Chng I

NG HC CHT iM

I. Nhng khi nim m u

- Chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr
ca vt i vi cc vt khc trong khng gian v
theo thi gian
- Vt hay h vt c qui c ng yn khi kho st
chuyn ng ca cc vt khc gi l h qui chiu.
Chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc HQC.

- Cht im l mt vt c kch thc nh khng

ng k so vi nhng khong cch, nhng kch
thc m ta ang kho st
- Mt tp hp cht im gi l h cht im. Vt
rn c xem l h cht im phn b lin tc

II.Cc phng php m t chuyn ng. Qu o

xc nh chuyn ng ca cht im, cn xc
nh v tr ca n trong h quy chiu chn
mi thi im. C 3 phng php xc nh v
tr ca cht im
1.Phng php vect: Gi O l im gn c nh
vi h qui chiu, v tr ca cht im M c xc
nh bi bn knh vect r OM
M
O

2. Phng php ta :
Gn vo im gc O ca bn knh
vect im gc ca mt h trc ta
Descartes Oxyz vi cc vct

z
M

n v trn cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt l

i, j,k th:

r xi y j zk
x, y, z l hnh chiu ca

ln cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz

Nn v tr ca M c xc nh nh ba ta x,y,z .

Phng trnh qu o
Khi cht im chuyn ng, r (t) cng nh cc ta
x,y, z ca n thay i theo thi gian t:

x f (t )

y g (t )
z h(t )

cc phng trnh ny gi l phng trnh chuyn

ng ca cht im trong h ta Descartes, kh
tham s thi gian t ra khi cc phng trnh ny ta
s c phng trnh qu o di dng thng
thng, tc l di dng h thc gia cc toa ca
cht im.

f (x, y, z) = 0

3. Phng php t nhin:

Ta ly trn qu o mt im c nh O lm gc v xem
qu o nh mt trc ta cong ri quy c cho n
mt chiu dng ging nh i vi trc ta thng
thng.
Khi v tr ca im M trn qu o c xc nh
mt cch duy nht bi ta cong s bng khong cch
t im O ti im M theo cung qu o v mang du
tng ng : s = f (t)
(1)
Phng trnh (1) chnh l phng trnh biu din quy
lut chuyn ng ca cht im M trn qu o
s
O
X

M
X

III. Vect vn tc
1. Vect vn tc trung bnh
2. Vect vn tc tc thi

r
vtb
t
v lim
t 0

r d r

t
dt

Khi t 0 th M trt trn qu o tin n M v

M

tin n v tr tip tuyn vi qu

M
o ti im M. Vy ca cht
r
im tip tuyn vi qu o v
hng theo chiu chuyn ng ca cht im.

 ln ca vn tc:

Nhng khi t 0 th
(dy cung MM) tin ti qung
ng i s (cung MM) nn:

Trong h ta Descartes

r (t ) xi y j zk

d r dx dy dz

i
j
k vx i v y j vz k
dt dt
dt
dt
dx
dy
dz
2
2
2
vx
; v y ; vz ; v vx v y vz
dt
dt
dt

IV. Vect gia tc

v
1. Vect gia tc trung bnha tb

v d v

2. Vect gia tc tc thi a lim

dt
t 0 t
Trong h ta Descartes

dv dv dvy dv

a
x i
j z k ax i a y j az k
dt dt
dt
dt
dvy d 2 y
dvx d 2 x
dvz d 2 z
ax
2 ; ay
2 ; az
2
dt dt
dt
dt
dt dt

a ax2 ay2 az2

3. Gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn:

Gia tc c trng cho s thay i ca vn tc nn n phi
c mt thnh phn nm trn phng ca vn tc, tc l
trn phng tip tuyn vi qu o ca cht im, thnh
phn ny c tc dng thay i ln ca vn tc. Thnh
phn th hai ca gia tc c trng cho s thay i phng
ca vn tc ch c th nm trn phng vung gc vi vn
tc. Vy :
c phng nm trn tip tuyn vi qu o nn gi l
gia tc tip tuyn,
c phng vung gc vi tip tuyn
vi qu o nn gi l gia tc php tuyn.
Gi l vecto n v tip tuyn, c phng tip tuyn vi
qu o, cng chiu vi vn tc v c ln bng n v.
Nn:

d v dv
d
a
v
dt dt
dt

d
d ds
2 d
v
v . v
dt
ds dt
ds

ds

R d
O

Hnh a

Xt trng hp gii hn khi im Q trt trn

qu o tin n im Q. Khi dy cung QQ
tin n trng vi cung trn QQ = ds ca ng
trn mt tip vi qu o cht im ti im Q.
Gi R l bn knh ca vng trn mt tip. T
hnh a ta c:
d = ds/R
Mt khc khi
s tin ti vung gc vi ti
Q. Gi l vecto n v vung gc vi tip tuyn
ca qu o ti Q hng v tm O ca ng
trn mt tip nn:

d d n d n d n

d
d 1

n
n
d
ds R
Vy:

dv v 2
a n at an
dt
R
2
t

2
n

a a a

dv
2
2
v (v) 2v 2va
.
dt

Nh vy nu:
*

v.a 0

Cht im chuyn ng nhanh dn.

v.a 0

Cht im chuyn ng chm dn.

v.a 0

Cht im chuyn ng trn u.


an

at

at

a
v

CND

an

a
v

CCD

C trn u


at gi l gia tc tip tuyn c trng cho s thay
i ln ca vect vn tc
* C phng tip tuyn vi qu o
* Cng chiu vi nu chuyn ng nhanh dn,
ngc chiu vi nu chuyn ng chm dn
* C gi tr

dv
at
dt

(o hm ln ca v )


an gi l gia tc php tuyn c trng cho s
thay i phng ca vect vn tc
* C phng thng gc vi tip tuyn qu o
* C chiu hng
v pha lm ca qu o
2
v
* ln an
,R l bn knh ca ng trn
R
tip xc vi qu o ti im xt

a at an c trng cho s thay i ca v gi
l vect gia tc ton phn

V. Vn tc gc, gia tc gc.

1. Vect vn tc gc c nh ngha:
* C phng nm trn trc quay
* C chiu l chiu tin ca nt chai khi xoay n
theo chiu quay ca cht im.
d
* C gi tr
dt
2. Vect gia tc gc c nh ngha:
* C phng nm trn trc quay

nu chuyn ng nhanh dn,

* Cng chiu
ngc chiu nu chuyn ng chm dn
d
* C gi tr
dt

R
R

v
r

VI. Lin h gia vn tc v gia tc thng vi vn tc

v gia tc gc.
1.

v r

v
R
2
an

R
R
R
2

2.

3.

v R
2

at r at R

VII. Php bin i vn tc v gia tc.

Xt hai h qui chiu K v K, K
chuyn ng
tnh tin i vi K vi vn tc v o
Theo php cng vect ta c:

r r' ro
d r d r' d r
v

dt dt dt
v v' vo
d v d v' d vo
a

dt dt dt
a a' ao

r
r
ro

VIII. Mt s dng chuyn ng c c bit

1.Chuyn ng thng: Khi qu o l ng thng

an = 0 ==> a = at
a) Chuyn ng thng u
at = 0 ==> v = const

ds
v
ds vdt
dt

so

ds

s vt s o

vdt

b) Chuyn ng thng bin i u

a = at = const

dv
a = at =
dt
v

dv adt
vo

v vo at v at vo

ds
at vo
dt
s

ds at vo dt
so

1 2
s so at vot
2
1 2
s at vot so
2

H thc cn nh

dv dv ds
dv
a at

v
dt ds dt
ds
v

vdv ads
vo

so

2
v vo 2 a s so

* Ch : Nu chuyn ng thay i u nhng qu

o khng phi l ng thng th phi thay a
bng at

2. Chuyn ng trn: Khi qu o l ng trn

a) Chuyn ng trn u: const

t
d

d dt
o
o
dt
t o

b) Chuyn ng trn thay i u const

dt

dt
o

o t t o
d

t o
dt

d ( t
0

1
2

t ot o
2
H thc cn nh:

2
o

2 ( o )

)dt

3. Chuyn ng parabol
Kho st chuyn ng ca mt cht im xut
pht t im O trong trng trng vi vn tc
ban u hp vi mt phng nm ngang gc .
Gi s gia tc trng trng coi nh khng i.
Gii
a) Qu o
Chn mt phng
hnh v l mt phng thng
ng cha v o; cng l mt phng cha qu
o ca cht im,hai trc ta l Ox nm
ngang, Oy thng ng hng ln.


d v

g a
d v g dt
dt

v
t
d v g dt

vo

v v o gt

v gt v o

dr

gt v o
dt

dr

g
t

v
dt
o
0
t

1 2
r gt v ot
2


Chiu r xung hai trc Ox, Oy ta c:

x
x (v0 cos ).t t
v0 cos
1 2
y gt (v0 sin ).t
2
g
2
y
x xtg
2
2
2v0 cos
Vy qu o ca cht im l parabol c b lm
quay xung

b) Tm xa L
1
L = x khi y = 0 t

gt v0 sin 0
2

V t > 0 nn :

2 v o s in
t

g
2
0

2
0

2 v s in . co s
v s in 2
L

g
g
Vy Lmax khi = 450

c) cao cc i:
cao cc i
l nh S ca parabol. Ti nh
ca parabol v nm ngang nn vy = 0

v0 sin
vy gt v0 sin 0 t
g
2

vo sin
1 vo sin
hmax g
vo sin.
2 g
g
2
0

v sin
hmax
2g

d) Bn knh cong
2

* Ti gc:

v
v
an R
R
an
2
0

v
v v0 ; an g .cos R
g cos
* Ti nh:
2
0

v cos
v vx v0 cos ; an g R
g

y
v

hmax

vo

x
O

at

an

IX. n v v th nguyn ca cc i lng vt l

1. n v vt l: Mun nh ngha n v ca tt
c cc i lng vt l ngi ta ch cn chn
trc mt s n v gi l n v c bn , cc n
v khc suy ra c t cc n v c bn gi l
n v dn xut .
n v c bn : H SI
- di
mt (m)
- Khi lng
kilogam (kg)
- Thi gian
giy (s)

2. Th nguyn: Th nguyn ca mt i lng l

quy lut nu ln s ph thuc ca n v o i
lng o vo cc n v c bn.
V d: th tch ca hnh hp ch nht, hnh tr
thng, hnh cu ln lt l:
V = abc ; V = R2h ; V = 4/3R3
nu khng n cc h s, ta thy trong mi
trng hp th tch = di x di x di , ta
ni th nguyn ca th tch l ( di)3
k hiu:
3

thetich do dai

 cho cch vit n gin k hiu:

do di L
thoi gian T
khoi luong M
Vy

van toc LT
2
gia toc LT

Bi 1: Mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt

phng xOy vi vn tc v 2 i x j . Lc t = 0 cht

im gc ta O.
a) Tm qu o ca cht im.
b) Bn knh cong ca qu o ti thi im t = 1s

a) Ta c:
x

dx
vx
2 dx 2dt x 2t
dt
0
0
y

dy
vy
x 2t dy 2tdt
dt
0
0
2

x
yt
4
2

Vy qu o ca cht im l ng parabol

 b)

vx 2 ax 0 ; v y x 2t a y 2
a ay 2
2
x

2
y

v v v 4 4t

dv
2t
at

dt
1 t2
4
a a a
2
1 t
3
2
v
2 2
R
2(1 t ) 4 2
an
2
n

2
t

 Bi 2: Hai ht chuyn ng trong trng

trng u vi gia tc g. Ban u hai
ht cng mt im v c cc vn tc
v01= 3m/s, v02 = 4m/s u nm ngang
theo hai chiu ngc nhau. Xc nh
khong cch gia hai ht ti thi im
cc vect vn tc ca chng vung gc
nhau

Ta c:

v1 gt vo1;
v20

v2 gt vo2
1 2
r1 gt vo1t;
2
1 2
r2 gt vo2t
2

r2

v10

r1

Khong cch gia 2 ht ti thi im t

d r1 r2 v01 v02 t
Ti thi im 2 ht vung gc nhau

v1 .v2 0 gt vo1

gt vo 2 0

2 2

g t vo1 .vo 2 0 t
d ( v o1 v o 2 )

v 01 v o 2
g

v o 1v o 2
g
2 ,5 m

Bi 3: Mt bnh xe quay chm dn

u, sau mt pht vn tc ca n
gim t 300vng/pht xung
180vng/pht. Tm gia tc gc ca
bnh xe v s vng m bnh xe
quay c trong mt pht y.

 a)

0
t 0
t
vng
rad
0 300
10
;
pht
s
vng
rad
100
6
pht
s
6 10
rad

60
15 s 2

1 2
t 0t
2
1 2
60 10 .60
2 15
480 (rad)
S vng bnh xe quay c trong 1 pht

N
240(vng)
2

Bi 4: Th ri t do mt vt t cao
19,6m.Tm:
a) Qung ng m vt ri c trong
0,1s u v 0,1s cui ca thi gian ri.
b) Thi gian cn thit vt i ht 1m
u v 1m cui ca cao h

Chn gc ta l v tr th vt, gc thi gian l

lc th vt, chiu dng hng xung. Ta c

1 2
y gt
2
a) Qung ng vt ri c trong 0,1s u tin
1
l:
h1 .9,8.0,12 0, 049 m
2
Thi gian vt ri ht qung ng h l:

2h
2.19,6
t

2s
g
9,8
Qung ng vt ri trong khong thi gian 0,1s
cui ca thi gian ri:
1
2
2
h 2 h g ( t 0,1) 19, 6 4, 9.(1, 99) 1, 9 m
2

b) Thi gian vt ri 1m u
2y
2
t

0, 45s
g
9,8

Thi gian vt ri 18,6m

2y
2.18, 6
t

1,95 s
g
9,8
Thi gian vt ri 1m cui:
t = 2 - 1,95 = 0,05 s

Bi 5: Mt ht
ri
gc
ta

vi
vn

tc u vo 3i m/s v gia tc

2
a i 0,5 j m / s

. Tm vn tc ca ht khi n t ta
x ln nht.

 Ta c:

v
dv
t
a
d v adt

dt
0
v0

v at v0 (3 t )i 0,5 j

xmax khi :

dx
0 vx 0 t 3
dt

v 1,5 j

 Bi 6: Mt hn c nm theo
phng nm ngang vi vn tc vo =
15m/s. Tnh gia tc tip tuyn v
gia tc php tuyn sau lc nm 1s.

Ta c:

2 2
2
v gt v0 v g t v0
dv
at

dt
2

g t
2 2

vo

2
0

5,36 m / s

g t v
2
t

2
t

an a a g a 8, 20 m / s

 Bi 7: Mt cht im ang quay

xung quanh mt trc c nh vi
gia tc gc =bt, trong b =2.10-2
rad/s3. Hi trong khong thi gia
bao lu k t lc bt u chuyn
ng, vect gia tc ton phn ca
cht im lm mt gc 0 = 600 vi
vect vn tc ca n.

Ta c:
2

at R ; an R

an

at

an
tg ;
at

v
a

d
1 2
bt d btdt bt
dt
2
0
0
3

1
3

bt
tg
tg
t 4
7s
4
b

 Bi 8: Mt ngi ng di t thy
ht ma ri thng ng, vi tc
10m/s. Hi ngi li xe trn ng
ngang vi tc 10 3 m / s s thy ht
ma ri vi tc v, lch khi phng
thng ng gc bng bao nhiu?


Gi v1 l vn tc ht ma i vi t

v2 l vn tc ca xe i vi t

v12 l vn tc ht ma i vi xe

Ta c:

v1 v12 v2
v12 v12 v22 20 m / s
v2
o
tg 3 60
v1

v2

v12

v1

Mt chic thuyn bi t bn A n B
cng mt bn b sng, vi vn tc so vi
nc l v1 = 3 km/h. Cng lc y mt
cano chy t bn B theo hng n bn
A vi vn tc i vi nc l v2 = 10
km/h. Trong thi gian thuyn i t A n
B th cano kp i c 4 ln khong cch
v v n B cng lc vi thuyn. Xc
nh hng v tc ca nc sng

Gi s nc sng chy t A n B v gi khong

cch AB l s, vn tc ca dng nc l vo . Theo
u bi ta c:
s
s
s
2

v1 vo
v2 vo v2 vo
2
o

v 40vo 20 0
vo 39,5 km / h ;

vo 0,5 km / h ;
Loi nghim vo = -39,5km/h. Vy vo = -0,5 km/h.
Du tr chng t dng nc chy t B n A.