S i xng ca cc tinh th

S i xng ca cc tinh th
Bi:
Nguyn Vn Hiu
Trong tinh th c s xp t tun hon ca cc nguyn t cng mt loi. Do v tr ca
mt tinh th (v hn) khng thay i nu ta thc hin cc php tnh tin tinh th nhng
on R c dng

trong a, b, c l ba vect khng nm trong cng mt mt phng, cn l, m, n l ba s

nguyn. Ta quy c chn cc vect a, b, c trong cng thc (34) th no cho dc theo
hng ca mi vect trong s ba vect ny th l vect c chiu di ngn nht (xem
hnh 3.28), v gi l cc vect tnh tin c s

Hnh hp m ba cnh l ba vect tnh tin c s c gi l c s. Vi ba vect tnh

tin c s a, b, c cho im cui ca cc vect R xc nh bi cng thc (34) vi ba s
nguyn ty l, m, n to thnh mt mng trong khng gian gi l mng Bravais. Mng
Bravais chia khng gian thnh cc c s ging ht nhau v xp t lin tip nhau
lp kn ton b khng gian. Tt c cc nt ca mng Bravais u nm cc nh ca cc
c s v do trung bnh mi c s cha mt nt. Vi cng mt mng Bravais cho
ta c th chn cc c s bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Trn hnh 3.29 ta trnh by vi
cch la chn c s trn cng mt mng Bravais hai chiu.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

C nhng mng Bravais i xng vi mt nhm im no , song cc c s ca n

th d cho c chn bng cch no i na vn khng th i xng vi nhm im ny.
Th d nh mng Bravais hai chiu trn hnh 3.30 i xng i vi nhm quay C6 quanh
cc trc i qua cc nt bt k ca mng v trc giao vi mt phng hnh v, song c s
li l hnh bnh hnh v khng i xng i vi nhm ny. Khi m c s khng c cc
tnh cht i xng ca mng Bravais, ngha l khng i xng i vi tt c cc php
bin i im l cc php i xng ca mng Bravais, th thay cho c s ta dng c
s i xng c nh ngha nh sau. Mt hnh a din vi cc nh l cc nt ca mt
mng Bravais c gi l mt i xng nu n c tt c cc tnh cht i xng ca
mng ny, ngha l nu n i xng (bt bin) i vi tt c cc php bin i ca mt
nhm im l nhm i xng ca mng Bravais cho. i xng c th tch nh nht
gi l c s i xng. Nu c s c tt c cc tnh cht i xng ca mng Bravais
th chnh n l c s i xng. Nu khng phi l nh vy th ngoi cc nt ca mng
Bravais l cc nh ca mt c s i xng ny cn cha thm cc nt ca mng
Bravais ti tm im ca n hoc ti tm im cc mt ngoi ca n.
Th d nh trong mng Bravais hai chiu v trn hnh 3.30 c s i xng l hnh lc
gic u v bng ng chm chm v tm ca hnh lc gic ny cng l mt nt ca
mng Bravais, cn c s l cc hnh bnh hnh v bng ng lin nt. c trng
cc c s i xng mt cch nh lng ta s dng cc i lng hnh hc sau y.
T mt nh ca c s i xng ta v ba vect a, b, c khng nm trong cng mt mt
phng ni lin nh ny vi ba nh gn nht ca . Ba gc ,, gia cc vect a,
b, c tng i mt v hai t s gia cc chiu di a, b, c ca ba vect ny hon ton xc
nh cc tnh cht i xng ca ang xt.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

V mt c s i xng no c th cha cc nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im ca

n hoc ti tm im cc mt ngoi ca n, m li cng c th khng cha nt no ngoi
cc nh ca n, cho nn c nhiu mng Bravais khc nhau vi cng mt c s i
xng. Tt c cc mng Bravais c chung nhau mt c s i xng to thnh mt h.
Cc mng Bravais trong cng mt h c cc tnh cht i xng ging nhau; l cc
tnh cht i xng ca c s i xng ca cc mng trong h ny. S phn loi cc
mng Bravais thnh cc h chnh l s phn loi cn c vo cc tnh cht i xng ca
chng. C tt c 14 mng Bravais, chia thnh by h nh sau.
1. H lp phng (cubic)
= = = 900,a = b = c

c s i xng l hnh lp phng. Cc mng ca h ny gi l cc mng lp phng.

C ba trng hp tng ng vi ba mng lp phng khc nhau.
a) Tt c cc nt ca mng Bravais u l cc nh ca cc c s i xng (hnh 3.31a),
khng c nt no trong th tch hoc ti nhng im khng phi l nh trn mt ngoi;
c s i xng chnh l c s. Mng Bravais c gi l mng lp phng n
(simple).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

b) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca c s i xng mi ny cn cha

thm mt nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im ca n (hnh 3.31b). Mng Bravais c
gi l mng lp phng tm th (body - centered).
c) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca c s i xng mi ny cn cha
thm cc nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im ca tt c cc hnh vung l cc mt ngoi
ca hnh lp phng (hnh 3.31c). Mng Bravais c gi l mng lp phng tm din
(face - centered).
2. H t gic (tetragonal)
= = = 900,a = b c

c s i xng l hnh tr thng ng y vung m chiu cao ca hnh trc c gi tr

khc chiu di ca cnh hnh vung (t gic u) l y hnh tr. Cc mng ca h ny
gi l cc mng t gic. Ta hy chng minh rng v chiu cao c c th c gi tr khc vi
chiu di a ca cnh y cho nn mi mng tm din ng thi cng l mng tm th.
Thc vy, xt mt c s i xng ca mng tm din (hnh 3.32a) vi mt y trn l
hnh vung c bn nh A1, A2, A3, A4 v tm im O, bn mt xung quanh l bn hnh
ch nht c cc tm im C1, C2, C3, C4, Hnh chiu cc im C1, C2, C3, C4 trn mt
phng y l hnh vung C1, C2, C3, C4.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

V hnh tr thng ng m y l hnh vung C1C2C3C4 v chiu cao bng chiu cao c
ca c s i xng ang xt ca mng tm din. Cc giao tuyn ca mt phng hnh
vung A1A2A3A4 vi bn mt xung quanh ca hnh tr y C1C2C3C4 l cc cnh ca
hnh vung C1C2C3C4 trn hnh 3.32b. Xt thm bn hnh tr thng ng c chung
bm mt bn vi hnh tr y l hnh vung C1C2C3C4 . Bn hnh tr ny ct mt
phng hnh vung A1A2A3A4 theo bn hnh vung m mi hnh c chung mt cnh vi
hnh vung C1C2C3C4 (xem hnh 3.32b).

Cc hnh vung cha bn nt A1, A2, A3, A4 ti cc tm im ca chng, cn tm

im O ca hnh vung A1A2A3A4 th trng vi tm im ca hnh vung C1C2C3C4.
Nt O v cc nt A1, A2, A3, A4 ca mng tm din ang xt li cng chnh l tm im
ca hnh tr thng ng y l hnh vung C1C2C3C4 v bn hnh tr thng ng khc
m mi hnh c chung mt mt bn vi hnh tr y vung C1C2C3C4 cc c s i
xng ca mng tm th. Vy mng t gic tm din vi c sdi xng l hnh tr
thng ng y vung A1A2A3A4 ng thi l mng t gic tm th vi c s i xng
l hnh tr thng ng y vung C1C2C3C4 c cng chiu cao. Vy ch c hai trng
hp khc nhau:
a) Tt c cc nt ca mng Bravais u l cc nh ca cc c s i xng (hnh 3.32c).
Ta c mng t gic n.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

b) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca cc c s i xng cc ny cn

cha cc nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im ca chng (hnh 3.32d). Ta c mng t gi
tm th

3. H trc giao (orthorombic)

c s i xng l hnh hp ch nht m c ba cnh u khc nhau. Tt c cc cnh
trc giao vi nhau tng i mt. Do cc mng thuc h ny gi l cc mng trc
giao. C bn trng hp khc nhau.
a) Tt c cc nt ca mng Bravais u l cc nt ca cc c s i xng (hnh 3.33a).
Mng Bravais l mng trc giao n.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

b) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca cc c s i xng cc ny cn

cha cc nt ca mng Bravais ti cc tm im ca chng (hnh 3.33b). Trong trng
hp ny ta c mng trc giao tm th.

c) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca cc c s i xng cc ny cn

cha cc nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im tt c cc hnh ch nht l cc mt ngoi
ca chng (hnh 3.33c). Mng Bravais c gi l mng trc giao tm din.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

d) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca c s i xng mi ny cn cha

thm hai nt ca mng Bravais ti tm im ca hai hnh ch nht l hai mt ngoi song
song ca n (hnh 3.33d). Ta gi hai hnh ch nht c cha thm nt ti tm im l hai
mt y. Trong trng hp ny mng Bravais c gi l mng trc giao tm y (base
- centered).

4. H n t (monoclinic)
= = 900, 900,a b c

c s i xng l hnh tr thng ng m y l hnh bnh hnh; c ba cnh c chiu

di khc nhau. Ta c th thu c c s i xng ny bng cch ly mt hnh hp ch
nht ba cnh c chiu di khc nhau, gi nguyn hng ca cc mt y v mt cp mt
bn nhng lm cho hng ca cp mt bn th hai b xin i ( t 900 tr nn khc
900). V th cc mng thuc h ny gi l cc mng n t. C hai trng hp:
a) Tt c cc nt ca mng Bravais u l cc nh ca cc c s i xng (hnh 3.34a),
mng Bravais l mng n t n.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

b) Ngoi cc nt ca mng Bravais l cc nh ca c s i xng mi ny cn cha

hai nt ti tm im ca hai mt y hnh bnh hnh (hnh 3.34b), mng Bravais l mng
n t tm y.

5. H tam t (triclinic)
900,a b c

c s i xng l hnh hp bnh hnh xin ba cnh khc nhau, c ba gc gia cc cnh
u khng phi l gc vung v l cc gc nhn hoc gc t ty . c s i xng ny
c th thu c t hnh hp ch nht bng cch lm xin i theo c ba hng. Do c
tn gi l h tam t. Php nghch o l php i xng duy nht ca mng Bravais tam
t. V c s i xng cng khng i xng nn h ch c mt loi mng l mng tam
t n (hnh 3.35).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

6. H lc gic (hexagonal)
= = 900, = 1200,a = b c

c s i xng l hnh tr thng m y l hnh lc gic u. Ngoi su nh l su

nt ca mng Bravais mi mt y cn cha mt nt ti tm im ca n (hnh 3.36).
Vy h ny ch c mt mng l mng lc gic tm y.

7. H tam gic (trigonal)

= = 900,a = b = c

c s i xng ca mng ny l mt hnh c tm nh v 12 mt xung quanh l 12

tam gic cn, thu c bng cch lm bin dng hnh lp phng nh sau.
Ly mt hnh lp phng m cc cnh l nhng on thng cng khng th b un cong,
khng co dn c, song cc gc gia cc cnh th c th thay i khi hnh lp phng
b lm bin dng. Chn hai nh A v D xuyn tm i v ly ng cho AD lm mt
trc c nh (hnh 3.37a).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Ko hai nh A v D ca hnh lp phng dc theo trc c nh ny theo hai chiu ngc

nhau lm cho hnh ny di ra theo hng AD v b lm hp li theo cc hng khc, ta
thu c mt hnh mi gi l rhombohedron (hnh 3.37b) m cc cnh c chiu di bng
cc cnh ca hnh lp phng ban u, cc gc gia cc cnh tr nn khc gc vung
nhng ba gc nh A cng nh ba gc nh D vn bng nhau, cn mi hnh vung l
mt xung quanh ca hnh lp phng ban u th tr thnh mt hnh thoi b gp li mt
cht dc theo ng cho ngn, ngha l tr thnh hai tam gic cn c chung cnh y
v nm trn hai mt phng khc nhau.

Ba nh B1, B2, B3 m mi nh c chung mt cnh vi nh A to thnh mt tam gic

u trn mt mt phng trc giao vi trc AD. Ba nh C1, C2, C3 m mi nh c mt
canh chung vi nh D cng to thnh mt tam gic u trn mt mt phng khc song
song vi mt phng tam gic B1B2B3. Ta hy chn mt phng cha tam gic u B1B2B3
lm mt phng hnh v (hnh 3.37c) v k hiu hnh chiu ca tam gic u C1C2C3 trn
mt phng ny l C1C2C3 , hnh chiu chung ca hai nh A v D l O. Hai tam gic
u B1B2B3 v C1C2C3 c chung nhau tm im O (hnh 3.37c).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Mng Bravais ang xt c cc php i xng l php i xng ca hnh tam gic u
cho nn n c gi l mng tam gic. H mng ny ch c mt mng n. Mi mng
trong khng gian gm cc mng hai chiu song song vi nhau; mi mng hai chiu l
mt mng gm cc nt xp t nh ca cc tam gic u, m cc nt trn mt mt
phng th nm trn cc ng thng trc giao vi n v i qua tm im ca cc tam
gic u trn mt phng ln cn vi n, c ba mt phng lin tip th c mt chu k.
Trn hnh 3.37d ta trnh by hnh chiu ca hai mng phng trn mt phng ca mng
hai chiu th ba. V c s c dng hnh rhombohedrom cho nn h ny cn c tn l
h rhombohedral.

Chng ta phn loi cc mng Bravais thnh by h cn c vo nhm tt c php bin

i im l cc php i xng ca mng ny, gi tt l nhm i xng im ca n. Ta
li bit rng c tt c 32 nhm im tinh th hc, ngha l tinh th c th i xng i
vi mt trong 32 nhm im ny. Ta hy xt xem nu ta bit c nhm im i xng
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S i xng ca cc tinh th

im ca tinh th l nhm no th c th bit ngay c tinh th thuc h no hay khng.

Trc ht ta ch rng mt yu t i xng im ca tinh th cng phi l mt yu t
i xng ca mng Bravais, v php bin i im ca tinh th khng thay i vt r ca
n th cng khng lm thay i v tr ca c s i xng (ngc li cha chc chn
ng, v mt c s i xng c th cha nhiu nguyn t, v mt php bin i khng
thay i v tr ca c s i xng vn c th lm thay i v tr ca cc nguyn t trong
ny). Ta hxay vit ra tt c cc yu t i xng im ca cc mng Bravais thuc mi
h trong s tt c by h. Khi ta cho mt tinh th vi mt nhm i xng im no ,
ta xem n c nhng yu t no, ri hy tm tt c nhng h c cc yu t i xng ny,
v chn h c tnh cht i xng thp nht trong s cc h lm h ca tinh th cho.
c s i xng ca h c chn phn nh st nht cc tnh cht i xng ca tinh
th cho. Th d nh nu nhm i xng im ca mt tinh th no ch cha php
quay C2 nhng khng cha php quay C4 no c, th tinh th ch c th thuc vo h m
c s i xng c trc trc quay bc hai nhng khng c trc quay bc bn, mc du
nhm im cho cng c th l nhm con ca mt nhm i xng C4.
By gi ta xt tng h v tm xem mi h c th cha cc tinh th vi cc nhm im
i xng no. Ta i t h c tnh cht i xng thp n cc h c tnh cht i xng
cao hn.
H tam t. Ngoi php bin i ng nht, cng l php quay C1, mng tam t ch bt
bin i vi php nghch o i v do ch c hai yu t i xng l trc quay C1 (yu
t tm thng) v tm nghch o. Cc nhm im c cc yu t i xng ny l C1 v
Ci.
H n t. Ngoi cc php nghch o d ni trn cc mng n t c cc yu t i
xng sau y: trc quay C2 v mt phng gng htrc giao vi trc quay. Cc nhm
im c cc yu t i xng ny l C1h, C2 v C2h.
H trc giao. Ngoi php nghch o th cc mng trc giao c cc yu t i xng sau
y: ba trc quay C2 v ba mt phng gng , mi mt phng trc giao vi mt trc
quay C2 v cha hai trc kia cho nn va c th xem l mt thng ng v, va c th
xem l mt nm ngang h. Cc nhm i xng sau y cha cc yu t i xng ny
m cha c php vo h trc: D2, D2h v C2v . (Nhm C2h cng cha cc yu t
nhng c ghp vo h i xng thp hn l h n t).
H tam gic. Ngoi php nghch o th hnh tam gic u c s i xng ca mng
tam gic, tc l chnh mng Bravais ca h tam gic, c cc yu t i xng sau y:
mt trc quay C3, ba mt phng gng v cha trc quay m mi mt phng cha
mt nh khng nm trn trc quay C3 (cc nh B1, B2, B3, hoc C1, C2, C3 trn hnh
3.37b), ba trc quay C2 trc giao vi trc quay C3 ti tm im ca hnh rhombohedron
v song song vi mt cnh ca hai tam gic u m mi tam gic to bi ba nh, mi
nh c mt cnh chng vi cng mt nh trn trc C3 (cc tam gic u B1B2B3 hoc
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S i xng ca cc tinh th

C1C2C3 trn hnh 3.37b). Cc nhm im sau y c cc yu t i xng ni trn: C3,

C3v, S6, D3 v D3d.
H lc gic. Ngoi php nghch o i th mng lc gic c cc yu t i xng sau y:
mt trc quay C6, mt mt phng gng htrc giao vi trc quay C6, su mt phng
gng v cha trc quay C6, su trc quay C2 trc giao vi trc quay C6 ti tm nghch
o i ca c s i xng. Cc nhm im sau y c cc yu t i xng ni trn v
cha c ghp v cc h trc: C3h, C6, C6h, C6v, D3h, D6 v D6h. Ch rng nhm
im S6 cng c cc yu t i xng ca h lc gic, song c ghp vo h tam gic
l h c tnh cht i xng thp hn.
H t gic. Ngoi tam nghch o i th cc mng t gic c cc yu t i xng sau y:
mt trc C4, mt mt phng gng htrc giao vi trc quay C4, bn mt phng gng
v cha trc quay C4, hai trc quay C2, bn mt phng gng m hai mt phng trc
giao vi hai trc quay C2, cn hai mt phng kia cha hai trc quay ny v trng vi
hai mt phng cha trc quay C4. Cc nhm im c cc yu t i xng ni trn l cc
nhm im sau y: C4, S4, C4v, D2d, D4 v D4h.
H lp phng. Ngoi tm nghch o i th cc mng lp phng c cc yu t i
xng sau y: ba trc quay C4, bn trc quay C3, su trc quay C2, ng vi mi trc
quay C4 c mt phng gng htrc giao vi n v bn mt phng gng v cha trc
quay ny, ng vi mi trc quay C3 c mt mt phng gng htrc giao vi n v ba
mt phng gng vcha trc quay ny, ng vi mi trc quay C2 c mt mt phng
gng htrc giao vi n v hai mt phng gng v cha trc quay ny, trong mt
s mt phng gng k trn c th trng nhau. Cc nhm im c cc yu t i xng
ni trn l cc nhm im sau y: T, Th, Td, O v Oh.
Tm li, cn c vo c im ca cc yu t i xng chnh ca nhm im, 32 nhm
im tinh th hc c phn loi theo by h trng vi by h mng Bravais. S phn
loi c tm tt trong bng sau y.
Bng phn loi cc nhm im v

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Sau khi nghin cu k v cc mng Bravais by gi chng ta trnh by mt s cu

trc tinh th in hnh.
Cu trc dng NaCl. Mng Bravais l mng lp phng tm din. Ta ly chiu di
ca mi cnh cu c s i xng lm n v chiu di. Tinh th NaCl gm hai mng
lp phng tm din lng vo nhau mt cch i xng, mt mng gm cc nguyn t
Na nm cc nt, gm cc nh ca c s i xng l cc im (000), (1,00), (010),
(001), (110), (101), (011) v cc tm im ca cc mt bn c s i xng l cc
im (0 12 12 ), ( 12 0 12 ), ( 12 12 0), (1, 12 12 ), ( 12 1 12 ), ( 12 12 1), , cn mng kia gm cc nguyn t Cl
nm trung im cc cnh cu c s i xng l cc im (00 12 ), (0 12 0), ( 12 00), (01 12 ),

(10 12 ), (1 12 0), ( 12 01), ( 12 10), v tm im ( 12 12 12 ) ca c s i xng (hnh 3.38). Hng

s mng a ca cc tinh th loi NaCl o bng n v Ac trnh by trong bng sau y

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Cu trc dng CsCl. Mng Bravais l mng lp phng n. Ta ly chiu di a ca mi

cnh ca c s lm n v chiu di. Tinh th CsCl gm hai mng lp phng n lng
vo nhau mt cch i xng, mt mng gm cc nguyn t Cs nm cc nh ca cc
hnh lp phng ca mng Bravais l cc im (000), (100), (010), (001), (110), (101),
(011) cn mng kia gm cc nguyn t Cl nm tm im cc hnh lp phng ,
ngha l cc im ( 12 12 12 ), ( 32 12 12 ), ( 12 32 12 ), ( 12 12 32 ) (hnh 3.39).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Hng s mng a ca cc tinh th dng CsCl o bng n v A c trnh by trong bng

sau y:

Cu trc dng kim cng. Mng Bravais l mng lp phng tm din. Ta chn chiu
di a ca c s i xng lm n v chiu di. Mi c s c hai nguyn t C. Mng
tinh th kim cng gm cc nguyn t C nm cc nt chai ca hai mng lp phng
tm din lng vo nhau, mt mng x dch i so vi mng kia dc theo ng cho ca
c s i xng ca mng , dch bng 14 ng cho. Nu mt mng c mt nh
im c ta (000) th nh tng ng ca mng th hai c ta ( 14 14 14 ). Cu trc
ni trn c trnh by trn hnh 3.40a.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Nu chiu tt c cc nguyn t C ln mt phng y th ta thu c cc im v trn

hnh 3.40b.

Ch s ghi cho mi loi im l chiu cao ca v tr ca nguyn t C chiu ln im .

Hng s mng ca kim cng l 3,56 A. Cc tinh th c cu trc dng kim cng l Si

v Ge. Hng s mng ca cc tinh th ny bng 5,43 A v 5,65 A.

Cu trc dng km pha ZnS. Mng Bravais l mng lp phng tm din. Tinh th
gm hai mng lp phng tam din lng vo nhau ging nh tinh th kim cng, song
mt mng gm cc nguyn t Zn cc nt, cn mng kia gm cc nguyn t S cc
nt, mng n xe dch i so vi mng kia dc theo ng cho, dch bng 14 ng

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

cho.Hng s mng ca cc tinh th dng km pha o bng Ac trnh by trong bng

sau y:

Cu trc dng lc gip xp cht. Mng Bravais l mng lc gic. Ngoi cc nguyn t
nm cc nt ca mng Bravais trong c s i xng cn c cc nguyn t nm trn
mt phng gng hchia i hnh tr y lc gi u, nhng im l tm ca cc hnh
tam gic u m cc nh l hnh chiu ca cc nt trn mnt phng ny (hnh 3.41).

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

T s hai kch thc c v a phi tho mn iu kin ac ( 83 ). Cc hng s mng ca mt

s kim loi c cu trc lc gic xp cht c trnh by trong bng sau y.

Ngoi dng cu trc km pha, ZnS cng cn tn ti di dng cu trc tinh th dng lc
gic.
c s Wigner Seitz
Khi nghin cu cc mng Bravais ngoi c s i xng cha cc nt ca mng ti cc
nh, ti tm im cc mt bn v ti tm im ca ta cn thng chia tinh th thnh
cc loi c bit gi l c s Wigner Seitz c tt c cc tnh cht i xng ca
mng Bravais v c th tch bng th tch c s. Cc c s Wigner Seitz c to
thnh nh sau. Ta chn mt nt ca mng Bravais lm gc v ni n vi cc nt gn
nht ca mng ny bng cc on thng ri v cc mt phng trc giao vi cc on
thng ny cc trung im ca chng. Cc mt s to nn mt hnh a din. chnh
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S i xng ca cc tinh th

l c s Wigner Seitz . Nu mng Bravais i xng vi mt php bin di i g no

th trong php bin i ny c s Wigner Seitz cng khng thay i v tr, bi v
theo cch xy dng n th v tr ca ny hon ton c xc nh bi v tr ca mng
Bravais. Cc im bn trong c s Wigner Seitz c tnh cht: khong cch t im
n tm ca c s Wigner Seitz nh hn khong cch t im n bt k nt
no khc ca mng Bravais. Mi c s Wigner Seitz ch cha mt nt l tm ca
ny.
minh ho cch xy dng Wigner Seitz ta xt cc mng Bravais thuc h lp
phng. Trong mng lp phng n cc nt l nh ca cc c s c dng hnh lp
phng. Mi nt c 6 nt ln cn nm trn 6 cnh ca 8 hnh lp phng c cng mt
nh chung l nt cho, ngha l nm trn ba ng thng song song vi cc cnh v i
qua nt ny. Wigner Seitz l hnh lp phng m 6 mt bn trc giao vi ba ng
thng v inh qua trung im cc on thng ni nt cho vi cc nt ln cn (xem
hnh 3.42a).

Trong mng lp phng tm th mi nt u c th xem l tm ca hnh lp phng m

8 im cng l 8 nt cuamng. Tm ny c tt c 14 nt ln cn: 8 nh ca hnh lp
phng v 6 tm ca 6 hnh lp phng c mt bn chung vi hnh lp phng cho.
Wigner Seitz l hnh a din c 14 mt l 8 hnh lc gic v 6 hnh vung (xem hnh
3.42b). Cc hnh vung ny nm ngay trn 6 mt bn ca hnh lp phng cho.

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S i xng ca cc tinh th

Trong mng lp phng tm din mi nt u c th xem l nh ca mt hnh lp

phng m tt c cc nh v tm tt c cc mt bn u l cc nt. Nt cho c 12
nt ln cn l tm ca 12
mt bn ca cc hnh lp phng m nt cho l nh chung. Nu chn nt ny lm
gc to v cc cnh hnh lp phng lm trc to th trn mi mt to c 4 nt
ln cn. Wigner Seitz lamt hnh a din c 12 mt (xem hnh 3.42c).

D th li rng c ba Wigner Seitz ca cc mng lp phng u bt bin i vi

php i xng bt k ca hnh lp phng.

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