V18V In, 3.3V/200mA Out 92
LTC1475, with Push-Button On/Off Control 93
LTC1626, 2.7V6V In, 2.5V/0.25A Out 97
LTC1626, 3- or 4-Cell NiCd/NiMH to 2.5V/0.25A 97
LTC1626, Single Li-Ion Cell to 2.5V/0.25A 96
Buck-Boost
LTC1626, Single Li-Ion Cell to 3.3V/500mA 98
Charge Pump
LTC1263, Flash Memory VPP Generator 90
LTC1263, Split-Supply Generator (12V/7V) 91
LTC1516, 2-Cell to 5V/20mA 106
LTC1516, Ultralow Quiescent Current 5V Supply 89
Flyback
1.8V-6V to 9V, for Digital Panel Meters 94
Application Note 84
Isolated
1.8V-6V to 9V, for Digital Panel Meters 94
LED Driver
LT1307, 25mA LED Driver 89
Multioutput
LT1317, Single-Cell Li-Ion to 4V 103
Negative Buck
LT1307B, 7V25V In, 5V/400mA Out 99
SEPIC
LT1317, Single-Cell Li-Ion to 4V 103
LT1610, Sigle-Cell Li-Ion to 3.3V/100mA 105
Switched Capacitor
LTC1514, 2.7V10V In, 3.3V and 5V Out 96
LTC1515, 4-Cells to 5V/50mA or 3.3V/50mA 95
LTC1516, 2-Cell to 5V/20mA 106
VPP Generator
LTC1263, for 2 Flash Memory Chips 90
S
Switches
High-Side
LTC1177, Short-Circuit Protected 139
LTC1623, SMBus Controlled 140
P-Channel
LTC1623, SMBus Controlled 140
PC Card
LTC1623, 3.3V/5V Switch Matrix 140
Switching Regulators. See RegulatorsSwitching
T
Transformer
Details
of LT1339 5V/6A Forward Converter 28
AN84-159
Application Note 84
AN84-160