Professional Documents
Culture Documents
vn v hiu nng l nhn bit mt tp hon chnh ca cc mc ch, tham s h thng, cc nhn
t nh hng, cc thng s hiu nng v ti lm vic.
E4. Phn tch m khng hiu v vn
Cc nh phn tch thiu kinh nghim cm thy rng khng c g thc s c c trc khi mt m
hnh c dng nn v ch c c mt s kt qu. Vi kinh nghim c, h nhn ra rng, phn
ln ca cc n lc phn tch l dng cho vic xc nh mt vn . Phn ny thng chim ti 40%
tng s n lc ny. iu ny khng nh mt chm ngn xa: Khi mt vn c nu ra r rng
th c gii quyt xong mt na. 60% cn li lin qua ti vn thit k cc phng php,
gii thch kt qu v trnh by kt lun. Vic pht trin ca m hnh t bn thn n l phn nh ca
qu trnh gii quyt vn . V d nh, xe t v tu ha l phng tin i ti u ch khng
phi l im n cui cng. Cc m hnh l phng thc i n kt lun ch khng phi l kt
qu cui cng. Cc nh phn tch c o to v cc kha cnh m hnh ha ca vn nh
gi hiu nng nhng khng c o to v vic xc nh vn hoc trnh by kt qu th thng
thy rng m hnh ca h b b i bi ngi ph duyt, v ngi ph duyt l ngi ang tm kim
ng hng ch khng tm kim mt m hnh.
E5. Cc thng s hiu nng khng ng
Mt thng s hiu nng (metric) ng vi mt tiu ch c s dng nh lng hiu nng ca h
thng. Cc v d v cc thng s hiu nng hay dng l thng lng (throughput) v thi gian p
ng (response time). S la chn ca cc thng s hiu nng ng n ph thuc vo cc dch v
cung cp bi h thng hoc bi h thng con ang c m hnh ha.
Mt li chung khi la chn cc thng s hiu nng l cc nh phn thch thng chn cc thng
s d tnh ton hoc d o c hn l chn thng s thch hp.
E6 Ti lm vic khng c tnh i din (unrepresentative workload)
Ti lm vic c s dng so snh hai h thng cn i din cho kha cnh s dng thc tin ca
cc h thng ny trong lnh vc ca chng. V d, nu cc gi d liu trong mng thng thng bao
gm hai loi c kch thc ngn v di th ti lm vic dng so snh hai mng phi bao gm cc
gi d liu c kch thc ngn v di.
Vic chn ti lm vic nh hng rt ln ti kt qu ca vic nghin cu hiu nng. Ti lm vic sai
s dn ti cc kt lun sai.
E7 Phng php nh gi sai
C ba phng php nh gi: o lng, m phng v m hnh ha phn tch. Cc nh phn tch
thng c mt phng php a thch v c s dng thng xuyn i vi mi vn v nh
gi hiu nng. V d nh nhng ai thnh tho v l thuyt hng i s c xu hng quy i mi vn
v hiu nng sang mt vn v hng i ngay c khi h thng qu phc tp v thun li cho
vic o lng. Nhng ai thnh tho v lp trnh s thng c xu hng gii quyt mi vn bng
m phng. Vic gn vi mt phng php n l ny dn ti kt qu mt m hnh m h c th gii
quyt tt nht hn l mt m hnh gii quyt tt nht vn ny. Vn i vi cc quy trnh
chuyn i ny l chng c th a thm cc hin tng vo m hnh, trong khi cc hin tng ny
khng c trong h thng nguyn gc hoc dn n c th b qua cc hin tng quan trng thuc
v h thng nguyn gc.
Mt nh phn tch cn c hiu bit c bn v c ba phng php. Khi xem xt la chn phng
php nh gi hiu nng, cn ch ti nhiu h s khc nhau.
E8 B qua cc thng s quan trng
Nn to ra mt danh sch hon chnh v cc c im ca h thng v ca ti lm vic nh hng
ti hiu nng ca h thng. Nhng c im ny c gi chung l thng s. Cc thng s ti lm
vic c th bao gm s ngi s dng, cc loi yu cu n, s u tin, vv. Nh phn tch c th
cc gi thit khng cn hp l. i khi cc nh phn tch ln danh sch cc gi thit ngay phn
m u bo co nhng h qun mt cc gii hn v a ra cc kt lun v cc mi trng m phn
tch ny khng p dng vo.
Bng 1.1: Danh sch kim tra trnh cc li thng gp khi nh gi hiu nng
1. Liu h thng c nh ngha ng cha v mc ch c nu ra r rng cha ?
2. Cc mc tiu c nu ra c m bo tnh khng thin v?
3. Cc bc phn tch i theo h thng khng?
4. Vn c hiu r rng trc khi phn tch khng?
5. Cc tham s hiu nng c thch hp cho vn ny khng ?
6. Ti lm vic c ng cho vn ny khng?
7. K thut nh gi c ph hp khng?
8. Danh sch thng s c nh hng n hiu nng c hon thin cha?
9. Tt c cc thng s nh hng n hiu nng m c coi nh cc tha s c thay i
cha?
10. Thit k th nghim hiu qu cha khi xt theo thi gian v kt qu?
11. Mc chi tit hp l cha?
12. D liu o c c phn tch v gii thch cha?
13. S phn tch ng v thng k cha?
14. nhy phn tch c thc hin cha?
15. Cc li u vo c thay i kt qu ng k khng?
16. Cc mu ngoi lai ca u vo hoc u ra c xem xt mt cch thch ng cha ?
17. Cc thay i trong tng lai ca h thng v ti lm vic c m hnh ha cha?
18. Phng sai ca d liu u vo c quan tm khng?
19. Phng sai ca kt qu c phn tch cha?
20. S phn tch ny c d gii thch khng?
21. Cch thc trnh by c ph hp vi ngi c khng?
22. Cc kt qu c c trnh by di dng th nhiu nht c th khng?
23. Cc gi thit v cc gii hn ca s phn tch c a vo ti liu r rng khng?
Mt cch tip cn c h thng cho vic nh gi hiu nng
Cc thng s, ti lm vic v k thut nh gi c s dng i vi mt vn th thng khng
th c s dng cho vn tip theo. Tuy nhin c cc bc chung cho tt c d n ng gi hiu
nng m chng gip bn trnh c cc li ghi trong phn 1.1 Cc bc ny thc hin nh sau.
Bc 1- Xc nh mc tiu v nh ngha h thng
Bc u tin trong vi d n nh gi hiu nng l xc nh mc tiu ca vic nghin cu v nh
ngha xem ci g to nn h thng bng cch phc ha cc gii hn ca h thng.
Bc 2: Lp danh sch cc dch v v kt qu nhn c
Mi mt h thng cung cp mt tp hp cc dch v. Danh sch ca dch v v kt qu kh thi s
hu ch sau ny trong vic chn thng s v ti lm vic ng.
Bc 3 La chn cc thng s o
Bc tip theo l la chn cc tiu chun so snh hiu nng, chng c gi l cc thng s o.
Nhn chung, cc thng s ny lin h vi tc , chnh xc, v ch li ca dch v.
Bc 4: Lp danh sch cc thng s
Bc tip theo trong d n thc hin l to danh sch tt c cc thng s nh hng ti hiu nng.
Danh sch ny c th c phn chia thnh cc thng s h thng v cc thng s ti lm vic
Bc 5: La chn cc tha s nghin cu
5
Danh sch cc thng s c th phn chia thnh 2 phn: cc thng s s c thay i trong qu
trnh nh gi v cc thng s khng thay i. Nhng thng s c thay i gi l tha s v
nhng gi tr ca chng c gi l mc .
Tiu ch
1. Giai on
2. Thi gian yu cu
3. Cng c
Ngn
Nh phn tch
4. Tnh chnh xc a
5. Tnh nh i
6. Gi thnh
7. Tnh d bn
Thp
D
Thp
Thp
M phng
o c
Bt c giai on Sau thit k
no
nghim
(postprototype)
Trung bnh
Thay i
Cc ngn ng Cc dng c o
my tnh
Va phi
Thay i
Va phi
Kh
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Cao
th
a
a
Vn tip theo cn cn nhc l thi gian s dng cho cng vic nh gi. Trong hu ht cc
trng hp, cc kt qu c yu cu t ngy hm trc (thi gian nh gi ngn). Nu ng nh
vy th m hnh ha phn tch l s la chn duy nht. Cc phng php m phng cn mt thi
gian di, cc phng php o c thng mt nhiu thi gian hn m hnh ha phn tch nhng
khng lu nh m phng. Theo ngha ca nh lut Murphy th phng php o c c s dng
thng xuyn hn hai phng php cn li (Nu mt vic c th din ra theo chiu hng xu, n
s nh vy Ha v n ch). Kt qu l, thi gian cn thit dnh cho o c bin ng nhiu nht
trong ba k thut.
im quan tm tip theo l tnh sn sng ca cng c. Cc loi cng c bao gm: cc k nng m
hnh ha, cc ngn ng m phng, v cc thit b o c. Nhiu nh phn tch hiu nng rt thnh
tho v kho lo trong m hnh ha. H khng cn s dng ti bt c h thng tht t tin no.
Nhng ngi khc khng thnh tho cc l thuyt hng i th li quan tm hn n o c v m
phng. Thiu kin thc v cc ngn ng v k thut m phng khin nhiu nh phn tch xa ri cc
cng c m phng hu dng.
Mc chnh xc i hi cng l mt mi quan tm khc. Nhn chung, m hnh ha phn tch yu
cu nhiu s n gin ha v gi thit n ni nu cc kt qu tr nn chnh xc th ngay c cc nh
6
phn tch cng phi ngc nhin. Cc phng php m phng c th kt hp nhiu chi tit, yu t
hn v yu cu t gi thit hn l m hnh ha phn tch v do thng gn hn vi thc t. Cc
phng php o c mc d nghe c v gn thc t nht nhng kt qu li c th thiu chnh xc,
n gin v c nhiu tham s mi trng tc ng n i vi tng th nghim, nh l cu hnh h
thng, loi ti lm vic, v thi gian o c. Cc tham s cng c th khng th hin khong lm
vic thay i trong cc h thng thc t. Do vy tnh chnh xc ca kt qu o c thu c c th
thay i t cao n khng c g.
Cn phi ch ra rng mc chnh xc v tnh ng n ca kt lun l khng ng nht. Mt kt
qu chnh xc n mi ch s thp phn cng c th b hiu sai hay hoc nhm ln; do c th
dn ti kt lun sai.
Mc ch ca cng vic nghin cu hiu nng l va so snh cc phng n khc nhau va
tm ra gi tr tham s ti u. Cc m hnh phn tch thng cung cp mt ci nhn tt nht v tc
dng ca cc tham s khc nhau v s tng tc gia chng. Vi cc phng php m phng, c
th tm c khong gi tr tham s cho t hp ti u, nhng thng khng th hin c r rng
s tng xng gia tham s ny vi tham s khc. Cc phng php o c l k thut t th hin
c tnh tng xng gia cc tham s nht. Tht khng d khi khng nh rng hiu nng c ci
thin l kt qu ca mt vi s thay i ngu nhin v mi trng hoc hiu chnh mt vi tham s
nht nh.
Chi ph cp cho d n cng l mt yu t quan trng. o c i hi phi c thit b tht, dng c
o c v thi gian. y chnh l k thut tn km nht trong 3 k thut nu. Chi ph, i km vi
kh nng d dng thay i cu hnh, thng l l do pht trin cc phng php m phng cho
cc h thng t tin. M hnh ha phn tch ch i hi giy v bt ch (cng vi thi gian ca nh
phn tch) nn c th xem nh l k thut r nht.
Tnh bn c ca kt qu nh gi c th l l l quan trng khi chn xem xt cc chi ph, lao
ng ca phng php o c. V kt qu d c thuyt phc hn nu n c thc hin vi
h thng thc. Nhiu ngi hoi nghi v cc kt qu phn tch n gin v h khng hiu cng ngh
thc hin hoc kt qu cui cng. Trong thc t, ngi pht trin cc k thut m hnh ha phn
tch mi thng kim chng, xc nhn chng bng cch s dng cc phng php m phng hoc
o lng thc s.
i khi vic s dng hai hay nhiu k thut ng thi mang li nhiu li ch. V d, bn c th s
dng m phng v m hnh ha phn tch cng nhau kim tra v xc nhn kt qu ring ca tng
phng php. Cho n khi cha chng mnh c ti li, mi ngi u c xem l v ti, ngha
l cho n khi cha c xc nhn kim chng th mi kt qu nh gi u ng nghi ng. iu
a chng ta n vi 3 quy tc xc minh sau y:
Khng tin tng vo kt qu ca mt m hnh m phng cho n khi chng c xc
nhn bi m hnh ha phn tch hay o c.
Khng tin tng vo kt qu ca mt m hnh phn tch cho n khi cng c xc nhn
bi m hnh m phng hay o c.
Hai hay nhiu k thut cng c th c s dng tip ni nhau. V d, trong mt trng hp, mt
m hnh phn tch n gin c s dng tm ra khong ph hp cho cc tham s ca h thng
v mt m hnh m phng c s dng sau nghin cu hiu nng ca th thng trong
khong . iu ny lm gim s trng hp m php m phng cn xt n v dn n vic s
dng ti nguyn hiu qu hn.
1.3- ngha ca Confidence interval trong vic so snh kt qu
T ting Anh sample v example u bt ngun t mt t Php c l essample. Mc d hin nay
y l hai t ring bit, nhng vic nh n ngun gc chung ca chng cng kh l quan trng.
Mt mu (sample) ch n gin l mt v d (example). Mt v d thng khng chng minh
mt gi thit. Tng t nh vy, mt mu thng l khng a ra mt pht biu r rng v
mi h thng. Nhng s khc bit ny thng b b qun. Chng ta thng o c 2 h thng vi
ch 5 hay 10 ti lm vic (workloads) v sau kt lun rng mt h thng tt hn h thng kia.
Mc ch ca phn ny l cng c s khc bit v tho lun lm th no s dng cc mu
d liu so snh hai h thng hoc nhiu hn.
tng c bn l mt pht biu chnh xc c th khng chnh xc vi cc thuc tnh ca tt c cc
h thng, nhng mt tuyn b xc sut v khong trong cc thuc tnh ca hu ht cc h thng
tn ti c th ng. Khi nim v khong tin cy (confidence interval) c gii thiu trong phn
ny l mt khi nim c bn m bt c nh phn tch hiu nng h thng no cng cn bit hiu
r vn .
1.3.1 Mu i ngc vi qun th
Gi s chng ta vit mt chng trnh my tnh to ra vi triu s ngu nhin vi thuc tnh cho
trc, v d nh c gi tr trung bnh v lch chun . By gi chng ta a cc s vo mt
ci bnh v rt ra mt mu ca n s .
Gi thit mu {x1, x 2, . . . , x n} c gi tr trung bnh mu l . Gi tr trung bnh mu
khc vi
. phn bit hai gi tr , c gi l gi tr trung bnh mu v c gi l trung bnh ca
qun th. T qun th m ch tt c cc s nm trong chic bnh.
Trong hu ht cc vn thc t, cc thuc tnh ca qun th (v d nh gi tr trung bnh qun th
l khng c bit , v mc ch ca nh phn tch l c lng cc thuc tnh . V d, trong th
nghim ca chng ta v o thi gian x l ca mt chng trnh, gi tr trung bnh mu rt ra t
mt mu n l ca n gi tr ch l mt c lng n gin ca gi tr trung bnh. xc nh chnh
xc gi tr trung bnh, chng ta cn thc hin li th nghim ti v hn ln, iu gn nh l khng
th lm c.
Cc thuc tnh ca qun th c gi l cc tham s trong khi cc mu th c gi l cc thng k.
V d, trung bnh tp hp l mt tham s trong khi gi tr trung bnh mu l mt thng k. Ta cn
phi phn bit hai khi nim ny bi v cc tham s l c nh (fixed) trong khi thng k l mt bin
ngu nhin. V d, nu chng ta ly ra hai mu n phn t t mt tp phn phi bnh thng vi
trung bnh v lch chun , k vng mu x1 v x2 ca hai mu s khc nhau. Trong thc t,
chng ta c th rt ra nhiu mu v a ra mt hm phn b cho gi tr trung bnh mu. Khng c
phn b no nh vy ng cho gi tr trung bnh ca c qun th. N l c nh v ch c th xc
nh nu chng ta xem xt trn ton b qun th. Thng thng, cc k hiu Hy Lp nh hay
thng c dng ch cc tham s, trong khi cc k hiu ting Anh nh x v s c dng
ch thng k.
8
/ n.
x : N ( , / n )
lch chun ca gi tr trung bnh mu c gi l sai s chun. Sai s chun khc vi lch
chun ca tp. Nu lch chun ca tp l , th sai s chun ch l / n T biu thc trn, d
thy rng khi kch thc mu n tng ln th sai s chun s gim xung.
S dng nh l gii hn trung tm, khong tin cy 100(1 - )% cho trung bnh qun th c a
ra:
( x z1 /2 s / n , x z1 /2 s / n )
12
M phng l k thut c ch cho cng vic phn tch hiu nng ca h thng my tnh. Nu h
thng cha sn sng s dng, ging nh trong cc giai on thit k th mt m hnh m phng
s l mt cch cho php d dng d on hiu nng ca h thng hoc so snh cc h thng khc
nhau. Hn na, ngay c khi h thng c sn o th mt m hnh m phng thng c a
thch hn bi v n cho php so snh cc cu hnh khc nhau khi thay i v mi trng v ti ca
h thng. Cc tiu ch la chn m phng, m hnh ha phn tch, v o lng c tho
lun trc.
Tuy nhin, cc m hnh m phng thng gp tht bi, tc l chng cung cp cc kt qu
khng c ch hoc lm sai kt qu. S d gp phi tht bi ny bi v nhng ngi xy dng cc m
hnh l cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc pht trin phn mm nhng h li thiu kin thc nn tng
v thng k , hoc h l cc chuyn gia trong k thut thng k nhng h li khng c cc k thut
tt v pht trin phn mm. Hn na vic m phng b dng trc khi hon thnh. l v cc
m hnh m phng cn mt thi gian kh lu pht trin, lu hn rt nhiu thi gian d on lc
ban u.
13
1. Mc chi tit khng hp l: M phng cho php nghin cu mt h thng chi tit hn m hnh
phn tch.. Vic phn tch i hi nhiu n gin ha v gi thit. Hay ni cch khc, m hnh
phn tch l km chi tit hn. Trong m hnh m phng, mc chi tit ch b hn ch bi thi gian
ginh cho vic pht trin m phng. M phng cng chi tit yu cu cng nhiu thi gian pht
trin. Kh nng c li s tng cao v s kh khn hn pht hin ra cc li ny. Thi gian g ri
ca cc li ny cng s tng. M phng chi tit hn cng i hi my tnhcn nhiu thi gian hn
thc hin. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc cng vic m phng ln, thi gian thc
hin c th mt nhiu gi hoc nhiu ngy.
V tng qut c th cho rng mt m hnh cng chi tit th cng tt, v n ch cn t gi thit
hn. Tuy nhin iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng. Mt m hnh chi tit yu cu cc kin thc
chi tit ca thng s u vo, v nu khng c cc kin thc chi tit c th s lm cho cc m
hnh khng chnh xc. V d, trong qu trnh m phng h thng phn chia thi gian, gi s rng
cn phi m phng thi gian p ng yu cu ca a . Mt cch l to ra n bng cch s dng
mt hn phn b hm m. Mt cch chi tit hn l m phng s chuyn ng ca u c v s
quay ca a Nu la chn th 2 c chn th kt qu s ch chnh xc hn khi cc thng tin cn
tham chiu ca sector v track l bit . Trong thc t, ngi phn tch s chn la chn 2. Tuy
nhin, khi thng tin tham kho v sector khng c sn a vo m hnh th ngi phn tch s
quyt nh to ra cc con s sector ngu nhin theo phn b hm m. Kt qu l thi gian phc v
l theo phn b hm m, mt kt qu m c th s t tn km hn nu la chn theo cch u tin
Mt vn khc na trong cc m hnh chi tit l chng tn nhiu thi gian pht trin. Tt hn
ht l hy bt u vi mt m hnh t chi tit hn, thu c mt s kt qu, xem xt cc tc ng,
sau a thm chi tit trong nhng yu t c nh hng ln nht n kt qu.
2. Ngn ng khng thch hp: Vic la chn ngn ng lp trnh c nh hng kh quan trng i
vi giai on u pht trin ca m hnh. Cc ngn ng m phng vi mc ch c bit cho php
rt ngn thi gian pht trin m hnh v d dng hn trong cc nhim v thng phi thc hin nh
vic xc nhn (s dng cc vt) v cc phn tch thng k. Mt khc, cc ngn ng c mc ch
tng quan c tnh kh chuyn cao hn v cho php iu khin nhiu hn v mc hiu qu v
thi gian thc hin ca m phng.
3. Cc m hnh cha c kim tra . Cc m hnh m phng thng l cc chng trnh my tnh
ln v tr khi c phng c bit, n c kh nng s c nhiu li chng trnh hoc li v lp
trnh, dn n vic cho ra cc kt qu khng c ngha.
4.Cc m hnh khng hp l. Ngay c khi chng trnh m phng khng c li,n vn c th biu
din h thng khng chnh xc bi v cc gi thit khng chnh xc v hnh vi ca h thng. Do
cc m hnh cn phi c kim tra m bo rng kt qu c c l ging vi kt qu c c
t h thng tht Kt qu ca tt c cc m hnh m phng ny u c th sai, n ch ng sau khi
c xc nhn bng cc m hnh phn tch, cc php , hoc bng trc gic.
14
5. iu kin x l ban u khng thch hp. Phn u tin ca m phng thng khng miu t
cc hot ng ca h thng trong trng thi n nh. Bi vy phn ban u ca m phng thng
c loi b.
6. S m phng qu ngn. Ngi phn tch thng c gng tit kim thi gian ca mnh v thi
gian ca my tnh bng cch thc hin cc chng trnh m phng trong thi gian ngn. Kt qu
trong cc trng hp ny b ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc iu kin ban u v khng th hin c
h thng thc. Thi gian ginh cho m phng ph thuc vo mc chnh xc mong mun (
rng ca khong cch tin cy) v s thay i ca cc i lng quan st.
Cc tnh ton n gin cho s thay i tcc gi tr ca mt bin ngu nhin khng em li mt c
lng chnh xc v cc thay i trong m hnh m phng bi v c s tng quan gia cc gi tr.
7. Hm sinh s ngu nhin qu km. M hnh m phng i hi cc s ngu nhin, th tc to ra
cc s ngu nhin c gi l cc hm sinh s ngu nhin. S an ton hn nu s dng cc hm
sinh ni ting c phn tch k lng hn l pht trin cc hm sinh ring ca mnh Thm ch
cc hm sinh ni ting ny cng c li.
8. S la chn khi u khng hp l. Hm sinh s ngu nhin l cc th tc my tnh, n to ra
mt con s ngu nhin t mt con s ngu nhin khc cho trc. S ngu nhin u tin trong di
s c gi l ht ging v c a ra bi cc nh phn tch. Con s ngu nhin u tin cho
cc chui s ngu nhin cn phi c la chn mt cch cn thn m bo tnh c lp gia
cc chui s ngu nhin. Thng thng, cc nh phn tch dng chung mt chui s cho cc qu
trnh x l khc nhau hoc s dng cng mt gi tr ban u ging nhau cho tt c cc chui
(thng thng ngi ta khi to bng 0). N to ra s tng quan gia cc qu trnh khc nhau
trong h thng v dn n cc kt qu c th s khng th hin c h thng thc.
15
2.3 Cc thut ng
Di y l mt s thut ng thng c s dng trong m hnh ha. nh ngha chng, mt
v d m phng v vic lp lch ca CPU s c s dng trong phn ny. Vn t ra l nghin
cu cc k thut lp lch khc nhau cho CPU vi nhng c im v yu cu cng vic khc nhau.
Cc thnh phn khc ca h thng nh phng tin ghi nh, thit b u cui s b b qua trong
phn ny.
Bin trng thi: Cc bin m gi tr ca n xc nh cc trng thi ca h thng gi l
bin trng thi. Nu mt chng trnhh m phng b dng li gia chng, n c th c khi
17
S kin: Mt thay i trong trng thi ca h thng gi l s kin. Trong vic m phng lp
lch cho CPU c 3 s kin nh sau: s kin ti ca mt cng vic, bt u thc hin mt chng
trnh v ch n ca cng vic.
M hnh thi gian lin tc v thi gian ri rc Mt m hnh m trng thi h thng c
xc nh trong mi thi im gi l m hnh thi gian lin tc. V d m hnh lp lch ca CPU l
mt m hnh lin tc. Nu trng thi mt h thng c nh ngha ch ti mt thi im c th th
m hnh gi l m hnh ri rc. V d nh mt lp hc thng gp mt vo cc chiu th 6.
Gi s trong m hnh, trng thi ca lp c quy nh l s sinh vin tham d lp. Ch rng s
s lp ch c xcc nh vo cc th 6. Trong tt c cc ngy khc, trng thi ca lp l khng
xch nh. y l mt v d v m hnh thi gian ri rc. Hnh 2.1 th hin 2 kiu m hnh trn.
M hnh trng thi lin tc v trng thi ri rc: Mt m hnh c gi l m hnh c
trng thi lin tc hoc trng thi ri rc ph thuc vo cc bin trng thi l lin tc hay ri rc.
Bin lin tc c th ly cc gi tr v hn khng th m c. V d, trong mt m hnh v lp hc
hng tun, trng thi c xc nh bng thi gian sinh vin tham d mt mn hc,l m hnh trng
thi lin tc. Mt khc, nu trng thi c xc nh bi s sinh vin th n l m hnh trng thi ri
rc. Trong m hnh lp lch cho CPU, bin trng thi chiu di hng i- c th ch c gn gi
tr nguyn. Bi vy m hnh trng thi ri rc hnh 2.2 cng c th gi l m hnh s kin ri rc.
Tng t nh vy m hnh trng thi lin tc cng c th gi l m hnh s kin lin tc.
18
Hnh 2.2 M hnh trng thi lin tc v trng thi tip din
Ch rng tnh lin tc ca thi gian khng bao hm tnh lin tc ca trng thi v ngc li. V
vy i vi cc v d c th tm thy nhiu v d cho 4 kt hp c th xy ra l: trng thi ri
rc/thi gian ri rc, trng thi ri rc /thi gian lin tc, trng thi lin tc/ thi gian ri rc v
trng thi lin tc/ thi gian lin tc.
M hnh tt nh v m hnh xc xut: Nu u ra (kt qu) ca m hnh c th d on
mt cch chc chn th l mt m hnh tt nh. Mt khc, mt m hnh l m hnh xc xut nu
vi lp li cng mt b thng s u vo nhng cho cc kt qu khc nhau . iu ny th hin trong
hnh 24.3. Hnh 24.3b l kt qu ca m hnh xc xut. Cc im trn ng thng ng bi udin
cc kt qu ca u ra khc nhau cho mt gi tr u vo. Trong hnh 2.3, vi u vo ging nhau
th cho u ra ging nhau, do vy trn trc tung ch c mt im.
M hnh tnh v m hnh ng: Mt m hnh m trong thi gian khng l bin s th
c gi l m hnh tnh, cn nu trng thi ca h thng thay i theo thi gian th gi l m hnh
ng. V d, m hnh lp lch cho CPU l m m hnh ng. Mt v d v m hnh tnh l m hnh
cho th hin cng thc tnh nng lng: E=mc2 .
19
20
Cc m hnh h thng my tnh thng l cc m hnh: thi gian lin tc, trng thi ri rc, xc
sut, ng v phi tuyn. C mt vi m hnh m v mt vi m hnh ng. Ngoi ra cc m hnh n
nh v khng n nh cng c s dng.
bit.
iu khng c l cc nh phn tch lc no cng phi s dng cc ngn ng m phng. C
nhng iu phi quan tm khc, nh hiu xut, tnh linh ng v tnh c ng, nhng yu t ny
c th lm cho ngn ng lp trnh a dng tr thnh mt s la chn tt nht. Mt m hnh c
pht trin bng ngn ng lp trnh a dng th hiu xut hn v chim t thi gian ca CPU.
Ngn ng lp trnh a dng mang n cho cc nh phn tch kh nng mm do hn v n cho
php h s dng nhng ng tt b cm trong ngn ng m phng. Hn na, mt m hnh c
pht trin bng ngn ng lp trnh a dng c th chuyn i thc hin nhng h thng my
tnh khc nhau mt cch d dng
c c mt la chn khch quan gia ngn ng m phng v ngn ng lp trnh a dng,
cc nh phn tch c khuyn co nn hc t nht mt ngn ng m phng cc yu t khc
cng vi kin thc s gip ch trong vic la chn mt ngn ng thch hp
Mt m rng ca ngn ng lp trnh a dng nh GASP (i vi FORTRAN) l mt ngn ng
thay th. Cc m rng ny bao gm mt tp cc thng trnh x l cc nhim v thng c
yu cu trong cc m phng. Mc ch ca chng l em n mt tha hip di dng hiu xut,
tnh linh ng v tnh c ng.
Cc gi m phng nh QNET v RESQ cho php ngi dng nh ngha mt m hnh s dng
i thoi. Cc gi ny c mt th vin cac cu trc d liu, cc thng trnh v cc gii thut. u
im ln nht ca chng l tit kim thi gian. V d, s dng gi m phng, mt ngi c th
pht trin m hnh, gii quyt v c c kt qu trong vng mt ngy. Mt khc, pht trin mt
m phng s dng mt ngn ng c th mt mt vi ngy (nu khng mun ni l vi thng), ty
thuc vo phc tp ca h thng.
Vn chnh ca cc gi m phng l tnh cng nhc. Chng ch cung cp cc tnh cht mm
do c thy trc bi nhng ngi thit k ra chng. Trong hu ht trng hp trong thc
t, cc nh phn tch gp phi mt s vn ny khc khng th m hnh c bng gi m
phng. iu ny bt buc cc nh phn tch phi lm n gin ha cc qu trnh. Tuy nhin, i
vi cc h thng khng th m hnh theo phng php phn tch, s tit kim thi gian hn rt
nhiu nu nh phn tch xem xt kh nng s dng mt gi m phng trc khi bt u pht trin
mt m hnh m phng mi
Cc ngn ng m phng c th c phn loi vo 2 danh sch chnh, nhng ngn ng m
phng lin tc v nhng ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc, ph thuc vo loi s kin m
chng m phng. Cc ngn ng m phng lin tc c thit k x l nhng m hnh s kin
lin tc thng c din t bng cc phng trnh vi phn. V d v loi ny l cci ngn ng
CSMP v DYNAMO. Nhng ngn ng ny thng ph bin trong cc m hnh h thng ha
hc. Mt khc, cc ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc c thit k x l nhng thay i s
kin di rc. Hai v d ca loi ngn ng ny l SIMULA v GPSS. Mt s ngn ng nh
SIMSCRIPT v GASP cho php cc m phngri rc, lin tc, v kt hp. Bn ngn ng sau l
cc loi ngn ng c cc nh phn tch hiu sut h thng my tnh s dng.
Gi tr y mong mun l:
Do , tch phn trn c th c tnh bng cch to ra cc s ngu nhin c phn b u xi,
tnh ton yi, v sau tnh trung bnh cng nh sau:
23
sau:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
B lp lch s kin l mt trong nhng thnh phn hot ng thng xuyn nht khi tin hnh
m phng.N c thc thi trc cc s kin, v c th c gi nhiu ln trong mt s kin
lp lich cc s kin mikhc. Do lp lch s kin c nh hng ng k ti hiu xut tnh ton
ca mt phng php m phng, nn ch ny s c cp nhiu hn trong phn 24.6
2. C ch Simulation Clock and a Time-advancing: Mi m phng u c mt bin ton cc i
din cho thi gian c m phng. B lp lch c trch nghim thc hin trc thi gian ny. C 2
cch thc hin. Cch u tin l phng php thi gian n v (unit time), gia tng thi gian
bng mt gia tng nh v sau o kim ra tm xem c s kin no xut hin hay khng. . Phng
php th 2, c gi l phng php event-driven, thi gian t ng tng n thi im c s
kin tip theo gn nht xy ra. Phng php thi gian n v thng khng c dng trong cc
m phng my tnh.
3. Cc bin trng thi h thng (System State Variables): L cc bin ton cc m t trng thi ca
h thng. V d trong m phng lp lch CPU, bin trng thi h thng l s lng cng vic c
trong hang i. bin ton cc ny khc vi cc bin cc b nh thi gian CPU cn x l mt
cng vic, l bin c lu trong cu trc d liu i din cho cng vic .
4. Cc thng trnh ca s kin (Event Routines): Tng s kin c m phng bng thng
trnh ca chnh n. Cc thng trnh ny cp nht cc bin trng thi h thng v lp lch nhng
s kin khc. V d, trong khi m phng c ch lp lch CPU, c th cn n cc thng trnh
x l 3 s kin l vic mi xut hin, lp lch cng vic, hon thnh cng vic
5. Cc thng trnh u vo (Input Routines): Cc thng chnh ny cha cc tham s m hnh,
nh yu cu v CPU trung bnh t ngi s dng trn mt cng vic. V cn nhiu thi gian
hon thnh m phng, s tt hn nu yu cu tt c u vo ngay t lc u v sau th gii
phng ngi s dng. Cc thng trnh u vo thng thng cho php cc tham s thay i theo
mt cch c th. V d m phng c th c thc hin vi yu cu CPU trung bnh thay i t 1
n 9 ms trong cc bc 2ms. Mi tp cc gi tr u vo xc nh mt php lp c th c lp li
nhiu ln vi nhng khi u khc nhau. Do , mt ln thc hin m phng c nhiu vng lp v
mi vng lp li bao gm nhiu ln lp li.
6. B to bo co (Report Generator): Chng l cc thng trnh u ra c thc hin vo giai
on cui ca m phng. Chng tnh ton kt qu cui cng v in ra theo mt nh dng c th.
7. Cc thng trnh khi to (Initialization Routines): Chng thit lp trng thi khi to cho cc
bin trng thi h thng v khi to nhng lung to s ngu nhin khc nhau. Cc thng trnh
ny nn l cc thng trnh ring bit khi to trng thi vo lc bt u m phng, lc bt
u mt vng lp li v lc bt u lp.
8. Cc thng trnh bm vt (Trace Routines): Chng in ra cc tham s trung gian trong qu trnh
26
thc hin m phng bt u. Chng gip sa li chng trnh m phng. Cc thng trnh ny nn
c tnh nng on/ off c th tt chng i trong ln cc ln chy sn phm cui cng ca m hnh.
Mt m hnh thm ch cn c kh nng ngt hot ng t bn phm v bt/ tt cc thng trnh
bm vt.
9. Qun l b nh ng (Dynamic Memory Management): S thc th trong m phng thay i
lin lc khi cc thc th mi c to ra v cc thc th c b ph hy, do cn phi dn rc
thng xuyn. Hu ht ngn ng m phng v cc ngn ng lp trnh a dng c chc nng dn
rc t ng. Trong cc trng hp khc, ngi lp trnh phi t vit code qun l b nh ng
10. Chng trnh chinh (Main Program): Tp hp tt cc thng trnh li vi nhau. N gi cc
thng trnh u vo, khi to m phng, thc hin nhng lp li khc nhau, v cui cng gi
cc thng trnh u ra
Danh sch lin kt theo th t (Ordered Linked List) : Phng php ph bin nht c s
dng trong cc ngn ng m phng nh SIMULA, GPSS, v GASP IV l nhng phng php c
danh sch kin kt theo th t ln gp i. u vo u tin trong danh sch l s kin tip theo
gn nht. o , vic xo b tng i d dng chn them s kin mi, danh sch c tm
kim tm ra v tr thch hp nht cho mt u vo mi. Mt s phng php tm kim khc
c xut. Phng php ph bin nht l tm kim ngc t gi tr thi gian cao nht. Ln
lt, danh sch s c tm kim t u vo u tin tr i. Mt s phng php khc cn d
con tr gia danh sch, trc ht l xc nh na danh sch cha v tr thch hp, ri sau
tm quyt nh tm xui hay tm ngc tm v tr ng
27
2. Danh sch ch mc tuyn tnh (Indexed Linear List): Trong phng php ny, tp cc s kin
tng lai c chia thnh nhng tp nh. Mi tp c di c nh trong khong thi gian t
v c duy tr nh l mt danh sch con. Mt ma trn cc ch mc c gi theo qui tc l
u vo ca ch s th i tr ti danh sch con th i cha cc s kin c lp lch trong
khong [(i - 1)t, it),ngha l, ti hoc sau thi im (i - 1)t nhng trc thi im I t.
y, khong thi gian t c ngi s dng t. Do , Khi c mt s kin mi cn c
chn vo, danh sch con yu cu c th c xc nh m khng cn tm kim. Sau mt
danh sch con thch hp c tm ngc li tm ra v tr thch hp ca u vo mi.
Mt s thay i c xut cho phng php ny da trn l lun rng vic khong thi
gian gi s kin (thi gian t khi lp lch mt s kin v thi im xut hin ca n) c phn
b khng ng u. Trong mt thay i, c mt xut l cho tt c cc danh sch c cng
mt chiu di bng khong cch gia mi u vo ca danh sch; iu ngha l, t l bin i.
Php tm kim nh phn c s dng tm u vo danh sch thch hp. Trong mt xut
thay i khc, ch c danh sch con u tin mi c sp xp; nhng danh sch cn li khng
c sp xp. Mt danh sch con ch c sp xp khi n thnh danh sch th nht, do gim
c chi ph cho vic sp xp
Mt xut thay i ng quan tm ca phng php ny c gi l cc hng lch. N da
28
trn loi lch bn m con ngi hay dng lp lch s kin. Mt cun lch bn thng
thng c 365 trang mi trang l mt ngy trong nm. Tt c cc s kin trong mt ngy c
ghi vo trang ng vi ngy . Cc s kin ca cng mt ngy nhng ca nm tip theo cng c
th c ghi vo trang c im ny s khng gy nhm ln g nu nm xy ra s kin cng
c ghi cng vi s kin v cc s kin c xa i sau khi c thc hin. tng ny c
th c thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch s dng danh sch tuyn tnh c ch mc.
Khong t ng vi mt ngy, v kch thc ca ch mc ng vi s ngy trong nm,C hai tham
s ny cn phi c la chn cn thn cho s lng s kin trn mt trang l nh (gn vi 0
hoc 1).
3. Cu trc cy: Cc cu trc d liu hnh cy cng c s dng trong phng php m phng
cc tp s kin. Thng l cc cy nh phn do thi gian tm kim n s kin l log2n.
Trng hp c bit ca cy nh phn l heap, trong mi s kin c lu li nh l mt node
ca cy nh phn. Mi node c th c ti 2 nhnh con, v thi gian cho mi s kin mi node nh
hn thi gian mi nhnh con ca n. iu ngha l s kin gc c thi gian sm nht. u
im ca cc heap l cy c th c lu trong mt ma trn (ngc vi danh sch lin kt) bng
vic t gc ti v tr 1 ca ma trn v cc nhnh con ti v tr 2 v 3. Cc node s kin tip theo
nm v tr 4, 5, 6, 7 ca m trn, v c th, nh hnh 2.xyz3. im giao nhau ca heap rt n
gian v rt d tm ra node cha v noed con ca mt node bt k. Hai nhnh con ca node nm
v tr i l 2i v 2i + 1. Node cha ca node nm v tr i l v tr [i/2]. y, [.] ngha l b bt
ti s nguyn nh hn tip theo. Ma trn c th c sp xp li mt phn khi c thm hoc loi
b mt phn t
Vic la chn cu trc d liu thch hp ph thuc vo phn b thi gian gi s kin v s lng s
kin trong tp s kin tng lai. N cng ph thuc vo mc rng buc m cu trc d liu c
th c thc hin trong mt ngn ng lp trnh cho trc. Danh sch c lin kt n gin c
coi l mt thay th c hiu qu trong trng hp s lng s kin t (t hn 20 s kin). i vi cc
tp c kch c 20 n 120, danh sch tuyn tnh ch mc l la chn ph nht, i vi nhng tp ln
hn heap c coi l c hiu qu nht.
29
i t ng i
i t ng Ha ng i
i t ng n
i t ng i
i t ng Ha ng i
Mt dng khc ca h thng lung giao dch l h thng nhiu hng i, nhiu server
nh hnh 3.3. y c nhiu hng i, mi hng mt server. n v lu lng i c p ng ti
u mi hng. Cc h thng c dng thit k ny bao gm c cc im thu ph trn ng, h thng
thanh ton tin trong siu th, v cc sn bay c xy dng hai hay nhiu ng bng (ni m cc
n v lu lng l my bay v ng bng l cc server )
hnh 3.1 n 3.3, cc kiu h thng l cc khi kin trc to nn nhiu h thng phc tp
hn. V d, xem xt h thng cng n gin trong hnh 3.4. Cc thuyn (n v lu lng) n cng
tr hoc bc hng ha. C hai loi thuyn: loi A v loi B. C 3 loi server: tu ko, ch u
thuyn loi A v ch u thuyn loi B.
Thuyn loi A v B ch c th s dng ch u tng ng ca tng loi. Cc thuyn s dng
tu ko di chuyn vo trong cng v vo ch u, v sau li s dng tu ko ra khi ch
u v cng. S lng tu ko m thuyn cn dng ph thuc vo loi tu v ni thuyn di chuyn
n.
c im ca h thng ny l nhiu loi lu lng, nhiu loi ti nguyn, lu lng ph
thuc vo kiu lu lng, cc dch v tnh (ch u), dch v di ng (tu ko), v s cn thit iu
khin ng thi nhiu loi ti nguyn bi cc n v lu lng (v nh 1 thuyn cn mt ch u v
mt hay nhiu tu ko trc khi c th di chuyn lin tc vo trong cng v n ch u). Th hnh
31
dung cc h thng trong hnh 3.1 n 3.3 c th c kt hp nh th no trong trong h thng hnh
3.4
i t ng n
i t ng i
Cac Ha ng i
Hnh 3.6 Thi gian thc (theo ng h thc- real time) vs th i gian m phng (simulated time)
ng h m phng vn khng thay i cc gi tr trong khi cc s kin c thi im s kin ng
nht c thc hin ln lt. S kin u tin xut hin, sau n s kin th hai v c th tip
tc. Thc t l thi gian thc tri qua ti cng thi gian m phng c nh trong khi my tnh lm
vic ln lt vi nhiu n v lu lng, v thc hin ln lt nhiu s kin, c minh ha trong
hnh 3.6. Hnh ny tng ng vi m t trong on trc, khi ba n v lu lng gy ra nhiu s
kin c cc thi im s kin ng nht.
Trt t thi gian thc trong hai hay nhiu s kin xut hin ti mt thi im c nh i
khi ph thuc vo logic iu khin. V d nh i tng ch tip theo khng th s dng server cho
n khi i tng s dng trc t server vo trng thi ri, v vy s kin server ri xy ra
trc s kin s dng sever sau . Tng t nh vy, mt thuyn khng th bt u qu trnh
cp bn cho n khi n ginh c tu ko. y, logic iu khin cc dy s kin.
. Trt t thi gian thc ca cc s kin c thi im s kin ng nht khng phi lc no cng
c iu khin theo logic. V d, khi mt thuyn t hai tu ko trong trng thi ri v hai
thuyn khc ang i ginh mt tu ko, logic khng iu khin trt t thi gian thc trong
hai s kin ginh tu ko cng xut hin. Liu trt t thi gian c phi l mt vn c ngha
quan trng hay khng? iu ny l c th. Gi s rng hai tu ko khc loi (v d, mt loi mnh
34
hn v nhanh hn loi kia) v c hai thuyn u mun ginh tu ko ny. Thuyn hot ng trc
s ginh c tu ko tt hn, tu ko cn li cho chic thuyn kia.
Mt v d khc bao gm mt s thay i ton cc trong trng thi h thng trong hai hay
nhiu s kin c th xut hin ti mt thi im c nh, nhng trong mt trt t thi gian thc ty
. Trong h thng cng hnh 3.5, gi s rng mt cn bo ang xy ra, nn khng thuyn no c
th ra khi cng. Cui cng cn bo ngt, cc thuyn c th ri khi cng an ton. Nu hai thuyn
ang i ri i nhng ti mt thi im ch c mt thuyn c th di chuyn qua ca cng, trt t
thi gian thc ca hai thuyn s quyt nh thuyn no s ra khi cng trc v thuyn no phi i
ri i sau
Phn tho lun trc bao gm cc tnh hung trong cc dy s kin ph thuc xut
hin ti cng thi im. Cng c kh nng cc s kin c lp xut hin ti cng thi im. Trong
cng hnh 3.4, v d mt thuyn loi A n cng cng thi im thuyn loi B hon thnh qu
trnh bc hng. Nu nh thi gian gia hai chuyn hng ca thuyn loi A v thi gian x l bc
hng thay i ngu nhin, xc sut m s kin n v hon tt dch v c cng thi im s nh.
Nu thi im s kin ng nht, trt t thi gian thc ti n v lu lng c gng thc thi c
th c ngha.
Trong v d ny, gi s rng thuyn loi A cn mt tu ko vo trong cng v thuyn loi
B cn mt tu ko ra khi bn v ra khi cng. Cng gi thit ch c mt tu ko trong trng
thi ri. Nu nh thuyn loi A hot ng trc v ginh tu ko, th thuyn loi B phi i.
Tng t, nu nh thuyn loi B hot ng trc v ginh tu ko th thuyn loi A phi i. iu
c ngha g? Trong m hnh ny c th ty hot ng xy ra. Hoc ngi thit k m hnh
c th xc nh r cch hot ng h thng thc trong trng hp ny v sau xy dng m hnh
m phng theo h thng thc.
Thc t l nhiu s kin xut hin ti cng mt thi im c th dn n s phc tp v
logic trong m phng s kin ri rc. S phc tp ny c th c c ngi thit k m hnh v
mc cao hn l ngi thit k ngn ng tm hiu v xem xt. Ngi thit k m hnh phi xem
xt s phc tp trong cc tnh hung to m hnh c th, trong khi ngi thit k ngn ng phi
xem xt bng mt cch tng qut. c bit, la chn v cn bng cc yu t tn ti l do ngi thit
k ngn ng. Kt qu l, mc d ngn ng m phng s kin ri rc ni chung l nh nhau, chng
vn c mt s im khc bit.
3.3 Thc th, ti nguyn, phn t iu khin v cc hot ng
Cc h thng bao gm cc thc th, cc ti nguyn, cc phn t iu khin v cc hot ng.
Nhng thnh phn ny c trnh by sau y
3.3.1 Cc thc th
Thut ng entity c s dng y nh l tn chung ca mt n v lu lng (mt giao
dch). Cc thc th m hnh ha cc i tng chng hn nh nhng con tu trong h thng bn
cng, vic ang thc hin h thng sn xut, nhng ngi mua sm ch, nhng my bay ti sn
bay, nhng cuc gi trong h thng thng tin vv. Nh chng ta thy, cc thc th thc hin
cc hnh ng m lm thay i trng thi ca h thng.
Ngn ng m hnh ha cung cp nhng cng c to ra v hy b cc thc th trong sut
qu trnh m phng. Cc thc th tin vo mt m hnh theo thi gian chng hn nh nhng con tu
cp cng theo thi gian. Tng t nh vy, cc thc th ri khi m hnh ln lt theo thi gian
chng hn nh nhng con tu c phc v nay ri khi cng. Trong sut qu trnh m phng s
lng cc thc th l ngu nhin.
Thc th c cc thuc tnh. Thuc tnh ca con tu bn cng bao gm thi gian chuyn
hng n, loi tu, s lng tu ko cn n khi cp bn, thi gian sp xp hng ln tu, s tu ko
cn n khi tu ri bn vv
C hai loi thc th c trng l thc th ngoi v thc th ni. Cc thc th ngoi l cc
thc th m s to ra v hot ng ca chng c hnh dung r rng v sp xp bi ngi thc
35
hin m hnh ha. Cc thc th c cp trn y (v d nh: nhng con tu, qu trnh lm vic,
cuc gi) l v d v cc thc th ngoi.
Trong mt m hnh thng c trn hai lp thc th ngoi trong mi lp c c trng v
nhng thuc tnh ring. V d nh trong dy chuyn sn xut, c th c mt lp thc th cho mt s
loi cng vic theo n hng no , c mt lp thc th cho cc cng nhn no vv (Mt n
hng c th c thuc tnh l k hn thc hin nhng cng nhn th khng c. Mt cng nhn chc
chn c thuc tnh l cc k nng nhng n hng th khng). V mt m hnh ho, s khc bit
gia cc lp thc th l do chnh ngi thit k m hnh, l ngi xy dng m hnh tht hp l da
trn nhng s khc bit. Ngc li, nh ngha chnh thc v cc lp thc th ngoi c th c yu
cu trong mt m hnh. nh ngha nh vy ph thuc vo phn mm ang c s dng.
i lp vi cc thc th ngoi l nhng i tng da trn cc khi nim ring bit r rng,
cc thc th ni l cc thc th n c s dng bi mt s ngn ng m hnh ho h tr cc
nhu cu khc trong m hnh ha s kin ri rc. Thc th ni c to ra v thc hin hon ton bi
chnh phn mm m phng v v kha cnh ny, ngi to m hnh khng th nhn thy c
chng. Ngi thit k m hnh thm ch c th khng nhn ra c rng cc thc th ni ang hot
ng trong mt m hnh.
V d thc th ni c s dng trong mt s ngn ng m hnh ha to ra vic my mc
b hng v sau a my mc ny quay v trng thi lm vic theo yu cu (iu hin nhin l
thng s k thut ca vic dng hot ng v sa cha phi c cung cp bi ngi thit k m
hnh, nhng ngi thit k m hnh khng phi to ra cc logic cn thit cho vic my mc b hng
ny nu nh cc thc th ni c s dng vi mc ch ny). Ngc li, mt s ngn ng m hnh
ho khng s dng thc th ni m hnh ha vic my mc b hng. Trong nhng ngn ng nh
vy, ngi thit k m hnh lm vic vi thc th ngoi v cung cp r rng nhng logic cn thit
mt cch hp l thc hin cc s hng hc ny.
V d khc, mt thc th ni c s dng trong vi ngn ng dng mt m phng. V
d nh ngi thit k m hnh c th t trng thi rng mt chng trnh m phng s dng sau
tm ting thi gian m phng v phn mm m hnh ho to ra mt thc th thc hin iu ny
(Nu cc thc th ni khng c to ra cho mc ch ny th ngi thit k m hnh s dng thc
th ngoi t c hiu qu nh mong mun).
3.3.2 Ti nguyn
Ti nguyn l mt phn t ca h thng cung cp dch v. Cc ti nguyn trn mt bn cng bao
gm cc tu ko v nhng bn tu. Ti nguyn trong dy chuyn sn xut bao gm my mc, cng
nhn vn hnh, thit b vn chuyn (chng hn nh l phng tin truyn dn t ng v bng
truyn), khng gian cha hng tm thi ch ng gi v hng ho c ng gi. Cc ti
nguyn sn bay bao gm khu vc xe t, xe but trung chuyn, ngi khun vc, quy v,
thit b an ninh, li dnh cho i b, quy lm th tc i my bay, ng ng i ra my bay, my bay
v ng bng.
Mt vi ti nguyn ch c th phc v mt ngi dng ti mt thi im. V d mt khu vc
xe ch c th gi mi ln mt xe v mt cu thang my bay ch c th tip cn mi ln mt my
bay. Tuy nhin trong vi trng hp, mt ti nguyn c th phc v hai hoc nhiu ngi s dng
ti mt thi im. Mt phng tin truyn dn t ng c th truyn cng lc 3 sn phm t im
A n im B v xe but trung chuyn c th ch nhiu ngi t bi n cng vo sn bay.
Ti nguyn c gii hn v s lng. bn cng c th c 3 tu ko, 2 bn tu loi A v 3
bn tu loi B. Mt sn bay c th c 3 ng bng, c th c 250 ch trong bi xe. Trong dy
chuyn sn xut c th c 4 thit b truyn dn t ng (AGV).
Ngi s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thng l cc thc th. Mt thc th con tu cp mt
bn tu v ri c th mt cn 1 tu ko a vo cp bn. Mt thc th ang c thc hin chim
ch b m u vo ca chic my tip theo, v ri s dng thit b truyn dn t ng a t
v tr hin ti n b m u vo. Mt hnh khch i my bay c th lin tc s dng mt xe but
trung chuyn, mt ngi khun vc hnh l, thit b an ninh, mt li dnh cho i b, mt quy lm
th tc i my bay, mt ch ngi v mt ng ng i ra my bay.
36
37
phng tu ko; s dng bn tu nhp hoc xut hng; ginh ly 1 tu ko; dng tu ko y
khng ngng ra khi bn tu v ra khi bn cng; khi hnh.
3.4 Tng quan v vic thc hin m hnh
3.4.1 Cc d n, th nghim, v s lp li
Thc hin mt d n m phng bao gm vic thc hin mt hoc th nghim v vi mi th
nghim, thc hin lp li mt hoc nhiu ln. Minh ho nh trong hnh 3.7, c m th nghim, mi
th nghim c n ln lp li. Nhng th nghim c phn bit bi cc cch thc trong mt logic
ca m hnh v/hoc d liu. S lp li thng c phn bit bi vic s dng cc tp hp khc
nhau ca cc s ngu nhin t s lp li ny ti s lp li khc v qua cc th nghim khau.
Gi s rng mt d n m phng c thc hin cho mt h thng cng bin nh trong hnh
3.5. Mc tiu ca d n gi thit l nghin cu cc cch thc nhm gim s chm tr ca con tu
khi ri bn cng. Gi thit rng hnh 3.5 m t bn cng (3 tu ko, 3 bn tu loi A, 2 bn tu loi
B v ca bn cng ch rng tip nhn mi ln 1 con tu) v d liu hot ng sn sng (phn
b ca thi gian tu n, thi gian nhp cng v xut cng, trng ti nhp v xut ca loi tu A v
B). Gi s rng trt t phc v s dng tu ko v bn tu l tu no n trc c phc v
trc. Th nghim 1 nh hnh 3.7 dng cho m hnh bn cng ny (mc ch ca th nghim 1 l
ph chun m hnh ny bng vic so snh cc c tnh ca n vi cc c tnh quan st trn h
thng thc. V d nh, phn b ca thi gian li cng ca tu loi A v loi B c th c so snh
vi gi tr tng ng trn h thng thc).
Th nghim 2 trong hnh 3.7 nghin cu s tc ng (da trn phn b ca thi gian cp cng) ca
vic ni rng ca bn cng tip nhn 2 tu mt ln. Th nghim 3 nghin cu s tc ng va
vic thm mt tu ko. Th nghim 4 nghin cu tc ng ca vic kt hp s m rng cng bn
cng v thm mt tu ko. Th nghim 5 nghin cu tc ng ca vic dnh cho tu loi A u tin
cao hn loi B khi dng tu ko. Th nghim 6 nghin cu tc ng ca vic thay th ba tu ko
ny vi 3 tu ko tc cao hn vv.
Nh ngh trong hnh 3.7, mi th nghim km theo mt hoc nhiu ln lp li (ln chy
m phng). Mi ln lp li l mt ln thc hin ca mt m hnh m phng trong kt hp logic
v d liu ca m hnh cho th nghim ny nhng s dng mt tp hp cc s ngu nhin duy nht
cho ln lp li ny. Mi ln lp li thng k c cc kt qu khc nhau. Kt qu thng k c th
c phn tch sau mt lot s lp li.
Trong mt vi thit k th nghim c s dng k thut variance reduction, tp hp
cc s ngu nhin s dng trong mt ln lp li c th tng quan vi nhng gi tr tng ng
mt ln lp li cng lc khc. Hn na trong mt vi thit k, ch mt ln lp li tng i di c
th c thc hin.
Th nghim 1
(Kh nng 1)
Lp li 1
Lp li 2
Th nghim 2
(Kh nng 2)
Lp li 3
Lp li n
...
Th nghim m
...
(Kh nng m)
38
(3)
Tho mn iu kin
kt thc
Pha bo co
(4)
Phn tch v bo co kt qu
Kt thc
Giai on thc th hot ng: Nh trong hnh 3.8, giai on thc th hot ng tip theo sau
pha khi to v trc pha cp nht xung ng h. Mc ch ca giai on thc th hot ng l cc
thc th iu kin thc hin cc hot ng ca chng ti thi im m phng. Mt thc th
iu kin hot ng nu thi im hot ng d kin ca n bng vi thi gian m phng hin
ti.
Lu : Cc nhm t nh thi im hot ng, thi im di chuyn v thi im s kin
thng c dng thay th cho nhau.
Giai on thc th hot ng u tin: Giai on thc th hot ng ny c bt u t
giai on khi to ti thi im m phng 0.0. Nu khng c thc th khi to no (thc th ni
hoc thc th ngoi) d nh bt u thc hin lc 0.0 th s khng c giai on thc th hot ng
ti thi im 0.0. Trong m hnh bn cng chng ta cho thi gian ti ca tu loi A v B ln lt l
23.5 v 18.2 pht. Trong v d ny khng c hot ng no ca thc th ngoi trong giai on thc
th hot ng u tin ny.
Thng thng, cn c hot ng no ti giai on thc th hot ng u tin. V d, nu nh
bng m ca hot ng lc 9 gi sng (thi im m phng l 0.0), c th c 3 khch hng- l cc
thc th ang i nh bng m ca. Ba thc th ny s ln lt hot ng trong giai on thc th
hot ng u tin.
Cc giai on thc th hot ng sau : Hot ng lun din ra trong cc giai on
thc th hot ng sau khi thc hin cc giai on cp nht ng h. l do mt giai on
cp nht ng h lun a trng thi ca m hnh ti thi im m phng sm nht sau
m ti t nht mt thc th c lp lch thc hin hot ng.
Trong m hnh bn cng ny, chng ta gi thit thi gian cp bn ca tu loi B l 18.2 pht.
Thi gian bt u giai on thc th hot ng l 0.0 (ti khng c hot dng no din ra), giai
on cp nht xung ng h thit lp thi gian l 18.2 (thi gian sm nht thc hin hnh ng
theo lch trnh: thi gian 1 tu loi A theo nh lch trnh thc hin cp bn sau v lc 23.5
pht. Vy ri giai on thc th hot ng tip theo xy ra v tu loi B u tin ginh ly mt bn
trng, mt tu ko ri v khi to qu trnh i vo bn cng bng tu ko.
Cc giai on cp nht xung ng h (CUP): Sau khi cc hot ng c th c c thc
hin mt giai on thc th hot ng, mt CUP s din ra. Mc ch ca CUP thit lp ng h
ti thi im m phng tip theo sm nht m ti thi im c mt hoc vi hot ng c
lp lch trc. Thi im m phng tip theo sm nht ny c th l thi im m phng hin thi,
ty thuc vo liu hai hoc nhiu thc th c c lp lch ti cng mt thi im m phng ny
hay khng v cng ph thuc vo cc la chn bi ngi thit k ngn ng m phng. Hoc thi
gian m phng tip theo sm nht c th l thi im sau . (ng h m phng khng bao gi
gim gi tr. M phng cc s kin ri rc khng c thit k c th quay ngc thi im m
phng).
Sau khi kt thc mt giai on cp nht xung ng h, giai on thc th hot ngc
thc hin tr li cc thc th iu kin c th thc hin cc hot ng ti thi im m phng
mi c thit lp. Sau giai on cp nht xung ng h tip tc thc hin tr li, ri n giai
on thc th hot ng tip theo v c th tip tc.
im chnh ca mt s lp li vic hot ng lien tip nhau ca giai on thc th hot ng
v giai on cp nht xung ng h. Trong sut giai on thc th hot ng, thi gian m phng
gi nguyn c nh v thi gian thc tri qua trong khi trng thi ca m hnh c cp nht (hnh
3.6).
Thu thp cc kt qu thng k: Mt mc tiu ca m phng cc s kin ri rc l thu thp cc
kt qu thng k v hot ng ca h thng c m phng. Phn mm m phng cc s kin ri
rc c thit k thu thp t ng nhiu loi kt qu thng k khc nhau trong mt s lp li.
i vi cc ti nguyn, cc gi tr thng k chng hn nh s ln ginh c, thi gian chim gi
trung bnh v mc khai thc c th c o c t ng. i vi cc hang ch, gi tr trung bnh,
gi tr thng k l thi gian ch trung bnh v chiu di hang ch ln nht c th c o t ng. .
Ngoi ra vic thu thp cc gi tr thng k mt cch t ng, phn mm m phng cng cung cp
cng c ngi lm m phng c th thu thp chng mt cch ty .
40
41
(1)
(2)
To thc
th
(5)
(6)
Trng thi tr thi gian
(3)
Trng thi
sn sng
(4)
Trng thi
kch hot
(7)
(8)
Trng thi tr iu kin
(11)
(9)
Trng thi ng ng
(10)
Hy thc
th
M rng v d ny, chng ta gi s rng, n thi gian m phng khi cc vic khoan l kt thc.
Sau thc th ny chuyn t trng thi thi gian tr sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 6 hnh 3.9)
nh l s mo u cho vic di chuyn. Sau , thc th chuyn t trng thi sn sng sang trng
thi hot ng v thay i trng thi ca my khoan ang b chim dng sang ri. Gi s thc
th ny sau cn c chuyn ti mt ch khc bng AGV v cng gi s rng AGV ang ri.
Thc th ny tip tc trng thi hot ng: thc th ginh ly mt AGV v chuyn v trng thi tr
thi gian (ng s 5) trong khi ch cho thi gian m phng c xc nh trc trong tng lai
khi hot ng truyn ti ny s kt thc.
Khi mt thc th c to ra, n bt u s tn ti ca n trong trng thi sn sng hoc trong trng
thi tr thi gian, ph thuc vo vic liu thi gian m phng khi n s di chuyn ln u tin bng
hay vt qua thi gian to ra n. Nu n di chuyn ln u tin ti thi im to n, thc th bt
u trng thi sn sng (ng s 1 hnh 3.9), nu khng, n bt u bng trng thi tr thi gian
(ng 2). Cc thc th thng xuyn bt u s tn ti ca mnh trong trng thi tr thi gian.
Mt v d v vic to thc th. Gi s rng, thi gian gia cc s kin n ca cc cuc gi
thoi n mt nh khai thc mng l hm phn phi m, v mt thc th dung m phng mt
cuc gi. Khi mt cuc gi n, thi gian trong tng lai m mt cuc gi tip theo s n c
quyt inh bi vic ly mu t hm phn phi m ca khong thi gian gia hai cuc gi. Thc th
gi tng ng c to v t vo trong trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 2 hnh 3.9), v ch thi
gian m phng trong tng lai c xc nh ti ln di chuyn u tin (n, lm cho in
thoi chung).
V d th hai v to thc th, gi s rng, khi ngn hng m ca vo 9h sng (thi gian m
phng l 0.0), ba khch hng ang ch m ca. Mi mt khch hng s vo trong ngn hng khi
ca m. (Trong thc t, mt vi giy s tri qua trong khi nhng khch hng ny vo ngn hng
tng ngi mt, nhng chng ta hy gi s rng c ba khch hng u vo ng thi). Ti thi
im m phng 0.0, khch hng (thc th) u tin c to v cho vo trng thi sn sng (ng
1 hnh 3.9). Thc th khch hng th 2 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v t vo trng thi sn
sng. Cui cng, thc th khch hng th 3 cng s c to ti thi im 0.0 v trong trng thi
sn sng. Trong sut khong thi gian thc th di chuyn ti thi im 0.0, mi mt khch hng s
chuyn mt cch tun t t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng v bt u hot ng.
3.5.4. Trng thi tr c iu kin
Trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi ca cc thc th m s di chuyn ca chng gp tr
ngi v mt vi iu kin. Cc thc th i trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi iu kin tr
ca chng c gii quyt. Trong khi tr c iu kin, cc thc th khng bit khi no iu kin tr
s c gii quyt, do chng ch trong mt khong thi gian m phng khng xc nh trc.
(tri ngc vi trng thi tr c iu kin l trng thi tr thi gian, trong cc thc th ch trong
khong thi gian m phng bit trc).
Mt v d ca trng thi tr c iu kin, xem xt mt sn phm ang trong qu trnh sn
xut (WIP), cn khoan mt l. Gi s rng khi sn phm ny sn sng cho hot ng ny, my
khoan khng ri ( My khoan ang c s dng bi mt sn phm khc). Thc th hot ng WIP
ny c gng chim ly my khoan nhng gp tr ngi. Gi s rng, n khng c la chn no khc,
n s chuyn sang trng thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7 hnh 3.9) v bt u ch n lt s
dng my khoan. (C th c mt vi thc th WIP khc cng ang ch s dng my khoan). Thc
th WIP trong trng thi tr c iu kin cho n khi my khoan tr nn ri v n lt n s
dng my khoan. Ti thi im thc th chuyn sang trng thi sn sng (ng s 8), v sau
chuyn sang trng thi hot ng (ng s 3) v sau s chim ly my khoan v chuyn sang
trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5).
Nh gii thiu trong cc v d trc, trong mt s trng hp, mt s kin n c th l
cho vic thc hin s tr. y l nhng trng hp ca s tr n gin. Nu mt hoc nhiu
WIP b tr v ang ch n lt s dng my khoan, th khi ngi thao tc my khoan hin ti t
my khoan vo trng thi ri, s kin n ny thc hin vic tr cho sn phm tip theo ang ch.
43
Vic chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng d dng lin quan n s kin
thc hin tr trong cc trng hp ny.
Mt v d v trng thi tr c iu kin phc hp hn: hy xem xt mt thc th tu ang chuyn
hng ha ti bn cng ri sn sng ri khi cng. Gi s rng, cn tha mn hai iu kin i vi
con tu ri khi cng: (1) cn tu ko v (2) thi tit tt. Vn gi nguyn trng thi hot ng
sau khi hon tt vic chuyn hng ha, thc th tu ny kim tra nu liu c tu ko no ang ri
hay khng v thi tit c tt khng. (Mt chuyn mch on/off c th c s dng nh phn t iu
khin bo hiu trng thi ca thi tit). Nu iu kin kt hp ny c tha mn, thc th tu
chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi tr thi gian (ng s 5) vi mt khong thi gian
bit c yu cu cho vic ri khi. Nu khng th n chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng
thi tr c iu kin (ng s 7) v bt u ch mt khong thi gian khng xc nh hai iu kin
trn c tha mn ng thi.
Trong trng hp ny chng ta c mt v d v s tr phc hp. chnh xc ca tr phc
tp khng th lin quan n trng hp ca mt s kin n l. Khi tu ko ri, khng c ngha l
thi tit s tt. Khi thi tit tt khng c ngha l tu ko ri. Vic gii quyt tr phc hp kh hn
nhiu so vi tr n.
3.5.5. Trng thi khng hot ng (ng ng)
Ging nh trng thi tr thi gian v tr c iu kin, trng thi khng hot ng l mt
trng thi m cc thc th c t vo trng thi dng trong mt khong thi gian m phng no
. Cc thc th trong trng thi khng hot ng ngi thit k m hnh thay v qun l t ng
bi chng trnh phn mm m phng. C th nh sau.
Cc trng thi tr c iu kin, tr thi gian, trng thi hot ng v trng thi sn sng c
qun l theo cc quy tc c xy dng trong phn mm m hnh ha. V d nh cc thc th
tiu chun t ng c truyn ti thi im m phng ti trong trng thi tr thi gian v sau
vo trng thi sn sng.
Tng t, cc thc th tiu chun c t ng truyn vo trng thi tr c iu kin v
cui cng t chuyn vo trng thi sn sng khi cc iu kin c tha mn. Ngi thc hin
m hnh ha c th thc hin ty nhng b gii hn nht nh V d, trong nm thc th ang
trong trng thi tr c iu kin, ang ch mt thit b. Khi thit b ri, thc th no trong nm thc
th l ngi tip theo c s dng thit b? Vy th trnh t phc v s ra sao? Ngi thc hin m
hnh ha c th dng mt trong s cc trnh t phc v no : v d: ai n trc th c phc v
trc, hoc da trn u tin, hoc ai n sau th phc v trc.
V d v vic s dng trng thi khng hot ng, gi s mt h thng ca nh sn xut s
dng trnh t phc v dng thi gian o hn ngn nht quyt nh cng vic ang i no s
c s dng my tip theo. Thi gian o hn l n v o da trn mi quan h gia ngy thng
n hn ca cng vic, thi im hin ti (v d: thi im ti khong thi gian o hn ang
c tnh ton) v khong thi gian hot ng cn li ca cng vic. (khong thi gian hot ng
cn li ca cng vic c tnh bi tng thi gian x l cn li c yu cu bi cng vic trc
khi n ri khi h thng khi cng vic c hon thnh). Khong thi gian o hn c tnh nh
sau:
Khong thi gian o hn = (ngy n hn) (thi im hin ti) (thi gian hot ng cn li)
Khong thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic cng nh th cng phi nhanh chng hon
thnh cng vic ng vi ngy n hn. Ch rng, thi gian o hn gim i trong khi thi gian
m phng (thi im hin ti) tri qua. Do thi gian o hn ca mt cng vic khng c tnh
ton khi mt cng vic n my. Thay vo , thi gian cn li c tnh ton sau , ti thi
im my bt u mt cng vic khc. Trong khi ch thi im mi ny, cc cng vic tr c th
gi trng thi khng hot ng. Khi n thi im my bt u cng vic khc, thi gian o
hn ca mi cng vic ang ch trng thi khng hot ng c tnh ton v cng vic vi thi
gian o hn ngn nht c truyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn sng, ginh
s dng my.
44
45
thi im m phng cho ti khi n chuyn sang trng thi khc (chuyn sang sang danh sch khc)
hoc b hu b.
3.6.2 Danh sch s kin hin thi (Current Events List)
Nhng thc th trng thi sn sng c to thnh mt danh sch n gi l danh sch s
kin hin ti (CEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th c trng thi sn sng c chun b
sn di chuyn ti thi im m phng hin ti v nh th s di chuyn ca chng s to ra cc s
kin (v d nh: s kin n, s chim ti nguyn, s ri b) xut hin trong m hnh.
Nhng quy lut khc nhau c th c s dng xc nh im chn cc thc th vo
trong danh sch s kin hin ti. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc thc th di chuyn ti CEL, c th
c t vo cui danh sch. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc thc th c th c sp xp vo
CEL theo th t gim dn khi m th t u tin l mt thuc tnh ca thc th. Th t u tin c
th c gii quyt theo cch chn thc th mi vo trong danh sch di nhng thc th vi vic
so khp th t u tin. Trong nhng trng hp cn khc, cc thc th c th c t vo nh
ca CEL. Khi ti thi im chuyn mt thc th t trng thi sn sng sang trng thi hot ng,
thc th thng c chuyn i khi nh ca danh sch s kin hin ti.
3.6.3 Danh sch s kin tng lai
Nhng thc th tr thi gian to ra mt danh danh sch n gi l danh sch s kin tng
lai (FEL). Ci tn ny phn nh rng nhng thc th ny s khng c gng di chuyn na cho ti
khi n thi im m phng no trong tng lai c bit trc. Danh sch nhng bin c
tng lai l mt kiu sp xp theo kiu t trn xung (top - down) theo s tng dn ca thi gian di
chuyn ca thc th. (Thi gian di chuyn ca thc th l thi gian c m phng ti thc th
s th to ra s di chuyn tip ca mnh hoc to ra mt tp nhng di chuyn trong mt m hnh).
Khi mt thc th c chn vo trong FEL, thi gian di chuyn ca n c tnh ton bng cch
cng thi gian ca ng h m phng vi khong thi gian bit ( ly mu) ca s tr thi gian
ny. Trt t v thi gian di chuyn thng c thc hin theo phng thc vo trc, ra trc
FIFO.
Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h xy ra, thi gian m phng tip theo sm nht (l khi
m mt di chuyn mi xy ra trong m hnh) bng thi im di chuyn ca thc th nm ti nh
ca danh sch s kin tng lai. Giai on cp nht ng h ny thit lp thi gian m phng bng
gi tr thi im di chuyn ca thc th ny v sau chuyn thc th ra khi danh sch FEL v ri
chn n vo danh sch cc s kin hin thi. Khi mt giai on cp nht ng h bt u, hai hoc
nhiu thc th ti nh ca danh sch s kin hin thi c th c cng thi gian di chuyn. Trt t
thi gian di chuyn trong trng hp ny s ty thuc vo phn mm m hnh ha. Mt phng
php p dng l mi thc th c cng trt t thi gian ny t FEL sang CEL trong mt giai on
cp nht ng h.
Mt phng php khc l trong trng hp ca trt t thi gian ging nhau, lin tip hai
hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v cc giai on di chuyn thc th s c thc hin ti
cng thi im m phng.
Nhng ngn ng m phng c dng cc thc th ni thng s dng FEL h tr nhng
thc th nh vy. Trong , FEL thng bao gm c thc th ngoi v thc th ni. Trong sut mt
m phng s kin ri rc, phn mm m phng nh vy thng chn cc thc th vo FEL. Nu
danh sch ny tr nn di th s tm ra im chn c th lm mt kh nhiu thi gian tnh ton. iu
ny thc y ngi thit k ngn ng php trin nhng thut ton c hiu nng cao trong vc tm
kim nhng im chn trong cc danh sch. V kt qu l, mt vi phn mm m hnh ha dng
FEL khng tuyn tnh (linear), m thay vo dung cc loi cu trc d liu khc. Tuy nhin, thc
t ha th chng ta c th hnh dung FEL nh l tuyn tnh.
3.6.4 Cc danh sch tr
Cc danh sch tr bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi tr c iu kin. Nhng thc th
ny ang ch cc iu kin gy tr c gii quyt cho chng c th c t ng truyn sang
trng thi sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi. C th c nhiu danh sch tr trong mt m
46
hnh, mt (hoc nhiu) danh sch cho mi iu kin gy ra s tr. iu ny tri ngc vi s tn ti
duy nht mt danh sch trng thi hot ng, danh sch s kin hin thi, v danh sch s kin
tng lai. V d nh trong h thng cng hnh 3.4, c th l mt danh sch tr bao gm
nhng chic thuyn kiu A ch ch cp bn kiu A; danh sch khc bao gm cc kiu B ch ch
cp bn kiu B; v danh sch khc bao gm nhng tu kiu A v B ang ch mt hay nhiu tu ko.
Khi mt thc th c chn vo mt danh sch tr, v tr ca n bng c xc nh bng
vic s dng mt tiu chun xp hng to bi ngi xy dng m hnh. C th c cc la chn khc
nhau. Danh sch tr c trng bng danh sch c sp xp FIFO (vo trc, ra trc); hoc LIFO
(vo sau, ra trc); hoc c sp xp theo kiu tng dn hoc gim dn da trn mt thuc tnh
ca thc th do ngi dng thit lp hoc mt biu thc s hc. Tt nhin l mi mt phng thc
sp xp u c cc tc ng i vi th t ly cc thc th ang ch ra khi danh sch tr v c
t vo trong trng thi sn sng vo danh sch s kin hin ti.
Khi mt iu kin gy ra tr c gii quyt, thc th c xp hng cao nht trong danh
sch tr tng ng s c phn mm t ng chuyn thnh trng thi sn sng thuc danh sch s
kin hin thi.
3.6.5 Thi gian i lin kt v thi gian thm d
C hai phng php c th c phn mm m phng s dng di chuyn t ng mt
thc th ra khi cc danh sch tr. Nu s tr c th d dng c gn vi mt s kin n m c
th la b s tr ny th phng php thi gian i lin kt c th c s dng qun l danh
sch tr. V d, gi s rng trng thi ca my chim gi thay i t trng thi b chim gi sang
trng thi ri. phn ng trc tip ti s thay i ny ca trng thi my, phn mm c th di
chuyn thc th ang ch xp hng cao nht ra khi danh sch tr tng ng v t n vo trng
thi sn sng trong danh sch s kin hin thi. (thc th ny s l thc th tip theo s dng my.)
Trong mt vi trng hp, gii php cho s tr c th th yu cu hai hoc nhiu hn s
kin c bit xut hin trong mt m hnh. Vic xy ra mt trong s nhng s kin khng nht
thit c nghi rng vn tr c gii quyt. Cc iu kin cn c m bo chuyn mt
thc th t danh sch tr sang trng thi sn sng, do khng th ch n gin l c lin quan ti
vic xy ra mt s kin n. Trong nhng trng hp ny phng php thi gian thm d c th
c s dng qun l cc thc th tr. Trong phng php thi gian thm d, mt thc th
khng c chuyn t mt danh sch tr ngay khi xut hin mt s kin n. Thay vo , phn
mm m phng kim tra ln cui cng (vi thi gian thc sau , nhng cng thi gian m phng)
xem liu s kt hp cc iu kin xy n cha nhm bo m vic chuyn mt hay nhiu
thc th tr t trng thi tr sang trng thi sn sng trn danh sch s kin hin thi.
Mt v d cho phng php thi gian thm d: xem xt mt cng bin trong mt tu
khng th di chuyn vo trong mt ch cp bn ti khi c mt bn ri v mt tu ko cng trng
thi rnh ri. (gi thit rng bn cng ny c qun l theo cch: trc tin tu khng ngh mt
bn trng v sau s hi xem c tu ko no khng, m tu ch i cho ti khi c bn v tu ko
u ng thi rnh ri trc khi ngh mt trong s chng. Ch rng iu kin logic y l:
ch cho ti khi mt bn v mt tu ko cng rnh ri. S thay i trng thi mt bn sang rnh
ri khng nht thit trit tiu s tr. S thay i trng thi ca tu ko sang rnh ri cng khng
nht thit trit tiu s tr. Gii php ca vic tr khng th lin h vi mt trong s s thay i trng
thi n. V vy phng php thi gian thm d c s dng xc nh xem s tr c c gii
quyt hay khng. Thng thng vic kim tra thm d c thc hin thng xuyn v t ng
bi phn mm m phng ti mt im no trong giai on di chuyn thc th (chng hn nh
khi mt giai on di chuyn thc th ang hot ng).
3.6.6 Danh sch qun l ngi s dng
Nhng danh sch qun l ngi s dng qun l bao gm nhng thc th trong trng thi
khng hot ng. Ging nh danh sch tr, c th c nhiu danh sch c ngi dng qun l
trong mt m hnh. Tuy nhin tri ngc vi danh sch tr, danh sch s kin hin ti v tng lai
m c to ra v qun l t ng bi bng phn mm m phng, ngi thit k m hnh phi t
47
to ra cc danh sch qun l ngi s dng v cung cp logic cn thit i vi vic chn thm vo
hay ly cc thc th ra khi nhng danh sch .
Cc thc th t quyt nh xem c t a chng vo mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng
hay khng. Khi ang trong trng thi hot ng, chng thc hin cc nh gi do ngi s dng
thit k ra quyt nh. V d nh trong phm v trt t dch v kiu thi gian o hn sm nht
c a ra phn 3.5.5, khi thao tc tip theo ca thc th l s dng my mc, n c th nh
gi xem my ny ang rnh ri khong. Thc th ny c th chim c my nu nh my ang
rnh ri hoc c th chuyn t trng thi hot ng sang trng thi khng hot ng trong danh sch
qun l ngi s dng nu nh my ny ang trong trng thi b chim.
Ngi thit k m hnh thng c nhiu la chn khi ch r im chn vo danh sch qun
l ngi s dng. Nhng s la chn ny l ty thuc vo s thc hin. Phng thc thc hin c
th bao gm vic chn mt thc th vo y ca mt danh sch, vo nh ca mt danh sch, hoc
vo trong danh sch c xp hng theo xu hng tng dn hoc gim dn da vo thuc tnh ca
thc th theo c trng ngi s dng.
Nhng thc th trong danh sch qun l ngi s dng khng th t di chuyn ra khi danh
sch, v phn mm m phng cng s khng t ng di chuyn cc thc th ra khi danh sch.
Vic di chuyn thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s dng xy ra khi thc th khc no
lm n xy ra. Da trn mt php th cung cp bi ngi thc hin m hnh ha, thc th khc ny
quyt nh xem liu c nn chuyn mt hoc nhiu thc th t mt danh sch qun l ngi s
dng no ti trng tri sn sang trong danh sch s kin hin thi hay khng.
Ngi thc hin m hnh ha linh hot trong vic la chn mt hay nhiu thc th no
di chuyn khi danh sch qun l ngi s dng. Nhng la chn n gin nht l di chuyn cc
thc th ra khi nh hoc y danh sch. S la chn phc tp hn l qut mt lt danh sch trn
xung di, lp li vic nh gi mt biu thc logic c ngi dng nh ngha, nh gi tng
thc th mt, s di chuyn mt hay nhiu thc th ng vi gi tr true ca biu thc logic. Gi tr
ca biu thc logic s ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu thuc tnh ca thc th hin ang c nh
gi. Nhng s la chn m ca ngi thc hin m hnh ha dung c cc quyt nh di chuyn
thc th ang trong trng thi khng hot ng, ph thuc vo s thc hin phn mm m phng.
3.6.7 Tng kt v cc danh sch c s dng qun l thc th
Nhng trng thi thc th khc nhau v nhng tn chung c a ra cc danh sch c s
dng qun l cc thc th trong nhng trng thi c tng kt trong bng 3.2
Bng 3.2
Cc trng thi thc th v danh sch thc th i km
Trng thi thc th
Tn chung ca danh sch thc th
Ch thch
Hot ng
None
Ti a l mt thc th hot ng
Sn sng
Danh sch s kin hin thi
Ch c mt danh sch
Tr thi gian
Danh sch s kin tng lai
Ch c mt danh sch
Tr c iu kin
Danh sch tr
C nhiu danh sch
Khng hot ng
Danh sch qun l ngi dng
C nhiu danh sch
3.7 Trin khai vi 3 trng hp phn mm m phng.
Sau y, chng ti s gii thiu ba phn mm m phng s kin ri rc gm c SIMAN [Bank95b],
ProModel [Benson] v GPSS/H [Bank95a]. Trong SIMAN v GPSS/H c dng chung cho
nhiu trng hp cn ProModel l ng dng cho sn xut.
Table 3.3 Thut ng dng trong SIMAN
Cc cm t hay thut ng chung
Thut ng ca SIMAN
Thc th ngoi (External entity)
Thc th ni (Internal entity)
Ti nguyn (Resource)
Thc th (Entity)
Ko c thut ng tng ng
Ti nguyn, khi vn
chuyn(Resource,
48
Conveyor, Transporter)
Thnh phn iu khin
Hot ng
Danh sch cc s kin hin thi ( Curent Events Chui cc s kin hin thi (Curent Events Chain)
Chain)
Danh sch cc s kin tng lai(Future Events Cy s kin tng lai (Future Events Heap)
list)
Danh sch tr (Delay list)
Hng i tch
50
Bt u
EMP
(1)
CEC ny c rng
khng
No
Yes
(2)
Kch hot thc th nh ca
CEC
(3)
(4)
CEC ny c rng
khng
No
(5)
Yes
Cn khi SCAN no
trong m hnh khng
Yes
(7)
(6)
Yes
t m i thc th
nh vy ln CEC
No
Cn khi SCAN no
trong m hnh khng
No
i ti
CUP
51
Bt u
CUP
(1)
nh thi cho thi gian hot
ng ca thc th nh ca
FEH
(2)
No
(4)
(3)
y c phi l thc
th ni khng?
(5)
Yes
t m t thc th ngoi ln
nh ca CEC
(6)
Yes
Thi gian hot ng ca thc
th nh FEH c trng vi
ng h khng?
No
i ti
EMP
hnh to ra. Nu khng c khi QUEUE no n trc khi Hold, SIMAN dng mt hng i ni
cho khi Hold . Mt hng i ni l hng i cha c t tn c thc hin theo kiu FIFO.
i khi, s thun li khi s dng cc khi Hold cng loi ti nhiu v tr trong mt m hnh (VD:
dng khi "SEIZE DRILL" hai hoc nhiu ni trong m hnh). Ngi thit k m hnh c th gn
kt mt hng i nh ring r vi mi khi Hold nh th. y l kiu hng i nh khng chia s,
do cc thc th hai hay nhiu hng i ang ch cc danh sch tr ring r i vi cngmt Ti
nguyn. (Mc u tin ca khi Hold c dng quyt nh hng i nh no s h tr thc th
th tip theo chim ly Ti nguyn). Ngi thit k m hnh cng c th t cc thc th tr ti
hai hoc nhiu khi Hold ging nhau cng mt hng i nh, c gi l hng i nh dng
chung. Thc th v tr cao nht trong hng i ny s chim ly Ti nguyn trc.
Hng i Tch.
L cc danh sch thc thc SIMAN dng thc hin trng thi khng hot ng. Cc thc th
c t trong hng i tch khi chng thc hin cc khi QUEUE vi chc nng DETACHED i
km. Cc thc th nh th sau c chuyn t trng thi khng hot ng sang trng thi sn
sang bi tc ng ca cc thc th khc. (Cc thc th khc dng cc khi nh SEARCH v
REMOVE, hoc QPICK v MATCH chuyn cc thc th t hng i tch sang CEC.).
3.7.2 ProModel
Trong phn tip theo ny, thut ng ProModel s c tng hp cng vi s m t cc chi tit ca
giai on thc th di chuyn v giai on cp nht ng h v tho lun v ccht hc x l cc thc
th tr trong ProModel. Thut ng ca ProModel: Bng 3.4 so snh cc thut ng ca ProModel vi
cc thut ng chung. Ni dung chi tit v cc thut ng c cung cp sau.
Cc Thc Th: Thc th ngoi trong ProModel c gi l Thc Th. Cc lp thc th khc nhau
phi c nh ngha khi m hnh ha trong ProModel. Cc lp thc th ny c gi l Loi Thc
Th. Cc loi thc th c t tn ring bi ngi thit k m hnh. ProModel s dng cc thc
th ni gi l Cc S Kin Ni v hot ng ca chng c tho lun di y.
Bng 3.4. Thut ng ProModel
C php v thut ng chung
ProModel
Thc th ngoi
Thc th
Thc th ni
S kin ni
Ti nguyn
Bin
Hot ng iu hnh
Bc x l
Danh sch tr
Danh sch i
Khng c c php
Giai on cp nht ng h
Khng c c php
Ti Nguyn. Trong ProModel c 3 khi nim tng ng vi khi nim chung Ti Nguyn: V Tr
(Location), Ti Nguyn (Resource) v Nt (Node). Nh tn c gi, V Tr (Location) tng ng
vi ni chn c nh. Chng c s dng m hnh ha cc thc nh cc khu vc ch, cc trm
lm vic (workstation), cc my mc c nh. Locations cng c s dng m hnh ha bng
ti tch ly (accumulating) v bng ti khng tch ly (nonaccumulating). Ti Nguyn (Resource) c
th c s dng m hnh cc vn v con ngi v cc thit b. Ti Nguyn c th l tnh, v
d nh dng m hnh ha mt cng nhn ng yn iu khin mt my v tr c nh. Ti Nguyn
53
mt ti nguyn ng hoc mt thc th ni bt k). Danh sch hot ng trng rng khi mt giai
on thc th hot ng bt u. Ngha l khng c phn t no trong trng thi sn sng. Tuy
nhin, mt thc th, mt ti nguyn ng, hoc mt s kin ni trong trng thi hot ng ti
thi im ny. Cc thc th, cc ti nguyn ng, v cc thc th ni c th c t vo danh sch
hot ng khi khi phn t trng thi hot ng ny bt u c di chuyn. Bt k mt phn t
mi no ca danh sch ny u c t vo u danh sch. Khi phn t hot ng chuyn t trng
thi hot ng, phn t ti u danh sch hot ng s chuyn sang trng thi hot ng. y l kt
qu trong cch qun l danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (Last-in, First Out).
Giai on thc th hot ng (Entity Movenment Phase). Giai on thc th hot ng ca
ProModel c ch ra trong hnh 3.13. Mt phn t trong trng thi hot ng khi giai on thc
th hot ng bt u (c gii thch trong phn giai on cp nht ng h sau y), v danh sch
hot ng hin ang trng. Nu phn t hot ng l mt thc th hoc mt ti nguyn ng ( 1,
hnh 3.13), n thc hin cc hot ng cho n khi n b p chuyn ra khi trng thi hot ng (
s 2). rng hp khc, n l mt s kin ni v tt c logic tng ng c thc hin trn n ( s
3)
Theo cch khc, mt hoc hn mt phn t mi trng thi sn sng c th c to ra v nh vy
s c a vo danh sch hot ng theo kiu LIFO (v d nh mt thc th c th to ra mt
hoc nhiu hn bn sao ca chnh n). Trong trng hp ny (la chn no t s 4, hnh 3.13),
phn t hin ti nh ca danh sch hot ng c bin thnh phn t hot ng ( s 5) v giai
on thc th hot ng c tip tc. Nu khng th danh sch hot ng ny tr nn trng v mt
giai on cp nht ng h thc hin tip theo (la chn yes, s 4).
Danh sch s kin tng lai (Future Events List). Danh sch s kin tng lai ca ProMode to
b cc phn t nh thc th, ti nguyn ng, s kin ni hin ang trong trng thi tr v ch. Cc
phn t ny c sp xp trong danh sch t trn xung di theo th t tng dn ca thi gian di
chuyn. ProModel lun lun di chuyn duy nht mt phn t t nh ca danh sch trong mi giai
on cp nht ng h (iu ny c ngha rng trong trng hp cc phn t c trng thi gian di
chuyn, s c hai hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng ti
cng thi im m phng).
Giai on cp nht ng h (Clock Update Phase). Giai on cp nht ng h ca ProModel
c tng hp trong hnh 3.14. Giai on ny bt u bng cch thit lp ng h m phng bng
vi thi gian di chuyn ca phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai ( s 1). Phn t ny
c t ngay lp tc vo trng thi hot ng ( s 2) v chm dt giai on cp nht ng h v
bt u giai on di chuyn thc th. Trong ProModel, khng c cc thc th trng thi sn sng
khi mt giai on thc th hot ng bt u. (danh sch hot ng hin ang trng). Hn na, nu
c 2 hoc nhiu hn cc phn t ti nh ca danh sch s kin tng lai c cng thi gian di
chuyn, 2 hoc nhiu hn giai on cp nht ng h v giai on thc th hot ng lin tip s
c thc hin ti cng thi im m phng.
Danh sch ch (Waiting Lists). Danh sch ch l cc danh sch tr ca ProModel dnh cho cc
thc th v cc ti nguyn ng. Mt danh sch ch cho cc thc th c gn vi mi v tr, mi
ti nguyn tnh, mi ti nguyn ng, v mi Bin ty theo mt WAIT UNTIL. Mt dm sch ch
dnh cho cc ti nguyn ng c gn vi mi Nt.
Mt thc th n (hoc ti nguyn ng) c th xut hin ng thi trong nhiu danh sch tr. H
qu l ProModel khng s dng phng php thi gian ch thm d gii quyt cc tr phc hp.
55
Bt u
EMP
(1)
Ph n t
tra ng thai s n
sa ng co phai la
ph n t n i
hay khng
Khng
Co
(2)
Th c hi n t i a
coth ca c Hoat ng
ta i th i im nay
(3)
X ly tt ca cac logic
cua cac s kin
n ita i th i im nay
(4)
Danh sa ch
hoat ng co
trng hay
khng ?
Co
Khng
T i
CUP
(5)
Th c hi n t i a
coth ca c Hoat ng
ta i th i im nay
56
Bt u
CUP
(1)
t ng h ti gia tri thi
gian di chuyn cua phn
t ta i vi tri u cua Danh
sach s kin hin th i
(2)
Di chuy n phn t na y
kho i Danh sach s kin
hi n thi va thi t l p no
tra ng tha i hoa t ng
T i
EMP
thi gian dng m phng. Thay v , cc thc th ngoi (Transactions) s lm iu ny. Cc thc
th ngoi ny s thc thi cc khi (Blocks) (c tho lun di y) thc hin logic ca thi
gian ngng hot ng v thi gian dng m phng.
Cc phng tin v ngun lu tr dng m hnh ha cc ti nguyn. Cc phng tin
(Facility) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn c dung lng l mt n v. Ngha l mt phng tin l
mt ti nguyn m ch c th phc v mt lu lng ti mt thi im.
Trong khi , ngun lu tr (Storages) m hnh ha cc ti nguyn m c th c dung lng bt
k ty ngi dng. Ngha l ngun lu tr (Storages) c kh nng phc v ng thi nhiu lu
lng.
Trong GPSS/H, chuyn mch Logic l cc bin on/off c dng iu khin. Cc lu
lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt chuyn mch Logic nh trc nm trng thi c
ch nh. Cc lu lng c th di chuyn tun t hoc khng tun t. iu ny ph thuc vo vic
chuyn mch Logic nh trc c trng thi c ch nh hay khng.
Biu thc s hc v biu thc Boolean cng c th c s dng nh l cc phn t iu khin
trong GPSS/H. Cc lu lng c th b buc phi ch cho n khi mt biu thc s hc nh trc
tha mn cc iu kin c lin quan nh trc (hoc cho n khi biu thc Boolean c gi tr thc
nh trc). Hoc cc lu lng c th i theo ng dn khng tun t ty thuc vo gi tr ca do
mt biu thc s hc hoc mt biu thc Boolean.
Trong GPSS/H, khi (blocks) c s dng m t cc hot ng do cc lu lng tin
hnh hoc thc thi trn chng. Cc Block c sp xp tun t theo trt t cc hot ng v lin kt
vi nhau bng ng dn. Cc lu lng di chuyn dc theo ng dn t khi ny n khi v
kch hot s hot ng ca khi khi chng di chuyn. Mi loi khi c mt t kha v ton hng
trong gi tr ca chng nu r cc trng hp ca tng loi khi. V d nh, khi GENERATE
c s dng to ra lu lng trong s phn b cng vi mt bin ngu nhin ca thi gian
gia hai ln to lu lng c nh trc trong mt ton hng. Khi ADVANCE c dng
a 1 lu lng vo trng thi tr thi gian v khi ny mt ton hng m t s phn b ca thi
gian tr. Trong khi , mt lu lng s dng khi SEIZE yu cu 1 phng tin v SEIZE c 1
ton hng xc nh phng tin cn thit. GPSS/H cung cp khong 65 loi khi.
Chui s kin hin thi (CEC):
Chui s kin hin thi ca GPSS/H gm cc lu lng trng thi sn sng. N cng c cc lu
lng trng thi hot ng. Ngoi ra, chui cc s kin hin thi c chc nng ging nh mt
danh sch tr GPSS/HH ton cc, gm cc lu lng tr c iu kin trong m hnh. Cc lu lng
ny c trn ln vi lu lng trng thi hot ng v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng trn
CEC.
Cc lu lng c 1 thuc tnh mang tr s ring bit c gi l Mc u Tin. Mc u tin ca
mt lu lng c gn cho lu lng khi to ra n v c th c thay i lin tc trong sut thi
gian hot ng ca lu lng . Cc lu lng CEC c sp xp theo kiu FIFO theo mc
u tin. Ngha l lu lng no n trc s c p ng trc theo mc u tin. (Chui ngi
s dng (c tho lun di y) c s dng m hnh ha nhng th t dch v khc)
GPSS/H cng c mt c cu hng i (queue) v mt khi hng i (khi QUEUE),
nhng ko ging nh khi QUEUE ca SIMAN, khi QUEUE ca GPSS/H khng thc hin chc
nng qun l danh sch. QUEUE ca GPSS/H c s dng vi mc ch duy nht l thu thp cc
gi tr thng k. Ph hp vi thc t l, ngoi tr CEC (v mt s danh sch tr bn trong h tr
CEC c tho lun di y), khng c thm danh sch tr no trong GPSS/H. Chnh nh c chc
nng ca danh sch tr m GPSS/H CEC thng khng tnh trng trng rng khi mt giai on
thc th hot ng kt thc.
Giai on qut (Scan phase)
58
Trong GPSS/H, giai on thc th hot ng c gi l giai on qut (Scan Phase). Giai on
ny chu trch nhim a cc lu lng tr c iu kin v cc lu lng trng thi sn sng vo
chui danh sch hin thi. Trong mt giai on qut, t u ti cui ca 1 CEC, cc lu lng c
th c kim tra tra nhiu ln. l v khi mt lu lng trng thi hot ng thc hin mt
khi m khi ny gii quyt vn tr, cc lu lng tr c iu kin ny c th u pha trn
lu lng ang hot ng ny trong CEC.
Cc lu lng tr c iu kin chuyn i t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng thi sn sng v
sau phi c chuyn sang trng thi hot ng ri c di chuyn trc khi ng h m phng
thay i gi tr.
Sau khi lu lng hot ng ny ra khi trng thi hot ng, giai on qut quay li lu lng
nm ti v tr u ca CEC v t bt u kim tra li t trn xung di m bo l n s pht
hin c cc lu lng bt k no c th va chuyn t trng thi tr c iu kin sang trng
thi sn sng.
59
Bt u
EMP
(1)
Khng
Co m t
Xact ta i u
cua CEC
khng?
Co
(2)
Khng
Co m t
Xact ta i u
cua CEC
khng?
Co
(3)
(4)
Co
Tra ng thai thay
i khng ?
Khng
(5)
Co
Co Xact ti p
theo trong CEC
khng ?
Khng
T i
CUP
61
62
63
64
H thng my tnh
Mc ti lm vic
Mc ngun ti nguyn
Qu trnh
Cu trc
m khc nhau m c th khng c phn nh trong vic la chn nhng trnh t cp pht ngun
ti nguyn hin hu trong cc tin ch m phng ca h thng my tnh. V d, trnh t qun l b
m leaky bucket c dng cho b iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng ATM l duy nht trong
truyn thng, trong khi nhng phng php kt hp thi hn v sp t cc thng ip t bo theo
trnh t u tin dng cho vic gim thiu tc nghn trong mng ATM.
4.2.6 Nhng m hnh hng i tng ca cc h thng
Chng ta c th cho rng vic thit k phn mm hng i tng da trn cc quy tc sau:
66
4.3.1 Ti lm vic l g?
Cc h thng my tnh tn ti cc thnh phn x l ca ti lm vic, ni m ph thuc cch h
thng c m hnh ho, mt thnh phn ti lm vic c th l: (1) cng vic, chng trnh, hay
nhim v; (2) giao dch hoc nghi vn; hay (3) cc yu cu vo/ra hoc cc yu cu v mt th g
trong b nh chnh. Mi mt loi l mt chui cc yu cu v cc dch v s dng ti nguyn
ca h thng. V d, cho rng mt cng vic hay nhim v l thnh phn ca ti lm vic. Mt cng
vic (mt chng trnh) l mt chui ln lt cc yu cu v thi gian ca mt CPU (s bng ln
ca CPU) v cc tc v vo/ra (s chuyn giao cc khi d liu vo v ra t cc thit b I/O nh cc
a). Thm vo , cng vic s yu cu vic s dng cc khi ca b nh chnh. Trong mt s h
thng hin i, nhiu cng vic s thc hin cng mt lc, v th c s tranh chp v ngun ti
nguyn. p ng h thng (cc thi gian p ng cng vic) phn nh kh nng ca h thng c th
tho mn cc yu cu i lp cho vic s dng ngun ti nguyn.
4.3.2 M hnh ho cc thnh phn h thng
Cc h thng my tnh bao gm phn cng v phn mm. Ngoi ra cn c h iu hnh qun l
vic truy cp vo cc thnh phn ny; n i din cho c ch iu khin nhm m bo s chnh
xc v tnh hiu qu trong hot ng ca h thng. Trong mt m hnh m phng h thng nh vy,
tt c cc thnh phn quan trng, cng nh cc quy lut iu khin truy cp vo chng, phi c
c t chnh xc nu mun t c s nh gi ng v p ng ca h thng.
Cc thnh phn phn cng. Phn cng quan trng nht ca mt h thng my tnh l CPU v cc
thit b ngoi vi. B nh chnh l im then cht cho hot ng ca h thng, nhng trong hu ht
cc h thng hin i, b nh chnh khng ln lm v thng khng phi l thnh phn chnh
xc nh kh nng p ng ca h thng. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp hot ng ca b nh chnh ra
vo mt m hnh thng khng phi l mt nhim v kh. V mt phn quan trng na thng hay
b b qua l vic lin ni gia cc phn cng (gi l bus), thng c dng kin kt CPU v
cc thit b vo/ra vi b nh chnh. Vic m hnh ho cc thnh phn phn cng ny l hin nhin
v chng i din cho cc ngun ti nguyn tnh. Vn y l phi m hnh ho mt cch chnh
xc cc loi truy nhp song song v ni tip c th c i vi tt c cc thnh phn trn.
Cc thnh phn phn mm. Cc thnh phn phn mm c th kh c t hn. V nh, mt thnh
phn phn mm c th l mt chui di cc hnh ng v cc quy lut hot ng phc tp. Thm
vo , mt s thnh phn c cp bi mt nh cung cp th 3, v hot ng ni ti ca chng s
khng c phi by trong cc b m hnh ho h thng.
C mt lp ca thnh phn phn mm c tm thy trong cc h thng bao gm tt c cc dch v
cung cp cho cc chng trnh ngi dng. Mt v d l h thng qun l c s d liu (DBMSdatabase management system). Rt nhiu cc ng dng trong mt h thng yu cu dch v t
DBMS. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng gii hn v s lng nhng yu cu m DBMS c th nm gi
mt cch ng thi. Cng chnh v th mt server c th b gii hn v kh nng p ng cc cng
vic m phi i hi truy cp d liu thng qua DBMS. Cc thnh phn phn mm khc c th tc
ng n kh nng p ng trong mt h thng my tnh bao gm cc b gim st qu trnh giao
dch, cc h thng truy cp mng v cc server tp tin t xa.
69
70
71
73
Cc chng trnh m phng phi c mt kin trc module thc s m m trong , cc thnh phn
c th d dng chuyn i gia hai trng thi bt tt, cc m hnh hin thi c th c thay th hay
chnh sa, v kin trc module ny c th b sung c cc m hnh mi.
Kh nng m rng cng l mt vn quan trng. V nguyn l, tt c cc chng trnh m phng
u cho php thm nhiu nt mng tng ti tnh ton ca cc mu lu lng v cc mt ng ca
mng (cc thnh phn di ng, cc nt mng ang xut hin/ bin mt, cc ng b li vn vn).
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, ch mt vi chng trnh m phng l cn i tt gia cc ch tiu trn, do
, cn nhn ra cc hn ch ca cc chng trnh m phng ny.
Tnh kh dng rng ri
Thit k phn mm ca mt chng trnh m phng cng nh l cc cng c lp trnh dng trong
chng trnh m phng c tc ng ln n tnh kh dng ca n.
Li ch ca giao din ha c th tng tc thao tc trn chng trnh m phng v do c coi
l mt u im.
Cui cng, cht lng chung ca cc ti liu sn c v h tr v k thut cng l cc yu t quan
trng c th hc cch s dng v iu khin chng trnh m phng mt cch hiu qu v
nhanh chng.
Mc cng ng mng chp nhn mt chng trnh m phng
Vic chn la mt chng trnh m phng c s dng rng ri v c chp nhn bi cng
ng mng cho php to ra cc kt qu d so snh vi cc kt qu c trnh by trong cc ti liu
c, v kha cnh no , cc kt qu ny cng d c gii khoa hc chp nhn hn.
Loi bn quyn phn mm
R rng l theo l thuyt th cc chng trnh m phng min ph lun tin li hn. Tuy nhin cng
cn xem xt, la chn cc chng trnh m phng thng mi nu chng c nhiu u im chin
lc hn cc chng trnh m phng min ph.
OPNET, GloMoSim/QualNet, NS-2 v OMNeT++ c xem nh cc ng c vin sng gi nht.
Tip theo y, chng ta s tho lun v cc c im chnh ca mi phn mm trn c mc
tng qut v trn tng quan im v cc tiu ch la chn bng 1.
2- Gii thiu cc chng trnh m phng mng
2.1 OPNET
OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tools) l cng c "c ph" ca tp on cng ngh
OPNET [2] dng cho vic m hnh ha v m phng cc mng thng tin, cc thit b v cc giao
thc.
OPNET l chng trnh m phng trn nn Windows c s dng rng ri. N c xy dng
da trn ngn ng C++ v cung cp mi trng o cho vic m hnh ha, phn tch v d on hiu
nng mng, gip m hnh ha chnh xc cc ng dng, cc my ch v nhiu cng ngh mng.. Cc
giao thc v thit b mi thng xuyn c cp nht nhm theo kp xu hng pht trin nhanh
chng ca cng ngh mng.
OPNET c s dng bi nhiu cc t chc thng mi, cc t chc chnh ph v cc trng i
hc trn ton th gii. C nhiu cc tnh nng a dng cho ngi dng OPNET. Bao gm:
- To v chnh sa cc mng v cc nt mng.
- To v chnh sa cc qu trnh ang chy trn cc nt .
- Phn tch kt qu m phng v to biu hiu nng.
- nh ngha cc qu trnh ton hc trong vic dng cc cng c phn tch.
Cc tnh nng ny lm cho OPNET rt linh hot v cung cp kh nng m phng hu nh mi loi
hnh mng truyn thng. To m phng topo mng n gin l d dng vi vic s dng cc thnh
phn ko & th v cc ci t c nh trc. C th qun l c mt mng vi hng trm nt
74
mang. Tuy nhin, vi ngi mi bt u, hc s dng trit OPNET nhm trin khai mt giao
thc mi c i cht kh khn; ngi dng cn lm quen vi phng php v ngn ng hng i
tng nh C++, cng nh l kin thc c bn v mng.
Phng php m hnh ha trong OPNET c t chc theo cu trc phn cp. mc thp nht, l
mc hon ton c th iu chnh c, cc m hnh Process c xy dng nh cc FSM (Finite
State Machine - c cu c s trng thi gii hn ). Trng thi v cc chuyn dch c th c c th
ha mt cch sinh ng bng cch s dng hnh v cc lu chuyn dch trng thi, trong khi cc
iu kin xc nh din bin trong mi trng thi c lp trnh bi Proto-C, mt ngn ng tng t
C.
Cc m hnh Process, v cc module i km trong OPNET (cc module ngun v ch, cc b pht
lu lng, cc hng i, cc module v tuyn...) sau c cu hnh vi cc bng la chn v
c t chc thnh cc lu dng d liu th hin cc nt mng bng cch dng b bin tp nt
kiu ha (graphical Node Editor). Trnh bin tp mng ha, cc nt v link c la chn
xy dng topo mng truyn thng.
The Modeling libraries are included with OPNET Modeler and OPNET Planner and contain
protocols and environments (e.g., ATM, TCP, IP, Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11,
support for wireless), link models such as point-to-point and bus, queuing service disciplines such
as First-in-First-Out (FIFO), Last-In-First-Out (LIFO), priority non-preemptive queuing, shortest
first job, round-robin or preempt and resume.
Cc th vin m hnh ha c km trong OPNET Modeler v OPNET Planner, c cha cc giao
thc v mi trng (V d: ATM, TCP,IP Frame Relay, FDDI, Ethernet, IEEE 820.11 trong thng
tin khng dy), cc m hnh ng truyn nh im - im, bus, cc quy tc dch v hng i nh
FIFO, LIFO, u tin khng chn, round robin vv
2.2 GloMoSim/QuaNet
GloMoSim [3] l mt th vin m phng c kh nng m rng c thit k ti phng th nghim
my tnh UCLA h tr vic nghin cu cc m hnh mng quy m ln c th ln ti hng triu
nt, bng cch s dng ng thi qu trnh thc hin phn phi and/or trn mt tp hp cc my
tnh song song khc nha (c ngha l c 2 cng phn phi hoc chia s b nh). N c thit k
cho cc mng v tuyn v h thng mng din rng. Nhng ti thi im ny n ch h tr cho cc
giao thc trong mng v tuyn. GloMoSim l mt th vin cho ngn ng m phng theo s kin ri
rc song song da trn C gi l PARSEC [4]. Mt c trng quan trng v ni bt nht ca
PARSEC l kh nng thc hin mt m hnh m phng s kin ri rc bng cch m phng mt vi
giao thc khng ng b khc nhau trn mt lot cc kin trc song song.
GloMoSim c xy dng theo hng tip cn cc tng c phn chia trong m hnh OSI.
Thng thng, API gia hai m hnh thuc chng giao thc gn nhau c nh ngha trc
h tr cho thnh phn cu trc ca chng. Cc API ch r vic trao i v cung cp cc thng s
gia cc tng lin k nhau. N cho php tch hp mt cch nhanh chng cc m hnh c pht
trin ti cc tng khc nhau bi nhng ngi khc nhau. Hin nay, cc m hot ng thc t c th
c tch hp mt cc d dng vo GloMoSim.. Nu tt cc cc m hnh giao thc u tun th mt
cch cht ch theo cc API c nh ngha cho tng tng th n c th hon i cc m hnh
giao thc trong mt tn no m khng phi chnh sa cc m hnh cn li trong ngn xp. l
vic thc hin cc modul c kh nng so snh tnh nht qun ca cc giao thc v mc khc
nhau chi tit ti mt tng no .
thc hin mt chng trnh GloMoSim, cn phi c trnh bin dch PARSEC. pht trin cc
giao thc mi trong GloMoSim, ngi s dng nn c nhng hiu bit r rng v PARSEC, nhng
75
ngi dng cng khng cn phi hiu bit mc chuyn mn su. i vi a s cc giao thc
n kh nng thm vo mt vi hm PARSEC c vit hon ton bng m C. Mt s cc giao thc
c pht trincho tng lp, cc giao thc ny hoc cc tng c th c trin khai vi mc
chi tit khc nhau v c im ny l c th thc hin c trong GloMoSim. Telnet ftp, CBR,
HTTP sao chp cc file h thng c lin quan n cc ng dng . Trong khi cc m hnh c
cp n trong tng truyn ti (transport layer) l c kh nng thc hin c, v d nh: TCP
(FreeBSD), UDP, TCP (tahoe). i vi nh tuyn theo kiu unicast th cc thut ton c th s
dng c l: AODV, Bellman-ford, DSR, Fisheye, Flooding, LAR, NS DSDV, OSPF, WRP/ Cc
m hnh c th s dng c cho tng MAC l CSMA, IEEE 802.11, FAMA, MACA. Sng v
tuyn chung s dng ng ten a hng c hoc khng c kh nng chim gi. S truyn sng v
tuyn c th c m phng thng qua cc vng trng, m hnh Rayleigh, m hnh Ricean hoc m
hnh SIRCIM (bao gm cc vt cn, cc tnh hung trong nh).. M hnh di ng bao gm nhiu
loi hnh nh basic Random waypoint, Random drunken, ECRV, BBN, Pathloss matrix, v di ng
nhm.
GloMoSim c kin trc phn lp. Qu trnh m phng l s tp hp cc nt mng, vi mi nt
mng l cc tham s giao thc v s liu thng k. i li, mi lp l mt i tng vi cc bin v
cu trc ca chng. Cc bn tin c th trao i cho ga cc nt v cc tng vi bt k mc yu cu
no ca nhm v mc chi tit. S ng b gia cc s kin c m bo bi vic t lp lch
(b nh thi timer) ca cc bn tin. Th vin vi tp hp cc hm n gin c xy dng trn
cc API chun, dng to ra, truyn ti v thao tc thng tin. Cc kiu s kin mi nh l : cc
bn tin. Cc nt, cc lp c th c to ra mt cch khc d dng.
Kin trc bn trong ca GloMoSim c thit k pht trin mi trng m phng theo modul
c kh nng m rng mng vi hng nghn/hng triu nt khc nhau v d dng chuyn i gia
mi trng tnh ton song song/phn phi. Cc yu cu i vi tnh cht m rng v tnh modul ha
lm cho vic thit k th vin gp kh khn. GloMoSim cho rng h thng mng c phn tch
thnh cc nhm phn vng, mt thc th n c nh ngha m phng mt lp n trong ton
b chng giao thc ca tt c cc nt trong h thng mng thuc cng mt phn vng. S tng tc
gia cc thc th tun theo cc API tng ng.
+) Mt th vin QoS bao gm cc giao thc chuyn dng cho cht lng dch v. QualNet
cng bao gm m hnh cao s ho - DEM (Digital Elevation Model) to cc nt v
cc sng v tuyn chuyn ng trong nhng a hnh khng bng phng vi cc c tnh
bc x radio. M phng, hay bn thn chng trnh m phng c thit k cung cp cc
m hnh mng c trung thc cao vi hng vn nt c lu lng v tnh di ng cao.
Thm vo QualNet a ra nhng pht trin song song i vi vic qun l v thc thi
song song.
2.3 OMNeT++
OMNet++ l mt m ngun m, thnh phn c bn ca chng trnh m phng ny c xy dng
trn nn tng C++. N cung cp mt th vin m phng C++ v h tr giao din ho (cho php
chnh sa mng bng hnh v, h tr hnh nh ng).
Chng trnh m phng ny c th c s dng : thc hin m phng lu lng trong mng
vin thng, to m hnh cc giao thc, xy dng m hnh cc hng i trong mng, xy dng cc
b vi x l a nhim v cc h thng phn tn khc, kim tra li kin trc phn cng, nh gi kha
cnh v hiu sut ca cc h thng phn mm phc tp , v ni chung l vic to m hnh bt k mt
h thng no khc u gn vi cc thnh phn tch cc m chng giao tip vi nhau bng vic gi
cc bn tin. V mt s mt th OMNet++ khc so vi cc phn mm m phng ni trn.
OMNet++ khng c thit k chuyn cho mng vin thng, m n tng qut hn nhiu. Thc t l
OMNet++ vn l mt phn mm mi (c pht trin t nm 1998), iu cho thy OMNet++ c
t cc modul v cc giao thc (v mng ) i km hn cc chng trnh m phng ni trc y
kh nhiu
Trn mt kha cnh khc, OMNeT++ c thit k cn trn phng din phn mm, kt qu l
c mt sn phm c t chc tt hn, mm do v d dng s dng hn so vi cc phn mm
m phng khc, m cc phn mm ny u da trn cc sn phm phn mm v cc khi nim thit
k c.
2.4 NS-2
Chng trnh m phng mng NS [7] c ngun gc t U.C.Berkely/LBNL, NS l mt chng trnh
m phng s kin ri rc hng i tng c mc tiu tin hnh nghin cu hot ng mng v l
mt phn mm min ph. NS-2 c s dng rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu hot ng
mng, da trn s tha nhn rng ri NS-2 nh l mt cng c th nghim cho cc tng mi,
cc giao thc, v cc thut ton phn phi. NS2 lun lun nhn c bao gm s ng gp quan
trng t cc nh nghin cu.
Ngy nay, NS-2 thch hp vi mng chuyn mch gi v mng v tuyn (ad hoc, local and
satellite), v c s dng ch yu cho cc vic m phng quy m nh ca hng i, thut ton
nh tuyn, cc giao thc truyn ti, iu khin tc nghn v mt vi cc cng vic c lin qua n
a ng (multicast). N cung cp cc h tr quan trng dnh cho m phng TCP, nh tuyn v
cc giao thc a ng (multicast) thng qua cc mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn
NS-2 thch hp khng ch hp cho vic m phng m cho c s gi lp, iu ny c ngha l n c
th a chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t. Nhng i tng trong chng trnh m
phng c kh nng a cc lu lng thc vo trong chng trnh m phng v a mt phn lu
lng trong chng trnh m phng vo trong mng thc t.
Nhng tic rng, vi kin trc phn mm ca n th vic thm cc thnh phn mi hoc chnh sa
nhng im hn ch khng d dng. iu ny c ngha l v kh nng thc hin kim tra thut ton
hay cc kch bn m phng mi th NS-2 yu th so vi cc phn mm m phng khc. Ngoi ra
NS-2 khng cn i (scale) tt i vi s lng nt mng v theo nh cc bo co th NS-2 tnh
ton kh chm.
Kin trc ca NS-2 bm st m hnh OSI. M hnh mng ny c trung cho quan h ca cc yu t
mng. Bao gm cc nt v cc lin kt. Cc b pht lu lng loi n lu lng hay a lu lng
bao gm cc b pht kiu thng k v c kiu in hnh khc nh FTP v telnet c th c gn cho
mi nt. Thm vo , hot ng mng v giao thc truyn ti c m phng bi thao tc gn cc
tc nhn thch hp vo cc nt c lin quan. M ngun ca ns 2 c phn chia thnh C++(ng
vai tr li chng trnh) v OTcL, i tng m rng ca MIT vi TcL, dnh cho vic cu hnh v
78
cc on m m phng
S kt hp ca hai ngn ng ny to ra s tha hip gia tnh hiu qu v tnh d dng s dng. Gi
phn mm ny cung cp mt trnh bin dch lp phn cp ca cc i tng vit bng C++ v vic
dch cc lp phn cp ca cc i tng ny c vit bng TCL, sau c thng nht thnh
mt trnh bin dch duy nht. Ngi s dng to ra cc i tng mi ny bng b bin dch TCL.
Cc i tng mi ny c nh x bng qu trnh trao i cc i tng trong trnh bin dch phn
cp. Cc ch th TCL c cung cp mt cch linh hot v c quyn hn mnh m thng qua vic
m phng( bt u v dng cc s kin, s c trong mng, qu trnh tp hp s liu v cu hnh
mng). B bin dch Tcl cn cung cp cc cu lnh to cc lin kt v cc nt trong cc topo
mng, v kt hp cc agents vi cc nt.
Vic thc hin v m phng NS2 bao gm 4 bc:
(1) Thc hin cc giao thc bng cch thm mt t hp gia m C++ v m Tcl vo trong m
ngun ca NS-2.
(2) M t vic m phng bng kch bn OTcl;
(3) chy chng trnh m phng v
(4) phn tch cc tp tin bm vt c sinh ra. Vic thc hin mt giao thc mi i hi phi
b xung thm m C++ cho chc nng ca cc giao thc ny, iu ny tng t nh vic cp
nht thm cc t kha cho cc file cu hnh NS-2 Otcl mt cch hp l dnh cho NS-2, iu
ny gip nhn bit ra cc giao thc mi v cc tham s mc nh ca n. M C++ cng miu
t cc tham s v cc phng thc, iu ny to nn tnh sn sng thc thi c khi thc
hin kch bn OTcl.
Qu trnh m phng c cu hnh, iu khin v vn hnh thng qua vic s dng giao din
ha c cung cp bi lp m phng OTcl. Lp ny cung cp cc th tc to v qun l cc
topo, khi to nh dng cc gi v la chn lch lm vic. N lu tr cc ch dn bn trong mi
phn t ca topo. Ngi s dng to ra topo bng cc s dng OTcl thng qua vic s dng nt cc
lp c lp v lin kt, cc lp c lp v lin kt ny a ra mt vi bc khi u n gin.
Cc topo mng ty , gm c cc b nh tuyn, cc lin kt v knh truyn chung, c th c xc
nh bng cch lit k cc nt mng v cc ng ni cc nt trong mt tp tin topo hoc s dng
mt vi b pht/to nt sinh ca mng c xy dng cho NS-2. (Tiers v GT-ITM)
thu thp d liu u ra hay d liu vt trong mt chng trnh m phng, NS-2 s dng, c hai
loi thng tin vt l cc bn ghi ca mi gi tin khi n ti, i, hoc b loi khi ng truyn hoc
hng i, v thng tin gim st - l cc s m bn ghi ca nhiu ch s ng ch nh s gi tin
v byte ti, i vv.. Chng c th c kt hp li vi c gi tin v lung. Chng trnh NAM l
mt Tcl/Tk c da trn cng c hot hnh ng, n c th s dng cho vic quan st cc tp tin
ghi s kin ca qu trnh x l b xung, phn tch v thc hin li ca cc qu trnh m phng
(thm ch NAM c th s dng vi mi chng trnh m phng min l cc nh dng d liu c
c quan tm).
NS-2 l phn mm m phng ph bin nht c s dng cho vic nghin cu trong cc lnh vc
v mng Ad hoc. NS-2 c y cc trang thit b cho cc giao thc, cc m hnh, cc thut ton,
cc cng c thm vo, v n cn min ph. Bi vy, xt v tnh chp nhn khoa hc, v s lng
cc cng c/ modul v v gi thnh th NS2 c l l mt la chn l tng.
3. Cc gi cho s la chn chng trnh m phng mng thch hp
C mt iu chc chn rng, khng c chng trnh m phng no c xem xt trn l thc
s p ng c ton b cc yu cu c trng ph hp vi cc k hoch v cc mc tiu ring l.
Tuy nhin, chng trnh m phng tt nht l chng trnh c kh nng hi ha cc kha cnh nh
79
s cc thnh phn c xy dng t trc, kh nng modul ha, kh nng m rng, v kh nng
chnh sa, gi thnh ...vv.
C th, mt chng trnh m phng tt thng i km vi:
1
C kh nng cn i (scaleability) tt
S tin tin v ho v cc cng c ton hc dnh cho vic xy dng th nghim, gim st
v x l b xung
Ti liu hng dn c th
10
QualNet
OMNET++ NS2
Cc kiu m phng c h tr
S kin ri rc
S kin ri rc
Song song/phn tn
Cc topo
Cu trc phn cp
S kin ri S kin ri
rc
rc
Song song
Phn tn
ha
ha
C
C
ha
C
C
C
ha
C
Cu
trc Cu
trc
phn cp
thng nht
ha
Kch
bn
cu hnh
C
C
C
C
ha
ha
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
co gin
Tnh d s dng
C
khng
Kh
thay
i
C
H tr thay i t C
Kh thay
l ln
i
Kh vi nhng ngi
Bnh thng Kh
vi
mi bt u
nhng
ngi mi
bt u
c tha nhn
c tha nhn
c tha c tha
nhn
nhn
Thu ph
Thu ph
Min ph
Min ph
80
81