พิษวิทยาอาชีพ

Re a r Co v er
Spine
Fr ont C over
Occupational Toxicology
.. 2554
2554-005
(ISBN) 978-616-90900-2-1
616.98

. 087-9792169 wwekburana@gmail.com
8 20110

www.summacheeva.org
www.thaitox.com
www.wiwat.org

.. 2554
2554-005
(ISBN) 978-616-90900-2-1
, (). .
: , 2554.
109
616.98

8 20110

*** ***
1. (Occupational Toxicology)
ThaiTox Thailands Toxicological Profile Database
www.thaitox.com

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. ThaiTox

. 087-9792169
0861-59102-4
7.

8.

(Occupational Toxicology)

39

ThaiTox (www.thaitox.com)
.. 2554

ThaiTox

2
2

.. 2554

7 .. 2554

800/3 20130

( )
()

www.summacheeva.org
(ThaiTox) www.thaitox.com
www.wiwat.org
1,2 Dibromoethane
1,2 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dichloropropane
11
1,3 Butadiene
12
1,4 Dichlorobenzene
15
1,4 Dioxane
16
Acetaldehyde
18
Acrolein
19
Acrylonitrile
21
Ammonia
23
Arsenic
25
Benzene
29
Bromomethane
32
Cadmium
34
Carbon disulfide
36
Carbon monoxide
37
Chlorine
39
Chloroform
41
Chromium
45
Cyclohexane
48
Ethanol
49
Hydrochloric acid
53
Hydrofluoric acid
55
Hydrogen sulfide
59
Isopropyl alcohol
62
Manganese
65
Mercury
68
Methanol
73
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
75
n-Hexane
76
Phenol
78
Phosgene
80
Phosphine
81
Styrene
84
Sulfuric acid
86
Toluene
89
Trichloroethylene
91
Vinyl chloride
95
Xylene
96
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist

/ ACGIH
(TLV) (BEI)

ACGIH TLV
ACGIH - Threshold Limit Values
ACGIH
ACGIH BEI
ACGIH Biological Exposure Indices
(biomarkers)
ACGIH
(Prior to shift PTS) (During shift DS) (End of
shift EOS) (End of workweek EWW) (Discretionary)

ACGIH Carcinogenicity
ACGIH 5 A1 (Confirmed
Human Carcinogen) A2 (Suspected Human Carcinogen)

A3 (Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to
Humans) A4 (Not
Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen)

A5 (Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen)

CAS Number
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number
American Chemical Society

3 (-) XXXXXXX XX X (
7 2 ) CAS
Number 7732 18 5
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency

EPA NAAQS
EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards
EPA
Clean Air Act (1990) 2 primary standard
(sensitive)
secondary standard
primary standard secondary standard
EPA NAAQS primary standard
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Health Organization (WHO)
IARC

/ / IARC
Monograph / / 1 5
IARC Group 1 Group 2A
Group 2B Group 3
Group 4 / /
(http://monograph.iarc.fr)
IDLH
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
30
NIOSH
OSHA (respirator) NIOSH

IDLH NIOSH
Pocket guide to chemical hazards (2005)
N/A
None available
NFPA Code
National Fire Protection Association 704 Code System

NFPA 704 Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of
Materials for Emergency Response

() 4
(F) (Flammability)
R4 Flash point 23 C
R3 Flash point 23 38 C
R2 Flash point 38 93 C
R1 Flash point 93 C
R0
(H) (Health)
H4
H3
H2
H1
H0
(R) / (Instability / Reactivity)

R4
R3
R2

R1
R0
(W)
W
OX
NFPA International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
NIOSH
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1970

NIOSH Ca
NIOSH Recommends be treated as carcinogens
NIOSH
( NIOSH )
NIOSH REL
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit
NIOSH NIOSH REL
NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards (2005)
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1970 NIOSH

OSHA PEL
OSHA Ca
OSHA Regulated as carcinogens
OSHA OSHA
OSHA PEL
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
OSHA
OSHA PEL NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards (2005)
TWA STEL C
Time-weighted Average (TWA) TWA
8
( 1 ) 40
Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) STEL
15 4
STEL 60
TWA STEL

STEL 4 1) 2)
3) 4)
STEL
TWA
Ceiling (C)
TWA STEL C ACGIH TLV (
TLV TWA, TLV STEL TLV C )
PEL OSHA REL NIOSH
Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)
OEL
Occupational Exposure Standard (OES) Maximum Workplace
Concentration (MAK)
ACGIH TLV
UN Number
United Nations Number
(United Nations)

4 0001 3500
Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods (orange book)

(
) .. 2520 (

)
()

10 (.. 2538) 24 (.. 2547) 28 (.. 2550)

30 (.. 2550)

(.. 2549)

(.. 2540) (.. 2546)
1,2 Dibromoethane
.
1,2 dibromoethane
DBE, ethylene bromide, 1,2-ethylene dibromide (EDB), glycol dibromide
C 2 H 4 Br 2
CAS Number 106-93-4
UN Number
1605
188
Chloroform
(0.4 %)
hydrolyse
hydrogen bromide hydrogen bromide, bromide, carbon monoxide carbon
dioxide
1,2 dibromoethane halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon
ethylene bromide liquid phase bromination ethylene 35 85 C

hydrobromination acetylene 1,2 dibromoethane
( 1984) anti-knock
(intermediate)

chemical pneumonitis pulmonary

edema (corneal abrasion)

24 48 pulmonary edema

delirium coma 140 mg/
3 ml (6840 mg) [1] metabolic acidosis shock
12 48 cerebral edema intracerebral edema
exfoliation burn 1 2 24
(skeletal muscle necrosis)
(bronchitis) pulmonary edema
pulmonary fibrosis

IARC carcinogenic classification : group 2A (inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in human,
sufficient evidence in animal) (IARC 1987)
OSHA PEL TWA (8 hr)
20 ppm
(OSHA 1974),
Ceiling level (C)
30 ppm
(OSHA 1974)
STEL (15 min)
0.5 ppm
(EPA 1987)
NIOSH REL TWA (8 hr)
0.045 ppm
(NIOSH 2005)
Ceiling level (15 min)
0.13 ppm (1 mg/m3)

24 1,2 (1,2
dibromoethane) 370 (.. 2552)
Biomarker 1,2 dibromoethane gas chromatography
(GC) flame ionization detector electron capture detector (ECD) Hall
electrolytic conductivity detector (HECD) serum bromide
1,2 dibromoethane bromide
Biomarker ||||| AST,

ALT LDH ||||| (oliguria) (anuria)
BUN, serum creatinine uric acid |||||

(antidote)
1. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. The chemical incident management handbook.

London: The Stationery Office 2000.
2. Olson KR, Anderson IB, Benowitz NL, Blanc PD, Clark RF, Kearney TE, et al. Poisoning & drug
overdose. the California Poison Control System. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 2004.
3. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for 1,2 dibromo
ethane. 1992 [cited 2010 2 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp37.html.
4. Ladou J. Current occupational & environmental medicine 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 2007.
1,2 Dichloroethane
.
CAS Number
UN Number
1,2 dichloroethane
ethylene dichloride, dichloroethylene, EDC, glycol dichloride
ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl C 2 H 4 Cl 2
107-06-2
1184
98.96

hydrogen chloride phosgene
aluminium, alkali metals, alkali amides, ammonia, oxidants
chlorination
aluminum, copper, antimony chloride
60 C oxychlorination fixed fluidized bed reactor 220 C
chloride
vinyl chloride polyvinylchloride
PVC

1,2 dichloroethane

wall paper

1,2 dichloroethane
pulmonary edema bronchitis
(fibroma
hemangiosarcoma )
IARC carcinogenicity classification : group 2B (possible human carcinogen) (IARC 2001)

WHO Inhalation carcinogenic potency (50,000 fold less than the estimated carcinogenic
potential) 0.362.0 microgram/m3 (WHO 2001)
Drinking water (lifetime cancer risk of 10-5) 30 microgram/l (WHO 2001)
OSHA PEL TWA = 50 ppm, Ceiling = 100 ppm (OSHA 2001)
ACGIH TLV TWA = 10 ppm, Notation = A4 (ACGIH 2009)
NIOSH REL TWA = 1 ppm (4 mg/m3), STEL = 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), IDLH = 50 ppm, Possible
occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2005)
Emergency Response Planning Guideline
ERPG1
50
ppm
ERPG2
200 ppm
ERPG3
200 ppm

24 1,2 (1,2
dichloroethane) 48 (.. 2552)
EPA 0.005 mg per liter (5 ppb) (EPA 2001)
(Biomarkers)
1,2 dichloroethane

1,2 dichloroethane trace 0.2 ppb 50
140 ng/L
thioethers Gas Chromatography (GC)

48
thioether 1,2 dichloroethane thidioglycolic
acid (sensitive marker)

alkylation hepatocellular macromolecules
AST, ALT LDH macromolecules renal cells glomerular structural protein fibronectin
glomerular involvement
[1]
0.05-0.15 mg/l

6 ppm =
356 mg/m3 = Odor threshold in air
7 mg/l = Odor threshold in water
40 ppm =
10 200 ppm =
urobilinogen
(antidote)

40
5
1. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for 1,2
dichloroethane .2001 [cited 2010 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp38.html.
10

1,2 Dichloropropane
.
1,2 dichloropropane
Propylene dichloride, propylene chloride, 2,3 dichloride propane
C 3 H 6 Cl 2
CAS Number 78-87-5
UN Number
1279
113.0
(volatile organic
compound) chloroform [1] odor threshold
0.25 ppm 50 90 % 75 ppm [2]
(fume) (hydrogen chloride)

aluminum alloy

perchloroethylene chlorinated propylene
oxide chlorohydrins chlorination benzene
chlorobenzene ( ferric oxide)
chlorinated benzene
toluene diisocyanate
1983

IARC cancer classification group 3

(IARC 1987)
OSHA PEL TWA 75 ppm, Ceiling 110 ppm
(OSHA 1989)
ACGIH TLV TWA 10 ppm, STEL Notation :SEN;A4
(ACGIH 2009)
EPA cancer classification group B2 (probable human carcinogen)
(EPA 1987)
NIOSH IDLH 400 ppm
(NIOSH 2005)
11

24 1,2
(1,2 dichloropropane) 82 (.. 2552)
(Biomarker) biomarker 1,2 dichloropropane

gas chromatography high resolution gas chromatography halide
specific detector mass spectrometry [2]
(antidote)

22 parts per trillion (ppt) 0.25 parts per million (ppm)
2. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for 1,2
dichloropropane. 1989 [cited 2009 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp134.html.
3. Lauwerys RR, Hoet P. Industrial chemical exposure: Guidelines for biological monitoring 3rd ed.
Florida: CRC Press 2001.
1,3 Butadiene
.
1,3- (1,3-Butadiene)
Biethylene, Bivinyl, Divinyl, Vinylethylene
C 4 H 6 CH 2 =(CH) 2 =CH 2
54.1
CAS Number 106 99 0
UN Number
1010 (stabilized)

1,3-butadiene IARC
Carcinogen Group 1

ACGIH TLV TWA 2 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL Ca ||||| OSHA PEL
TWA 1 ppm, STEL 5 ppm ||||| IDLH 2000 ppm ||||| N/A
NAAQS N/A |||||
30 (.. 2550) 1 0.33 ug/m3
12
ACGIH BEI 1,2 Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-butane

2.5 mg/L, Mixture of N-1 and N-2-(hydroxybutenyl)valine hemoglobin (Hb) adducts
2.5 pmol/g Hb
IARC Group 1 ||||| ACGIH A2 Carcinogenicity

[1]
(ethylene)
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
polybutadiene rubber
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-copolymer (ABS)
(leukemia)
(lymphoma) epoxide [2]

(Self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA)
(frostbite)

[3]

(NFPA Code: H2 F4 R2)

[4]
(clean-up)

(Chest X-ray)
(Complete blood count) (Blood
sugar) (Blood electrolyte) (Urinalysis) (Blood
gas)
13
1,3-butadiene 1,2 Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butane [5]

15

1.
2.
(complete blood count)
1,2 Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-butane N-1 and N-2(hydroxybutenyl)valine hemoglobin adducts
2
3.

(complete blood count)
10
4. micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal
aberrations, ras oncoprotein level, hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)
mutation GSTT1 GSTM1 genotype 1,3butadiene
[6]
1. Hecht SS, Samet JM. Cigarette Smoking. In: Rom WN, Markovitz SB, eds. Environmental and
occupational medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2007:1522 - 51.
2. Melnick RL. Rubber industry: 1,3-Butadiene. In: Stellman JM, ed. ILO Encyclopaedia of
Occupational Health and Safety. 4th ed. Geneva: International Labour Office 1998.
3. International Programme on Chemical Safety. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs): 1,3Butadiene. International Labour Office, 1998.
14
4. Delzell E, Sathiakumar N, Hovinga M, Macaluso M, Julian J, Larson R, et al. A follow-up study

of synthetic rubber workers. Toxicology. 1996;113:182-9.
5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs and BEIs.
Cincinnati: American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists 2009.
1,4 Dichlorobenzene
1,4 dichlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), p-chlorophenyl chloride (PDB), p-dichlorobenzol
C 6 H 4 Cl 2
CAS Number 106-46-7
UN Number
3077
147

0.18 ppm (1.1 mg/m3)
0.011 mg/l
(fume)
(hydrogen chloride)
chlorination benzene chlorobenzene
ferric oxide chlorinated benzene
( 1,4 dichlorobenzene
0.291 272 ppb )
polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene

(hemolytic anemia)
IARC group 2B (possibly carcinogen to humans, liver & kidney cancer in mice) (IARC 1999)
WHO 300 g/l
1 g/l (WHO 2004)
ACGIH TLV (8-hr TWA) = 10 ppm, ACGIH carcinogenicity classification = A3 (confirmed animal
carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans) (ACGIH 2009)
15
EPA = EPA hazardous air pollutants (EPA 2004)

NIOSH REL (10 hr-TWA) = carcinogen, IDLH = 150 ppm (NIOSH 2005)
OSHA PEL (8 hr-TWA) for general industry, construction industry and shipyard industry = 75
ppm (450 mg/m3) (OSHA 2004)

24 1,4
(1,4 dichlorobenzene) 1,100 (.. 2552)
EPA 0.075 mg/l (EPA2004)
(Biomarker of exposure)
p-dichlorobenzene
(adipose tissue)
2,5 dichlorophenol 1- 2 (
metabolite lindane ) 2,5 dichlorophenol
( Deutsche Forschung Gemeinschaft 2000) 150 mg/g creatinine (
) 30 mg/g creatinine () [1]
(Biomarker of effect) hyaline droplet formation
tubular degeneration kidney-type 2-globulin (aG-K)
(antidote)
(bioaccumulation)
2. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for
dichlorobenzene. 2006 [cited 2010 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp10.html.
1,4 Dioxane
.
1,4-dioxane
1,4-diethylene dioxide, 1,4-diethyleneoxide
C4H8O 2
16
CAS Number 123-91-1

UN Number
1165
88.1

explosive peroxide oxidant
210C
1,2 dibromoethane halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon
ethylene bromide liquid phase bromination ethylene 35 85 C

hydrobromination acetylene 1,2 dibromoethane

polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene, polyoxyethylene
1,4-dioxane

IARC carcinogenicity classification : group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) (IARC 1999)

OSHA PEL TWA (8 hr) for general industry, construction, shipyard = 100 ppm (OSHA 2004)
ACGIH TLV TWA (8 hr) = 20 ppm, Notation-skin, carcinogenicity = A3 (ACGIH 2009)
NIOSH REL Ceiling (30 minute) 1 ppm, Notation Ca, IDLH 500 ppm (NIOSH 2005)
EPA = EPA hazardous air pollutant (EPA 2004)
EPA 4 mg/l 1 0.4 mg/l 10
(EPA 2004)
FDA indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesive 10 ppm
N-9 (US-FDA 2003)

24 1,4 (1,4-dioxane)
860
(Biomarker)
1,4-dioxane 2 3
1,4-dioxane (specific biomarker)
17
1,4-dioxane [1] metabolite beta-hydoxy-ethoxyacetic acid (HEAA)

1,4-dioxane-2-one diethylene glycol gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID)
(antidote)

1. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for 1,4 dioxane.
2007 [cited 2010 2 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp187.html.
5. International safety cards (ICSCs), 1,4 dioxane. 1993.
Acetaldehyde
.
Acetaldehyde
ethanal, ethyl aldehyde, aldehyde C, acetic aldehyde
CH 3 CHO
CAS Number 75-07-0
UN Number
1089
46.06

odor threshold 0.05 ppm (0.09 mg/m3)

oxidation ethanol
(intermediate) acetic acid, acetic
anhydride, cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, pentaerythritol,
pyridine, terephthalic acid peracetic acid polyester resin

gelatin

18
alcohol dehydrogenase ethanol acetaldehyde

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase acetaldehyde acetic acid
gene acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
alcohol flush reaction
acetaldehyde nicotine

(pulmonary edema)
(nasal mucosa)
(larynx)
IARC carcinogenic class 2B

OSHA PEL TWA = 100 ppm (360 mg/m3)
ACGIH TLV - Ceiling = 25 ppm, Carcinogenicity = A3 (ACGIH 1992)
NIOSH IDLH = 2,000 ppm (3,600 mg/m3) (NIOSH 2005)
ERPG-1
10
ppm
ERPG-2
200 ppm
ERPG-3
1,000 ppm

24 (acetaldehyde)
860 (.. 2552)
(Biomarker)
(antidote)

1. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/acetalde.html [cited 2010, 5 January].

2. http://msds.pcd.go.th/searchName.asp?vID=84 [cited 2010, 5 January].
Acrolein
.
Acrolein
2-propenol, acrylic aldehyde, 2-propane-1-al, acraldehyde, propylene aldehyde
19

CH 2 =CHCHO
CAS Number 107-02-8
UN Number
1092
56.06

oxidant

acrylic acid air oxidation propylene
acetaldehyde formaldehyde

()

slimicide

tissue fixation
(intermediate) methionine,
glutaraldehyde, allyl alcohol tetrahydrobenzaldehyde
copolymer acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylic esters
formaldehyde, guanidine hydrochloride, ethylene diamine

(pulmonary edema)

[1]
( 14 ) 40
0.00005 ppm =
0.17 ppm =
0.26 ppm =
0.43 ppm =
( 14 )
0.000009 ppm =
20

IARC carcinogenic group 3 (IARC 2004)
OSHA PEL (8-hr TWA) for general, construction, shipyard industry = 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)
Highly hazardous chemical and threshold quantity = 150 pounds (OSHA 2005)
EPA = EPA hazard air pollutant
Regulated toxic substance and threshold quantity for accidental release prevention = 5000
pounds
Toxic end-point for accidental release prevention = 1.1x10-3 mg/L (EPA 2005)
ACGIH TLV Ceiling = 0.1 ppm, Notation = skin, Carcinogenicity = A4 (ACGIH 1995)
NIOSH REL (10 hr-TWA) = 0.1 ppm, STEL = 0.3 ppm, IDLH = 2.0 ppm (NIOSH 2005)

24 (acrolein)
0.55 (.. 2552)
(Biomarker)
acrolein 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic
acid gas chromatography (GC)
cyclophosphamide
acrolein-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) High performance liquid chromatrography
(HPLC) UV absorbency
DNA antibody mediated assay
(antidote) physostigmine anticholinergic effect

1. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for Acrolein.
2007 [cited 2010 2 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp 124.html
Acrylonitrile
CAS Number
UN Number
Acrylonitrile
acritet, acrylon, carbacryl, cyanoethylene, 2-propenenitrile, fumigrain, vinyl cyanide
CH 2 =CH-CN C 3 H 3 N
107-13-71
1093
21
53.1

cyanide (hydrogen cyanide) nitrogen
oxide oxidants
chlorination benzene chlorobenzene
ferric oxide chlorinated benzene
acrylic modacrylic fibers nitrile

(allergic contact dermatitis)

IARC classification group 2A (probably carcinogenic to human) (IARC 1982)

OSHA PEL TWA = 2 ppm, Ceiling = 10 ppm (OSHA 1978)
ACGIH TLV TWA = 2 ppm (4.5 mg/m3), Notation = skin, Carcinogenicity = A3 (ACGIH 2009)
NIOSH REL TWA = 1 ppm, Ceiling (10 min) = 10 ppm, IDIH = 85 ppm, ERPG1 = 10 ppm,
ERPG2 = 35 ppm, ERPG3 = 75 ppm (NIOSH 2005)

24 (acrylonitrile)
10 (..2552)
(Biomarker)
Acrylonitrile thiocyanate <6 mg/g creatinine
[1] thiocyanate
thiocyanogenic glucosides cyanogenic glucosides
sodium nitroprusside
22
gas chromatography nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD), gas

chromatography flame ionization detection (GC/FID), gas chromatography mass
spectroscopy (GC/MS) Infrared spectroscopy
Acrylonitrile
Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA) 8
acrylonitrile 6 8

Active metabolite acrylonitrile hemoglobin cyanoethyl adducts
N-(2-cyanoethyl)valine adducts hemoglobin
acrylonitrile
(cyanide poisoning) N-acetylcysteine
thiosulfate

2. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for acrylonitrile.
1990 [cited 2010 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp 125.html.
Ammonia
.
(Ammonia) ||||| Anhydrous ammonia
NH 3 ||||| 17.03 ||||| CAS Number 7664-41-7 ||||| UN Number 1005

(refrigerant)
(methamphetamine)

ACGIH TLV (2011): TWA = 25 ppm, STEL = 35 ppm ||||| NIOSH

REL: TWA = 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), STEL = 35 ppm (27 mg/m3), IDLH = 300 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL:
23
TWA = 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) |||||

() .. 2520: TWA = 50 ppm (35 mg/m3)

(refrigerant)
(methamphetamine)

()

(NH 3 ) (H 2O)
(NH 4 OH)

(croup-like cough)
(stidor) (upper airway
obstruction) (bronchospasm)
(wheezing) (pulmonary edema)

( 8 33 micromol/L)

(serum electrolyte)
(arterial blood gas) (pulse oximetry)
(chest X-ray)
24

(anti-dote)
(dialysis)

fluoresceine

2. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. Chemical Incident Management Handbook. London:
The Stationery Office 2000.
Arsenic
.
(arsenic) ||||| arsenic black, arsenic-75, colloidal arsenic, grey arsenic, metallic
arsenic ||||| (arsine gas; AsH3)
As ||||| CAS Number 7440-38-2 ||||| UN Number 1558
(elemental form)
(amorphous form )

arsenic trichloride arsenic acid 1
25
mmHg ( 372 ) 74.92 valency 3 (trivalent arsenic,

As III) 5 (pentavalent arsenic, As V)
(elemental arsenic)
(inorganic salts) (organic salts)

3
sulphydryl groups 5
3
ACGIH TLV 8-hour TWA = 0.01 mg/m3

ACGIH BEI ( arsenic, elemental and soluble
inorganic compounds) inorganic arsenic plus methylated metabolites in urine
(end of workweek) 35 g As/L
IARC Classification = Group 1 () (skin, respiratory tract,
liver), ACGIH Carcinogenicity = A1 (confirmed human carcinogen), OSHA = CA, NIOSH = CA

( )

( )

(alloys)
(arsine)
3 sulfhydryls groups
( cell respiration, glutathione
metabolism, DNA) 5 arsine
3 3 metabolized
DMA (dimethylarsinic acid) MMA (monomethylarsonic acid)
3
(arsine)

(peripheral nervous system)
26

(pharyngitis) (pulmonary edema)
(respiratory failure) systemic
(dermatitis)
3 systemic
(conjunctivitis)

30 systemic
systemic
ventricular
fibrillation ventricular tachycardia QT prolong T-wave
24
(delayed peripheral neuropathy)
(symmetric distal sensory loss)
(arsine)
(intravascular hemolysis) (hematuria) acute
tubular necrosis 3 (triad)
10 ppm
(delirium)
(hyperkeratosis)
raised punctuate verrucous Arsenical keratoses
( Bowen disease,
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)
(hyperpigmentation) (bronze)
( Mees line)

(peripheral neuritis and

neuropathy)
(myocarditis)
( pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, leukemia)
27
(vasospasm) (gangrene) black foot disease
(fetotoxicity)
(leukemia) (lymphoma)
(angiosarcoma of liver)

(congenital abnormalities)
10 g/L
(total urine arsenic level)
24 10 g/gCr ( background exposure
) 0.01 mg/m3
50 g/gCr 1000 g/gCr
(total arsenic)
()
DMA, MMA (
metabolites ) total arsenic
systemic
CBC, blood smear ( basophilic stripling), electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, liver
enzymes, CPK, UA, EKG, x-ray abdomen & chest, nerve-conduction studies, tissue biopsy (
)
maintain airway oxygen

chemical pneumonitis

normal saline

gastric lavage 1
monitor EKG
electrolyte imbalance
200 g/L chelate
DMPS treatment of choice 100 300 mg 2
100 mg 4 8 intravenous 5 mg/kg
4 24 6, 8, 12
100 mg 3 chelate
200 g/L
chelate dimercaprol penicillamine
28
dimercaprol 3 mg/kg ( gluteal) 4 2

12 7 24 50
g/L side effect dimercaprl urticaria
demercaprol
Penicillamine side effect ( , , leukopenia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia)
dimercaprol 500 mg 6 5

Benzene
(Benzene)
Phenyl hydride, Benzohexatriene, Benzol, Pyrobenzole, Coal naphtha
C6H6
78.1
CAS Number 71-43-2
UN Number
1114

(benzene)

ACGIH TLV TWA 0.5 ppm, STEL 2.5 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL Ca,
TWA 0.1 ppm, STEL 1 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL TWA 1 ppm, STEL 5 ppm ||||| IDLH 500 ppm |||||
TWA 10 ppm, Ceiling 25 ppm, Maximum 50 ppm in 10 minutes
EPA NAAQS N/A |||||
1 1.7 ug/m3
ACGIH BEI S-Phenylmercapturic acid 25 ug/g Cr,
t,t-Muconic acid 500 ug/g Cr

[1]
[1]
29

(gasoline)

toluene xylene
(
)
[2] [3]
(intermediate) styrene, phenol, cyclohexane,
, , , , [1, 3]

toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

(benzene) (benzine)
(
)

benzene epoxide [3]

(Self-contained breathing
apparatus, SCBA)

(
catecholamine )

pancytopenia, aplastic anemia acute myelogenous
leukemia (AML) chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), Hodgkins disease paroxysmal
30
nocturnal hemoglobinuria
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), myelofibrosis
(lymphoma) [2]
1) phenol 2) t,t-muconic
acid (TTMA) 3) s-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) 4)
(blood benzene)
phenol
( 5 ppm) 1) 2)
phenol 3) phenol
ACGIH phenol

( 5 ppm)
background phenol phenol

( 5 ppm) [4]
TTMA phenol
TTMA
1) 2) sorbic acid (
)
5 TTMA [4]
S-PMA

9 [4]
(.. 2554)
blood benzene

8 [4]

(blood benzene)

(EKG) (Chest X-ray)
(CBC) (electrolyte) (liver function test)
(BUN, creatinine) [2]

(Complete blood count, CBC)
aplastic anemia [2]
31

(decontamination)

adrenergic agents epinephrine
12
24 (antidote)

10 20 complete
blood count (CBC)


3. Stellman JM. ILO encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 4th ed. Geneva: International
Labour Office 1998.
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
Methyl bromide, Monobromomethane, Methyl fume
CH 3 Br
CAS Number 74-83-9
UN Number
1062
94.95
kelp
32
bromomethane methanol hydrobromic
methyl
(methylating agent)

(pulmonary edema)
(muscle tremor)
IARC carcinogenicity classification = group 3 (IARC 1987)

OSHA PEL TWA = 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (OSHA 1989)
ACGIH TLV TWA = 1 ppm, Notation = skin, Carcinogenicity = A4 (ACGIH 1994)
NIOSH REL = Ca (lowest feasible concentration), IDLH = Ca (250 ppm) (NIOSH 2005)

24 (bromomethane)
190 (.. 2552)
(Biomarker)
bromomethane () gas chromatography (GC)
sensitivity electron capture detector halide specific detector mass
spectrometric detector specificity ( 15 30 )
serum bromide 1 2
serum bromide
5 15 ppm bromide metylnitrosamine
antidote sulfhydryl agents dimercaprol
N-acetylcysteine glutathione
bromomethane
11
1. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for bromomethane. 1992
[cited 2010 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp27.html.
33
Cadmium
(Cadmium)
Colloidal cadmium
112.411
CAS number 7440-43-9
UN number
2570

-

ACGIH TLV TWA 0.01 mg/m3 ||||| NIOSH REL Ca ||||| OSHA PEL
TWA 0.005 mg/m3 ||||| IDLH 9 mg/m3 ||||| Cadmium fume TWA - 0.1 mg/m3,
Ceiling 0.3 mg/m3, Cadmium dust TWA 0.2 mg/m3, Ceiling 0.6 mg/m3
ACGIH (2007) BEI Cadmium in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine
(not critical for sampling time), Cadmium in blood = 5 ug/L (not critical for
sampling time)

60
(Delayed chemical pneumonitis)
metallothionein

SCBA self contained
breathing apparatus
34
(wheezing)
chemical pneumonitis non-cardiogenic
12 24

(Itai-itai)
(whole blood cadmium)

1 ug/L ( metallothionein)
1 ug/g Creatinine
(beta-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, albumin, metallothionein)
(CBC), (serum electrolyte),

glucose, BUN, creatinine, (arterial blood gas) oximetry
(CXR)

100 %

(pocket mask) (one way valve)

(normal saline solution) 15
( 50 - 100 )

(beta-microglobulin)
35
Carbon disulfide
.
(Carbon disulfide) ||||| Carbon bisulfide, Carbon sulfide

CS 2 ||||| 76.14 ||||| CAS Number 75-15-0 ||||| UN Number 1131

ACGIH TLV (2005): TWA = 1 ppm, Carcinogenicity = A4 ||||| NIOSH
REL: TWA = 1 ppm, STEL = 10 ppm, IDLH = 500 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL: TWA = 20 ppm, Ceiling = 30
ppm ||||| ()
.. 2520: TWA = 20 ppm, STEL = 100 ppm
ACGIH BEI (2011): 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine at
end of shift = 0.5 mg/g creatinine
(rayon)
(disulfiram)

(metam-sodium)

(dopamine-dependent system)

(mood change)
(delirium) (psychosis)
(CNS depression)

(parkinsonism)
(optic neuritis) (peripheral
neuropathy) (artherosclerosis)

TTCA

36

(MRI brain) (CT scan)
(rule out)
(nerve conduction velocity)

(EKG)
(CXR) (pulse oximetry)
(antidote)
(activated charcoal) 1
(gastric lavage)

Carbon monoxide
.
(Carbon monoxide)
Carbon oxide, Carbonic oxide, Coal gas, Town gas, Flue gas
CO
28.01
CAS Number 630 08 0
UN Number
1016

(Carbon monoxide)
ACGIH TLV TWA 25 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL TWA 35 ppm, C 200
ppm ||||| OSHA PEL TWA 50 ppm ||||| IDLH 1200 ppm
EPA NAAQS 9 ppm (8 hours), 35 ppm (1 hour)
ACGIH BEI Carboxyhemoglobin 3.5 % of hemoglobin,
Carbon monoxide 20 ppm
IARC Group N/A ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity N/A
37

[1]
[2]
(Reducing agent) (Mond process) [1]

(Fischer-Tropsch process) [1]
Metal carbonyl (Oxo reaction) [1]
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Carboxyhemoglobin ( Hemoglobin Oxygen
200 300 ) Oxygen [1]

(Selfcontained breathing apparatus; SCBA)

(dementia)

[1]

(cherry-red skin coloration)
carboxyhemoglobin
oxygen (arterial blood gas)
(EKG) (chest X-ray) (electrolyte)
(BUN, creatinine) (cardiac enzyme)

( frostbite
)

(decontamination)
100 %
38
carboxyhemoglobin
(cyanide)
(irritant gas) diazepam

(EKG)
Hyperbaric oxygen
(1) (loss of conscious) (2) carboxyhemoglobin > 25 %
(3) 50 (4) metabolic acidosis (5) cerebellar dysfunction
half-life carboxyhemoglobin
(half-life carboxyhemoglobin = 5
100 % 3 ATM 20 25 )

Chlorine
(Chlorine) ||||| Chlorine gas, Dichlorine

Cl 2 ||||| 70.9 ||||| CAS Number 7782-50-5 ||||| UN Number 1017

(yellow) (yellowish-green)

(bleaching agent) hypochlorite
hypochlorite
hypochlorite 3 5 %
20 % hypochlorite
hypochlorite
(chloramine)
ACGIH TLV (2011): TWA = 0.5 ppm, STEL = 1 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL:
Ceiling = 0.5 ppm (1.45 mg/m3), IDLH = 10 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL: Ceiling = 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) |||||
() .. 2520:
TWA = 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)
(serum electrolyte)
(Cl-) (Na+)
(K+) (CO 3-)
39
(biomarker)
-
( 96 106 MEq/L)
hypochlorite

hypochlorite

( )
(hydrochloric acid)
(hypochlorous acid)

( )

(croupy cough) (stridor)
(wheezing)

(pulmonary edema) (chemical pneumonitis)
40

(Cl-)

(pulse oximetry) (arterial blood gas)
- (chest X-ray)

salbutamol

2 3

12 24

Chloroform
(Chloroform)
Trichloromethane, Methane trichloride, Formyl trichloride, Trichloroform
41

CHCl 3
119.4
CAS Number 67 66 3
UN Number
1888

(chloroform)
(chlorinated hydrocarbon)
(teratogenic)
ACGIH TLV TWA 10 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL Ca, STEL 2 ppm (9.78
mg/m3) ||||| OSHA PEL C 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) ||||| IDLH 500 ppm ||||| TWA 50
ppm (240 mg/m3)
NAAQS N/A |||||
30 (.. 2550) 1 0.43 ug/m3
ACGIH BEI - N/A
IARC Group 2B ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity A3

[1]

(bleaching agent)
(Freon) [2]
(extractors) [2]
[3]

[3]
(CNS depressant)
[2]
free radical intermediate trichloromethyl radical
cytochrome p-450 (CYP-450) free radical
nucleic acid DNA adduct
[4]

(Hydrochloric acid)
(phosgene) (chlorine)
(Self-contained
breathing apparatus, SCBA)
42

10 ml
100 ml [4]
(defatting) [3]
(systematic effects)

1 3

1.6 2.6 g/d 10
[5]
(psychotic behavior)

(teratogenic)
[6]

[6]

(environmental monitoring) (biomarker)
[4]

[7]

17 47 ug/l 127
0.89 ug/l ( 0.095 2.987 ug/l) [8] 5
29.4 ug/m3 1
75.6 ug/m3 1.4 ug/l [9] chlorinated hydrocarbon
(Fujiwara test) [4]
(EKG)
(electrolyte) (liver function test)
(BUN, creatinine) (prothrombin time)
43

(decontamination)

(tachyarrhythmia) propanolol 1
2 mg adrenaline
4 6
1 3
(dialysis) (hemoperfusion) [4]
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
(scavenging)
[4]

12 loading dose 140 mg/kg (
200 ml) maintenance dose 70 mg/kg 4 5 ( 20
) [4]

(liver function test) (BUN, creatinine)

1. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology.

Oxford: Oxford university press 2003.
Labour Office 1998.
44
5. Wallace CJ. Hepatitis and nephrosis due to cough syrup containing chloroform. Calif Med.
1950;73:442.
6. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for
Chloroform. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.
8. Aggazoti G. Plasma chloroform concentrations in swimmers using indoor swimming pools. Arch
Environ Health. 1990;45:175.
9. Aggazoti G. Blood and breath analyses as biological indicators of exposure to trihalomethanes
in indoor swimming pools. Sci Total Environ. 1998;217(155).
Chromium
(Chromium) ||||| Cr ||||| 51.9961

CAS number Chromium (elemental) = 7440-47-3 ||||| Chromium (III) oxide = 1308-38-9 |||||
Chromium (VI) oxide = 1333-82-0
UN number Chromium (VI) oxide = 1463
6
chromium (III)
chromium (VI) chromium (III) chromium (VI)

hexavalent chromium (VI)
hexavalent chromium

trivalent chromium (III) 50 - 200 3 5 %
hexavalent chromium
trivalent chromium 3 5

hexavalent chromium
trivalent hexavalent chromium cell membrane
ACGIH (1991) TLV Chromium and chromium (III)
compounds TWA = 0.5 mg/m3 (Notation = A4), Water soluble chromium (VI) compounds = 0.05
mg/m3 (Notation = A1), Insoluble chromium (VI) compounds = 0.01 mg/m3 (Notation = A1) |||||
NIOSH REL Chromium (III) TWA = 0.5 mg/m3, Chromium (VI) TWA = 0.001 mg/m3 (Ca) ||||| OSHA
45
PEL - Chromium (III) TWA = 0.5 mg/m3, Chromium (VI) Ceiling = 1 mg/m3 |||||
Chromium and chromium compounds TWA = 1 mg/m3
ACGIH BEI (2011) Water soluble chromium (VI) fume Total
chromium in urine at end of shift at end of workweek (EOS at EWW) = 25 ug/L
Total chromium in urine increase during shift = 10 ug/L
chromium (VI) is carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 1)

chromium (VI) 30
elemental chromium and chromium (III) compounds are not classifiable as to their
carcinogenicity to humans (IARC Group 3)

(anodize)

(III)

(IV) (CrO 2)

(III)
(Cr(CO) 6 )
(CrB)
(III) (Cr 2(SO 4 ) 3 )

N95 P95
46

(acute toxicity) hexavalent chromium
chromic acid acute gastroenteritis yellow-green vomitus
hematemesis, hepatic necrosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, acute tubular necrosis renal
failure hexavalent chromium vertigo, thirst,
abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea
hepatorenal syndrome, severe coagulopathy, intravascular hemolysis
1 3
(chronic toxicity)
(1) mucous membrane
hexavalent chromium
chrome hole chrome sore chromic acid,
ammonium dichromate, potassium chromate sodium dichromate
3 allergic contact dermatitis
immune system acute or chronic eczema
chromium sensitivity delayed-type (class IV) hypersensitivity reaction
chromate dust conjunctivitis, lacrimination, respiratory irritation,
rhinitis, epistaxis, ulceration perforation of nasal septum (2)
hexavalent chromium pulmonary
sensitization
chromium whole blood
chromium chromium

20 % nitric acid 1 (millipore
water) 2 3 analytical grade plasma
chromium trivalent chromium hexavalent chromium
intracellular chromium burden of hexavalent chromium
absorption of chromium 1 2
trivalent chromium hexavalent chromium
(1)

72
(2)

47
(3)
EDTA 10 % ointment 10 % topical solution
ascorbic hexavalent chromium trivalent chromium
(antidote)
dialysis hemoperfusion
Cyclohexane
(Cyclohexane)
Hexahydrobenzene, Hexamethylene, Hexanaphthene
C 6 H 12
84.2
CAS Number 110827
UN Number
1145
chloroform benzene
(cyclohexane)

ACGIH TLV TWA 300 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL TWA 300 ppm |||||
OSHA PEL TWA 300 ppm
EPA inhalation reference concentration (RfC) = 6 mg/m3
EPA not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity

adipic acid caprolactam

nylon
benzene, cyclohexanone nitrocyclohexane

cyclohexane

48
cyclohexane

cyclohexane

cyclohexane

(decontamination)
100 %

cyclohexane
Ethanol
(Ethyl alcohol) ||||| Ethanol

C 2 H 6 O ||||| 46.07 ||||| CAS Number 64-17-5 ||||| UN Number 1170

ACGIH TLV (2008): STEL = 1,000 ppm, Carcinogenicity = A3 |||||
NIOSH REL: TWA = 1,000 ppm, IDLH = 3,300 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL: TWA = 1,000 ppm |||||
() .. 2520: TWA =
1,000 ppm
IARC Classification (2011; Volume 100 in preparation) = Group 1

/

1. (CNS depressant)

49
(barbiturate, benzodiazepine) (opioids) (anti-depressants)

(anti-psychotics)
2. (hypoglysemia)

3.

4.
30 120 0.5 - 0.7
50 (volume of distribution 0.5 - 0.7 L/kg or 50 L in
average adult) oxidation
7 10 12 25

(alcohol dehydrogenase)
0.7 3 4
100 (100 mg/dl or 0.1
g/dl)
0.08 - 0.1 100

300

500 - 600

1.

2.

50

1.
(portal hypertention)

(prolong prothrombin time)

(hepatic encephalopathy)
2. (alcohol induced
gastritis and duodenitis)
(esophageal varices)
Mallory Weiss tear
3.
(atrial fibrillation)
holiday heart
(cardiomyopathy)
4. (cerebral atrophy)
(cerebella degeneration)
(peripheral stocking-glove sensory neuropathy) 1
Wernickes encephalopathy Korsakoffs psychosis
5. (alcoholic ketoacidosis)
(anion gap metabolic acidosis)
(beta-hydroxybutarate) (acetoacetate)
(osmolar gap)

6 - 12

(generalized seizure)
(sympathetic) delirium tremens

48 72

(isopropyl alcohol) (methanol) (ethylene glycol)

(disulfiram)
51

Wernickes encephalopathy

300 mg/dl

(osmolar gap)

(emergency and supportive measure)

1. (acute intoxication)
a)
b) 50 1 100 3
c)
d) 4 6
50 mg/dl
2. (alcoholic ketoacidosis)
a)
b) 50
c) 1 100
3. (alcohol withdrawal) benzodiazepine (Diazepam) 2 10
(specific drug and antidote)
(decontamination)

30 45
(enhanced elimination)
20 30 / /
300 /
(hemodialysis)
52
(diuretic)
Hydrochloric acid
(Hydrochloric acid) ||||| Muriatic acid, Spirits of salt, Chlorane, Anhydrous

hydrochloric acid, Aqueous hydrogen chloride ||||| HCl ||||| 36.46
CAS Number 7647-01-0 ||||| UN Number 1050 (anhydrous) ||||| 1789 (solution) ||||| 2186 (liquid)

(hydrochloric acid)

38

ACGIH TLV (2011) - TWA = 2 ppm, STEL = 5 ppm (7.6 mg/m3) |||||
OSHA PEL TWA = 5 ppm (7 mg/m3) ||||| NIOSH REL TWA = 5 ppm (7 mg/m3) ||||| IDLH = 50
ppm ||||| ()
.. 2520 TWA = 5 ppm (7 mg/m3)

pyloric 1,500 2,000 ppm 2 3
3,000 ppm 5 1,300 ppm 30 81
TLV

53
(complete protective clothing including self contained breathing apparatus)

(irritating)
(coughing) (tight chest) (choking) (headache) (nausea)
(dyspnea) (inflammation) (ulceration)
(throat) (nose) (larynx) (trachea)
(laryngeal spasm) (bronchospasm) (pulmonary
edema)
(irritation)
(erythema) (vapor) (liquid) (penetrating burn)
(solution) (chemical burn)
(deep ulcer) (necrosis)
(scarring) (circulatory
collapse and shock)
(irritate) (conjunctivitis)
(corneal necrosis)
(solution) (conjunctiva) (redness)
(irritate) (white coagulation of cornea and
conjunctival epithelium) (total corneal opacification) (eye
loss) 2 3
(epigastric
pain) (local irritate) (nausea) (vomiting)
(haematemesis)
pyloric (stricture)
(acidosis) (shock and circulatory collapse)
(pyloric stenosis)

(pulmonary function)
(chronic bronchitis)

100 %
54

15
50 100
(clear airway) (humidified
oxygen and ventilate) film CXR
(chemical pneumonitis) steroids
(pulmonary edema) PEEP CPAP

(saline) 15
3 fluorescein ()
(no gastric lavage) (emetic)

steroids

(gastro-esophagoscopy)
12
(close system) ( local
exhaust ventilation)

1. Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, Brodkin CA, Redlich CA. Textbook of clinical occupational and
environmental medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier Saunders 2005.
2. Levy BS, Wegman DH, Baron SL, Sokas RK. Occupational and environmental health. 5th ed.
Philadelphia: LWW 2006.
Hydrofluoric acid
(Hydrofluoric acid) ||||| Hydrogen fluoride solution

HF ||||| 20.01 ||||| CAS Number 7664-39-3 ||||| UN Number 1052

55
(hydrofluoric acid)
(hydrogen fluoride)

(calcium gluconate)
ACGIH TLV (2004): TWA = 0.5 ppm, Ceiling = 2 ppm ||||| NIOSH
REL: TWA = 3 ppm, Ceiling = 6 ppm, IDLH = 30 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL: TWA = 3 ppm
(biomarkers)

(hydrofluoric acid)
(hydrogen fluoride)
(fluorocarbon)
(Teflon)

(silicon semiconductor)
(weak acid)

(F-)

(liquefactive necrosis) (Ca2+)
(Mg2+)
(hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia)
(K+)
(hyperkalemia) (cardiac
dysrhythmias)

56
(pulmonary edema) (chemical pneumonitis)

50 70 %
20 40 % 5
15 %

(hypocalcemia) (hypomagnesemia)
(hyperkalemia)

QT (prolonged QT interval)
Torsades de pointes
T wave (peaked T) P wave
(small P) QRS complex (widening of QRS)

(electrolyte)
(calcium) (magnesium) (EKG)
(monitor EKG) (CXR)
(liver function test) (BUN and creatinine)

15 4 - 5

(2.5 % calcium gluconate gel)
57

4 5

(antidote)
(calcium gluconate gel)
2.5 % 1 ( 1 )
(K-Y Jelly) 42 ( 1 )
2.5 % 2.5
33 % (occlusive dressing)

30 60
(subcutaneous injection) (intra-arterial
injection) 5 10 %
27 30 gauge 0.5 (0.5
ml/ 1 finger) 1 (1 ml/cm2)

10 %
10 ( 1 ) 5 % (D5W)
50 (infusion) 4 6 (catheter)
(radial artery) (brachial artery)
4 6

(Bier block)
(
)
10 %
(10 % calcium gluconate) 0.2 0.4 (ml/kg)
10 % (10 % calcium chloride) 0.1 0.2
(ml/kg)
Torsades de pointes
58
(magnesium sulfate) 1 2
5 20

(free air)
(NG tube)

overdose. California Poison Control System. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 2004.
2. Minnesota Poison Control System. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Burns. [cited 4 Jul, 2011]; available
from: http://www.mnpoison.org
Hydrogen sulfide
(Hydrogen sulfide)
Sewer gas, Sour gas, Pit gas, Hydrosulfuric acid, Sulfuretted hydrogen, Sulfur hydride
H 2 S
34.1
CAS Number 7783 06 4
UN Number 1053

(asphyxiant)

ACGIH TLV TWA 10 ppm, STEL 15 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL C 10
ppm (15 mg/m3) ||||| OSHA PEL C 20 ppm, Maximum peak 50 ppm in 10 minutes ||||| IDLH 100
ppm ||||| C 20 ppm, Maximum peak 50 ppm in 10 minutes
NAAQS N/A |||||
123 50 (.. 2549)
59
100 ppm
80 ppm
ACGIH BEI - N/A
IARC N/A ||||| ACGIH N/A

(Volcanic gas)

[1]
[2]
(By product)
(asphalt fume) (carbon disulfide) [2]
cytochrome oxidase mitochondria
(cellular asphyxiant) (cyanide)

(Confined space)
(Self-contained
breathing apparatus, SCBA)
0.025 ppm
[3]

||||| (Olfactory nerve paralysis) 100
150 ppm

(noncardiogenic pulmonary edema)
60
(chemical pneumonitis) 2 3 |||||

600 800 ppm
(knockdown)

[4]

(No biomarker) sulfhemoglobin [2]

Silver sulfide
(Chest X-ray)
(blood gas) (pulse oxymetry) (electrolyte)
(blood sugar)

Self-contained breathing apparatus

(cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)
[5]

|||||
2 3 |||||
nitrite cyanide methemoglobin hemoglobin
methemoglobin sulfide ions sulfhemoglobin
sulfhemoglobin

amyl nitrite 1 2 ampules via ambulatory bag 3 6 ampules
3 % sodium nitrite 10 ml (300 mg) IV 3 5
[2, 4] |||||
(hyperbaric oxygen, HBO)
[2]
61

[1]
1. Beckett WS. Chemical Asphyxiants. In: Rom WN, Markovitz SB, eds. Environmental and
3. International Programme on Chemical Safety. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs):
Hydrogen sulfide. International Labour Office, 1998.
5. Wilkenfeld M. Simple Asphyxiants. In: Rom WN, Markovitz SB, eds. Environmental and
Isopropyl alcohol
(Isopropyl alcohol)
Isopropanol, IPA, 2-Propanol, Propan-2-ol, Dimethyl carbinol, Rubbing alcohol
C 3 H 8 O ||||| 60.1 ||||| CAS Number 67-63-0 ||||| UN Number 1219

(isopropyl alcohol)
(disinfectant)
(rubbing alcohol)
70 %
(solvent)

(high gap metabolic acidosis)
ACGIH TLV (2001): TWA = 200 ppm, STEL = 400 ppm ||||| NIOSH
REL: TWA = 400 ppm (980 mg/m3), STEL = 500 ppm (1225 mg/m3), IDLH = 2000 ppm ||||| OSHA
PEL: TWA = 400 ppm (980 mg/m3)
ACGIH BEI (2011): Acetone in urine (End of shift at end of workweek) = 40
mg/L
IARC (1999): Group 3 ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity (2001): A4

(rubbing
62
alcohol)

(wiper)

70 %

(brilliant blue)

(ingestion)
(inhalation) (skin absorption)
(systematic effect)
(acetone) (alcohol dehydrogenase)
3 7 [1]
(biological
marker)

(CNS depressant) 2 3
[1] (respiratory depressant) (coma)
(respiratory arrest)
(alcohol dehydrogenase) (acetone)

(hypotension)
(vasodilatation) (myocardial depression)

()

63
(metabolic acidosis)
(elevated osmolar gap)

(occupational exposure)
(biological marker)
(end of shift at end of
workweek) 40 mg/L

(serum electrolyte) (serum osmol and osmolar
gap) (arterial blood gas) (pulse oximetry)
(liver function test) (BUN and creatinine)
(serum glucose)

(decontamination)

100 %

(supportive treatment) (antidote)
(ethanol therapy)

30
(NG tube)

64
(activated charcoal)
(force diuresis)

(ionotropic drug)
500 mg/dL (hemodialysis)
Manganese
.
(Manganese)
Mn
UN Number N/A

(Manganese)
(trace essential element)

manganism
ACGIH TLV TWA 0.2 mg/m3 ||||| NIOSH REL TWA 1 mg/m3, STEL 3
mg/m3 ||||| OSHA PEL C 5 mg/m3 ||||| IDLH 500 mg/m3 ||||| TWA 5 mg/m3
NAAQS N/A ||||| N/A
ACGIH BEI - N/A
IARC - N/A ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity - N/A

(silicate) (carbonate)

65
(MnO 2)
(potassium permanganate)

(reagent)

(linseed)
Maneb Mancozeb
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
(CH 3 C 5 H 4 Mn(CO) 3 MMT

(metal fume fever)
MMT MMT
MMT
[1]

globus pallidus

manganese psychosis
() (parkinsonism)
manganism (slow speech) (mask faces)
(brady kinesia) (gait dysfunction) (tremor)
[1]
(recent exposure) 3 4 [2]
66
(exposed)

(essential trace element)
1 ug/dl [2]
(recent
exposure)
2 ug/l [2]
(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) T1 weighted
globus pallidus
MMT

[3]

levo-dopa
[3] 3.5 12
g/day [4]
Calcium EDTA chelators
[3] chelation
[5]
[3]

(close system) (local exhaust ventilation)
(respirator)
5. Nagatomo S, Umehara F, Hanada K, et al. Manganese intoxication during total parenteral
nutrition: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 1999;162:102-5.
67
Mercury
.
(Mercury)
Quicksilver, Liquid silver
Hg
CAS Number 7439-97-6
UN Number 2809

(Elemental mercury) (inorganic mercury) (organic
mercury)
ACGIH TLV Elemental and inorganic forms TWA 0.025 mg/m3,
Alkyl compounds TWA 0.01 mg/m3, STEL 0.03 mg/m3, Aryl compounds TWA 0.1 mg/m3 ||||| NIOSH
REL Mercury vapor TWA 0.05 mg/m3, Other forms C 0.1 mg/m3 ||||| OSHA PEL C 0.1 mg/m3 |||||
IDLH 10 mg/m3 ||||| Mercury Ceiling 0.05 mg/m3, Organo (alkyl) mercury TWA
0.01 mg/m3, Ceiling 0.04 mg/m3
NAAQS N/A |||||
0.05 mg/m3
(.. 2546)
ACGIH BEI Total inorganic mercury 35 ug/g Cr,
Total inorganic mercury 15 ug/L
IARC Elemental and inorganic mercury Group 3, Methyl mercury compounds
Group 2B ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity Elemental and inorganic mercury A4 Carcinogenicity
Cinnabar ore (HgS) 3

1) (elemental mercury) 2)
(inorganic mercury) mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) 3)
(organic mercury akyl & aryl mercury) methylmercury (HgCH 3 ) 3
[1]

(elemental mercury)
(biomethylated)

68
(bioaccumulation) (swordfish)
[1]

[2]

[1]

(Elemental mercury)

(dental amalgam)

(Inorganic mercury) mercuric chloride

mercurous chloride mercurochrome thimerosal
mercuric sulfide mercuric oxide

(Organic mercury) methylmercury
dimethylmercury methylmercury
& ethylmercury phenylmercury

sulfhydryl (SH)
elemental mercury
methylmercury methylmercury
inorganic mercury
organic mercury inorganic

mercury 2
elemental mercury
5 ml
[3]

2
( )

[4]
69

(Elemental mercury)

1 mg/m3
(chemical pneumonitis)
(tremor)
(choreiform movement)

(hallucination)
(dementia) (gingivostomatitis)
(peripheral neuropathy) (nephropathy)
Acrodynia
pink disease

amalgam elemental mercury

amalgam [5]
(Inorganic mercury)

[1] mercuric chloride
(hemorrhagic gastroenteritis)
(intestinal necrosis)
acute tubular necrosis 2 3 mercuric
chloride 1 4 g
(Organic mercury)

[1]

methylmercury
(exaggerated deep
tendon reflex) (central hearing loss) (progressive
constriction of visual field)
methylmercury
2 3
(cerebral palsy)
methylmercury
.. 1956
70
(Minamata) methylmercury
methylmercury
Minamata disease [2]
ethylmercury
phenylmercury
methylmercury dimethylmercury
2 3
(encephalopathy) [1]
(Elemental mercury) (Inorganic mercury)

(biomarker) elemental mercury inorganic mercury
(recent exposure)
(long-term exposure)
2 4
15 20 [5]
2 4

40 [1]
amalgam
methylmercury

3 / 2 ug/l
1.4 ug/l (1 ug/g Cr) [5]
(Organic mercury)

200 ug/l 50 ug/g
10 ug/100 ml
[5]

(Chest X-ray)
(BUN, creatinine) (electrolyte) (arterial
blood gas) 2 microglobulin
microalbuminuria
[1]
(Elemental mercury) elemental mercury

71

succimer (meso-2,3-dimercartosuccinic acid, DMSA)
10 mg/kg 8 5
12 2 [1]
(Inorganic mercury) inorganic mercury mercuric chloride

(endoscopic
examination) 2 3
(hemodialysis) succimer mercuric chloride
BAL (British anti-Lewisite,
dimercaprol, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol) 3 mg/kg 4 6
2 12 7 10
5 mg/kg

succimer [1]
(Organic mercury)

succimer [1]
Elemental mercury inorganic mercury

organic mercury

3. von-Muhlendahl KE. Intoxication from mercury spilled on carpets. Lancet. 1990;336(8730):1578.
72
Methanol
.
(Methanol)
Methyl alcohol, Wood alcohol, Carbinol
CH 4 O ||||| 32.0 ||||| CAS Number 67-56-1 ||||| UN Number 1230

Methanol methyl alcohol wood alcohol
ethyl alcohol ethanol methanol
methanol
(metabolic acidosis) (blindness) 6 - 30
Mechanism of toxicity Methanol metabolized alcohol dehydrogenase
formaldehyde aldehyde dehydrogenase formic acid
(formate) (blindness) alcohol dehydrogenase
metabolized ethanol methanol ethanol antidote methanol
Toxic dose methanol 30-240 ml (20
150 gm) 100 mg/kg methanol
200 ppm 8 (the ACGIH recommended workplace
exposure limit) 6000 ppm (the level considered
immediately dangerous to life and health; IDLH)

alcohol
Clinical presentation 2 3 methanol
ethanol
(metabolic acidosis) osmolar gap 2 3
severe metabolic acidosis, , , ,

(standing in a snowfield) fundoscopic optic disc hyperemia, venous
engorgement, peripapilledema, retinal and optic edema
Clinical Phases
Central nervous system depression Onset of 30 min 2 hr; intoxication may be of shorter
duration and less pronounced than that arising from ethanol ingestion
Asymptomatic latent period (following central depression) This period of varying duration; may
last 8 24 hr following ingestion, but occasionally up to 48 hr. Patients describe no overt
symptoms or have signs during this period.
Severe metabolic acidosis (occur after latent phase) Nausea, vomiting and headache may
also occur and may be superimposed on the visual toxicity described below.
73
Ocular toxicity (followed by blindness, coma and in extreme case, death) Visual disturbances
generally develop 12 48 hr after ingestion and range from mild photophobia and misty or
blurred vision to markedly reduced visual acuity and complete blindness. Visual impairment
usually takes the form of central scotoma or complete blindness secondary to optic atrophy.
Diagnosis
Serum methanol level 20 mg/dL 2 3 serum
methanol level
Serum formate serum formate
electrolyte anion gap, BUN, creatinine,

serum osmolality osmolar gap, arterial blood gas lactate level
Treatment
1. (Emergency and supportive treatment)

(metabolic acidosis) sodium bicarbonate arterial
blood gas
2. Specific drug and antidote
fomepizole ethanol antidote alcoholde hydrogenase
methanol toxic metabolites (1)
methanol serum methanol osmolar gap
10 mOsm/L (2) metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.3, serum bicarbonate < 20
mEq/L)
folic folinic acid formic
1 mg/kg (up to 50mg) IV 4 .
3. Decontamination
gastric content 30 60
activated charcoal methanol
4. Enhanced elimination hemodialysis methanol formic acid

hemodialysis
methanol metabolic acidosis

osmolar gap > 10 mOsm/L serum methanol > 50 mg/dL
serum methanol 20 mg/dL
74
Methyl ethyl ketone

.
(Methyl ethyl ketone MEK)
2-Butanone
C4H8O
CAS Number 78-93-3
UN Number
1193
acetone ( acetone
) 77 mmHg ( 20 )
72.10 515

Methyl ethyl ketone MEK ketone ( carbonyl

hydrocarbon 2 ketone acetone)

ACGIH TLV 8-hour TWA = 200 ppm, STEL = 300 ppm
||||| NFPA code = H1 F3 R0
ACGIH BEI MEK (MEK in urine)
(end of shift) 2 mg/L

vinyl plastic
(coating) (molding articles)
(varnish) (degreasing metal) (magnetic
tape) smokeless powder (sealers)
MEK MEK

metabolic
acidosis
75
peripheral neuropathy

(chest x-ray)
(electrolyte)
(arterial blood gas)
(maintain airway)

(gastric lavage)
1
arterial blood gas MEK
n-Hexane
.
(n-Hexane)
Normal hexane
C 6 H 14
86.2
CAS Number 110543
UN Number 1208

(n-hexane)
(solvent)
ACGIH TLV TWA = 50 ppm (180 mg/m3) ||||| OSHA PEL TWA =
500 ppm (1,800 mg/m3) ||||| NIOSH REL TWA = 50 ppm (180 mg/m3) ||||| IDLH = 1,100 ppm
EPA inhalation reference concentration (RfC) 0.2 mg/m3
ACGIH BEI 2,5-Hexanedion
200 mg/L
IARC N/A ||||| EPA Group D (not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity)

76

(rubber cement)
n-hexane
(polyneuropathy)
(distal symmetrical motor weakness)

n-hexane

(foot drop) 2
(symmetrical) n-hexane
(visual field) (optic nerve atrophy)
2,5-Hexanedion
n-hexane

(myelin sheath)

(decontamination)
100 %
nhexane
n-hexane
2 3
2

77
Phenol
(Phenol)
Carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenyl alcohol, Phenylic acid
C6H6O
CAS Number 108-95-2
UN Number
1671 (solid) ||||| 2312 (molten) ||||| 2821 (solution)

(
TLV phenol) 0.36 mmHg (
20 ) 94.11
phenol aromatic alcohol ( hydroxyl benzene ring)

hydroxyl cresol (methyl
phenol), catechol (1,2-benzenediol), resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol), hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol)
ACGIH TLV (1992) 8-hour TWA = 5 ppm, Notation = skin

||||| NFPA code = H4 F2 R0
ACGIH BEI (phenol in urine)
(end of shift) 250 mg/g creatinine
(benzene)
IARC = Group 3 ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity = A4

(intermediates chemical)
phenolic resins epoxy resin
(disinfectants) phenol
cresol catechol
resorcinol hydroquinone
(antioxidant) polymerization
phenol (protein denature)
coagulative tissue necrosis cardiac arrthymia
phenol (dinitrophenol,
hydroquinone) (hemolysis) methemoglobinemia
phenol 16 conjugated phenol
78

()
(necrosis)
phenol 1 %
5 %
phenol systemic
phenol
(epithelial ulceration)
(stromal opacity) (partial
or total loss of vision)

systemic
systemic
(pulmonary edema)
ventricular tachycardia metabolic
acidosis, methemoglobinemia,

phenol

skin eruption (contact dermatitis)
(CBC) (electrolytes)
(glucose) (BUN and creatinine) (EKG)
methemoglobin hydroquinone

Polyethylene Glycol 300 mineral oil petroleum
jelly
(gastric lavage)
1
activated charcoal NG tube
79
systemic monitor EKG, pH,

dehydration
anti-arrhythmic sodium bicarbonate
metabolic acidosis 24
Phosgene
(Phosgene) ||||| Carbonyl chloride, Chloroformyl chloride

COCl 2 ||||| 98.9 ||||| CAS Number 75-44-5 ||||| UN Number 1076

(phosgene) (carbonyl chloride)

ACGIH TLV (1992): TWA = 0.1 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL: TWA = 0.1
ppm, Ceiling = 0.2 ppm, IDLH = 2 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL: TWA = 0.1 ppm |||||
() .. 2520: TWA =
0.1 ppm
(dye)
(resin) (pesticide) (by-product)

(hydrochloric acid)

(asymptomatic) 30
8 (dyspnea) (chest discomfort)
(hypoxemia)
80
(pulmonary edema) 24

(CXR) (pulse oximetry) (arterial blood
gas)

(SCBA)

12 24

(delayed-onset
pulmonary edema)

Phosphine
.
(Phosphine)
Phosphorus trihydride, Phosphorus hydride, Phosporated hydrogen, Hydrogen phosphide
PH 3
34
81
UN Number 2199

(phosphine)
(aluminium phosphide) (zinc phosphide) 2
phosphine (fumigant)

ACGIH TLV TWA 0.3 ppm, STEL 1 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL TWA
0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m3), STEL 1 ppm (1 mg m3) ||||| OSHA PEL TWA 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) ||||| IDLH
50 ppm ||||| TWA 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m3)
NAAQS N/A ||||| N/A
ACGIH BEI N/A
IARC N/A ||||| ACGIH N/A

aluminium phosphide zinc phosphide

(fumigant) (rodenticide)
(ferrosilicon) phosphine [1]

(semi-conductors) phosphine
silicon (Si) gallium arsenide (GaAs) [2]

electron transportation mitochondria [3]

(self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA)

[3]

(mouth-to-mouth)
(face mask with ambulatory bag) [4]
aluminium phosphide aluminium
phosphide aluminium phosphide
phosphine
82

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

ST-T wave changes, global hypokinesia atrial
and ventricular arrhythmias
aluminium phosphide

[5]

(NFPA Code = H3 F4 R2)

(biomarker)
(chest X-ray) (pulse

oxymetry) (blood gas)
(transaminase level) (BUN, creatinine level)
(serum electrolyte) (EKG)

(half-upright position)

24 48

(delayed onset of pulmonary edema) [6] |||||
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

pulmonary artery canulation wedge pressure
||||| benzodiazepine
||||| magnesium sulfate |||||
aluminium phosphide activated charcoal
(1 g/kg) 1 [6] |||||
vasopressors
hydrocortisone |||||
[3]
83

1. Nordberg G, Langerd S, Sunderman FW, Stellman JM, Osinsky D, Markkanen P, et al. Metals:
Chemical Properties and Toxicity. In: Stellman JM, ed. ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. 4th ed. Geneva: International Labour Office 1998.
2. Baldwin DG, Gerami A, Rubin JR. Microelectronics and semiconductors: III-V Semiconductor
manufacturing. In: Stellman JM, ed. ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th
ed. Geneva: International Labour Office 1998.
5. International Programme on Chemical Safety. International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs):
Phosphine. International Labour Office, 1998.
6. Schenker MB, Offerman SR, Albertson TE. Pesticides. In: Rom WN, Markovitz SB, eds.
Environmental and occupational medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2007:1171 - 2.
Styrene
.
(Styrene)
Vinylbenzene, Phenylethylene, Ethynylbenzene, Styrol, Styrene monomer
C 6 H 5 CH=CH 2 C 8 H 8
104.2
CAS Number 100-42-5
UN Number 2055 (styrene monomer, inhibited)

(styrene)

ACGIH TLV (1996) TWA 20 ppm, STEL 40 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL
TWA 50 ppm, STEL 100 ppm ||||| OSHA PEL TWA 100 ppm, Ceiling 200 ppm, Maximum peak
600 ppm in 5 minutes in any 3 hours ||||| IDLH 700 ppm ||||| TWA 100 ppm,
Ceiling 200 ppm, Maximum peak 600 ppm in 5 minutes in any 3 hours
EPA NAAQS N/A ||||| N/A
ACGIH BEI (2009) Mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxelic acid
400 mg/g Cr Styrene 0.2 mg/L
84
IARC Group 2B || ACGIH A4 Carcinogenicity

[1]
(sap) Styrenaceous trees
snow bell silver bell [1]
(gasoline)
(monomer) (polystyrene)

(monomer) (copolymer)
acrylonitrile butadiene stryrene (ABS) styrene acrylonitrile copolymer
(SAN) styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)

[1]

[1]

(inhibitor) polymerization
[2]

(retrobulber optic neuritis) (central scotoma) (loss of
color vision) [1]

85
[3]
(metabolites)
mandelic acid (MA) phenylglyoxelic acid (PGA)

MA PGA 20 10 [4]
hippuric acid
hippuric acid MA PGA
(toluene)
[4]
(blood styrene)
5 [4]
(chest X-ray)
(electrolyte) (EKG) [1]

2 3

24 72


3. Hayes JP, Lambourn L, Hopkirk JA, Durnham SR, Taylor AJ. Occupational asthma due to
styrene. Thorax. 1991;46(5):396 - 7.
Sulfuric acid
.
(Sulfuric acid)
Hydrogen sulphate, Oil of vitriol, Oleum
86
H 2 SO 4
98.08
CAS Number 7664-93-9
UN Number 1830

5 mg/m3
80 mg/m3
Occupational exposure standard: ACGIH TLV (2000) TWA = 0.2 mg/m3, Notation = A2

(dyspnea) 3 30
(hypoxia) (cyanosis)
0.35 5 mg/m3 reflex
pneumonitis, pulmonary and laryngeal edema
pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis emphysema

thermal burn deep ulcers

burn
(vapor) (fume) necrosis

87
corneal ulcer
burn

eye globe content
permanent damage
severe metabolic acidosis shock

pyloric stenosis
pulmonary function
chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, pneumonitis

Clear airway,
pneumonitis
On PEEP CPAP pulmonary edema

burn
Irrigate normal saline 15 3

fluorescein
gastric lavage

steroid
88
abdomen perforation

gastro-esophagoscope 12
Toluene
(Toluene)
Methylbenzene, Methylbenzol, Phenylmethane, Toluol
C 6 H 5 CH 3 C 7 H 8
92.1
CAS Number 108-88-3
UN Number 1294

ACGIH TLV (2006) TWA 20 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL TWA 100 ppm
(375 mg/m3), STEL 150 ppm (560 mg/m3) ||||| OSHA PEL 200 ppm, Ceiling 300 ppm, maximum 500
ppm in 10 minutes ||||| IDLH 500 ppm ||||| TWA 200 ppm, Ceiling 300 ppm,
Maximum 500 ppm in 10 minutes
EPA NAAQS N/A ||||| N/A
ACGIH BEI (2009) Hippuric acid 1.6 g/g
creatinine, o-Cresol 0.5 mg/L, Toluene
0.05 mg/L ||||| ACGIH BEI (2011) Hippuric acid
Toluene (
0.03 mg/L) o-Cresol Toluene
IARC = Group 3 ||||| ACGIH Carcinogenicity = A4

(gasoline)

89
(
)
isocyanate 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) toluene 2,6diisocyanate [1]

(NFPA
Code: H2 F3 R0)

(Self-contained breathing
apparatus, SCBA)

[2]

(conjunctival hyperaemia) (corneal edema)

(sudden death)
[2]
[3]

(renal tubular acidosis) (hypokalemia) (ethyl
alcohol)
[2]
hippuric acid , ocresol toluene hippuric acid

hippuric acid
5 40 1) hippuric
acid benzoic acid benzoate sodium benzoate

(sparkling) (pickle) 2) hippuric acid
styrene 3) xylene ethyl
alcohol hippuric acid
[4]
90
o-cresol 5 40
hippuric
acid benzoic acid benzoate [4]
(toluene in blood) 5

[4]
(toluene in urine)
ACGIH .. 2011 (.. 2554)
hippuric
(EKG)
(cardiac enzyme) (CXR) (electrolyte)
(arterial blood gas) (liver function test)
(BUN, creatinine) [5]

tachyarrhythmia
propanolol 1 2 mg IV
Labour Office 1998.
3. Morata TC, Dunn DE, Kretschmer LW, Lemasters GK, Keith RW. Effects of occupational
exposure to organic solvents and noise on hearing. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993;19:245
- 54.
Trichloroethylene
(Trichloroethylene) ||||| Trichloroethene, Ethylene trichloride, Acethylene

trichloride, 1,1,2-Trichloroethylene, TCE, Trilene
91
C 2 HCl 3 ||||| 131.4 ||||| CAS Number 79-01-6 ||||| UN Number 1710

(degreaser)

ACGIH TLV (2006): TWA = 10 ppm, STEL = 25 ppm, Carcinogenicity
= A2 ||||| NIOSH REL: Notation = Carcinogen, IDLH = Carcinogen ||||| OSHA PEL: TWA = 100 ppm,
Ceiling 200 ppm |||||
() .. 2520: TWA = 100 ppm, Ceiling 200 ppm
ACGIH BEI (2011): Trchloroacetic acid in urine at end of shift at end of
workweek = 15 mg/L, Trichloroethanol in blood at end of shift at end of workweek = 0.5 mg/L
IARC Classification (1995) = Group 2A

(
)
(degreaser)

(vapor degreasing)

(tetrachloroethylene)

(bloodbrain barrier)

(calcium channel blockage)
(GABA stimulation)

(cathecolamine)
(epinephrine) (norepinephrine)

(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)
(acetaldehyde) (alcohol flush
reaction) (degreasers flush)

92
(hypersensitivity)
(herpes virus 6 reactivation)

(phosgene)
(hydrogen chloride)

(liver injury) (renal injury)

(cranial nerve)
(reversible) (trigeminal nerve
neuropathy) (optic neuritis)

(liver) (biliary tract) (non-Hodgkins lymphoma)

(hypersensitivity)
1 1
(erythematous rash) (erythema multiforme)
- (Steven-Johnson syndrome)
(toxic epidermal necrolysis; TEN)
(hepatitis) (fever) (jaundice)
(eosinophilia)

(trichloroacetic acid) (trichloroethanol)

(EKG)
(electrolyte) (liver function test) (BUN & creatinine)
(CXR)
93
(nerve conduction velocity)

(arterial blood gas)

(seizure) (chemical pneumonitis) (coma)
(arrhythmia)
(epinephrine) (norepinephrine)
(propanolol) 1 2 mg
4 6
30
(gastric lavage)

(antidote)

(hypersensitivity)
(antibiotic)

(steroid) (systemic administration)

1 1
94
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride
Chloroethene, Chloroethylene, Monochloroethylene, VC, VCM, Vinyl C monomer
C 2 H 3 Cl
CAS #
75-01-4
UN #
1086
62.5

(compressed liquefied gas) odor threshold 3,000 ppm
vinyl chloride
(thermal cracking) ethylene dichloride 95 %
vinyl chloride hydrochlorination acetylene
95 % vinyl chloride (monomer)
(polyvinyl chloride PVC) 12 %

ethylene diamine
vinyl chloride

Reynaud
(white finger)
(acroosteolysis of
distal phalanges of the fingers) (scleroderma-like changes)
vinyl chloride

(angiosarcoma of liver)
IARC carcinogenicity classification = group 1 (angiosarcoma

of liver) (hepatocellular carcinoma) (IARC 1994)
OSHA PEL TWA = 1 ppm, STEL = 5 ppm (OSHA 1996)
ACGIH TLV TWA = 1 ppm, Notation = A1 (ACGIH 1997)
NIOSH REL Ca (lowest reliability detectable concentration)
95

24 (vinyl chloride)
20
(Biomarker) vinyl chloride
||||| vinyl chloride
(thiodiacetic acid)

||||| vinyl chloride
adducts
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride ||||| vinyl chloride
(antidote)
2. Agency for Toxicological Substance and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for vinyl chloride.
1997 [cited 2010 11 January]; Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp20.
Xylene
.
(Xylene)
Dimethylbenzene, Methyl toluene, Xylol
3 o-xylene, m-xylene p-xylene
o-xylene o-methyltoluene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene ||||| m-xylene m-methyltoluene,
1,3-dimethylbenzene ||||| p-xylene p-methyltoluene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene
C 6 H 4 (CH 3 ) 2 C 8 H 10
106.2
CAS Number xylene (mixed) 1330-20-7 ||||| o-xylene 95-47-6 ||||| m-xylene 108-38-3 ||||| p-xylene
106-42-3
UN Number xylene (mixed) N/A ||||| o-xylene 1307 ||||| m-xylene 1307 ||||| p-xylene 1307

96

ACGIH TLV (1992) TWA 100 ppm, STEL 150 ppm ||||| NIOSH REL
TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3), STEL 150 ppm (655 mg/m3) ||||| OSHA PEL TWA 100 ppm (435
mg/m3) ||||| IDLH 900 ppm ||||| TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3)
EPA NAAQS N/A |||||
.. 2549
xylene 200 ppm
ACGIH BEI (2009) Methylhippuric acid 1.5 g/g Cr

1 2 3
[1]

(
)
(intermediate)
[2]
(intermediate) Polyester [2]
3

(NFPA Code: H2 F3
R0) 1 ppm ACGIH TLV 100
[3]

(Self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA)

(defatting)

97
48 [1]
(CNS depression)

metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypobicarbonataemia hypophosphataemia
[1]

() (euphoria)

50 %
(biomarker) methylhippuric acid

methylhippuric acid
(quantitative interpretation)
(EKG)
(cardiac enzyme) (Chest X-ray) (electrolyte)
(blood gas) (liver function test) (BUN, creatinine)

(decontamination) 15

(tachyarrhytmia) propanolol 1 2 mg IV [3]

[3]

(environmental monitoring)
(biomarker)

98

Labour Office 1998.
99
100
Re a r Co v er
Spine
Fr ont C over
.. 2554
2554-005
(ISBN) 978-616-90900-2-1
616.98

8 20110

www.summacheeva.org
www.thaitox.com
www.wiwat.org

พิษวิทยาอาชีพ

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

พิษวิทยาอาชีพ

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Re a r Co v er

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

OSHA (respirator) NIOSH

(R) / (Instability / Reactivity)

DBE, ethylene bromide, 1,2-ethylene dibromide (EDB), glycol dibromide

chemical pneumonitis pulmonary

Biomarker ||||| AST,

1. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. The chemical incident management handbook.

IARC carcinogenicity classification : group 2B (possible human carcinogen) (IARC 2001)

thioethers Gas Chromatography (GC)

4. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. The chemical incident management handbook.

Propylene dichloride, propylene chloride, 2,3 dichloride propane

(fume) (hydrogen chloride)

IARC cancer classification group 3

Biethylene, Bivinyl, Divinyl, Vinylethylene

ACGIH BEI 1,2 Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-butane

1,3-butadiene 1,2 Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)butane [5]

4. Delzell E, Sathiakumar N, Hovinga M, Macaluso M, Julian J, Larson R, et al. A follow-up study

p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), p-chlorophenyl chloride (PDB), p-dichlorobenzol

EPA = EPA hazardous air pollutants (EPA 2004)

CAS Number 123-91-1

IARC carcinogenicity classification : group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) (IARC 1999)

1,4-dioxane [1] metabolite beta-hydoxy-ethoxyacetic acid (HEAA)

ethanal, ethyl aldehyde, aldehyde C, acetic aldehyde

alcohol dehydrogenase ethanol acetaldehyde

IARC carcinogenic class 2B

1. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/acetalde.html [cited 2010, 5 January].

IARC classification group 2A (probably carcinogenic to human) (IARC 1982)

gas chromatography nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD), gas

ACGIH TLV (2011): TWA = 25 ppm, STEL = 35 ppm ||||| NIOSH

TWA = 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) |||||

mmHg ( 372 ) 74.92 valency 3 (trivalent arsenic,

ACGIH TLV 8-hour TWA = 0.01 mg/m3

(peripheral neuritis and

(vasospasm) (gangrene) black foot disease

maintain airway oxygen

dimercaprol 3 mg/kg ( gluteal) 4 2

Phenyl hydride, Benzohexatriene, Benzol, Pyrobenzole, Coal naphtha

1. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. The chemical incident management handbook.

Methyl bromide, Monobromomethane, Methyl fume

bromomethane methanol hydrobromic

IARC carcinogenicity classification = group 3 (IARC 1987)

(whole blood cadmium)

(CBC), (serum electrolyte),

(Carbon disulfide) ||||| Carbon bisulfide, Carbon sulfide

(Reducing agent) (Mond process) [1]

1. Farrow C, Wheeler H, Bates N, Murray V. The chemical incident management handbook.

(Chlorine) ||||| Chlorine gas, Dichlorine

1. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Exposure assessment in occupational and environmental epidemiology.

(Chromium) ||||| Cr ||||| 51.9961

Hexahydrobenzene, Hexamethylene, Hexanaphthene

adipic acid caprolactam

(Ethyl alcohol) ||||| Ethanol

(barbiturate, benzodiazepine) (opioids) (anti-depressants)

(emergency and supportive measure)

(Hydrochloric acid) ||||| Muriatic acid, Spirits of salt, Chlorane, Anhydrous

(complete protective clothing including self contained breathing apparatus)

(no gastric lavage) (emetic)

(Hydrofluoric acid) ||||| Hydrogen fluoride solution

(pulmonary edema) (chemical pneumonitis)

(chemical pneumonitis) 2 3 |||||

(recent exposure) 3 4 [2]

Cinnabar ore (HgS) 3

(Inorganic mercury) mercuric chloride