Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary pst)Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary Second Edition Boyd C. Ringo and Robert B. Anderson ‘Technical Editor: Mary K. Hurd = The Aberdeen Group® 4265 Wenigine SAdaSoN tl 60101Designing Floor Slabs on Grade ‘Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary Second Edition published by The Aberdeen Group 426 South Westgate ‘Addison, 1L 60101 Book Bator: Desire J. Hanford ‘Asia: fas E Moria Copyright © 1996 The Aberdoen Groop ‘rota i the United Stas of America Reproduction of any ys ofthis work beyond tat permed by te 1976 United Sutes Copyright Act witout Detaton of be coprgh owners wala: Requen for permission o further information soul be need 2 e Aberdoen Group. Library of CongrersCaaogShamber95-31988, ‘987634321 ISON O9UES750. nem No. 3020, brary of Congress Cataloglng-n-Publleaion Data Ring, Boyd c ‘Designing ocr sb on gra: sup-y-ep procedures, ample solutions, nd commentary ~ 2a em. ‘Auton: Boyd Ringo and Raber B, Anderton Taclaes inde. ISBNO24659-75.0 GH) | Cover sabe-Deags an cosrcion. 2. oor, Coscrete-Design and constuction. I Anderson, Rober. B. TARBSSeRSA 1996, earnaen 9.31908 oPABOUT THE AUTHORS Slab design experts and consultants, Boyd Ringo and Bob Anderson have lectured worldwide on the design of slabs om grade. They have served together as Active members of the American Concrete Institute Committee 360, Design of Slabs ‘on Grade, and Committee 302, Construction of Concrete Floors. Now they join forces to share their expertise in the how-to-do-it format ofthis versatile new design handbook, Boyd C. Ringo, a leading authority on plain and conventionally reinforced concrete slabs on grade, has been involved as a professional engineer with design and construction for more than 40 years. Now in private practice as a consulting engineer in Cincinnati, he is a past chairman of ACI Committee 360, and was for many years a professor of civil engineering at the University of Cincinnati, Ringo has also worked as a structural designer and forensic investigator and has extensive experience with industria! slabs on grade. Robert B. Anderson, a pioneer in establishing the posttensioned slab on grade, helped in developing some of the early hardware as well as the design procedures that are accepted today. Long active in the Post-Tensioning Institute, he is now president of Robert B. Anderson Consulting Engineers, New Orleans. His practice includes commercial, industrial, and residential design as well as conventional and post-tensioned foundation design—with particular emphasis in dealing with problems of expansive and compressible soils.‘The Aberdeen Group its employees and agents, and the authors are not engaged in the business of providing architectural or constrocion services, nor are they licensed to do so, ‘The information in this book is iatended forthe use of builders, floor designers, and contractors competent to evaluate its applicability to ther sation, and who will ccept responsibility forthe application ofthe information, The Aberdeen Group and the authors disclaim any and all responsiblity foe the application ofthe information.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... CHAPTER 1 Input values needed for design. 1.1—Information about supporting sol LL —Iatrodoetioneensn 1.12—Working with a soils speci 1.13 Limit isk with ineuficient information. 114—Workng with limized sol information. 115—Summary 1.2—Types of slab loadings. 12.1—Introdetion nn 1.22 Vehicle axle loads 1.23—Uniform loads with aisles... 1.24—Rack and post loads, 1.25—Colums load... 1.2.6—Special or unusual loads. 13—Conerete for the sib... 13.1—Conerete strength properties for design 13.1.1—Compresion 13.1.2 Modulus of rupee 13.13-Shear seat... 13.14 —Sucace derbi. 1.32—Choosing the concrete mix.. 1321—Cement... 132.2—Aggrennes. 13.23 Mix proportions. 1A-Salety factors. 1.4.1—Importance and meaning 14.2—Common vues for safer fcr. 15—Siab reinforcement. 15.1 Reinforcing steel 15:1.1—Genent 15.1.2-Strnkage ek conto. 1.5.13 —Sugade dng 1S14—Temperse method £5.15 — Equivatetseength method. vey ML nit1.52.2—Crack con 4523—Cusl controvpost tensioned slabs 152.4 — Structural effectiveness 1.52.5 —Tendon types. 1.6 — Fiber enhancement. CHAPTER 2 Slab types & design methods: The designer's choles 2.1—Types of slab construction 7 2.1.1 —Introduetion 2.1.2—Type A, plain concrete slab.. 2.13—Type B slab with svinkage control reinforcement 2.14—Type C, slab wit 2.1.5—Type D, slab post-tensioned for crack control 2.1.6—Type E, lightly reinforced structural slab. 24.1 —Type F structurally reinforced slab 2.1.8 — Type G (Authors” designation). fiber-e 22—Methods of slab thickness determination... 2.2.1—Portland Cement institute (PCA) method 2.2.2—Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI method. 2.23 —United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) method. 22.4~Post-Tensioning Institute (PTD) method... 22.5—ACI Committee 223 (ACI 223) method. 22.6 — MATS (PCA) finite element analysis. 2.2.7—Other methods 22.8 Correlation of construction type with design meshod and loading condition... CHAPTER3 Design for vehicle axle londs.. ‘3A —Design objectives '3.2—Using PCA charts to design for axle loading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 3.2. — Single wheels, interior loading, 3.2.2 — Dual wheels, imerior loading... 3.2.3 — Stress increases for loads at edges of joims 33—Design for axle loading using WRI charts. 314—Design for ane ong ung COE chars 3.43 — COE, outdoor paving areas... 35—Adapting PCA charts for use with swing vehicles 3.6—Using shrinkage-compensating concrete for slabs subject to axle loads 3.7—Using post-tensioning tendons for a slab with axle oads 3.8—Designing structural reinforcement for a slab with vehicle loading. 3.9_Welded wire fabric asa structural element. CHAPTER 4 Design of slabs for rack storage post loads. 4.1—Design objects ren 42—Informatian needed to solve the post load problem 43~Using PCA charts to design for rack storage post loading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE ... 44—Using PCA charts when actual k does not ‘equal chart k: AUTHORS? CHOICE....‘CHAPTER 5 Slab design for column or wall loadings .. ‘5.1—Scope ofthe problem. 5.2—Design objective. 5.3—Input valves needed for design... ‘5.4—Using equations to design for column loads: At '555—Adapting PCA charts to design for column loads on slabs... ‘$.6—Design for wall loading on slabs using the ‘ARMY-TM equations: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 5 S7—ACI3IB1 Code Requirements fr Stroctari Fina Cores and ‘Commentary. CHAPTER 6 Slab design for distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle. 6.1—The design objective. 62—Values needed to solve the problem. 63—Using WRI charts to design for distributed ‘uniform loading on both sides of an aisle: 6.4—Using PCA tables to design for uniform loading on both sides of an 6—Usingshrlakage compensating concrete for labs wth distributed ‘uniform loading on both sides of an aisle. 6.6—Using post-teneloning tendons for slabs with distributed ‘uniform loeding on both sides of an alsle. or ‘sing structraly reinforced conrete for sabe loded ultra on ‘both sides of an alle. (68 Use of fibers for concrete enhancement 6.8.1 Steel fiber 682 — Syubatic (polymeric) en. 6.83 —Joint te 6.8.4—Compati CHAPTER 7 Design of slabs supported on plastic clays 7.1~Introduction 7.2~Plastic clay conditions. 73~The PTI method for slab design on plastic clay. 7.3.1— Analysis of slab loads, 73.2—Values needed to solve 733—Design objectives. 73.4—Computer solutions 7.4~DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular posttensioned slab on ‘ast lay wih norm an perimeter ads 7.43—Soils investigation. T43.1—Determine the Predominant lay material inthe ti 74.3.2—Find te constant suction value fr the sll. 743.3—Determine the average moisure movement velocity 7434—Find edge moistie vation distance 743.5—Determine expected difereata wel for ‘edge Li and center LR conditions. so 7.44—Check preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements, ‘Step 5 of Flow Chart 1. 744.1—Preliminary dteaination,sfesing beam Soph ‘edge in condition . 7 1.442 Sall pressure under tbe beam (a subroutine for Step 5, Flow Chart 1). 145—Deeruin seston prope for ful sb wid, Sep, Flow Chart] 87.46—Calculate minimum numberof tendons required, Step 7, Flow Chart 1. 89 74.7 ~Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 8, Flow Chart I. 7.48 —Deflection calculations edge lift condition, Step 9, Flow Chart I. 7.49 ~ Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart. 7.4.10—Cemer lift design... = ESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, walform thickness post-tensioned ‘lab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load. 75.1= Introduction 115.2—Modeling the problem 1.5:3—Determination of equivalent thickness. 754—Determine numberof tendons required... 735— Recheck dcgn moments pias allowable monet aps 7.56 —Check of sear capacity. 75.7 —Summary of results. 7.6—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced siab on CHAPTER 8 Design of slabs on compressible clays. al-l 32 33-1 8s— plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load. 7.6.1 — introduction 76.2—Modeling the jong direction, 763 Values needed to solve the problem with conventional reinforcement .. 107 7.64—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on plastic clay. .65—Shor direction section with conventional reinforcement... 109 Introduction... What is compressible clay’ PTI method for designing stabs supported on somprsibe ays 8.3.1 —Analysis of slab loads. 8.3.2—Values needed to solve the problem. = 8.3.3—Design objectives. 8.3.4—Computer solutions. DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post-tensioned slab on sompresibe ‘clay with uniform and perimeter loads 8.4.1 Symbols and notation, 8.4.2—The problem and inital assumptions; materials data 8.4.3—Soils investigatior £843.1-—Determine te predominant clay materia (Step 5, Flow Chart 4. ——— 1 8.43.2—Constant sol suction Vale f08 Sn oncnnnno 8.4.3.3 Velocity of moisture NOW nveenrmnnn : 13 8.4.3.4—Determine edge moisture variation distance, eon 13 8.4.3.5—Estimated differential movement (swell) 8.4.4—Pretiminary beam sizes, tndon requirement. 8.4.4.1—Estimate the required depth d of stifening beams 8.4.4.2 Soil bearing pressure under beams 8.45—Determie setion properties for full slab width: Step 7, Flow Chart 3 127 8.4.6—Calculate minimum number of tendons required, Step 8, Flow Chart 3... 128 8.4.7 —Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift ‘conditions, Step 9, Flow Chart 3 129 8.4.8 Deflection calculations, edge lift condition. 131 8.4.9 Shear calculations for edge lift condition. 132 5.4.10~Center lift design. 134 -DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced slab on compremthe cy wit oform snd porta, Sp 1A, Flow Chr 3..139 8.5.1 —Introduction... 8 8 119 120 1258.5.2—Modeting the problem, long direction. 8.5.3 —Values needed to solve the problem with conventional 8.5.4—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on compressible clay... 8.5.5 —Shore direction section with conventional reinforcement. CHAPTER’ The hybeld pos-tenstone dab: combining sttening ‘elements with regions of uniform thickness ... 9.1 — Introduction... 9.2—Plastic clay conditions, 9.3—The PTI method for slab design on plastic clay. 93.1 — Analysis of slab loads. 9.4—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Post-tensioned slab combining stiffening elements with uniform thickness on plastic clay with uniform 9.4.2—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data 943—Soils investigation 9443.1—Detemine the predominant clay mae in the wi 9.43.2—Find the constant suction value forthe soi 9.43.3~Deirmine the avenge mane movement velocity on 156 9.43.4—Find the edge moisture variation distance. 943 5—Detemine te expected ifereotl swell or dpe it end cee if conditions 9.46—Check slab thickness based on loading requirements 9.4.3—Check preliminary beam sizes, Step 6 of Flow Chart 5. '94.5.1—-Pretininary determination, toning beam depth 9.4.6—Determine section properties for fall slab width ‘Step 7, Flow Chart 5... = 9.4.1 —Determine adequacy of stiffened section in relation to the B distance chosen. 9.4.8—Calculate minitaum number of tendons required, Step 9, Chart 5 9.4.9—Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart $n 9.4.10—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, Step 94.11 —Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 12, Flow Chart 5. 9.4.12—Center lift design.. CHAPTER 10 Supporting design information. 10.1—Dowels for floor stabs on grade. 10.1.1 Purpose and function of dowels 10.1.2—Types of dowels 10.1.3—Size and spacing of dowels 10.2 Joints in slabs on grade. 102.1 Purpose of joints 10.2.2— Types and functions of joints. 10.2.3 ~Shear transfer. 10.2.4~ Joint spacings.10.25—Foints as stress raisers.. 10.2.6—Other factors affecting join. 10.26.1—Bond:-breaking interlayers. 10.2.62— Shrinkage compensating concrete 10.2.63—Continuous steel on 10.2.64—Steel fibers. 10.26 5—Post-tensioned ss 10.3~Control of shrinkage 104—Construction tolerances for slabs on grade... 104.1 —Tolerance for base construction... 10.4.2—Tolerance for slab thickness. 10.4.3—Siab surface tolerances. 10.5—Erfect of changes in the variables: What if? 10.5.1— Effect of changing modulus of subgrade reaction, k 1052—Effect of changes inf 105.3—Effect of changes in slab thickness, 1054—Effect of additional base thickness, on top of subbase 105.5—Effect of changes in safety factor, SF... 10556 Cominens om tenryconboing te effets 10.6—Freezer tloors.. 10.6.1 —General 10.6.2—Thickness 10.6.3 —Base suppor for freezer floors. 10.7—Radius of relative stiffness. 10.7.1—Introduction.. 10:7.2—How fis determined. 10:73 —Sigificance of 108—Compater solutions. 10.8.1—Practical applications. 1032—Software for slab on grade design 10.83—Signficance of computer solutions. 10.9—Understanding sol properties and classifia 109.1 Soi properties 10.1.1 Grain size of sil particles 10.9.1.2—Moisur content 109.13 Aeberg limits ad plastic 10.9.2—Soil classification systems. 109.2.1—Unifed Sot Casicaton 10922—AASHTO clasifeation 10923—FAA clsifeaton.. 1093—Detemiing te modus sabe action. CHAPTER 11 Troubleshooting and evaluating existing floor slabs.......... 199 1.1—Introduction. 11.2—Walk-through 11.2.1 Joins, 11.2.2—Comers. 1123—Surface conditions 11.2.4—Random cracks. 11.2.5 ~Evidence of overload.11.2.6—-Evidence of selement.. 11.2.7 Subgrade problems. 113 Measurement and numerical analysis 11.3.1. —Meeting specifications. 113.2—Determining maximum load capacity 11.33 — Input for calculations. 113.4—Example of loa limit calculation 114—Repalr work options. 11.4.1 Describing floor distress. 114.2—Evaluatng the severity of distress 11.43—Some common repair procedures 11.43.1—Join openigs.. 11432—Chipping a oto. 1143.3—Random crac 11434—Lock of lor Danes. 11.43.5—-Setlement or heaving 11.43.6—-Other disrenses Institute, Corps of Engineers, and American Concrete Institute ‘AA—Post-Tensioned Slab flow charts, equations lst and Post-Tensioning Institute tables. . ‘AS—Portland Cement Association and ‘Steel Institute tabs (CITED REFERENCES. ADDITIONAL REFERENCESINTRODUCTION How thick should the slab be? How strong should the concrete be? Is reinforcement needed? Where should the joints be placed? Can adding fibers enhance the slabs performance? ‘When is post-tensioning appropriate? What can be done to control cracking? ‘This how-to-do-it book provides practical answers to these and other major questions that confront owners and designers when an industrial floor is needed. It is intended to simplify and improve the design of slabs on grade for commercial and residential as well as industrial uses. “Design” includes all of the decisions, specifications, and details made and documented before construction can begin. It s based on properties of both the subgrade support and the concrete material. The process determines thickness, any necessary reinforcement, ent jointing details as well as standards for construction ofthe slab. The authors regard design as 1 two-step procedure: thickness selection is done by one of the methods listed below; then other features such as joint location and treatment and construction tolerances are ‘determined. Even though these steps are intimately related, they are commonly thought of as ‘wo separate procedures. ‘Drawing on their combined experience of many decades at the forefront of slab design ‘and construction technology, Ringo and Anderson have prepared a text designed to help professionals at many different levels of slab design expertise. The book is arranged in three ‘major pers: Getting ready to design presents two chapters explaining the available slab design and construction methods, and outlining the input values of site and materials data needed before the design begins. The design examples are the heart of the book, seven chapters of numerical examples worked out on a step-by-step bass for vehicle loads, rack storage post loading, column or wal loadings, and distributed uniform loads. Separate examples show ow to use post- tensioning when sensitive areas such as compressible soils and plastic clays ae encountered, and how to convert the post-tensioned slab to a conventionally reinforced equivalent. Problems are solved in several ways — giving the designer a choice, but always presenting the authors’ recommendations as to the best way to proceed. Chapter 9, new tothe second edition, presents the latest Post-Tensioning Institute method for designing hybrid slabs, fibbed and posttensioned along a perimeter band, but having a conventional usiform thickness slab atthe center. Resource information in Chaptex 10 provides needed data on joints, constuction tolerances, computer alternatives, and a short course in soil mechanics. The final chapter on troubleshooting explains the steps to take when a slab is in distress and an investigation is called for. The Appendix is a recapitulation ofthe design aids, presenting in large, readable format al ofthe chars required for solutions given in the design examples. The authors expect that designers will copy these charts many times over as zhey draw the lines Fequred for slab thiclness determination and dhe selection of other variables.i Thus the user can assess his own needs and dip into the book for a whole course in slab oF he can simply pick out the details that he needs. Undoubtedly, many readers will ‘be able to go straight tothe design examples, select a desired loading condition, and fit their ‘own site.specific information into an already-worked example, ‘The authors wisely caution that there is no single or unique design procedure that can be applied to all job situations. But all ofthe design methods do have the common objective of crack control, and the provision of stability, laness, and overall strength appropriate to each particular job, Simplified methods presented Suresses in grade slabs result from applied lads, changes in the concrete volume, and changes in subgrade suppor. The magnitude ofthese stesses depends on factors such asthe degree of continuity, subgrade strength and uniformity, method of constroction, quality of construction, and magnitude and postion of the loadings. In the vast majority of cases, the fects of stresses can only be evaluated by making simplifying assumptions with respect 10 rmateril properties and soil strctue interaction, The most commonly known methods, al referred 0 in the examples ofthis book, come from te follawing sources: * The Portland Cement Association (PCA) +The Wire Reinforcement Insitute (WRI) = The Post-Tensioning Instiawe (PTT) + The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) * The United States Army and Air Force (TMIA/AF) + American Concrete Institute Commitee 223 Standard Practice (ACI 223) “The book provides the reader with “how-to” information on each of these methods, and also offers extensive references for those designers who wask ac need to know the “why” behind the design methods. Good drawings and specifications emphasized Experience tells authors Ringo and Anderson that the soajority of floor contractors, foremen, and field workers look only atthe drawing. Therefore they suggest thatthe key requireroents should always appear on the drawing that describes the floor. But they fel that ‘complete Set of both drawings and specification isthe best procedure by which to ensure a quality floor. The designer ust specify and draw the appropriate instructions. Anything aot stated of drawn cannot be followed, and cannot be expected to appear inthe finished wack. If the client wants a quality floor for specific objectives, a complete and detailed specification accompanied by comprehensive drawings, will help assure it. Although a good planaing job ‘takes mor time than 3 poor one, the time spent is extremely cost-effective. MARY K. HURD Techical tor EnaineredPabcationtCHAPTER 1 INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN 1.1—Information about the supporting soil 1.1.1 Introduction ‘A slab on grade cannot be designed without sumerical values that come directly from Inowing what supports the slab. AL the very least, a value is needed for the modulus of subgrade reaction, commonly referred to as k; however, the grade support system is more ‘complicated than is indicated by a single value. In adition to k itis necessary to know the properties ofthe underlying soil and the available fill material. In other words, to design and construct a quality slab on grade, one needs to know as much as possible about the grade system that supports that slab. “The flow char (Figure 1) summarizes an orderly approach to obtaining this informa- tion, and Section 10.8 provides more detail on soil characteristics and evaluation procedures. EI | i f el ea em, LPP So} a.m Pt £ + ft + SE] Sale (eee) ees | |S r : Herman | [esd Higa || ote Figure 1. Flow char provides a gulde to soil information needed for design of slabs on grade2 CHAPTER | ~ INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Commentary: ‘Do not omit the geotechnical ‘specialist and do not omit the floor designer, if you want a ‘g00d floor, the floor designer is ‘working in an area of known dificultes, efamiliar ‘mauerials or unusually hea) Toadings, it might be wise to ‘refuse to provide a design without sufficient ‘geotechnical information. eis used in determining the thickness ofthe concrete slab, That thickness isnot sensitive ro slight changes in the value of ke Obtain a slightly conservative value bated on accurate soil data. 1.1.2—Working with a soils specialist The fist consideration atthe beginning of any slab on grade design shouldbe that of securing adequate geotechnical information (Reference 1). This should put the person responsible forthe flor design into the process atthe very begining of any planning, wich rust include site considerations. When alternative sites ae being evaluated for a projec, sil conditions are often significant economic factor. ‘The floor designer should be able to advise the owner as to what soils information wil be needed, He should do this along with the geotechnical engineer inorder to provide an optimum sgeatechnical por. ‘Too ofea the team effort of floor designer ad geotechnical engineer is missing. Tis can lead either to costly overspending in obtaining soils information orto unexpected coastruction overruns due 10 omissions or errors in inital information. Ut must be emphasized thatthe slab on ground designer should be engaged either before or simultaneously with engaging the ‘geotechnical firm, 1.1.3 Limit risk with insufficient information ‘The authors have found that in much routine slab on grade design no soils information is available other than the floor designer's experience. This experience is occasionally inthe job site area, but frequently is not within that geographical rea. This situation often leads to relying con what previous experience dictated, such a8 “six inches has always worked” or “the sol is ‘good." This may have been the station more times than many of us care to admit. If forced ‘nto this situation inthe future, the designer must protest himself by stating ot the construction NGEL. Values | vatue Foandton | ar Base Subjectto | under” | Pountit | Compres- Unit Dey Subprnde jess | ander Mar Fos” | Waring | Plt | Gatyend | Drainage | compaction | Woigh”| ria | State Die | tater | Home ‘Acton | Sugoct | Aion | Riponion | Charetsce | Equpment’ — | Geb | Con | fey a alo |o @ o ia |e o am a {ay | as ow | cnmseranty | eau [om | neem | ame | come mee, | ase | ow | am conte She Ss. es or | owtsmay | cnt | rama | sony | aimuone | rine — | Sree, | norm | a0 | ne _ eee | Se oh =a erally GU | Gravel ce samy guvet, | Cad Poe None 1 ‘Almont none | Exctient Cawles4ype uncon. 250 | woe segs => ohn Ss ax | sera | omte | raege | tage | rn | renee | teeter | ons | en | aoe iene ‘Seco me | Sen me a | oumgmia, | om | re : revepesaty | fat ove | 0 | x0 Coane. ‘Sry ve sa | ee = En a | semen, [om [ee | ee ome | eee | cera [vom | mom | oom Stir Sh Scere se | setwgrety | rement | mom | noe | smmneme | tet — | crerapeeees | sen | 150s | aos Fonts zev | So. ce senting | s0 | interpret | rapes | neniae | tome | Armnnae | nets | cemaperems | vors | som | sone gt storm Sm sor sm siyamtarty [cs ree | signe | vert | ritwpan | tatmtneee | ois | ang | an Sys s ec se | cmpamtee | riwms | maine | sere | sagen | rermpennty | namrantopren | 50 | wear | aa “chayey ravaly sand Led bia meta ‘mperncas “theepefoat roller ve | amazin [more [oem | mm Page | neem | ganeamiceeen | noms | oi | am ae - = = convert | | tmmcrnmy, | rime | anit | wasn | sum — | reety — | ptrsappe | amis | ais | am we Esko sas mee | Sorat ot | ogmesmeian | me | ream | som | atten | rer asia wows [as | soa Fae. Sec sir | ae at Ee Ee we | eens [= pmmme [waee Pee [nem | pee pom fe] om oar Eo on | am rere | vant | teen | ots | rea | areata | site | 3s | sien bi ne a Poe on | remem, | mow | renin | meses |e | pee | ammamnepoee | wir | 0s | sin 5 ees cee | eet oie | | cee wwine | vai | cto | veyue | Rewer | compart saleet NOLLVWOINI IOS C3LINT] HLM ONIXHOM — #11 NOLLIAS ©4 CHAPTER 1 — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Commentary: Fora quality floor, complete deters een Ta Irelies determination ofthe Proper sab concrete ‘icles for exsernal loadings Ait deco made ‘rot made pir to floor Sab contraction re part of the design proces. ‘The information in Table 1 is intended as a guideline and should not be used asa substrate for an appropriate soils report by a soils specialist. The geotechnical firm, where engaged, can tnd should supply information classifying the soils according to the unified classification system (Reference 2). This system is almost identical to the ASTM soil classification system (Reference 3). Biter is acceptable for practical design. With this information, a conservative value fork can be determined, 1.1.5—Summary It is not advisable to provide design services for slabs on grade when no geotechnical information is availabe, Ifthe floor designer is sufficiently familia withthe site, the design can proceed; however, design assumptions along with a disclaimer statement should be placed on any drawings or recommendations ‘When limited information is available from a geotechnical source, a conservative approximation of k value may be selected using the Unified Soll Classification, or its equivalent. ‘The floor designer should inform the geotechnical engineer, whenever one is available, ofthe ioads anticipated and of the design procedure intended for use. This should help the ‘geotechnical individual to provide the floor designer with the necessary information (0 properly execute the design. : 1.2 — Types of slab loadings 1.2.1 — Introduction ‘The four loading types described in Sections 1.2.2 through 1.2.5 are those most ‘commonly encountered on industrial floors. They are external loadings acting on the slab's surface. These veical forces cause moments in the slab. They also cause shear forces in the ‘ase of subsaantal column or post loads on nominaly-sized base plates. The slab must be ‘designed to limit the concrete stress and provide load support with adequate reserve stength as indicated by the safety (oc lad) facto. The concrete slab on grade must resist these forces without showing unwanted distress. The tend in plant use is toward heavier lit-trock capacities, higher racks with heavier post loadings, and harder vehicle wheel materials. The trend is also toward fiaterflors with Jess evidence of cracking. It is absolutely necessary thatthe floor designer be supplied with accurate information concerning the applied loads in order to design and construct a quality floor. .2 —Vehicle axle loads ‘Most vehicle traffic on industrial floors is from lift rucks. These trucks commonly have solid or composition wheei materials. These are hard materials with relatively small contact areas. They produce higher stresses than those produced by pneumatic tires and cause more deterioration of joint edges. Although the specification sheet from the manufacturer should sive specific and accurate values, approximately 95% of the total truck loading (weight plus payload) will be on the most loaded axle, usually the front axle. The slab thickness is frequently determined by the magnitude of this axle load. Reference 4 gives total sate axle loads ranging from 5600 pounds (rated payload 2000 pounds) to 43,700 pounds (rated payload 20,000 pounds).SECTION 1.2.2 — VEHICLE AXLELOADS—§ The following specific information (Reference 5) should be obtained in order to determine the slab thickness forthe lift truck or vehicle axle load: Payload Capaity__(lby Model No, __ Vehicle Weight ______ (ib) Wheel Solid or CiPaearaic ‘Axle: OSingle Wheel or Dual Wheels (in) ‘Wheel Spacing WS____(in) on) ‘Dual Wheel Spacing (in) (ain) Commentary: ‘The majority of vehicle axles ‘are single wheel axles hhaving only one wheel atthe ‘end of each ae, in which cate Sq =0. igure 2 Spacing of wheel loads for dual or single-axe loading. ‘The critical values needed for design ar the axle load capacity, the spacing and number of wheels, the type of whee! material, and its contact area. The axle load capacity and the ‘wheel material are not 10 difficult to obtain. The wheel contact area is more difficult to obtain and frequently must be estimated. The authors recommend a conservative estimate, ‘hich would be to assume a higher ire pressure and divide into the whee! load to get a lower contact ara. Poeumatic pressures range from 80 psi to 120 psi. The areas for soli tire materials may ‘be estimated using equivalent pressures between 180 psi and 250 psi according to Reference 4 ‘The contact area of dual wheels (two wheels, closely spaced, at each end of the ale) may be conservatively estimated by using the contact area of each of the two wheels along withthe area between the two wheels. The authors further recommend tha, if more accurate information is not available, 100% of the total static axle load should be used asthe design value, This aplis to lift truck loads centered along the axis ofthe vehicle and does not apply toll ucks with swing capabilites. ‘The flamess or smoothness of the floors top surfaces is important. Where vebicles move rapidly, or where use of te floor requires a smooth surface in certain areas, the floor planner should consider and specify an appropriate flatness and levelness. Tis is discussed further in Section 1043. 1.2.3 —Uniform loads with aisles ‘A trly uaiform load on the surface ofthe flooe will cause no bending stresses within the ‘general rea of that uniform load. However, a truly uniform load is rare. In most cases, loads that are near-uniform are on pallets or other support. The critical bending stress inthe floor is the stress on the top of the floor (due to so-called negative moment) in the middle of the Aisle, located an equal distance from the uniform loads on either side of the aisle. This is particularly important since any cracking that does occur isin the middle ofthe aisle and is extremely visible. Wider aisles are less critical. The uniform load then can be truly uniform, ‘oF it an be due to a set of posts, as used for rack storage. ‘The critical values (below) needed for thickness determination due to this loading type tare the magnitude of the uniform loading, in pounds per square foot, and the width of the tise. Depending upon the design approach, i is desirable to know ifthe aisles and loading locations are fixed or can vary in location.CHAPTER I — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Uniform Loud Weight ___(ps) Aisle Width _. ft) ‘Arrangement Set in Location: Yes of ©1No 1.2.4—Rack and post loads Most materials and goods in modem industrial facilites are placed on sbelves as a part of rack storage. These shelves combine to produce substantial rack support loads. Rack storage ‘has been built 90 feet and highes. This can groduce individual post loads of 30,000 pounds or more. The bending stress produced is a tensile stress on the bottom of the slab It occurs beneath the most heavily loaded post (rack support) and is increased by nearby posts, depending on the spacings. “The following specific information is required to design for this load condition: “Tal load on a section of ack (tb) Poston, ny ‘Base pate size (area) Asa.) Post spacings: X = in) in) fin) L+ 2] | gure 3 Typical layouof post loads in a rack storage area. ‘The important values are the forces exerted by the rack suppor. posts onthe floor, the size ofthe base pte used on each post, and the spacings in both directions ofthe support posts. Both bending stresses and shear stresses are produced. Although punching shear is not frequently considered, itcan be citical when the pos oad is hgh andthe baseplate i relatively small - The authors recommend that punching shear be checked. A special design case can exist for rack post loading when two posts ar & few inches apart asi the ease when one st of shelves is immedittely adjacent to anoter set. This puts the loading of two posts on an approximated base plat slightly over twice the sizeof a single plate. The locations of any joints within this arrangement should be known since the design procedure assumes continuous floor slab forthe design. Any such joints that occur in the immediate vicinity of the storage racks must have load transfer capability. ‘Where high rack storage exists, itis common to find a tall turet vehicle, sometimes automated, which travels in aisles between fixed locations of storage racks. This requires construction of smooth, flat floor inthe aisle to stabilize and guide the vehicle when itis extended to upper storage levels. A suitable flatness (and levelness) must be specified for construction, This is discussed further in Section 10.43.SECTION 12.5 — COLUMN LOADS 1.2.5—Column loads . Column loading differs from rack storage pos! Joading in that the columns normally ‘carry more weight and the column spacings are antly Tonger than the distance betwee posts. The authors consider the column loading as an isolated concentrated load normally unaffected by adjacent column. Ifthe column is supported by an isolated footing, then itis not a part of industrial floor design. However, either in rehabilitation work in an existing plant or in original design, it is possible to use the floor slab itself as the column support. ‘The critical values required to design for this condition are: ‘Total Design Load at Column Base _(1b) ‘Base Plate Size (ares), (6 in) ‘Slab Thickness at Column (in) Distance to Nearest Joint. tin) P “The devigner must consider both the dead Toad and lve Toad thatthe column imparts to the conerets slab the siz of the base plate, and the specific locations of any joins that are near the columa. There may be a thickening ofthe slab atthe column in new constuction and this mus be aken into account. 1,2.6—Special or unusual loads Itis certainly not rare to find special loading situations which will control the thickness design and other features. The designer must make a special effort to determine if any such loadings exist. Examples of such special or unusual loadings are the weight of til-up wall panels cast fo the floor slab, machinery whose weight or configuration disrupts the symmetry of the ‘overall floor, uplift due to use of the flor slab asa tie-down weight, andthe like.8 CHAPTER J — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Commentary: Select a reasonable value fort ‘ha is no too lw and not to ‘a a 6-inch slab a 3500p is ‘Rronger (more load support) ‘and beter (less shrinkage and ‘ur) than a 5-inch stab at 4000 pat because high strength con- rete tends 8 Sink more ‘Rounded graves can give MOR, test values as low as 75, Det more ive values ‘equivalent oN fe. Crushed ‘rock commonly gives MOR Wales equivalent 0 10 fe. A {et of beam tess with hid pot Toadig is recommended for senfiction. The effective MOR [increased beyond these valses then prestressing is used 1.3— Concrete for the slab 1 1 — Concrete strength properties for design The strength of the concrete as a material affects the thickness of the floor slab and the properties of its surface. The strength also influences deying shrinkage, curling, and creep of the concrete slab. Its selection and specification are crucial to slab design and performance, 1.3.1.1 —Compression ‘The specifications will state the compressive strength of the concrete to be attained at specific ages. Compression tests of 6 x 12-inch concrete cylinders, tested according to ASTM €.39 and evaluated by ACI procedures, verify that the concrete as supplied and delivered ‘meets specification requirements. The common symbol for compressive strength {refers to the 28-day compressive swength. ‘Where post-tensioning is used in the slab on grade, values off’ commonly renge from $3500 psi to 5500 pai. A strength of 1800 psi at 3 days is frequently required for the post- tensioning process to occur. In slabs without posttensioning, excessive Values of compressive strength are generally not desirable because higher compressive strengths are frequently achieved with higher cement factors. Tis, in fim, tends to increase both shrinkage and cu For conventional floor slabs, the compressive stzength could be specified at 28, 56, or 84 days, depending upon the schedule for construction and subsequert plant use. Values from £2500 psi to 4500 psi are common, 1.3.1.2—Modutus of rupture ‘The tensile eng in bending, called modulus of rupture (common symbol MOR), isthe cxitcal prope in slab design It an be ested by third pont lading on Psi conrete Dean, following ASTM C 78 for pain concrete, or ASTM C 1018 for coor containing fiber. This ae of MOR ay con ick of be oe orb i esi intems of acoeficient times the square oo of tbe coneret'scompresive sreagth, Vz Coefficient values (used withthe square rot of compressive stength) of9 to 1, for bake run gravel and crushed stone aggregates, respectively are commonly obained by testing. PCA (Reference 6) recommends a coefficient of 9. The designer either astumes one ofthese coefficients (75,9, 010, or specifies et to bern from the isl conerete mix to deterne an appropriate value for the modulus of rupeurt. In the ACI building codes (Reference 7), ACI 318 {ses a default forthe MOR of 75 x Vf and ACI 318, uses a defal value of 5.0 % $ VEE (bere @ is 0.65), although neither ACT 318 nor 318.1 adress sabe on grade. 2 ciaiies Te Vales Assumed 2000) 2500 | 3000 | 3500 | 4000 | 4500 | 5000 ‘coefficient xf | pai ps | pi | pel | pst | pel | pal Ne a_[ a0 | 30 | aw | 40 | 4 | os 1E s_| an_| a | a4 | sos | 50 Al sa] ao | os [as | sos | sav | 566 NK aa_| 0 | 3 | sx | 50 | om | 036 Ivf a7 | sm | as | sm | 62 | on | 707 ing 2 | sso | a2 | oi | os | 738 | 78 ING 7 | a | os | 70 | 7 | ms | 0 ‘Table2 Modulus of ripture, pe for concrete strengths from 2000 to $000 pa.SECTION 1.3.2—MODULUS OF RUPTURE 9 is not appropriate to determine the tensile strength of the slab concrete by means of briquette tests, although the splitting tensile strength test (ASTM C 496) may be appropriate for investigations. 1.3.1.3 —Shear stength ‘The shear strength of the concrete is rarely significant to slab Flexural shear need ‘not be checked as it has not been observed to be significant. Punching shear, however, could be important for heavy values of post or column loads, especially where small base plates exist and/or in the case of thinner slabs. When the designer elects to check punching shear, the ‘conventional ACI shear check for two-way shear is appropriate using either ACT 318, Section 11.12 of ACI 318.1, Section 73.7.1. 1.3.1.4—Surtace durability The upper working surface ofthe floor slab is eral where abrasion resistance or surface hardness is required, The strength and durability of the upper surface (the top 1/2 inch, approximately) are not necessarily equal to that ofthe overall slab throughout is thickness. The surface strength could be significantly reduced by improper finishing. Abrasion resistance depends on the amount of a quality aggregate or other hard material at the surface, along with the water cement ratio within that top 1/2 inch. Abrasion resistance can also be achieved by ‘special, often proprietary, surface treatments. 1,3.2—Choosing the concrete mix 1.3.2.1 —Cements Three ASTM C 150 types of cement are common in slab desigo aad construction. The ‘most common cement specified is porland cement Type 1 ts selection requires no special comment. Type I may also be specified; due to its more stringent grinding specifications, ‘Type I does not exhibit as much drying shrinkage as Type I. Shrinkage compensating concrete may also be selected, requiring either an additive to the mix or the selection of Type K cement (ASTM C 845), Aicentrained concrete is not used for interior slabs except in the case of freezer floors or dock and staging areas subjected toa severe environment. C150 C10 Cis C1 C130 CHS /ehiele, For industrial floor design, the design index is ‘diffeult 0 select. Ieranges from 11010, where values (@f 5107 seem to represent ‘normal plan activity fairly well The category of vehicle isnot specific to individual vehicles and is not easly selected. ‘Three charts are included, They indicate the three design checks expected when using the COE materials as follows: Figure 22 is for forklift tuck axles of 25 kips or less. However, the chart uses a design index to represent a class of vehicles combined withthe frequency of the Vehicles’ use. The char is ‘intended for trucks, cars, buses, and small lift rucks. Figure 23 is for heavier forklifts whose axle loads range from 25 to 120 kips. This chart uses the specific vehicle, but has assumed the basic configuration of a single axle with a pair of dual-wheels, a $8.5-inch wheel spacing, a 13.5-inch dual-wheel spread, and an unidentified standard contact area. These vatiables are built into the chart solution. To obtain a required thickness, the chart uses the modulus of rupture, the axle load, the subgrade modulus, and the ‘wmber of vehicle passes forthe expected life ofthe slab. Figure 24 is for associated paverents, open storage areas, roads, and streets. It uses a general category of vehicles with a design index, the modulus of apni, and the subgrade meduls 12 ‘obtain the required thickness. AS inthe other COE charts, the Safety factors bul iau the proces. ‘To use Figure 22 o¢ 24, iis necessary to select a value for the Design Index (DI). A guide 19 this selection is in Table 9. The index is based on a combination of vehicle axle load and the numberof tines ger day the load passes over a specific locaton onthe floor. Daly passes over & ‘number of years represent the effect of fatigue. The Design Index can be determined drecly from. Table 9 as long asthe axle load and daily passes fi the table. ~ ‘The Departments of the Amy and the Air Force also use a description of one or more Vehicles to select a category of vehicle, which in tum helps witha selection of the Design Index. Reference 17 gives assistance on this procedure. ‘Table9 Design index Values, based on varying axle loads and numberof load applications, n order of increasing severity (Table 5.1, Chaper 5, Reference 17). For each of the three examples using COE chats, the following values will be used: Concrete modulus of rupture: MOR = 604 psi Subgrade modulus: = 200 pei 3.4.1 — COE, light lift truck ‘The first example is for a relatively light lift tuck with an axle load of 15 kips and an assumed 100 uses (passes) pec day for a 25-year life. The cited reference classes this as a design index of 7 ‘+ Eoter Figure 22 atthe flexural strength (MOR) of 60 psi draw a line horizotally othe k= 200 pel ‘curve then down othe design index of 7 ad then horizontally to the right-hand axis wher the required thicknes is 6.7 inches + Aslabthicknes of 7 inches is recommended. + When this example solved by othr procedsres, the required thickness is 65 inches uing WRI chars, 65 Inches using PCA chats. 64 inches using the AIRPORT program, and 7.6 inches wing the MATS program,SECTION 24,1—COE,LIGHTUFTTRUCK 33 x x SO Oy 3.4.2 — COE, heavy lift truck “The second example is fora heavy lift truck with an axle load of 42 kips, The number of ‘vehicle pases willbe calculated. I willbe based on 1 passin each 5 minutes, fortwo 8-hour shifts, 5 days cach week, for 50 weeks per year and for & 20-year expected life, Tis results in {960,000 vehicle pases. The 1,000,000 line wil be used. 00 Commentary: ‘Note tha he selected ‘number of vehicle passes wil efect the thickness ‘required. For 5,000,000 passes, 8.3 inches of lab (hickness is requires while 10,000 pastes cal far only 6.3 inches. The number selected for vehicle passes Could be considered at representing fatigue inthe Flexural Strength, psi. 8 ees § F g ak ene sr 456 FOOD W SCID 2 74'* Pavement Slab Thickness, in. Figure 23 COE chart for slab shickness selection, heavy lift truck loadings.34 CHAPTER 3— DESIGN FOR VEHICLE AXLE LOADS Commentary: Although he chart ‘indicates as title as 5 inches for slab thickness, the COE reference recommends no less than 6 Inches atthe Selected thickness. + Ener Figure 23 withthe flexural strength of 804 ps, dua horizontal linet the curve for k= 200 pe then vertically to lne for he 42 kp axle load (his line ust be drawn in). Then draw slie brizontlly to the line for vehicle passes and then vertically tothe slab thickness, which i very close t0 7.8 inches. ‘An inch sla should be adequate hough an 85-inch slab might be a beter choice. 3.4.3 — COE, outdoor paving areas The third example using Figure 24is for general vehicles using associated outdoor paving sweas (storage, parking, i). This willbe a design index of 5 for Category IV vehicles —tht is Tight wafic with no more tan 25% of x being trucks and no more than 10% possessing three axles. Coo TOE” TT Le AE 4 co . = ed b A A AY A eh 7, + SY PPx EUsrERsR ARE 28-Dag Flerural Strength, IbJin? Bees 8 31 SBS g ? ale i 3 geaes I ‘Figuce 24 COE thickness selection for oudoor paved areas serving general vehicles and parking + Emer Figure 2 withthe MOR of 604 ps, dea a line horizoetally othe curve represening k= 200 pei, then lie vencaly tothe design index of 3, and then horizonaly to the required thickness Of 78 inches ‘An hinch slab is recommended, + When this exumple is solved by other procedures, the required thickness is 7.8 inches using WRI charts, 69 inches using PCA chans, and 6.0 inches using the AIRPORT program. 3.5 — Adapting PCA charts for use with swing vehicles ‘This is a special case, It is not uncontmon to find a lft truck with lateral swing capability such as shown in Figure 25. This lift tuck usually has a lower-rated capacity; however, when the forks are set in a “fullright” (or “full-lft”) position (a 2" swing), the majority of the load is om the right-hand front wheel (cross-hatched in Figure 25). This subjects the slab to a oad froma single wheel instead of an equal-wheel axle loading,SECTION 3.5 — ADAPTING PCA CHARTS FOR USE WITH SWING VEHICLES 38. ‘There is no available chart to handle this design problem in a straightforward manner. Unless @ sophisticated computer solution is ased, the charts must be adapted to solve the problem. That is the approach ofthis example. igure 25 Lit ruck with lateral ewing capability. ‘The PCA axle loading chan, Figure 26, from References 6 and 14, willbe used by adapting it to handle a single wheel loading. This is done by using a large enough wheel Spacing s0 as to essentially eliminate the effect ofthe second wheel, regardless ofthe load ‘imparted by the second wheel. This is necessary since the chart assumes two equally-loaded wheels. ‘Values for this exampi wil be: ‘From materials, site, and designer: From the lift truck: Compressive surength: f’ = 4500 psi Payload capacity = 6000 pounds ‘Modals of rupture: MOR = 604 psi Littuck weigh = 18,950 pounds ‘Slgrade modulus: k= 150 pei ‘oval weight = 24,950 pounds Safety factor, SF = 1.7 Weel spacing: WS = 41 inches In the swing position (full 90° swing to the right): ‘Load on critical wheel = 19,170 pounds ‘Contact area (one whee!) = 20.6 square inches + To adapt the design chart, it is necessary to double the whew! load so as to have a chart-usable abel 2 19,170 = 38,340 pounds (“uxle load”) ‘To then eliminate the effect of the second wheel, use a fictitious wheel spacing of3 times the radius of relative stiffness / (See Section 10.7 for explanation of the radius of refative stiffness). ‘Fora 10-inch lab on a subgrade kof 159 pci, the radius of relative stiffness / is 38.8 inches. + Thsee times /is 338.8 116 inches. Now thatthe chart’ lat curve is for WS = 120 inches. Contact area = 20.6 square inches. Note tha the charts ast curve for area is 25 square inches. Wil ether accurately solve ‘he problem (Reference 18) or give approximate Solutions ference 9). ‘Any fit element ‘rogram intended or slabs ‘omprade shoud produce very good results. The ‘uthor fel that the most Pfecical solution, aswell (he easert and fasten, 1s the one shown here. Thete values ore taken from in ecual swing vice The wheel wead isa very ard materia. Reson? ‘conta presse i 930 pst (high, tough is 0s Sealed byte mane Suture} The wheels raed sa the foi. Values shoul come from the manifcturer's vehicle ‘pectficaton sheet wherever posible.36 CHAPTER 3— DESIGN FOR VEHICLE AXLE LOADS Commentary: When a second wheel load is located ata distance ‘equal to oF more than three sis eral of reat 5 rst ‘whee, need noi be used inthe analysis. It Contributes no additional rmomens Reference 9). Use of ths concrete allows a ‘much wider spacing of ots thon i appropriate for ‘portland cement concrete. The total length of joints ic + Using Figure 26 as explained in Section 32, with the “axle” load of 38.34 kips, the contr area of 206 sate inches, the allowable sess of 355 psi (tess pe kp of axle load is then 355/38.34 = 926), and the subgrade modulus of 130 pe the reulan slab thickness is 95 inches. boson T s s 8 ‘Sires per 1000 Bb Atte Load, pile g g eee 9 1 x0 Sommatt, igure 26 PCA tickuess selection char for singlevaxle loading, ‘A lOsinch slab is then recommended. When this example is solved by other procedures, the required thickness is 11.0 inches using WRI ‘charts, 10.0 inches using te AIRPORT program. and 9.1 inches using the MATS program. 3.6— Using shrinkage-compensating concrete for slabs subject to axle loads Shrinkage-compensating concrete is used to contol cracking (Reference 13). Thickness selections are made in the samme manner as in previous examples, that is. using the PCA chars, the PCA tables, the WRI chars, or the COE charts. The modulus of rupture (MOR) ofthe concrete remains unchanged and the thickness selected is also unchanged (assuming the same loading and site values). The joint spacings, however, are greater than those specified for normal portland cement concrete slabs. See Chapter 10 (Section 10.2.4) for a discussion of jot spacing. The concrete may be produced using an additive or wsing Type K cement. This concrete behaves differently from conventional portland cement (PC) concrete, Shrinkage- compensating concrete expands frst and then sbrinks. Is total shrinkage is approximately the same as for PC concrete. t must have reinforcing stel properly placed and expansion joints are required. The best reference is the report from ACI Committee 223 (Reference 13). ACI 223 shows how to determine the required expansion, the corect percentage of steel, and the compressive requirements ofthe expansion joists.‘SECTION 3.6 — USING SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR SLABS SUBJECT TO AXLE LOADS 37 ‘Stab thickness selection is essentially the same as previously described, and no separate ‘example is given here. If advantage is taken ofthe presence of reinforcing steel, itis possible to reduce the thickness of a shrinkage-compensating concrete slab using the concept of structurally active reinforcement. This concept is discussed in Section 1.5 and illustrated in Section 3.8, 3.7 — Using post-tensioning tendons for a slab with axle loads Post-tensioning tendons provide crack control by means of the compression applied to the concrete, Post-tensioning can also be used to reduce the slab thickness by means of an increase in the effective modulus of rupture (MOR'. The prestress level is variable. After losses due to anchorage effects, tendon creep, and concrete creep, the resultant prestress can bbe expected to be from 75 psi to 100 psi (common) to as much as 250 psi. The spacing of the tendons is commonly between 30 and 40 inches; this allows the workers to easly walk on the subgrade between the tendons. ‘The following example using post-tensioning will follow the example in Section 3.5, whic is the solution fora swing lift trick using an adapted PCA chant. Tbe original example used a MOR of 604 psi, a k of 150 pei, and a SF of 1.7 as material, site, and design values. ‘The swing lift truck had a design wheel load of 19.17 kips on an area of 20.6 square inches. ‘The chart-usable axle load was 38.34 kips. The only change from the procedure described in Section 3.5 is the change in the ‘modulus of rupture. Figure 26 can be used as the design chart, ‘+ Assume a presuess of 125 psi. “Effective modulus of rupture (MOR) = 604 + 125 = 729 psi + Allowable stress = 7297.7 = 429 psi +The sess per kp of axle load = 42973834 = 112i “+ Use a wheel spacing of 3 x /= 116 inches, ass explained in the orginal example in Section 35, with the wheel conact area of 206 square inches. + The require thickness i 8.5 inches. Because of the influence of prestress in increasing the effective modulus of rupture, thickness of 8 or 8.5 inches may well be appropriate instead of the 10 inches selected is a matter of judgment and depends in part on the designer's ‘confidence inthe site conditions and the loadings. 3.8 — Designing structural reinforcement for a slab with vehicle loading Steel reinforcement is placed in a slab on grade for one or more of four basic reasons. Regardless of the reason, the steel must be accurately positioned in the slab, The authors feel that it must be positively supported 50 as to be in its intended location. The four basic reasons are as follows: Commentary: ‘When higher percentages are sae for arc purpes, smeasured according 10 ASTM C 878 procedures, would be required (Reference 8). Experience has shown that the MOR is actualy Ingmee ond he ae cpleulated by using ‘xi . The prestress Prevents propagation of the ‘microcracking, which is part ofthe phenomenon that sets the tensile strength ofthe concrete (MOR).38 CHAPTER 3 ~ DESIGN FOR VEHICLE AXLE LOADS Commentary: Proper positioning of steel reinforcement wishin the ‘concrete slab is essential. This is ertcal for reinforcing bars aad, welded wire fabric sheets. Where the steel belongs depends ot why the steel heben rected however, single layers of steel must Beat or above the slab's middepth. The ‘authors recommend that the stel be supported during construction by slab bolsters or ther devices. Onty he WRI charts give the moment directly [rom the hart. Ober chart are determine the moment. Since the sab is uncracked ‘due 10 loadings the applied ‘moment is calculated from the allowable Bending stress and the slab section modulus. 1. To act as crack control, Here, the steel is commonly selected by use of the subgrade diag, equation. It is a nominal amount of steel. The selection of steel areas by subgrade drag is — ‘icussed in Section US.13 2, To act as the required steel with shrinkage-compensating concrete slabs. When used here, the steel is essential for slab performance since joints are usually at a much wider spacing than is normally used. The steel is selected following the requirements of ACI Committee 223 (Reference 13). 3. To provide reserve load capacity. For this purpose, the slab remains atthe thickness based ‘on the uncracked and unreinforced slab section. The steel area is increased such that the ‘moment capacity of the reinforeed and cracked section is greater than the allowable moment forthe slab (Reference 11) 4. To allow use of a thinner slab Here the safety fator provided fo load capacity is due toa substantially larger area of steel (properly located) than that indicated by the subgrade drag equation. This slab is expected to develop hairline cracks (generally ess than 0.01 inch wide) ‘due to loading. The process is illustrated in the example which follows. (One example js shown here using reinforcement in two layers to reduce the thickness of the floor slab and to provide the Joad support and reserve safety factor (load factor) Item 4 above). Each layer is at approximately the quarter point of the slab's depth. The swing lift truck problem in Section 3.5 will be solved again, but using active reinforcement this time. ‘The variables used were: From materials, site, and designer: ‘Modulus of rupture: MOR = 604 psi ‘Subgrade modulus &= 150 pei ‘Safety factor (original design: SF= 1.7 ‘Swing lift truck (has 90-degree swing capability); ‘Toul vehicle weight = 24,950 pounds ‘Ceca wee oad (fll swing) = 19.170 pounds (Contac area (one whee!) =20.6 square inches ‘The solution of Section 3.5 (adapting PCA chart for swing vehicles) resulted in a slab thickness of 95 ines. Now, fr tis example we wil assume thatthe ticks of 9.5 inches {soo much fora new flor slab ina existing plant facility where cher elements (chinry, ttc.) make the thicker fioot unacceptable, We will reduce the flor thickness as far as is Practical (frequently a field decision) and provide reinforcing steel for the loading, In brief, the following procedure is used: 1. alelte We spied moment oe ost od 2, Determine he hicks equited for asf factor of cost 1.10 3. Using this we chess, cece a's au ety ctr wih respect o lon ndaced eck. 4 Selet the oad factor pve he design momest (eater tan te applied momen). 5 From the design moment which is anoimae moment, select the egied Sec wea and spacings In detail, here is the design proces. Fora plain concrete slab, presumed to be uneracked, the section modulus $4 is br/6 and the relationship between section modulus. bendiog stress, and moment is Ma SMxfy ‘The usual way to do these calculations for slabs is to use a I-foot-wide slab strip, which results in SM = 12176,‘SECTION 3.8 — DESIGNING STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT FORA SLAB WITH VEHICLE LOADING 38 + Applied moment Magg di to actu oad: fom the solution in Section 35, withthe origina ‘9.S-inch sib, the strest produced by the loading was 355 pi. The basis fr this was an uncracked slab, ‘Section modulus for 95-inch lab = 12176 = 1805 in? Applied moment May = (3351805) = 64,078 inch-pounds = 5.34 footkips ‘This is now the applied moment regardless of slab thickness. ‘Thickness required for a safety fctor close to 1.1 ‘Allowable sress = 604/11 = 549 pai Section modus required = 64,078,549 = 116. Since the section modu = 12/6, the value of # = 6(116.7V12 = 58.36, and the required thickness i ¢= 7.64 inches + Select the desired practical thickness and calculate its safety factor with respect to load-induced cracks, ‘This SF value should be greater than 10. Logical selections here ae either 8 inches, 77S inches, or 75 inches, depending on requirement of the ste and is facility. Select ¢= 7.5 inches Mogg = 5:34 foot-kips pe fot of width of sab SM = 12005916 = 1125 in? ‘Actual sre = fy = 64078/112.5 = $69.6 psi Safety factor (SF) = 604/569.6 = 1.06 Say OK) + Select load factor and wtimate design moment. Th autor feel thatthe oad factor should be equal 10 ‘or greater than 1.7 fortis proces, A value of 2.0 is generally recommended and is selected here. Design moment M, = 2.0 x 534 = 10.68 foot ips, which sper fot of width of slab in both dzetions. + Select the required steel area and see! spacing. Moment capacities are given inthe appendix for ‘eran situations (page 257) as taken from Reference This example uses sab thickness for which ‘no ale is available, therefore, the szel willbe slectod by calculations as follows: ‘The ultimate moment capacity is given by: My = OAshy (iad) ‘This moment capacity can be provided by conventional reinforcing bars or by sheets of welded wire fabric. In either case, the bas or the wire must be stiff enough to allow workers to stand on the ‘supported stel or murt havea wide enough spacing tallow stepping betwoen the bas or wies. Por the bar the yield pot fis 60,000 pl and forthe wire, the yield poi may be aken as 72,000 pi (or mor). Figure 27 Two-way reinforcement in1wo layers in slab on grade, Commentary: This sfery factor should be greater than wry. Ihe énire process of cracks will develop at the design loading in the early ge ofthe lb. Ts performances determined Sy fatque The sab could becven hiner If hs pion selected hairline racks wil almost ceran'y develop. Of erecter inportnce however, is ‘forthe er sabs, i be neessary tose donk one lero steel re This reduces ‘he efectvnes ofthe process. ‘As used in conventional ACI design the @ facioris {capacity reduction factor (030 for bending) Tepresenting the normal variations inthe ‘consirucion process. The term jud is the moment arm sed for calculating the ‘moment capacity of the (Reference 7), but it Frequently assumed to be (09 as is done here. Inthe authors" opinion, this is a reasonable vale.40 CHAPTER 3 — DESIGN FOR VEHICLE AXLE LOADS Commentary: The Binch cover required ByACTSI8 icra secessary here since ongrade are excluded From coverage by 318. If the designer fels hat 318 ‘must apply, then a inch over may be appropriate The material beneath a rade floor isa prepared Subgrade, compacted and ‘white drainage A cover chs common Some Trchet snc tela is ‘allowed oe 14 inch ‘ie aceordng we Act 1 117 (1990) specication. Higher yield serenghs up 1085 tare available In designating welded wire relnforcing, he designer should indicate what ‘miniram yield strength is desired. « Determine the design depth d (isi not he slab hicknes), which depeads on the amount of cover and ihe diameter of he steed ta ove. Stel wil be designed using two layers of bs, both tp And Donon ofthe slab. See Flqure 27. ‘Assume &0.5-ioch-amete bar or wie (ath way) Select inch leer cover. Design depth d= 75-10-05 60 inches + Selection of steel using ste! reinforing bars: : “Yield point = 60 ‘Substituting a the equation for ulimate momen: 0.9 xA, x 60% 0.9 x 6.0 = 10.68 x 12 ‘A, = 0.440 square inches/fot of slab width (4 rears require a spacing of 5.4S inches oc, based on Ay = 0.20 square inches: 120.20/0.440 = 5.45 inches (5 rebars require 845 inches ex (6 rebss require 12.0 inches ce + Steel recommended: M4 reba at 5.5 inches ce both Ways) 3.9— Welded wire fabric asa - Structural element In Section 1.5.1.7, the advantages of welded wire fabric were discussed. The following ‘example shows conversion of the requirement of 0.44 square inches per foot of slab width toawelded wire fabric equivalent. + Selection of welded wire fabric forthe slab in Section 3.8 where A, for Grade 6D steel was Setermined ta be 0.44 square inches per foot of slab width in a slab whose design depth d= 6 inches. ‘Assume a yield point of 75 ksi for welded wire fabric and substitute in the equation for ‘ultimate moment: My= 9 Ashy Gud) 1068 x 12=0.9 x A, X 75 x 09 X 6 3645 A, = 128.16 A,=0.35 square inches per foot of slab width WI wire has s cross sectional ares of 0.18 square inches per wire, so two wires will provide the needed area per foot of slab width. Therefore specify W18 at 6 inch spacing, designated as Wi8 X 6. ‘Table 10 provides a wire size comparison and A, per linear foot of slab width for 4 inch, 6 inch, and 12 inch spacing. W sefers to smooth wire and D refers to deformed wire. ‘Moving the decimal of the size number two places to the left gives the area ofthe wire in square inches. The W and D designations are peefered inthe industry; however designation by gauges remains popular. Both are given for reference.SECTION 3.9 — WELDED WIRE FABRIC AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT a WED StzeNo. Smooth Deformed Wire Nominal Area Gauge Diameter No (in) Sqn) ‘Ag Square Inches per Lineal Foot Center to Center Spacing of Wires cr Mw le 0505) 0.200 0.200 0171 0.150 Table 10. Wire size comparison and sectional areas of welded wire fabric. (American standard customary units)CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF SLABS FOR RACK STORAGE POST LOADS 4.1 — Design objectives ‘Storage racks create postive moments in the floor slab by means ofthe loads transmitted through the supporting posts. The rack locations are commonly fixed within the facility and hhave a given number of shelves (or supporting arms). The weight of objects such as pallets, ‘boxes, goods, and metal items on the shelves creates the Joading to the supporting posts. ‘Therefore, there are concentrated loads to be supported by the floor slab. These concentrated post loads form a pattern according to the shelf rack arrangement. This is illustrated in Figure 28 which shows the normal rack layout pattern. tT + bf LL ¥ Figure 28 Normal layou of rack sorage posts ona slab on grade. of Poet ‘The design for this type of loading checks the thickness (or baseplate size) as limited by the tension inthe Botiom of the floor slab beneath the most heavily loaded single post. The Procedure includes the added effects of nearby post loadings of the same magnitude, This tension is due to a positive moment which by definition pus tension on the bottom ofthe slab. ‘The procedure is also used to similarly check a closely spaced par of poss as defined by the dimension Z, where that situation exists. This does aot check negative moments (teaion oa top) in the isis between rack systems, which must be done as shown in Chapter 6,44 CHAPTER 4 — DESIGN OF SLABS FOR RACK STORAGE POST LOADS Commentary: This post oad may be based on ether the anticipated ‘welgh (pa for each shelf, or the maximum possible load based on the post's 0” shelves" srucural capac. eis sraahorward and reasonable fo nerplae Fepwcen char vats orto Shee polen-uth ok “tue bone ad below tat Which ex ond then se weld erage forte Semon eptace to cccuratey ea (rok outa he boundary ‘lus fom he chars ad ts extpolaon not recomended sis common 1 store ‘materials directly onthe ‘flor beneath the shelves. The material on she floor does not add tothe post oading and usualy does ror increase the positive ‘moment beneath the post. (On the other hand, it does ‘add tothe uniform loading when the negative moment in the aisle is being checked, asin the example {in Chapter 6. 4.2 — Information needed to solve the post load problem To solve for the required design details, it is necessary to have accurate information about the pattern of the racks and their anticipated loadings. The usual design problem is to ‘ind the required slab thickness. Occasionally, the slab thickness is set and either the permissible loading or the required size of the post's base plate is needed, For any of these, the following values are needed: ‘From the iading specifications: ost spacing X (inches) which the short distance berweea posts Post spacing ¥ Gnches). which ithe log distance Between pots oat pacing 2 (aces), which is the nd pai between ack units All ofthese spacings ar exter cee of pa. Base plate size (effective contac area), in square inches Pest loa, P, pound hips ‘From the material the site, and the designer: Compressive strength of concrete, in pst Modulus of optus of coer, OR in psi Sabre mad in pl Safe factor, SF (ness) : 4.3 — Using PCA charts to design for rack storage post loading: AUTHORS CHOICE ‘The PCA charts used for the solution ofthis problem come from References 6 and 14. Larger copes of these chars for use by the designer appear inthe appendix section. At this book's publication, the only charts available were for subgrade modulus k values of 80,100, and 200 pei For the first example, a common arrangement of racks and posts will be used 2s follows: From materials site, and designer: Concrete compresive strength: f2 = 300 psi Medtus of Rupr: MOR = 43 psi Sebgrade Mods: 100 pei Safey Factor: SF= 17 From loading specifications: ‘Shor post spacing: X = 48 inches (4 fet) Long pos spacing: ¥= 96 inches (8 feed) ‘Spacing berween rack units: Z= 16 inches ‘Base plate area: 20 square inches (x5 inches) Five shelves at 10 pa per shelf Postload: P= 100%4x8x5 "= 16,000 pounds of 16 ips ‘The required slab thickness is selected from Figure 29 inthe following manner: ‘Fis calculate the allowable sess per 1000 pounds (1 ip) of pos load, Al post loads are equal. ‘Allowable stress = modulus of rupture divided by te tactoe of sey, or #38/1 7= 290 pl. Since each post load is 16 ips, the allowable stress per 1000 pounds of pst lad is 290/16 = 18. psi per ip‘SECTION 4.3 — USING PCA CHARTS TO DESIGN FOR RACK STORAGE POST LOADING: AUTHORS’ CHOICE 48 “SNARE _ i i Heat all eH 3 e Xnd8 in| ante . t ah) fala ch SS , respi X F a [Z Subgrade bol00 poh » «© 2x ‘Effective Contact 4204018 ‘Ares, tt Figure 29 PCA chart for slab thickness selection when sing post loading wth subgrade k= 100 pel. ‘+ Eater the Figure 29 chart a the baseplate area of 20 square inches and move vertically up tothe tamed ine a 18.1 psi per kip. ‘+ Draw a sraght ine tothe right to the line representing Y= 96 inches. The chart mast be used by solng to the Vine frst and then to the Xine. The reverses incorrect. + Draw a Line vertically tothe curved line epreventing X= 48 inches, as close as is graphically posible. ‘+ Finally, draw a horizontal ine to the right where it intersects the vertical axis representing thickness. Fortis example, the intersection is at thickness of 10.7 inches. ‘+ Alab thicknes of 11 inches i recommended. + When this example i solved by other procedures the required thickness is 10.4 inches using the ‘AIRPORT program and 10.6 inches using the MATS program. 4.4 — Using PCA charts when actual k does not equal chart k: AUTHORS’ CHOICE Since charts exist for only three specifi k values (Reference 14), here is a rational procedure which can be used when a field value of & exists for which no rack load chart is available. Tis could be the case for ak of 300 pei ora of 150 pei, as examples. These are handled in wo different ways depending on whether the field kis between chart k values ot outside of them (higher or lower) ‘When kis between values for which the charts were developed: Interpolation or averaging can be used. The authors suggest determining the required thickness for the chart & value immediately below the actual field value and then repeating that for the chart & value immediately above the field value. Then, average the two Commentary: (4 square inches (818 inches), the slab thickness indicated by the chart would be very close 109.4 inches. On the other ‘hand, ifthe same problem (baseplate 45 inches) were checked using a shelf load of ‘50 psf (instead of 100 psf, the ‘required slab thickness would be very close 1069 inches. The PCA documents are the ‘only known source of design ‘chart for patterned post Toadings.46 CHAPTER 4— DESIGN OF SLABS FOR RACK STORAGE POST LOADS ted Cony. Rowere ‘the post loading appears to control a thickness selection where the value(s high or low and where a computer, solution is not available, ‘hen this procedure should sive acceptable eesuls. po Lofetnet ‘over a onde at (post patter leaves out the ‘effects ofthe other pasts. Only the one post and is nearest equalty-loaded post ‘re included. If other posts ‘are more distant, this is reasonable; however. the process mut sll be ‘Considered as approtimate, The authors believe the ‘results are reasonable, ‘although not exact. thicknesses and consider rounding it up to the next acceptable thicker number, For the original example in Section 4.3, and using the PCA charts, the following results: * Assume the feld to be 150 pei, “Foc k= 100 pei the thickness required is 10.7 inches, + For k= 200 pi, the thickness required is 9.4 inches. ‘The average thickness ig then 10.0 inches + A thickness of 1 inches ic recommended. In all slab design problems, when a variable such as k, WS, X, etc. falls between plotied ‘curves, interpolation or averaging can be used with confidence. Linear (straight-line) inwerpolation is almost always acceptable. ‘When é is less than lowest k value or higher than the highest k inthe charts: Extrapolation can be risky and is aot recommended. Qoly two aptions remain. One option isto use a computer program such as MATS, or possibly AIRPORT. (References 9 and 18), These computer programs are briefly discussed in Section 10.8. The other option is to use the vehicle axle chars from WRI references. PCA charts cannot be used since they have the same limitations on k as the post-losding charts. This process then adapts a dual= post loading to be analyzed as a two-wheel axle loading. Both are done as concentrated loadings with contact areas and both are static loadings. Therefore, the latter can closely ‘approximate the solution needed forthe former. ‘The example to demonstrate this uses original values in Section 4.3, but this time for a field k (of 300 pei, Figures 30 and 31 show the work. + Assume actual or field = 300 pei ‘+ Post load P= 16 kips + Conct arc (for one post) = 20 square inches + Spacing of loads = 4 inches, The closer ofthe two post spacings i the correct choice w serve as load speci. Since WRI charts are used (because of the wider range of k wales), the sab thicimess ‘must be assumed in order to stat the solution. If tis assumed too high, the design moment will be 100 conservative (too high). If it is assumed too Jow, the design moment will be ‘unconservative (too low). Therefore, iis logical to repeat the process of assuming a thickness and thea calculating tbe required thickness until reasonable agreement is achieved. Although there is no established recommended difference between the first and last thickness of @ specific eycle, the authors suggest thatthe thicknesses differ by no more than 15 percent ‘Assume a thickness of 10 inches. + Using a compressive strength of 3000 pi and the ACI equation of Epew2x VE gives E-=3320Ks. + From Figure 30, D/k= 9.7 ‘+ Deteomive the equivalent damter of the 20-square-inch loaded rea a8 5.05 inches. For rectangular ‘baseplate, the WRI charts require use ofthe diameter ofa circle ofthe same area. + From both parts of Figure 31, the applied moment under one posts 300+ 25 = 325 foot. pounds per ip of post oud. ‘The applied moment is then Mogg = 315436 '= 5200 foot pounds per foot of slab width * The required slab thickness can then be determined from 2 WRI chart, or 28s uetated here, by caleaton: Allowable stress = MORISF =493/1.7 = 290 psi Section Modulus required = (5200)12)/290 = 215 in? From the actual section modulus of 12(¢9/6, the required thicknes is 10.4 inches. + A thickness of 10 (72 inches would be recommended. + When ths example i solved by other procedures, the required thickness 98 inches using the AIRPORT program and 10.0 inches uing the MATS program.SECTION 44 — USING PCA CHARTS WHEN ACTUAL K DOES NOT EQUAL CHART K: AUTHORS’ CHOICE 7 Sereas § - %, tik Moment — 1000, Wheel -ininy PF BEEP E RSE a a a & a 5 ” » = ~ ‘0s ee ay, Figure 31 Use of WRI char to determine equivalent unit momen per ip of post load.4% CHAPTER 4 — DESIGN OF SLABS FOR RACK STORAGE POST LOADS 4.5 — Using shrinkage-compensating concrete, post-tensioning tendons, or active steel reinforcement ‘The examples in Sections 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 explain the purposes and uses of these three techniques in siah design. They also illustrate the calculation process. The use of post- tensioning tendons or structural steel reinforcement is shown in detail. The use of shrinkage- compensating concrete is explained, but the design for joint spacings and joint materials is discussed in Section 10.2CHAPTER 5 SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS 5.1 — Scope of the problem ‘This design problem deals with a concentrated load or line Joad supported directly on the industrial floor slab rather than by an isolated footing or by a grade beam. Concentrated Toads from building elements supported directly by the slab are frequently found in industrial facilities. While a slab on grade is normally thought of as an isolated slab or a “oating slab,” it is common to find these concentrated column and wall losdings. Either of these loads can be ‘substantial and can contro the thickness or other details ofthe slab on grade design. ‘The column load: It is common (o find a column load that is aot part ofa patterned post and rack system. Thus, it is considered an isolated and concentrated load transmitted to the slab chrough a base plate. The column can be required due to renovations within an existing plant or can be part of the original design. If allowed by the appropriate building codes, it can be a column which provides support to some Part ofthe structure. Inthe case considered here, the slab forms an integral footing as showa in Figure 32 (Reference 22), and is ‘considered as an interior loading in this book. The slab on grade itself serves boeh as the floor slab and as the footing forthe column; thus, itis known as an integral footing. Further, the column isnot adjacent to an edge orto an isolation joint 5 / | i SS — Base Plate 8° 9" Figure 32 The sab on grade may form an integral footing for column loads. Comatentary: Inchaper 2 fACTS18-89, “ng Code Require mena for Reinforced creipecicly exhale owen the wording i "ck donot ran vera ous fom other pars ofthe sure the Soi” (ection RI3 of Reteace yn Chaper of ACT316 1-89 Reve 19D, “Suing Cote Require ment for Src Pain inert," date on eae ‘remot onidred win inton of src plain corre Neale te Steen des eess they anamtvercl loads Grom omer partf he Srrctre (Seton 12.28 of Reference P aerefor the Sprtrriae jag cjdgent 0 nine whether or ot the ‘ariel cole tt (eating condition governed bya itor AcrisCommentary: ‘Do not neglect to check these (CHAPTER 5 — SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS ‘Tae wall load: Walls are frequently placed directly on and supported by the floor slab. ‘These walls place «line loading onthe floor at or neat the center ofa slab unit or at or near an edge or joint. The weight applied ranges from a few hundred to afew thousand pounds per Tineal foot. The basic problem is illustrated in Figure 33 (Reference 17). The most common position for a walls at a joint within the floor area or atthe floor slab edge. Wall Loading (4p) Elles i eee a be Figure 33: Walls plac ¢ line load onthe sab om grade 5.2 — Design objective ‘The designer must check the tension on the bottom of the slab due to the positive ‘moment produced by the load. The columa load, being applied to the interior of a floor slab panel, is supported by two-way plate action of the continuous concrete slab. The objective is to keep the floor uncracked, and the allowable stress is selected with that in mind. Punching shear is not commonly a problem for columa loads; however, when the slab is thin and the load is high, base plate size or slab thickness may be dictated by punching shear, The wall loading also is concentrated, but only with respect to its width. It is long enough to be considered a continuous line load, This load produces tension on the bottom of the slab. The tensile stress on the botiom will control the concrete’s thickness for a constant thickness sla. 5.3 — Input values needed for design To be able to determine either the floor thickness required, the base plate size required, ‘or the loading 0 be allowed, the following information is required: (Column: Column lod (Pin pounds) Base plas size (b inches x b inches) Thickness of slab exchsive of column loud area (in inches) ‘Only needed when a change inflow thicknets Beneath the column Is under consideration.SECTION 5.3 — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN $1 Wall: ‘Wall oad p, in pounds per lines foot ‘Thickness of sab exclusive of wall load area (t in inches) ‘Only needed when a change In lao thickness beneath the wall is under consideration, Material site, and designer: Concee's design compressive suength in pat Modus of upture ofthe conree MOR, in ps Mosulas of subgrade rection in pi Safety facto or loud factor elected by designer Note: Some consent ar axzined within the equations, These ae identified inthe examples. 5.4— Using equations to design for column loads: AUTHORS’ CHOICE ‘When a column is supported directly on the industrial floor, the floor itself becomes a Tye hmmnt are 6 footing integral with the concrete floor slab. The equations used to solve this problem come fe sevy" and tbjecrio sal ‘from Reference 22. They are altered here in format for easier use. ‘only. No moment it ‘Two features are critical. First, the slab must be thick enough to adequately support the 10 be transmitted to ‘column on its base plate. The equations check bending in the slab. Punching shear should ie seh ete also be checked using ACI Building Code procedures (Reference 7). Whether or not uendeato mainiain an Ptctng shear might eourolconcTae thickness or bese pate zz depends primarily on te rach lo wlorex feapatace of column loedng aod the intended base plas sie. The example problem stows prestar bc anger to column the punching shear check, but with minimum explanation since it is in ACI 318 (Reference support or to wall support. 7). The second feature is the locative of nearby joints in the slab, whether construction, contraction, or isolstion in their intent, as well as the size of a thickened portion of the slab, if Column loads, when ‘used. These locations are based on # multiple of the radius of relative stiffness /, which is suficlenly high, can increase discussed and tabulated in Section 10.7. No joint can be too close to the column, The __the friction beneath the siab. tecomendation for these distances is lo shown ns example. Tibi epecialy re Vie Figures 34 and 35 show be dal of te fotng nt ab ui with he necesary fen hae rer dimensions identified. Fgare i for the slab witha constant thickness Figure 35 i for a Matas thn th round slab with a thickened portion to serve as the footing, but still integral with the floor slab. ‘the tendency to crack due to drying shrinkage. RBIS Kh igure 34 Some slabs of constant thickness provide integral column footings.52 CHAPTER 5 ~ SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS Commentary: Where ACL 318.1 (plain concrete building code) may ‘pply, Secon 62S requres en the intended contraction thickness be 2 ‘hes more than the design check thickness (10 allow for unevenness of excavation ‘and for some contamination ie seacree adjacent to the RyzISee 35 Slab on grade must be thickened 1 ral coun, certain loading and Figen 35 Siok grade provide ineg footing for ‘The equations below are needed to solve this design problem. The thiciness ofthe slab, designated here by 1, is that thickness beneath the column’ and in the immediate vicinity of ‘that column on all sides. The slab may or may not be thickened with respect to the average ‘slab thickness. Note thatthe value of r solved for also appears within the log term. [t can be solved by assuming the # within the log term, solving for ¢ and then repeating the cycle until agreement between the £ values is within 1/4 inch. The easier way is to assume af value in both places within the equation and solve for the permissible column load. As for other solutions inthis book, the authors feel that these equations are solved most easly by using a spreadsheet on a personal computer, In this way variables can be altered easily and results are rapidly displayed for the designer's use. pe Bu enero 2] a i et mit pe A= 003407 B= 915000 xVF (2 em enn cama For simplicity inthis problem, fis assumed to be 4,000,000 psi, concrete weight is assumed tobe 145, pet and Poissons ratio is assumed 1 be 02 can ees were LF isthe appropriate load factor. Its essentially comet to assume thatthe oad factor [sequal to the safey factor, SF. As shown in Figures 34 and 35, the distance tothe nearest join must be no less thaa 1.5 times the radius of relative stiffness /in each direction. Further ifthe lai to be thickened ste integral footing, his hckened porn should extend no ls thn 10 times hat ais in each direction.SECTION 5.4 — USING EQUATIONS TO DESIGN FOR COLUMN LOADS: AUTHORS’ CHOICE 53 ‘As an example, the following values are assumed, including the minimum size of the square column base plate. The column is a steel WF section, Note that the slab designer selects an appropriate load factor or safety factor. + Slab thickness 1= 8 inches ‘= Concrete strength f= 4000 psi + Subgrade modulus #= 200 pet + Load tactor or safety factor = 1.7 + Base plate b= 10 inches ‘+ Radius of elatve sifness = 30 inches This example solves forthe allowable column load (live load plus dead Joad total) that the slab can suppor. (It does not check the column itselt) The erampie then checks punching shear and locates the joint dimension requirement. Solving the equations on the opposite page gives the following: + Allowable column load Puy = 19,30 pounds (Ultimate columa load = 32,350 pounds). + When this example is solved by other procedures, the allowable coluno load is 18,100 pounds using ‘PCA chars, 16,700 pounds using the AIRPORT program, and 21,000 pounds wing the MATS program. Using the relationship Shown in Figure 35, the distance to the nearest joint location is Rj, which is 15/ = 1.5 x 30 = 45 inches. The integral footing is 60 inches square, based on Rz=1.0f = 1.0 x 30=30 inches, ‘Check for punching shear capacity Vz using the procedures of the ACI Building Code (Reference 7) and its ultimate load procedures with its Equation 11-38. Assume the placement of 1/2-inch-diameter steel with atleast | inch clear from the bottom of the footing. ‘This gives a design d value of 6,5 inches forthe 6-inch slab. s¥p Ex be xd ‘This is the punching sear equation (11-38) fom the AC Building Code Reference 7). ‘ahi equaton, = lb thickness nus cover minus one br diameter, 08 1 12 =6 inches * bo ithe perimeter of what ACT assumes the crtcal ection a dsunce rom the baseplate. bea4x(db) 12x (65410) 66 inches + Teer, Ye = 108500 pounds, much pater than Py ‘This indicates that punching shear is not critical to the slab thickness and that the base plate size of 10x10 inches is adequate for the column load. This check has been based on slab action only. 5.5 —Adapting PCA charts to design for column loads on slabs ‘The solution for a single concentrated load on a slab on grade isnot readily available for designers. Most charts, cables and equations are set up for multiple concentrated loads such as, vehicle axles and rack support posts. ‘The problem can be solved, however, by making use of the axle load chars published by PCA, WRI, or COE. These charts appear in examples in this book. When two loads (wheels ‘or columns) are spaced as much a three times the radius of relative stiffness / apart (see Section 10.7), the effect (added stress) of one on the other is nil. The designer then can use the chart that has been selected with foad spacing of atleast 3 x “and obtain the solution for a single load. Other examples inthis book show this process. Commentary: Even though the slab and the integral fooing are designed o remain cracked is Nighy recommended that rebjorcing ste! be placed ‘in the lower portion of the ‘integral footing. The steel canbe reinforing bars both directions oF sheets of welded wire fri. shoud elected athe botom of the footing with a clear depending ont po onthe applicable building code. If the applicable building code requires more cover, the easbedeernet an 1 prove that addtional Cover The steel should 10 the limit of the {negra footing as defined bp Ron gure 34 and 39. Where appropriate unc hear yb ‘heck sng econ Sari opach snares ‘secton orth ae oP win There are appropriate solutions in several references. Most are based on Westergaard’s equations ‘and appear in pavement or highway references, as well as in selected publications ‘Of ACI, CRSI. and PCA.54 CHAPTER 5 — SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS. Commentary: Te author recommend solving te equations via a ‘ereadhet na persoal Computer for easiest we. Tabulated values inthis book ‘were created inthis manner from the equations given. 5.6 — Design for wall loading on slabs using the ARMY-TM equations: AUTHORS’ CHOICE ‘Equations for allowable wall loads on a given floor slab are found in a 1987 technical manual ofthe Depastments ofthe Army and the Air Force (Reference 17). The equations also ase given inthis section. The procedure doesnot directly solve for the required slab thickness, Instead, the equations give the allowable wall load (gounds per Lineal foot) for a given concrete thickness, along with the other values needed ‘Two equations are given in Tables 11 and 12, along with calculated solutions for ‘common situations. These equations are presented in their original form so thatthe designer can se them, selecting any desired safety factor (SF). In the publication by the Departments of the Army and the Air Force. the allowable bending stress is set at 1.607 . When the modulus of rupture is taken as 9 Vf , the resultant safety factor is therefore preset to 5.625. Table 11 shows allowable loading for interior walls, and Table 12 shows allowable loading for walls atthe edge of a slab, based on a safety factor of 2.5, which the authors, recommend, Values in parentheses in each table were calculated using a factor of safety of 5.625 asin the Army/Ai Force Technical Msnual (Reference 17) The wall is considered narrow as compared to its length. The actual value of te wall ‘width is not used in the equations although itis certainly needed to calculate the weight ofthe wall. As Yong asthe wall is at least three times the radius of relative stiffness ¢ (as discussed in Section 10.7) from a joint or edge, itis reasonable to consider it as an interior line loading, ‘Wall oad p in younds per Hines! foot = 43f 25M x where ‘J allowable being stress =9N EE +SF "SM sectionals per foot = fr P +6 ef 2k a SET ad = 51.00 oot a fea Toa ost | vies [ 936 | rs | 1232 [ 984 | 1170 J 9s | oas | 122s | 1354 3e9 | 1597 | 1297 [sani | 1628 | 1301 | 1se7 | 72} a3s9 [ver | 1709 Trae ) 330 | assa | veer [a0as [1634 | 1963 | 2190 | 1907 [20st | 2207 (90, 8, 1159) @ | a1or] aos | z76s | 2226 | aewe | 2900 | ase | 2784 | 3aH0 | 2046 | a5 | 3220 (399) oe) 087) ae FT| 3305 | 3685 | 200s [99 | aera | 3004 [3679 | ara | aaa | aes | as (7308) casi aan aa | 3488] aaa | 3591 | 3695 | 205 | tea | 6 | zi [site | aoe [ae] os 3) jazzn| 0s) "NOTE aes ae nag fr) oS ae ee ny Focal ale ‘res fo fe Sarasa re of ae ™ “Table 11 Allowable interior wal loadings or selected lb condition, bse onthe doplayd equation from Reference 17. " oeSECTION 5.6 — DESIGN FOR WALL LOADING ON SLABS USING THE ARMY-TM EQUATIONS: AUTHORS’ CHOICE $5 Table 11 shows a set of allowable wall loads for certain values, The values that control the allowable loading are: + Concrete compressive strength in psi + Safer factor, SF + Subgrade modulus, kin pei + Slab thickness, in inches ‘The preliminary value forthe slab thickness may be determined from other factors, or the equations ‘can be solved several times unl an accepabl thickness is determined. ‘Table 11: For concrete strength of 4000 pl, kof 100 pci, nd slab thickness of 6 inches, 1434 pounds er lineal oot is allowed. Solving ths example by the MATS program gives an allowable load of 140 Pounds per linea foot. ‘The drawing in Table 12 shows the wall located atthe edge ofthe floor panel, or at an isolation joint, along with the dimensions needed to solve the problem. Table 12 also shows the equations to be used. These equations are for a constant thickness slab beneath and near the position of the wall. As previously noted, the equations have been preschted in their original form so thatthe designer can set all reasonable variables, such asthe safety factor. Table 12 also presents a set of allowable wall loads for certain selected values. The ‘values that control the allowable loading + Concrete compressive strength, fin psi + Satety factor, SF + Subgrade modulus, kin pei + Slab thickness, in inches ‘The preliminary vale ofthe slab thickness may be determined from other factors, or fom the ‘equations Fora constant thickness slab, chi inital value is not necessary. ‘Wall load pin pounds pertinea! foot =3.1017xfxSMxL "| ° | 508 | vo77 | nasa | 959 | 140 [es | 1009 | 199 [1327 vose | ase | 1387 [37 | se | v497 | tans [1083 [see [ner [i306 [667 faze pasts | 178 (338, won| J (338) # | ss] spe | aaa | ras | ess Yara | mis | use| 08 | or | 86 [07 seduce =| 067 |= (oor, aa) ao 2 | 21se | aser | ans | 2an2 | 2704 | o0s,[ zase [2885 [3157 | aso | aoe2 | Sa00 care) oi) | | ane 5 2 | aoe | 0 3965 | 3109 [3705 | ale ie toe | slaze| ss] 28 feassn] =] | cao] 2 OTS verre ten fee) 73 wand ey hia Ta a Nett ag acre Sr eae br fe Table 12 Allowable edge wal! loadings for given sab conto, based on he dplyed equation from Reference 17. Commentary: The wall loads, when sufficiently high can increase the friction beneath the slab and therefore have an Influence on ether joint spacing or required crack conrol steel following the subgrade drag equation, Table 12 shows 023 percent lower load Expacy thon Table 11, due to lack of continuity in ‘he floor sla on bok ses ofthe walt Thesseof dle or any effective ‘oad ranjer sem, will restore o ibaa portion of this continuity.56 CHAPTER 5 ~ SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS 5.7—ACI 318.1 Building Code Requirements for Structurai Plain Concrete and Commentary ‘This building code (Reference 7) is for plsin concrete used for sructural purposes. Pain concrete is defined as either unreinforced concrete or concrete containing less reinforcement than the minimum specified by ACI 318 for reinforced concrete. As a building code, ACT 318.1 is not likey to apply to flor slabs on grade-In the commentary (Section R122, pages 4 and 5), it is stated that slabs on grade are not considered within the cootext of structural plain concrete unless they transmit vertical loads from other parts of the structure tothe soil However when 318.1 does apply, there are certain sections that ae critica 10 slab on grade design. Of particular importance are sections on allowable flexural tensile stess (Section (6.2.1) and reduction in thickness for design checks (Section 6.3.5).CHAPTER 6 SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE 6.1 — The design objective ‘A common design problem encountered in industrial facilities is the floor that must support a loading on its top surface on either side of an aisle. The loading is considered ‘uniform although it may infact be on pallets or on rack shelves. The aisle width is assumed to / ‘be known and the aisle and loading are assumed to be a least twice as long as the width of the aisle. Figure 36 shows the general layout ofthe loading. ime —| Uniform Load on Slab (0 xt) Figure 36 Slab on grade supporting uniform loading on boh sides ofan aisle, This design checks the ability ofthe slab to resist the moment in the slab at the center line of the aisle. This moment is caused by the uniform loading which exists on both sides of the aisle at the same magnimde and atthe same time. The moment creates tension at the top surface ofthe slab. If the slab is to remain uncracked on the top of the aisle surface, then the design must limit the actual tensile suess to an allowable value determined by dividing the modulus of rupture by the safety factor. The required slab thickness can be determined by using the WRI charts (Reference 75) of the PCA tables (Reference 6). These techniques are illustrated in Sections 63 and 6.4. Ifthe concrete need not remain completely uncracked, that i, if tight hairline cracking {s acceptable, the approach changes. The objective then isto determine the moment in the58 CHAPTER6~ SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE Commentary: Thete Wh cans are sensitive to the position of ihe values nd ies withn the grape They are dip o we when ‘Progressing from an mad te wy through the process to the required thickness, Baal between these ve number requrefor]@ Correct soluion The the prphy es desebed the graphs os desc here working from an sumed ticker a both sendy ofthe process Ths maker relay ey 0 Converge tan allowable ‘for load White chs example assumes «atrial slab thickness, i is ‘generally best 10 calulate the sla thickness based on ‘other loadings, such as Vehicle azle loads or rack- supporting post loads, Most Industrial slabs are from 6 to inches thick slab and design the slab for it, using conventional reinforced concrete procedures to select appropriate steel areas, This is done using WRI charts and techniques illustrated in Section 6.7 If construction is with shrinkage-compensating concrete or post-tensioning, then the design procedure is altered somewhat. The intent with Doth of these rechniques is to maintain an uncracked slab, by means of chemical or physical prestressing rather than by slab thickness, (See Sections 6.5 and 6.6). Regardless of which design approach is selected, flatness and levelness of the aisle may be as critical to floor performance as is crack control, (See Section 10.4.3). 6.2 — Values needed to solve the problem ‘To determine the thickness of the concrete slab and the reinforcement or prestress ‘equired, the following information is needed: From the loading specifications: “Magninude of uniform loading, w in psf Width of aisle, ain inches ‘Approximate slab thickness, rin inches (needed only when WRI charts are used) From materials, site and designer: ‘Concrete's design compressive suengtf ‘Modulus of rupture ofthe concrete, MOR i psi “Modulus of subgrade rection, kin pot ‘Safety factor (selected by designer) 6.3 —Using WRI charts to design for distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle AUTHORS’ CHOICE ‘The necessary charts are reproduced large size inthe appendix. They come from 8 report Of the Wire Reinforcement Instiute (Reference 15) and from the work of Panak and Rauhut (Reference 21). ‘A problem will be solved using the following input data: From the loading specifications: “Magnitude of uniform loading: 2500 pst Width of aisle: 90 inches (7 feet 6 inches) Approximate sab thickness: 10 inches assumed to stare From the materials, site, and designee ‘Concrete design compressive strength, f= 4000 psi ‘Concrete modulus of rupture MOR = 570 psi ‘Modulus of subgrade reaction, & = 300 pei Fector of sfey: designer's choice is 1.7‘SECTION 6.3 — USING WRI CHARTS TO DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF ANAISLE 59 ‘The design starts with Figure 37 where the value of D/k is determined. This is the relative stifiness ofthe slab compared to the subgrade Cats a crac moh of dic ftom snd AC equ: Commentary: ea s7 000 fieduedang Wis 40 pi his ves, 3.605 10" pio 3608 done on ae 9. Using che assumed slab thickness of 10 inches, enter Figure 37 on the lef, proceeding diag- nally wo an intersection with the modulus of elasticity. Then move horizontally to the intersection with the curve for k = 300 pci. Proceeding down to the Dk axis, read D/k = 11 x 10° int. cour Moa 0p ae otk sts Be 3605 kat ue Dike x 108 ings 31 WR ha for dcerination of Dk which presen rate sf bewen ab Peiniyrade for of epresents, ‘siiffnes Th exe ree Figur 8, ing on he ef sie Ete he boom wih he sl with of 90 inches Move vercally up to as close tothe DA value of 11 433 posible Then daw line to the oan irc pi body ne Cables A) of et bad para ier 38 «Now move we if and pr of ire #8 cui fom he boom wih esa ines of The fer Re grade 10 lacus. Dea & ordeal ne up tothe allowable sree curve, again as Cote ati posible The andor the thinner the sab, aRovable west the modulus of tprre vide by te ney facio in is case the more i bends under STO/L7 2335 pa loading ante reer Draw ne zon he eft ote fan od able B)of ete tandpan ot MUR ame Figure 38. This ef-hand boundary shows slab teens (foo pounds per fot of ib width) based on Gul affective since isthe the uncracked section modulus ofthe concrete sab andthe allowable bending seus selected forthe Sly procedure which sta. elders + A aright line (sual inlined) snow drawn between the two boundary lies A andB. This sraight ies of subgrade and line eorses a vertical lin tthe permite uniform loading forthe slab, in Kips pr squae foot In this slab [tis also que ‘rample, the perited value of w i very close to 2600 pf. Therefore, the aastmed sa thickness of Pective fora specific aisle ‘inches scepable for he uniform loud of 2500p ‘wlth and location when +The 10-ach-thick sabi confirmed ad is hen recommended. Solving this example by the MATS eee ‘program ives required thickness of 106 inches.60 CHAPTER 6— SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE Commentary: These WRI procedures ‘generally assume the use of ‘Steet reinforcement. The ‘amount is commonly Selected using tables or charts based on the subgrade drag equation, which is appropriate where slab and steel are intended 10 be non-structural. The purpose of he ee concrete portions together. The siel must be located ator above the ‘middepth ofthe slab. A location near the third- ‘Point (down from the top) ‘consistent with joint deprh ‘is commonly wied. Tables 13 and 14 are x Meuse 3. — ee ra It : az iF 7 ER Set Tones Figure 38. WRI chart for determinaion of permite uniform loading on the slab 6.4— Using PCA tables to design for uniform loading on both sides of an aisle “These PCA tubes taken from References 6 and 14, are reproduced larger size in the appendix. Table 13 is for a fixed layout; that is, a specific location for aisle and a uniform loading of relatively constant magnitude. Table 4 is for a variable layout for aisle location as Well as a distrivoted uniform loading which may vary in magnitude, To show the use of Table 13, assume: 1000 ps uniform loading 12-foot aisle width £335 ps allowable concrete stress (= MORIFS) ‘Note that the table has a load limit of 1630 psf, and is valid for a modulus of subgrade reaction k of $0 pei, only. The assumed loading of 1000 ps is commonly found in moderstely to lightly loaded warehouse situations. Using Table 13: +The solution is found by starting with an aisle widtn of 12 fee. Move down te column. There are ‘four rows with loading close to, but slightly higher than 1000 pst * The closest appears tobe 1025 pf, indicating an B-inch slab with a working sess of 350 pi kis reasonable to use ersighline stioe between tle values to refine the design, The thickness is Also affected by the subgrade modulus, which inthis case is only 50 pi. * An 8.inch slab is recommended. As the example shows, Table 13 can be simple to use if the problem input fs the able closely. The table is for a distributed losding up to a maximum of 1630 psf in a fixed position; it uses working stress as its basis, and includes the effect of the aisle‘SECTION 6.4 — USING PCA TABLES TO DESIGN FOR UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF ANAISLE 61 ‘Subgrade k= 50 pei" =[eeaos. $00 cr 910357) tata dept neh = i ih 2 a ofr tee leith mec pe moe en ‘eed iad wisn 0 chew nd ee oy ay eco ra” Alor err Gd gh shovneopcei fans pup hamalcnre enCattrecrmperstmetaenceen COMMUNES: The procdirs x Scions eprerie sin Tle 3 Awe tied alt oath if oie dfn basen Reece, Sed geo hs solely at the aisle's center. Joint spacings and j ‘critical aisle width is that width at which the bending stress in the center of the aisle at the top ‘pes, along with ave ofthe slab sa maximum. Theorecal this rial width i 2209 Ges te rads of lave AMP aby, are nat silfoess (Reference 14). eter tl Table 14 differs rom Table 13 in that the subgrade modus values we $0, 100, and 200 demo under oe oading ‘ are consol *sflexraletengh (wodulos with uhin about tod foro pei and the ess by te cone’ inane fp) with Sanna ee the safery factor bil into the uble, Table 4 as a2285-psf limit on uniform load. the edge ofthe alse The ‘Assume a flexural strength of $50 psi fr his example, Assume also thatthe subgrade st tyrant ‘modulus is 100 pei and the Jad to be sed is 1000 psf. thielnes of the concrete «+ Move down the $50 psi column and locate the first load capacity at or above 1000 psf for ak of 100. Pitot ‘This occur at a LOinch sib thickness, which i higher than other design procedures due tothe the loading, presumed assumption of «variable layout. taiform inthis check isn + A lO‘aeh Habs recommended. ‘act pplied to the sab by ‘ost upportng rack Table 14 gives the allowable uniform loading, but fora variable layout of tht loading It theese tension onthe uses concrete flexual strength (modulus of rupture) and subgrade modulus as input values. A bottom of he sab beneath safety factor of 2 is assumed within the table. As with Table 13, Table 14 can be simple and “MEPY sacked by casy to use as long as the input values fit the table, which has a limit af 2285 pst. Table 14 lanertchock wore consistently gives somewhat thicker slabs than Table £3. Chapters{2 _ CHAPTER 6 — SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE Commentary: Tree of ts concrete ‘How mach we Spacing ‘feonrecton jt a Sperone or andaré Portand conor concrete Se designer ctioned point pacing oso for ‘hare forts (nracton Sane case spaced at Spprotinaely 301060 fet ee way are conor ‘and athough greater Spocings have een ‘erly ar hi ing selec mut end on whether or not hatin cracks are be permed Cia the Prevention oferacing re ry poate eran o Sab motion uch pots, ino Allowable load, Py: Concrete flexural avength, pit $50, | 600) 650°) 700 sis [ss [os | oes 70 | wo | 90 | 965 sos | ues | zm | 130 0 ss | oo | os | 190 ‘6 100 mo | 90s | se | 105s 200 17s | ta | 1390 | aes 0 oo | mo | mo | ass a 100 so j ios | 1s | 1220 20 uass | igo | 603 0 7 | wo | ws 0 100 tom | sso | 126s 200 tis | 1ss | 1790 » wo | os | om 2 100 uns | 120 | 1.390 200 1a | is10 | tyes | 2s 0 ws | 980 | 100 | 10 “ 100 120 f 13s) 10) isis 20 iss | 190 | 2120 | 328s Hott deg ae he ad crete Cae png san os Table 14 Allowable distributed load on slabs with unjointed aisles and variable layout, from References 6 and 14, 6.5 — Using shrinkage-compensating concrete for siabs with distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle ‘The use of a shrinkage-compensating concrete, produced with either Type K cement or ‘an additive, is a change in material rather than loading ot design assumptions. The concrete bbebaves differently, but the thickness selections are done using the same methods as with ‘ocmal fortland cement concrete- No example is given for thickness determination. Given the problem, the design for thickness isthe same as previous sections. The use ofthis technique allows a wider joint spacing, therefore, fewer lineal feet of joint per job. It is also a crack control technique, However, shrinkage-compensating concrete demands the use of reinforcing steel, properly sized and properly placed. The best reference is ACI 223 (Reference 13) which gives procedures for determining the expansion and shrinkage strains and for selecting the proper percentages of steel. Since steel is mandatory, it is also feasible to consider the use of structurally active reinforcement as discussed in Section 1.5.1 and illustrated in Section 6.7.SECTION 6 5 — USING SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR SLABS WITH DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING For example, once the slab thickness is set based on loadings or construction, the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete requires additional Vales to assure that compensation will in fact occur. These ae: selection of reinforcing tei ++ the expected concrete prism expansion for the mix, + expected member (slab) expansion in the field ‘The concrete prism expansion is measured by a testing lab following ASTM C 878. The expected expansion ofthe slab inthe field, which should equal or exceed the concrete's anticipated drying shrinkage, i needed for joint design. The reinforcing see! it required 10 raintain the integrity ofthe slab and retain the conerec's expansion and contraction. The procedure isa follows: + Slab thickness has been st 6 inches. “Joint spacing is 50 fet. + Reinforcing steel is selected ax 4 bars at 16 inches each way, based on shrinkage compenanting crack conto. + Calculate the steel percentage. Aes of see! is 0.20 square inches pr 16 aches of slab width 0.15 square inches per fot of slab width ‘steel percentage p = 0.15/(6 x 12) = 0,208 Establish diagonal onthe char of Figure 39 (from Reference 13) to represen this sel percentage (shown aa dashed ln). + Calculate V/A, he ratio of sab volume to surface are. VISA = (6 X 12 X 12M(12 X12) =6 + Find the intersection of V/SA = 6 curve with the diagonal representing steel percentage. This Pict Xin Figure 39. + From Poin X draw a vertical in down to find the maximo prism expansion of 0.036%. “The concrete mix, with shrinkage compensating additive or Type K cement, should be specified to havea prism expansion f 0.036%, as measured according to ASM C 878. “The conerete must expand ore than it subsequently shrinks, + To find the expected feld expansion ofthis coneree, raw a horizontal ine from Poi X tothe lef, and read 0.030%. The actual shrinkage of ths sla is expected tobe less than this amount. 005 as 008 Maximum Member Expansion, 003, percent 01 Sef Maximum Restrained Concrete p= Percentage of Reinforcement Prism Expansion, percent (ASTM C 878) Figure 39 Graph elaing reinforcing sel percentoge, meer (lb) epesion and eran, cone prim e=parion al perc. Commentary: Panels berween joints shouldbe as nearly square a1 pouible, Dinance ween joins can e at much as 80 to 100 feet {Reternoes 8 and 13): however the cuhors ‘recommend restricting the spacing 10 50 or 60 feet. Taf pow mil rea ‘eit Subsequent pours allow corrections if needed. Performance specfations forthis ype of fisor ontrucon may be preferred. Retforing bars are selected onthe basis of ieoee only 8, ortSihipacingsef id inches ormre he decision is arbitrary, but Seveing prcemege mu beable age 39 Sram deg{CHAPTER 6 — SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE Commentary: The use of prestressing tendons has two other. vantage. The spacing of range of 3010 40 inches, ‘liows field workers to ‘walk between the tendons (Reference 23) Further, ‘experience has shown that the MOR is actually, increased beyond the calculated level shown This is because the preset prevent te Propegation ‘microcracking, whichis ‘part ofthe phenomenon thas decreases the rensile strength (MOR) of the concrete, + Use the expected field expansion of 0.030% to calculate joint filler thickness. Where ‘the length ofthe slab is $0 feet, all motion is assumed to occur atone of the free ends, ‘even though its far more likely to be divided between opposite ends. Motion = 50 x 12 % G03 = 0.18 inches (3/16 inches) «Thickness of joint filler material = 2 x 3/16 inches = 3/8 inches, made ofa material that will readily compress to 50% ofits thickness (Reference 13). 6.6 — Using post-tensioning tendons for slabs with distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle Prestressing the slab on grade by means of posttensioned tendons serves twa Ourposes. is design example, it acts a8 a positive crack control. The prestress level is variable, but commonly produces approximately 100 psi of long-term (after prestress losses due to anchorage effects and tendon creep) compressive stress in the concrete. In addition to preventing the formation of shrinkage cracks, this stress increases the effective modulus of rupture, ‘The example in Section 6.3, which followed the WRI design charts for thickness etermination, is solved here again, using the increased flexural stress due tothe prestress of 100 psi applied to the slab, (See Section 3.7 for another prestressed slab example.) The original (Section 6.3) problem variables and intermediate results were: +E, =3,605,000 psi += 300 pci + Dvk= 11 (from Figure 37) +2500 pat + Aisle with = 90 inches ‘Moment = 5700 foot-pounds pe fot (applied moment from Figure 38) ‘Due tothe presiess, the new effective allowable stress is 335 +100 = 435 psi This can be used in Figure 380 obtain a graphical solution. ‘Two results can be achieved from the applied moment (5700 foot-pounds per foot) and the higher allowable bending sress (835 psi +The frat result isa higher permissible uniform loa. Although no separa figure is show with his solution the ight side of Figure 38 would indicate a new load of 3200 pat instead ofthe ein 2500 pt. +The second esult ta thinner slab, Use the moment of 5700 foot pounds per foot (ot exact due to the hange in Dit). the new allowable stress of 835 pi, and he celaonship Ma bx f 6 Solving for «gives a theoretical slab thickness of 8.9 inches. 6.7 —Using structurally reinforced concrete for siabs loaded uniformly on both sides of an aisle Steel reinforcement is placed in a slab for one or more reasons. Regardless ofthe reason, however, the siee! must be accurately positioned inthe slab. The four reasons ase:SECTION 6.7 ~ USING STRUCTURALLY REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR SLABS LOADED UNIFORMLY ON BOTH SIDES 6S 1. To act as cra contol, Hee, the steel is commonly selected by use of the subgrade drag equation. ‘This is discussed in Section 15.13. 2, To act as the required steel with shrinkage-compensating concrete slabs. In this case the steed is essential for good slab performance since ins are usually ata much wider spacing than normally used. ‘The steel is selected following ACI 223 (Reference 13), andthe procedure is discussed in Section 6.5, 3. To provide reserve load capacity. For this purpose the slab remains athe thickness based on the ‘uncrahed and unreinforced sib secion. The ste! area is increased so that the moment capacity of the ‘einforced cracked section is greater than th allowable moment forthe slab (Reference 11}. This is ‘Mlusrated below in Example A. 4. To allow use of thinner slab Here, she safety factor provided for load capacity due 14 substan- tally larger area of steel (roperly lated) than that indicated bythe subgrade drag equation (Reference 1), Toi lab s expected to develop tine cracks duet loading. The process iusiated in Example B, ‘The two examples sar withthe orginal selection of a 10-inch slab, retaining the MOR cof $70 psi and the allowable stress of 335 psi. Example A follows reason 3 above, providing reserve strength, Example B wil follow reason 4, reducing the thickness and providing load support with stel reinforcement. All moment capacities are calculated by conventional concrete and reinforced concrete equations; however, tabulated Solutions of these equations are given in the appendix. Example A: This slab sto be left 10 inches thick and ist be reinforced for reserve suength. ‘The applied moment is 5700 foot-pounds per fot from the WRI chars. ‘We will dein fr 25 percent more eng than essay 0 provi fo the pp it of 3900 foot fouads pe foot Tits 125 snes S700 or 7125 Foor pues er fot, 1 Sekt enferceent laced at mieph to sppy 712 foo poueds eft moment etn. + From Tadic £5, we see cat #6 bars at (2-ich spacing provide 8.91 foot-kips per foot resistance ina 10-inch slab, More tables ike this one are reproduced inthe appendix. + Required spacing = (B91 + 7.125) x 12 = 13.0iaches + Therefore, #6 bars (both ways at middeph), 1S inches on center, provide the reserve strength requested Slab Moment Capacities For One or Two Layers of Rebar at 12-Inck Spacing ‘Slab Thickness ein AIPA ‘anon fom Fair | ow wal «an [ox om] oa | ar ce | w]e [am | SS [pe [sem os ove [sat 1 war [en i ry an far ae fox | 1 [ne [rc ca [os | on | 13s Be | an] ae | fia NOTES: 1. f= 00 pt fr S0.000 ps coves 125m bn 12 6 = 090 a | design shear stress, psi Ye Allowable concrete shear stes, psi V design shear force, kips per foot Ve expected shear force in short direction, kips per foot V) expected sheer fore in long direction, kips pe foot 1w _ soil bearing pressure, kips per square foot W slab width, feet Wash slab weight, pounds neutral axis location of stifened cross section, inches Ym maximum differential soil moverpent, inches Z depth to constant suction, feet B welative stiffness length, feet ‘A. expected differential deflection under service fos, inches Satin Wlowable differential deflection of sab, inches coefficient of friction 7.4.2—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data A single-story rigid frame metal building in Lafayette, Louisiana (Figure 44), has a pester Wall Of ganda ps ina fot ‘The concentrated load from the rigid frame has been included in this perimeter load value. ‘Uniform floor loading onthe sib is 125 pounds per square foot ‘The slab measures 100x:50 feet, and the assumed spacing of stiffening beams is 20 fet in one irection, 16 feet 8 inches ia the oher. (NOTE: These are values required by Steps 1 and 2 of Flow Chart 1.)78 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: You can run an analysis of load ofthe rigid frame can wesapecony dred ong is nat frm poi 10 point, A uniform load is 2 reasonable assumption in ‘many insiances. If concenirated loads are ‘questionable, they should be Checked and accommodated with a modified section. bearing partitions, or other ‘elements which may be spaced mare than 20 feet par. PLAN VIEW 20" 2 20 20, 2 | 1 ' \ ill I { | | wa" L ‘Clay Surface Figure 44 Plan and cross section ofthe flor sab design example. ‘The beam spacing should not exceed 20 feet as a matte of standard practice. Tis has governed the spacing selected here where rigid frames are 20 feet apart inthe ong direction ofthe sla. The 16 foo 8 inch dimension is chosen asthe largest equal division of $0 eet tat comes within the 20-foot limit. Where rigid frame bay spacing exceeds 20 feet, an intermediate beams is recommended in most instances except for extremely stable soil conditions. Then itis sometimes a reasonable judgment call to permit extended beam spacing. “Te materials tobe used (Step 3 of Flow Chart 1) are as follows Concrete compressive szength = 3000 pi Concrete crexp moduls of elas Ee = 100,00 pst ‘Pronrsing sel: 20, U2-inchedarcter7ovire sand 7.4.3—Solls investigation ‘The design procedure requires determination of the amount of climate-controlled Aifferential movement of the expansive soils, Step 4, Flow Chart 1. We have some of the soils information, as follows: Plasticity index P7 = 40 Clay consent = 65% ‘Unconfined compressive strength @, = 3000 patSECTION7.43— SOILS INVESTIGATION 79 Soil modulus of elasticity E, = 1000 psi Depth to constant suction Z= 5 feet Location: Lafsyede, Louisiana ‘There is not enough information to complete Step 4, Flow Chart I, $0 we rust go to the soils subroutine in Flow Chart 2 (page 73). Assuming there are no hazardous site conditions, there is enough information to satisfy Steps 2, 3, and 4, Flow Chart 2. Then proceed with ddtional steps outlined in Flow Chars 2, 7.4.3.1 —Determine the predominant clay mineral in the soil ‘This is Step 5, Flow Chart 2. Using the known values of plastic limit and percent of clay, determine the cation exchange activity, CEAc. (CEAc = PL + percent clay CEAc = 30° + 65 CEA = 5348 + 65 = 082 Then find the clay activity ratio Ac, using known value of plasticity index, Pl ‘Ae = PI+ pereentclay ‘Ae = 40 65 2082 ‘With these two values, we can enter the clay classification chart (Figure 45) to determine the predominant clay mineral inthe sol. Enter the chart from the bottom, drawi i through Ac = 0.62. Draw a horizontal line through CEAc = 0.82. The two fines intersect inthe area labeled “montmorillonite,” indicating that montmorillonite is the principal clay mineral. i Figure 45 Clay ppe classification related to cation exchange activity and clay activity ratio, from the PTT Manual Reference 10) Continentary: Inhas been observed thas f ‘hepsi lind (PL ofthe 1okis above 25% lite and ieolinte mil be removed {from consideration and Tonmorilonte cn be assumed for design.80 CHAPTER 7 ~ DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: Is abways more conservative 19 choose the lower number in selecting a Thornthwaite moisture index. 7.4.3.2—Find the constant suction value for the soil ‘This is Step 6, Flow Chart 2. The constant suction value is needed for Step 9 below. First it’s necessary to select a Thormthwaite moisture index from the map of Figure 46. By ‘mterpolatin the moisture index fy = +30, Enter the chart of Figure 47 a: battam withthe ThormtbWaite index value of +30. Draw a vertical line to the intersection with the curve, then move left to read the sol suction value pF 832. ; igure 46 Thormshwalte moisture index deribusion in the United Sets from the PTI Manual (Reference 10) Soi Suction, pF & | 1 { L {oo Thornthwaite Moisture Index Figure 47 Variation of constant soil suction with Thomnthweite molsture index, from the PTI Manual (Reference 10)SECTION 7.43.3 — DETERMINE THE AVERAGE MOISTURE MOVEMENT VELOCITY 81 7.4.3.3 —Determine the average moisture movement velocity This is Step 7, Flow Chart 2. The estimated velocity of moisture flow is calculated using the ‘Thomntbwaite moisture index fq of +30 obtained in the previous step. moisture velocity = 05 x Iq/12 053 x 30/12 = 1.25 inches per month However, according (0 the PTI procedure (Reference 10), the maximum moisture velocity shall be 0.7 inches per month. Therefore use 0.7 inches per month inthis problem. 7.4.3.4—Find edge moisture variation distance With data given and developed in previous steps, we can now go to Step 8, Flow Char 2. With the Thornthwaite moisture index of +30 determined in Section 7.4.3.2, enter the chart of Figure 48 at the bottom, and draw a vertical line to the middle of the center lift band, thea proceed horizontally tothe left to read: edge moisture variation distance = 3.8 fet (center it) ‘Then continue the vertical line to the middle of the band for edge lift condition and again proceed horizontally tothe left, reading: eq ge moisture vacation distance = $2 feet (edge i) 3 Eun dan Center Lif Band Edge Moisture Variation Distance, ¢m (ft) F 5, t > ~~ = ~0 ° ry 2” ” Thornthwaite Moisture Index igure 48 Approsimate relationship berween Thornthwaite index and edge moliure variation distance, Note eral active cla may generate large aus of ee mote vara han ete by ‘he above curves and related tables. these curves shouldbe used only in conunetion with a ‘Sitespecifc sols nvesigation by fe geotechnical engineers (from Reference 10). Commentary: The example uses a value ‘midway across the band (Figure 48), but fhe designer is extremely familar with the local conditions, the chart ‘bands allow some leeway for interpretation suited 10 site conditions. For example, if (partilar vicinity known to bea cause for concer, be ‘more conservative by moving To values higher in either of, the bands. To be less conser, move to values closer to the bottom ofthe bond. (82 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commencary: ‘As mentioned previously. it ‘would be importan for the slab designer to have em ‘and Yq values supplied by an expert soils authority. aries, using the higher percenegeirmore 7.4.3.5 —Determine expected differential swell for edge ift and center it conditons ‘We now have al the supporting values to do Step 9, Flow Chart 2. Center uf: Since the soi is 65% clay, ierpolate between Table 17 for 60% clay and Table 18 fr 70% clay. For Zw 5 fet, mostrevelocisy = 0.7 inches per month pF #32, and tq = 3.8, We find In 0224 inches Eagelin: ‘Again interpolate berween Table 19 for 60% clay ané Table 20 for 70% clay ForZi=5 fet, mole velocy=03 inches pe math PF = 3.2, and em = 5.2, we find Ym = 0.23 inches ars ° 3 aa [ar | cam | eos] coe | oon 3 | cam | oni] acs | ease as [ants | eat | sot | aos >| ama | ome | enw | con aa] an | ome | aon | ans | ome 23 | ani | acm} aoe | aon | ues | an | assy] are _ as | eam | anc | aie | are | atm | aa | am | as 3 87 | oo | aon | aia} oat | eam} ase } osm | wo 36 | er | eas | oo | ome | omar con | ore] orm] aime 3s, | om | ome | an | ate | as Jaws | ase | ars Ee é fata | oie Vaz | oan | cas | Laas | 2am | caus . >| ero | 0229] ever | cam | 1205 | sae | aan] 7 wa | ar | ome | ons] aan | amo] omm | aos | ean] ane recy a3. | oma | aoe | oor | amo | ants A 0s} aan | am arn [ arm | axe a7 {eas | ts | gist | azn | 02m : 3a] ar | nis | aw} 000 | eam | aor 3 | Goes | com | ares | avn | ons 05 | ax ) ors} ean | am | ses 07 | ate | a2te| ose | caus | ans 36 [ar | ons [aon | ere [ove | arm aa | atm | 2 | ase | cam | ox 8s | aus | osm} oni | asus | 1a ay | aaa | asse| oocz | tae | nase 7 3 [ar | eon [oon] oon | ons | om ts aon | ae | ors | aie | oat os | aaa | ats] ox | aan | 030 we [er | or | cas ana | 6x 03 | tam | exer | gave | asst | aa as | ens | 0200} asst | aac | dom a> _{ ane | ass | gaz? | aaa | 1250 ae [or | oa | eum] ore | om | ean 23 | aise ) osm) asa | em | ost as | 035 | ass | oss | tam | Jane | 2am | na] sate orf esa | arm] tar | ae | sae | san] “| SO Table 17 Center if condition, diferent swell atthe perimeter ofa slab in predominantly ‘mentmorilonte clay sol (60 percent clay) rom Reference 10.SECTION 7.4.3.5 — DETERMINE EXPECTED DIFFERENTIAL SWELL FOR EDGE LIFT AND CENTERLIFT CONDITIONS *3 ini Uy (aneelsgae|s Table 18 ver ifconditon, irene ah prinater of ab in predominanty Teton sol 6 pote tay Fon ieee Te(CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED OW PLASTIC CLAYS ran | Conan | Connant | eet | ra rns — eee re | Conn) Coen} Met age Disancs Prnraon | | On | amy [7a [am] 9n [om se [on [7h @ | >] ) a | em | cow) eae | can fone] ene | any 83 | da | ore | eos | ams | 050 | ou | se ts | Sau | em | oon [es | cow | com | eo | So |S Ste | |S | orm foes 83 | Soe | S| con [ou | oon | com [ons | ax 2 Sam jm | om |e | | sm | os | saw S| tort} com | ate [air | Sie | ete | ae] oz Se} ar] aa Pas Pa Toa [oom | cam oo | ie h} Ga | cam | rr |S em | Jom ear ts | Som | ste] ex [oa | 0x0 | cat | eam | acs S| Som [ aes | ese [an | om | cas [em | ass 3 [arf en] 000) aur ond) ono foi joa ae S2 | Sor | am | eam [ea | oc | cu |e | aa 8s | Sie | em | aa | st [ear | ar |S | eas S| Sam [20 | Ss | | tam [co (in| car Ta] er | ame | 2 aa Poa | 000 | xe aoa | ae 83 | sore | ex | ca {om | om | ie | ares | are sf |e | Ge (a |S | a | > _| toa | ean er [oi | om | ono [ame] aan 37] ar ea [20m [on Post Peau [oom [oom] aie ah Sime | Som | ote jvm | som (om | ae) sam 83 | cag | er | cn Jae | ean | osm | ans] eae S| Som | orm | cam [oa | acs | ear | os | ae Se) er] ans) eas | as Yin ne ae as) oom | Som | ot | caw [ose | ou | oo | eam | ace SS | ait [oa | sc | ts |S | oar | a | ts er [eat (005 | can [ors | cm (tan [ave 30 3 [arf com [ oi6] eam [oa | on [oe [om | as 83 | eam | exo | goa far | om [vat tne] tar ss | ee fata | to [Se Cae | an [a | 230 7 || er | one aon | 000 | Son sn] om iz [ae eat os a) al om S| toe asi] oon a | Soe oon | 188 3 [ar oar [av one [ome [ans Pane [am | ca 3 | ain | se | on || in| aot | ta | a [Sam | 05 oe [i [rr [am [ta Ss | one | ts |S |S | | ‘Table 19 Edge tft condition. diferenil swell athe permet of asian a predominantly ‘montane clay sol (80 percent lay) from Reference 10. 7SECTION 74.3.5 ~ DETERMINE EXPECTED DIFFERENTIAL SWELL FOR EDGE LIFT AND CENTER LIFT CONDITIONS 85 G86 ee feeleee e Sy ee i § ebee|esee p & 4 E Seles eeee i 5 t Glee 5 a6 (88 g § G|FURE|RRRG SESE |EREE|ESE $8) eeee E § §15 &/85 * # i &. B/E55E|S888/8 4 i |suga|Ba0s 088/Se00|eeee lease] A slaskelee 2 BREE t SESS GbE |ae i ‘TIBSEE/5ES5|§ le 5 g 5 & & g(S8ee/88 i /ESEG/SES § "EEE LY RERE|ESREIE “able 20 Edge If condion, ferential rel atthe perinter of lb in a predaminaty Tommie dco 0 potent ly rom Reece 1086 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: Uzing 1/1700 for allowable detection is an empirical Ear beam depth selection the Jacors which have the most ‘you i the center if design, ints desirable to mainaain ‘lose beam spacing in order ‘wolimit depth requirements, 7.4.4—Check preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements, Step 5 of Flow Chart 1 With the soil values ¢q and yq detemined in Section 7.4.3 , we can now proceed to deter- mine preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements. The edge lift condition is checked fist. 7.4.4.1 — Preliminary determination, stiffening beam depth d, edge lift condition dex LESH x ent xy where x2 EE XS x ef 79 TXB aay XP Bear lath = 100 fet Beam spring $= 16.67 fet ‘esatr ond P= 900 ound pr foot fs the relative stiffness length according to the PTI procedure is assumed to be 10 feet. The max- imum distance over which differential deflection will occur is £ or 68, whichever is smaller. 6 = 60 fet overs Bat = (12 60/170 = 0.424 inches ‘This value of Ais substited in the equation above, slong with the given values and sil propetes determined in Section 7.4.3, 10 find x: ‘ee 12x 0.424 x 900 aoe 12 0.424 x 1.07, 5.68 Fim SS = 24 ing = 12.24% mw 19.04 inches ‘Therefore an initially assumed depth of 24 inches is reasonable. ‘Short direction: Perimeter load remains the same, 900 pounds pe fot. ‘Beam length L= 50 feet ‘Beam spacing 5 = 20 feet ‘Again assuming f = 10 feet, the maximum distance over which the differential deflection ‘occurs is Z (50 feet sice this is smaller than 6. A atow = (12 50)/1700 = 0,353 inches ‘Substituting in the same equations used above for the long direction: 50% x 208 x 5.2% 20.230" hog # SOE IOEKS.2 xO. ZI" 12% 0353 x 900" tng = 3931396 23:39 033 ent = TD O353% 1.07 137 Hen? ES 0 13.55 Wen jog ® 13.55" #2144 inches ‘The assumption of 24 inches is seasonable forthe short direction as well as the long direction.‘SECTION 7442 — SOIL PRESSURE UNDER THE BEAMS 87 7.4.4.2 — Soil pressure under the beams [a subroutine for Step 5, Flow Chart 1) The allowable soil pressure day = 3000 pst is given in Section 7.4.3, The load on the ground consists ofthe weight of slabs and beams plus applied uniform load and the perimeter Joad, Since the sab weight calculation uses a 4-inch thickness over the total area, beam depths axe adjusted to 24-4 or 20 inches (1.67 fee) Applied loadings: ‘Weight of slab = 100 x 50x 033 x 0.150 0 2475 hips Weight, kong Beams = 4x 100% 1.0 1.67 0.150 = 1002 Kips ‘Weigh, short beams = 6% 46 % 1.0 x 167° 0.150 = 69.1 kips Perimeter load = 900 pif x 300 ft = 270.0 kips Uniform live loud = 100 x30. 125 pef = 625.0 kips Total load applied w soll 1311.8 ips We assume that all of the load is transmitted chrough contact of the beam bottoms. ‘Therefore calculate che contact area of the beams, based on the assumed spacing shown in Figure 44. The beam bottoms are 1 foot wide. (9424) + (50x 6) = 676 feet beam lenin x1 foot beam with '= 676 square fet of bear bottom contact area ‘The soil bearing pressure is then: 1 = 1311.8/676 = 1.94 Kips per square foot 1194 < 3.0; therefore beaving pressure is OK. = Fangs Wh Beam ee ae eK Faint HTT or Tt Brom’ = 168 eam With Figure 494, Eifective bearing width for imerior grade beam, considering T-beam action. Boom With te Fang With Figure 49B Effective bearing width for exterior grade beam considering T-beam action. Commentary: With a prestressed post tensioned slab on ground, the ‘enhanced T-beam action can be very help in ising load. Observations indicate ‘that using the T-beam section Jor load distribution ts ‘reasonable and effective. A Aisance of 8 tmes the slab cel or compa 3 for computing ‘he bearing area. For edge ‘grade booms, 6 times the sab {thickness onthe one side ‘having a flange would comply ‘with he ACT Building Code. Figures 49A and 498 show this condition Shear should be reviewed atthe interface when tis procedure is followed. Should shear¥8 CHAPTER 7— DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS desirability ofan uncracked section cam be easily ‘recognized. Iwill alto be Seen that the greatest moments are negative ‘moments therefore the Simplifying a conventional ‘design. This is due tothe raximiy of the neural axis "the top of the slab. 7.4.5. —Determine section properties for full slab width, Step 6, Flow Chart 1 Dimensions already Long. ‘Shon ‘determined (Figure 44) Direction Direction Beam depth, in. win Tndividual beam width in, in "Nuraber of beams 4 6 ‘Tol beam width 480, nin, Slab thickness 4in. in, Calculate section properties in the fong direction: (Cross section Area,in? yi, Aysin? Stab = 46x 124 2208 2 4a6 Beam = 12%24x4 1132, 2 Bee 3360) 18.240 ‘Distance from top of slab to neural axis, = 18.240/3360'= 5.43 inches “Moment of inertia (1/12 b#), beam and slab scetions: eb A ad ae oo Shb=1/12x46x12x4 2944 08342-25825 28,769 Beam=1/12%4% 12x24 55296 1152 658 49,877 105,173 13.92 Sp = 133,942/5.43 = 24,667 in? ‘Sp =133942/18.57 = 7213 in? Calculate section properties in the short direction: (Cross section ‘Areain? yin. Ay, Slab =943 124 422 got Beam=12x24x6 17281220736 Grr) 760 Distance from top of tab to neutral axis, = 29,760 16240 = 4.77 inches ‘Monvent of inertia (1/12 bh’), beam and slab sections: fo Ad Ae Sub=112x94x12x4 O16 4512, «2:77 34370 40.386, Beam=1/12%12x6%24? 82946 1728 724 90577 173521 213907 ~ Sp =21390714.77 = 44.844in? 5p = 21390771925 11,123 in? ‘Summary of Section Propertien Long Short direction direction (Cross seona ares, A, 5 in. 3360 e240 ‘Cel of tha send inches om top fiber 2000-200 enzo of team seins, nces fom top fiber nm AL Depth to neutral ai inches from top fiber 343 an Sesion modulus, Spin? 2667 saat Section modulus, Spin? Ta tae ‘Allowable concrete tensile set f= 6VT000 = 329 si 0329 03291 Allowable concrete compressive sess, f,#0.48 (3000) = 1350 1.380ksi 1.380 ksiSECTION 7.4.6 — CALCULATE MINIMUM NUMBER OF TENDONS REQUIRED 89 7.4.6—Calculate minimum number of tendons required, Step 7, Flow Chart 1 ‘Sues permite pr tendon, = 0.7 x fy 0.7 270 = 189.5 ‘Suess in tendon ater ose. fy = 18930 159 si Force P, per tendon ‘Aca per 12-inch diameter tendon = 0.153 square inches Py= 1153 x 159 = 2435 ips pr tendon ‘Sufficient tendons must be installed o overcome slab-subgrate friction as well as to keep ‘the minimum average prestress at 50 psi. Determine the number of tendons necessary for @ ‘minimum average prestress of SO psi inthe concrete, concrete area x average presrest Number of tendoas = force pet tendon 50 p81 3360 sai. _ ggg 74330 ton) APAHO agp iftong) = "Number of tendons to overcome slab-subgrade friction on polyethylene sheeting: ‘Weight of beams and slab = 416.8 kips (from Section 7.4.42) N= 05 Gx Wis) 24.330 5 (0.75 x A16,8924.33, '= 6.42 strands in each direction ‘Total number of tendons needed is the sum of those required to maintain minimum prestess ‘and those needed to overcome subgrade friction. 8, (long) = 690 + 642 = 13.32 use 14 tendons 1 (thor) = 1282 +642 = 19.24 20 tendons acceptable Recheck minimum number of tendons in each direction, following the guidelines of che ‘commentary: Nj (long) = 50/5 + numberof bears 21044214 tendons —OK 1 (shore) = 100 85 + number of beams 1=20+6=26 tendons >20. ‘Therefore use 26 tendons in the short direction. Design prestress forces ‘Since maximum moments occur near the slab perimeter, fiction losses will be minimal at points of maximum moments. Therefore, assume total prestressing force effective for 14243 = 3402 Kips 26x 243 =631.81ps Commentary: The vale of. fa ip assumed a a reatonable beginning approximation of fp dust ste asses of 30 Bare an estnate. The umber oftendons fortis design procedures general ow enough 0 incouregea conservative esign approach ‘Thexe figures are based on stressrlieved 270k strand. Lowereazation sand wil Permit a higher value, As the ‘ference in numberof tendons required is relatively minor, It prudent io Conslersressrlleved Sirandin calculations and pert terelavation at Sbgnae rather than vice sheeting ls 075 witha ‘ribbed and siffened section. This has been determined in the field 10 be not only realistic, ut conservative Care in subgrade ‘preparation ora double dyer af poiyethylene can result in lowering tis value, ‘Although 20 tendons are acceptable and meet all the eritera ofthe PTT Manual, ‘he authors experience that tendon spacing greater ‘han 3 feet on center ‘neither praca nor prudent Also iis desirable {oave at last one tendon Is tach aifenng bean in ‘dion wo holing 1.0 maximum spacing ofS feet on cower.90 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS 7.4.7 —Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 8, Flow Chart 1 Design moment, Jong direction, edge lift condition 50 (d é)®™ Yn Mee OTK go MTOM OHS 0290 7100" 150% Commentary: Pir 1150 becouse the po BEALS OE perimeter load is 900 pif and . TATRA the 2¢-nckedeepexerior beam weihs 250 pf (24 inches ~ 4 inches)/ 21.88 2.21 foot-kips per foot {2% 130 250 pounds 33 Design moment, short direction, edge lift condition Mya are x Bt My wnt 8252 e991” Me Wx ag 22 My=306x042 221 M,=2.2foockip et foot Allowable service moments, jong direction, tension im bottom fiber, edge lift condition (1250) p= Sp (BMAP The quantity Pye accounts Note that the long direction has a $0-foot-wide cross section; hence the design moment is {for the momen associated i erat = feryiemomenacciaed quali by 80 feet Iti also multiplied by 17 inches pr foot a make sits of the let side we string done te ofthe equation compatible withthe right Mas been standard pracice to drape beam tendons 0 within inches ofthe hoviom hia frag ee rn Of stfening beams inorder “nin rae. omarinia pore noment -_————_—— re cop aebeae™ | ive is G —9 ° . Sector | tts i ail en Siete ger secon i Serge) Laden mt ‘modulus, W Consideration, this eee etn om ‘therefore be either positive = ‘or negative as in Figure 0. aa om Figure 50 ros section of slab taken rough he sho dren indctng ng direcion secon properties, Location ofneuiral ais and eccenricies of beam dnd siab tendons are shown Pee [WN, (0p) X3.43] ~ (Near) 15:57]] 243 ‘= [10% 343 —4x 1537] 243 = (343 ~ 62.28) x243SECTION 74.7 — CHECK DESIGN MOMENTS AGAINST ALLOWABLE MOMENTS FOR EDGE LIFT CONDITION 91. [Now substitute this value for Pye inthe equation above for teasion in bottom fiber. (1230) ph, = 7213 ( (3402/3360) + 0.329] -(-679.91) 600 5M, = 7213 0.101 + 0.329) + 679.91 600 pM, = 7213 (0430) + 679.91 pM, = (102 + 680)/600 += 6.30 foot kip per foot 630>221—-OK Allowable service moments, long direction, compreasion in top fiber, edge lift condition (12 $0) pe = Sr Ue PIA Fee 600 pM, = 24,667 {1.350 ~340.2/3360] ~ Fre 600 pM, = 24,667 {2.350 ~ 0,101] ~(-67991) ‘Mc = (30,809 + 680)/600 = 52.48 foot hips per foot $248>221—OK Allowable service moment, short direction, tension In bottom fiber, edge ift condition ‘Again the quantity Pe must be calculated to account fr the prestressing moment associated with the eccenticity of tbe pos-tensioning tendons. Figure 51 shows this cross section. Note thas she aeutral axis is slightly different forthe two cross sections. Since the calculation of ef 282—0K Allowable service moments, short direction, compression in top Mber, edge lift condition (12 100 pM, 44,844 [1.350 ~ 631.8/6240} ~(-1020.11) ple = (44,844 x 1.245) + 1020.111/1200 '= 57,0307 1200 « 47.52 foot ipa per foot Since 4752 is greater than 282, section is OK.92% CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: Proper deflection control is ‘absolutely imperative. t ‘appears tobe of even {greater importance when 68 ioverns the design instead of ‘actual slab length L. Since taemercifil in revealing cracks due to deflection in ‘an otherwise sound design. 7.4.8 —DeRection catcutations, edge lift condition, Step 9, Flow Chart 1 Allowable differential deflection, long direction, edge lift A 4] aE Ve = 1 4 [soba Ts 9 a 1000 et B= m0s13.00 ae =} xti90s B=992 fet 6) = 59.52 fet < 100 feet 30 68 governs Aatoy = [12x 59-52]/800 = 0.89 inches ‘Expected differentia defection, Jong direction, edge It hw Beste yah 1590 nO 6.678 5.20% 0.23% 1590 24 x 1150" “The expected differemial deflection of 0.25 inches < 0.89 inches allowable deflection — OK Allowable deflection, short direction, edge lift First determine f. a 1000 1 Laue 2 a Be 11S eet (f= 669) feet > 50 feet ‘Therefore 50 feet goverts and Stow = (12 50)/800 0.75 inchesSECTION 7.4.8 — DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS, EDGE LIFT.CONDITION 983, ‘Expected differential deflection, short direction, edge lft 50% 208 520230 15.90% 24° % 1150" hn 393% 13.96 02.38 0.52 1590% 16.89% 1.07 As 94 0.23 inches 253.32 Since the expected deflection of 0.23 inches is less than the allowable 0.75 inches, cross section is OK. This completes the check of deflections for edge lift bending and all are less than allowable for both long and shor directions. 7.4.9—Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart 1 Expected sheat force, long direction, edge lift condition Voc n Etat yt ase __ Hoot 24 11508 $28 92300 So x1667" 1.38 3.56. 1.29% 130x037 31.06 ” Ye 290 Vj = 290 «0.93 kip pr foot tase eee ‘Allowable shear stress vem LV © 1SV3000 = 82.2 psi (Only the beams are considered to resist shear. ‘Total deign shear stress v, long direction, edge ft rndb yu 0193 x 1000 «50 4x12 y= 40.36 pi 40136 pai is es than 82.2 pi allowable, so shear is OK in long direction Expected shear force, short direction, edge lft condition yu SRA 11508 5.200.250 7 30x20" yx 1 3123.56x 123 «1.30037 3% 105 = 28 Vex 3180.88 ps per foot Commentary: Using only the Beams to resist shear is @ conservative spproach and in keeping with the PTT ‘Manual. A strong case can ‘be made for including a” (CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPFORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS ‘Total design shear stress, short direction, edge lift (0.88 x 1000 100, 6x 12x24 paaeeaat 1728 oc ‘The design shear ste of $0.93 ps is less than the allowable shear stress of 82.2 gi, $0 shear is OR in te short direction 8 well as the Jong direction. This completes the checks necessary forthe edge Tit condition. 7.4.10 —Center jift design A check of bending, deflection, and shear must be made for the cener lift condition just 1s bas been done for the edge lift condition completed above. Since soil conditions and preliminary design are the same, we can begin a Sp 8 of Flow Chart I. Design moments for Jong direction, center lift condition (Step 8, Flew Chart 1) My = AglBxegt4C] sre hon [sm sea pm) om apg [100% 16.670 240 1150 0.2240] am be (1.06 x2,36890% 43.09 0.75] 982 p= 122. 20989 i From the soils dats, page 81, én, edge moisture variation distance i 3.8 fet for the cent lift condition. ‘According ta the PTT procedure, for eq 5, B= 1 0and C=O. Writ thea valves, dterine My? My = 0.989 [13.840] My = 0989x522 Me = 5.16 foot ips er foot Design moments, short direction, center lift (My = 5.31 foot-kips per footSECTION 74.10 — CENTER LIFT DESIGN Allowable moments, long direction, center lit Allowable moments must be calculated and compared with design momests. First, calculate negative beading moments *Teson in top bet NOTE: From ie 50,9991 ne 2x30 a= 5e{ Zot one 3402 3360 20, «2907 | 382 5032] +-enay = 1246670430) - 69992 mM a +1654 oo kis pa foot Since the allowable moment of 16.54 fon-kips per foot is greater than the design moment of 5.16, ‘section is OK fo tension inthe top fiber. ‘* Compression in bortom fiber aes a =55[1 402 cot 8 Jeon (_ 7213.0.249)-61991 00 = 13.88 foot-kipa pe foot Me Since 13.88 is greater than 5.16 design moment, section Is OK in long direction for compression in bottom fiber. Allowable moments in short direction, center lift design ‘Tension in top fiber | NOTE: From page 91, Fre =~1020.1 inch-kipe ean a5 Seen ous 1200, « 4a] 1. 329] (100 My | Sut 23| (1020.11) 442440101 «0309-10011 Me 203 iy = 192831041 1200 |= 15.22 foot-kips per foot ‘Since he allowable 15.22 foot kips pe footie greater han the design moment of 5.31, section checks OK.96 CHAPTER 7 ~ DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED OW PLASTIC CLAYS + Compression in batom fibex . conn asic fone (2 2123 (1.380.-0.401) + 1020.11) Me as 7292 ~ Me = ‘Me = 10.73 fe-kips perf ‘Since the allowable moment, 10.73 foot-kips per foot is greater than the design moment of 3.2, section ‘OK. Moment capacities exceed expected service moments for ceater lift in both long and short Aiectons. Center ft deflection calculations, long direction (Step 9, Flow Chart 1) + Allowable differential deflection Btw = 12(L 06291360 (Use 69, since itis less than Z (2 100 A he relative siffnes length, is 9.92 feta calculated on page 92. . Baioe = 12059.50/360 = LD inches + Expected differential deflection nL] S10" PO eg Ae OE a {ORDA OEM rem 5943.80 3a 247 2:89 19.68% 39.88 x 5.64 . 3804737 b= 8266. cas inches 18008 ‘The expected differential deflection, 0.46 inches is ess than the allowable of 1.96 inches so section is OK for deflection inthe long direction. Center lft deflection in the short direction >< “e Altowable differential defection Baton = 1216 016891360 Here of $0 feet is smaller than 6 soi is used inthe calculation ofthe allowable: Bate = 120501360 = 6 cokesSECTION 74.10 ~ CENTER IFT DESIGN + Expected differential defection Substitute in the same expression used above for expected deflection, noting that only the values of Sand L are different 10.204 50} 20. 115003894 - 380 24 = NSA 2387 x 39.88 «5.64 a 380 x 47.37 = Teor = 0.49 inches ‘Since 0.49 inches is less than the allowable of 1.66 inches, section is OK for deflection, Deflectons in ‘oth long and short directions are aoc es than the allowable defection for center if loading. Shear calculations, short direction, center lift condition (Step 10, Flow Chart 1) * Design shear force 1 [pa gue gem pasty, 0 L_ [yam 500 ge pay 0% an © Int ent] 1 [50% 20 248» 1150 0.224 3,86 1350 Memb. [2.10% 3.85 1.89 x 44.95 x 0.94% 3.65] Bs 1.75 kip per toot zs f + Allowable shear stress (according tothe PTI Manual) g= SV = 1503000 = 822 pai Design shear stress yale nab ‘=1.75% 100 1000 6x 12x24 175,000 178 y= 1013 psi 101.3 >822 pa allowable shear stress; this does noe meet the PTY recommendation, However, as explained earlier in these calculations, a strong case has been made for use of a shear valve of, LSNIE*P/A [If this i were applied here, the allowable shear would increase from 82.2 psi to 183.52 psi, well above the calculated 101.3 psi shear stress. ‘A second consideration is that only the stem of the beam has been taken inte ‘consideration, and not the flange. By observation, consideration ofthe flange would provide a unit shear force of 26.92 ps, value well under the allowable. n(CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED OW PLASTIC CLAYS A third possibiity—if itis desired to follow the PTI recommendation rigorously — ‘would be to alter the cross section to comply with the more rigid shear standards. This can be done by one of the following: 1. Increase beam width 2. crease beaen depth 3. Decrease beam spacing 4. Use web reinforcement over a distance of 1.58 a exch end ofthe bean, '5.A combination of 1,2, and 3, Increasing the short direction beam width (0 14 inches would reduce the sess 10 83.3 psi when calculated by the most conservative method shown above. This is close enough to the allowable of 82.2 psi to represent satisfactory compliance withthe PTI recommiendatioos. However, the authors’ choice is to keep the short direction beam width at 12 inches for simplicity of construction, relying oa their experience that shear is rarely if ever critical for ‘his type of construction, ‘Shear calculation in the long direction, center lit condition 1+ Design shear force end stress 1 [pam gan gee pesey sigs v= St a PM yt pag ” J 1 7 = y= (100° 16.67" 24° 1150 0.238 Yow gag (oom 1s7™” 26 38] 4 Vow Le [151% 737% 3922222079346) agg [St 3.46) 2550 = 37 p= 262 = ya 7 ipa pee 2550 = 5.3 peer 137% $0x 1000_ _ 68,500 . 5p, Axia ust ‘The stress of 59.46 is ess than he allowable 82.2. Section OK. ‘This completes the problem for center lift. Edge lift and center lift design results ase summarized in Table 21 (Step 12, Flow Chart 1). + MOTE: ey emma repens Saas 749 on “Tendons and beam requirement (te Figure 32), Lang direction ‘our U-nh iamee 270 sounds Te undo inh nb, 2 ares elo he op being 30 ches fom ‘ited ton cena, akon inca fea 3 bso i earn er Fost aces Sa [Scher dry evel paced e 1 fos inches once Short direction ‘Tecate Uc itr 2706 sd al Two i te eon 30 nce mech cal hn Seton re One td euch ee ch a es wie ep evenly ps 9 fe. ‘Table 31. Design Summary for the Port-Tensloned Slab on Plastic Clay.SECTION 74.10 ~ CENTER LIFT DESIGN 2 Tandon Spaces $4" 1 Tendo Sib Todt 05 0b a rr [igure $2 Beam and tendon locations for the post-tensioned slab on plastic clay. 7.5— DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, uniform thickness post-tensioned slab on plastic clay with uniform and Perimeter load 7.5.1— Introduction ‘The sine of he-artPost-Teasoning Institute solution for slabs on plastic clays isthe ribbed slab design presented in Section 7.4. However, revisions in progress to the PTI desiga ‘manual (Reference 10) address the concept of a foundation of uniform thickness, The uniforra thickness solution can be developed from a ribbed foundation design that satisfies all ‘moment, shear, and differential deflection requirements ofthe established ribbed slab design ‘The new Post-Tensioning Inxtinte procedure permits uniform thickness design for foundations et fast 6 inches thick. If there is perimeter beam that isa Teast 12 inches deep, the uniform thickness may be as small as 4 inches. The uniform thickness design i applicable for slabs on plastic clay as inthis example, but it may also be useful for slabs on relatively stable sols that do not manifest large moment, shear, and deflection requirements.100 CHAPTER 7— DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS In many areas, soil stability or construction preferences dictate a desise for uniformly thick foundations. The following example provides an equivalent uniform thickness foundation based on te design example found in Section 7.4. 7.5.2—Modeling the problem ‘The easiest way to design a uniformly thick post-teasioned slab on plastic clay is ta prepare a customary ribbed foundation design. as explained in Section 7.4, and then derive from it an equivalent uniform thickness slab. Since Section 7.4 works out the ribbed foundation in detail for a 50x100-foot slab, we can start with a summary of results from that catlir example, provided in Table 22. As indicated on page 77, the slab has a uniform loading of 125 pounds per square foot and a perimeter wall load of 900 pounds per linear foot [Eaige litt design. | Design | Allowoble | Center it design —~ | Design [Allowable Moment Ape perf, ‘Moment, ips per one Dion tng Dichon rane | an | 430 rae | sus | set Congreve | Zot | stan Compose | 18 | 3a Stor dion Stor incon Tose | am | ase ‘Tate | sat | isan Crepe | Ten | att Srepestie | Sr | tart ifr defection, x Difeena deletion, in Tang Dincion” | a2 | ase “tng Oomcue "| 04s | 198 Stondmecnoe | aan | ans Srocameioe | 08 | 166 Tea eae pl 1 Shear aren. | ‘epBrecin | are | ma ‘na Borson | sous | 22 Storarecion | 309 ‘Sonamnere [soso | aa * WoT: ewan ing ew net 749 ob oer “eaters ad beam ropvemeat (oe Fre s8) Ton aration FoR Th reece Tete 2 ei etn. pig ah Seber Seeger ee ae aaa Se RS Nees paws iste aa ace Stet recon {Pat Pty amt 7st Twn te is ig nem at a et Se aan ET ee Pas PRE aS a Table 22, Summary of design data for ribbed slab on plastic clay, as developed in the example of Section 7.4. Since the allowable moment and shear will probably not be critical inthe analysis of uniformly thick slab, tis leaves us with an analysis of differential deflection requirements. Use the ratio of expected differential deflection 4 to the allowable differential deflection Ayuy, in determining the needed thickness. Select the largest ratio in each direction, ae eee 025) Long direct design: A = 028 ng direction, edge lift design: on 046 2923 usar 198 ‘Long direction, cemer if design: — 4 Bute ‘Shoe direction, edge lift design: 9 aoe 4 ‘Short di enter lift design: —“— = 242 = 030 USEO31 fection, centr if design: 5— = Tz[SECTION 75.3 — DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT THICKNESS 101 7.5.3— Determination of equivalent thickness Long direction: The momeat of inertia I previously determined for the combined beam ‘and slab in the long direction is 133,942 in. (see page 88). Apply the deflection ratio ccaloulated in Section 7.5.2 to find the minimum acceptable 7 for an equivalent uniform thickness slab: 028 x 133, 942 0F 37,503 in Caleulate the depth d required for «uniform thickness slab 50 feet wide, having this same moment of erin. T= Vibe Disbe aaldl > Using the / value determined for che 50-Foot width of the long direction of this slab wr 12 50 d=9.08 inches ‘Short direction: Tye moment of inertia I previously determined forthe short direction is 213,907 in. (page 88). Adjusting by the deflection ratio previously determined, the minimum ‘acceptable fora uniform thickness slab is 031 x 213,907 or 66,311 int For a uniformly thick slab 100 feet wide, the thickness required to provide this moment of ween 0 VG REE - YG « erties ‘The larger of the two values is 9.08 inches. Therefore itis recommended that the equivalent ‘uniform thickness slab be 9% inches thick. This can readily be formed using nominal 2x10, umber, which bas an actual depth of 9% inches. 7.5.4— Determine number of tendons required ‘ures permitted per tendon: fy, = 0.7 X fyy = 0.7 X 270 = 189 ksi ‘Stres in tendon after losses: f,= 189 — 30= 159 ksi Force P, per H-inch-

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