FAMILY THERAPY TECHNIQUES: Salvador Minuchin H. Charles Fishman‘sete nae ry Cong aging Paton a tty pha Pan en Toth nti chi ns hn ‘nciae pies wreAcknowledgments This bok gan amber of yee go when H. Charles Fishman ne ‘Thomas A. Howser, oth stadents of Salvador Minuchin, propose Ink abut how ny were earning the tahniques he eau Daring the iceeding yours te book went yoagh many tranforsations ae the nor authors concepluaizatons a ways of teaching changed. ‘We ave pntefal to Peggy Papp for her contribution of The Grek ‘Chora and Other Technnques ef Paradoncal Therapy” Pails Proves {mo 1 (March 1880), ics appenring a2 Chapt 16 of thin book Since paradovical interventions areata technique that we te fe ‘quently ax ome achools of family therapy do, we are presenting her. ‘Sle ara sear statement on thi abject ‘We mat to thatk Dr Racal for contributions othe early discus siomsot te bak and De, Patria Minuchin for her nuggets ae ol Tnboratom inthe chapter om Sanity development. We would ls keto thank Virgina LaPlante for her editorial counoel, Marge Arnold fr her Vitec el, alway, Fran Beheoek, widhoue whom the bok. oul have bee longer and poorer.ContentsFamily Therapy TechniquesT spontaneity he word techniques implies craftsmanship: attention to detll, con ern with the product's funeton, and investment in rea Ie beige Images of weloined corner » mouth running drawer, the dee ‘mother-o-peart slays in a medieval doorway, the intricacy of Crees ‘ossis, oF the Maronite Migr work of the Altmmre. Ha toe Phase techniques of ftiyeherapy” pases probes brings ages ‘of people manipulating other pople Specter af brainwashing, ov see rol forthe sake of personal parer, hover, The moral cane abe lutely jute: Furthermore, tenigue sone doesnot smears eee ness. If the therapist hecomee wedi to terhnigue, rsstning a eraftaman, hs contact with patents will be objective, detached, gd «ean, but alto superficial manipalative forthe sake of personal poe, ‘nd ultimately not highly eect “Training in family therapy should therefore be a way of texching techniques whose exunce is tobe mastered. then forgotten, Alte the, book tread shoul he given away, ar put ina forgotten rorsen "et ‘herapist should be a hoster: a umn being concerned with cocaine other human brings, therapeutical, around arena ntl anes thee ‘hem pain, while lays retain grt respect fret vlaes avons of ‘eng, and esthete preference, The gost in ther mocks ges send tehnig. Only perm who ae mustoved techni nel tg ‘contrived to forget can become an expert therapist. "The afotocssump of Nine i the pret of years of careful study that have cle Trine in contro eat to art, not teenie ‘What i the are of family thereps? Te means to Join family, x perioncing relity av the family members experience i, and becoming [volved inthe repented interactions cht form the family structure and Shape the way people thnk and behave. Te means to use that joining imcome an agent of chugs ho works within the constrains ofthe fem- Eyaprem, intervening in ays that are possible only with this parca family to produce diferere more productive way of ving 1t means to ‘te the labyrinth chat he fei, and produce Ariadne’ thread "THERAPEUTIC SPONTANEITY amily therapy eqs he we f wll A ay teri canna ob ser poe wats Hema bea pr stom ede et peopl. nares cb five men rer of th ten, he reer eet dganotanes sein oth mem les, mile ‘uta the neat pute oe of ott ‘Thin nt mean By URorapeut pean in oman ete nor spontaneity uggs “unplanned” ‘here font Stn fr sponta ene e's sontaton mtr [uaiowontme by th Weber detonator ihm mtr elo nat tender tba extra cn Sunt Barcus diaty vlad to cura ot Lnmder ines altro are wd to thkng Hah els in dependent of te cuts of content. Ao arent they dene “onan avery arAwtaiane dene snot skimos have Be wert sron derbin the dere vrei he uae SCUTSILL uate Aunts have never scm snow, uch ess ‘Totnes vrotna sw rely ou At chat ho emo Stge define sponaney. TE en terns ae bing oi context ith ant tameanding ot te cose interplay between peso an conten, hotondguntanei taker en Heer mening I then cox ner to {Soot deaiion “ttre motion (kes re olowing couse” Tehisene a apontanvu teri teropit wha been rine toe fren tapes ff npn fern cl conta ‘faCncpi an fac ve, and foe sth om, on ihn ineteeth centary pomtve wich he went centr bs be 3 Spontanscy come a recognition of ecological fet, spontaneity gals ichness nla ‘Study de Kooning panting fom clos up. The individual strokes ‘move back and observe them ‘fom a tance. Now the women fom [Acabonig or the women from Sag Haro appear on tse canvas The alain line that seemed untelaed te the here is pat of « woman's treat. Even in the mos abstract of is paintings, ar a white the lines ‘into play with eachother ach ine expondato the other ines each ‘npanined in elton tothe others. Th painting, bounded by the fee, {i ayatem of harmony. and ech line relates tothe whole the feedlot of the pater restricted by theft ine onthe eave Wes to, know that their characters take on a life of their own devel ‘oping en autonomy that demands « particular unfolding. Piandel’s ‘Sts Characters in Search ofan Aushoria a metaphor statement about the demands u production taker on te muthor, Spontaneity even the spontaneity ofthe mind, alvaye crmtrained by contest "The therapist's spontanelty ie const-ained by the context of therapy ‘The therapist, an influence and changer of people, ls inside the Nel the gous of therapy, are the product of his relationship sith the client family The therapist lie the contin payer ina Baroque wate: Hes ee to do whatever fos right larg he remaine Wi the hae tmonle structure. That la how things ae ut lok a he advantage hat contextalconstrsints bring tothe the rules f the family tracture him fom within the Bed hin interven ‘ong fal within tolerable range. Interventions that are ielfective do hot bocome chuoti or destructive; thy are mecely asiiated by the family without prodacing change. In «wn ix the constrains of the situation that give Ue Uerapist freedom. Becaute hei dependent on ‘he eld in which be i pertlpating hi spontaneity i abaped by the eld Therefore, he ean be comfortable n the knowledge that he doce not have tobe cortet. In thir situatiog, he will at least be approximate Fe can allow himself to probe, knowitg thet at worst his erponses wll ‘eld uefa information I he goer beyond the threshalé of what elle the aytom wll core ial He can be spontaneous precisely "The ining of fell therapist he salaries to the ancient tain.ing samurai varcors Miatoto Musashi master sia of he {cent entry, sre the tech i arial in oma sot whieh areal lone tothe echgue ftom thera kd Shout taking in “When ou have coe oi ana you os together with te enemy and you realise thet ou ean advance, soe “soak in’ and become one withthe enemy. you can aften win deciaiely vith the advantage of Kring haw to “soa ints the ona eee ‘ere you to dav apart you wuld ne he chance to win Whee ae ‘inral cannot sec the enn’s poo, he mast “mane ee cede "You nate tha yu ne abt co mea sng to dsr hs souten I ey then det bi wth ferent mtd ones yo smh resucn”\ Comparing thee ith herp ing shows thas aug therapy tots mati rte heap he Uh mama et hime! be pled ad pushed the spe order to experience its characteristics, 7 Ss acer in “Te tenn ofthe no the amu, ow tng fr spontaneity. Only the mvord wos contin ft tm nl the sand oo The attention to etal tha the mma considered event nec, ~pontanety wa extend. Fo become maser he hed toe warrior for thee tole yeas Phen having beara “es roqiedoaandon sa and pends mur oye Shing cated arse punting, pry. or caigraphy Only afer non ing mastery inchs diferent nella endeavors coulda nari po Ick a tae pte vor, for eny then he he seo eee ‘ination of he an thd become a camurat aus he hal een ‘ein Thin cary, the meaning eno cote a espn “Technical expense doe not admit uncertainty skilled craftsman is seri of hs eat. Therlore, there invested in maser tebe we dai cn or mah he a He sea oes ene of hs abt to oi to pees af Deal wn {hat he fed wo ane they were never capone to ln Foren {he theapetic siem nie cea by pug the eg \o'experienc and respond fom nahin Reality can be enon the pespecive ht the therapist hain the stem, Asa ea ee is ahaye pata and any tats hath Techno ees ily eared mus therefor be fogten cota toes ‘ean become a healer. 7 METHODS OF TRAINING “The spontaneous therapist has ta have knowledge about the charac: teristics of familias systems, the process af tele transformation, and the participation ofthe therapist in that process, "These are theoretical constructs, which are learned Seductivly The species of therapy, ‘on the contrary, ae trannitied icuctivly, in an apprenticeship pre ‘tse. The theropist learnt the small moversentx of therapy and nes ‘hes in bulding block proce in repeated seasons, under nupervison Inte, he learns to general "By these meas, the therapist Sa himalf with two dierent sets of| Information. One isthe dynanics of the human situation. The other Is ‘the specie operations of the therapeutic encounter. It sas though he ‘hed a at of words onthe one and, and an pic post on the other The training procene mat connectthe two Ikea The theoretical const ‘ut maggrt the therapeutic rule thdstratie, which in tim govern the therapist's small lnterverions. The methodology of teaching the ica ar of family therapy ba to be harmonious wih both the cos eps andthe practices aught "The development ofa spontaneous therapist rues out several popular methods of teaching and supervision. Tt doesnot make sense, Tor Ine "ance to supervise a therapist by aking him to describe a easion i he istnavare of being inducted ino the family system. Tess nective te train a therapiat by having him role-play his position in hs family of trig at diferent stage of hehe what he ned ito expend hie tye tf contact and Intervention a that he can accommodate toa variety of Tamtis. And it seems inndequat to requie a therapist tang ‘change his poston in his fal of origin, when his goal sto become an ‘expert in challenging a variety of diverse rstemn, Although all those techniques maybe useful for te therapies ar a perton in underlain Tis poston in his own fry sytem and neeving aight ito owt tnd his fami’ functioning, they are not necesry oF sunt to be ‘ome a spontaneous therapist For that purpose, inductive rnethoda of teaching and working with fala fro the beginlag of tesnlg ae more efetve Taealy sal group of five to eight student spaced inthe charge ‘of a supervizry teacher There mist be avaiable to them #mifBsent ‘ene, a wel at ational teachers to provide input nt a more peer,brary af videotapes of th work of experienced therapists room with ‘one-way mirror for live spervision, and a complete videotaping oy {eon to record the students work for sbeequentsnalyei ‘There are two phases of saning, ne devoted to obsereaton and the ‘ther to practice. In the fst phas, the teachers demonstrate their ‘therapeutic stein ve seions, which the student observe, While one teacher dove fuilytherayy before m one-way miro, another teacher ‘behind the mor gives *he students a ranting commentary om the ‘movements of the therapit. In the proces of observing an experienced. ‘therapist, the students eon bocome discouraged. "Tey fea that they ‘nll never achieve the degre of knoe ‘sry Tor this agi intervention They begin to atibute to the expert horaiet a native wiedon unrelated to taining and ak But the teacher behind the mirrer encourages them to toncentate on tec niques, tensing out the specie opertions for dzewaion and analy, This kind of obereationiintormingled with obersation and analysis ofthe tapes of other master therapists conducting ther in diferent Situations. The gol eto emphasize the therapist a specie ies rent, Teachers end stidente need to rly on their best utliation of themselees By observing the syle of Une experts the stent ae eh couraged to examine their on therapeutic ste “An obtrver of Salvador Minuchin leat foci om my concern with ting the fariytransactiona into the room, my alternation between pavtcpation and obwervaion, my way of unbalancing the eter by apporting ne family meter agua another and my many types of Feaponse fo family membury intrusion inta each ether’ peyhologiea pace. In familie that ar tov cls |artlcally create tnudaries be fhven members by gests body postures, movement af chairs or tent ing changes My challenging maneuvers frequentiy include a supportive fatetent# hick and ase are delivered simultaneously, My meta hors are conte: "You are sometimes siteon and sometimes fut": "Your father sole your woke"; “Vou ave fr let hands an en thumbs" ask chi anda paent to stand and see whois alr, oF compare the combined weght ofthe parent wilh the child weight ‘rely remain in my ehat fr a whle season Tnve loser whem want Inuimacy, kel to reduce my ie with chen, or spring toy fost tthen I wat to challange a show indignation: These operations occur ‘evtic maneuvers are basa on theoretical schema about familioy ad family transformation, ad on my own ase of sing mse Lam com fortable with pushing end being pashedby people knowing that i bath fn the family take seks within the custrainte of the therapeutic ay em, me wil ind alternatives for chang, "Tn ater phn of trang consist of both ve and videotape super vision ofthe Mudents conducting thei own therapy semions ‘The com {ext of ive supervision tthe interviewing ron witha one-way ior "The teacher-auperioe and Ube studere group watch one stent as he trorke with» family A telephone connect the two room allowing & ect communication between the tine andthe nuperviaoe. As the ‘lent interviews he knows thatthe spervicor wil telephone i neces fen. This kind of traning scwumer that the students are already ‘rofsional mntal health practitioner, auch as peyehologit, poeta Tots social workers nurse, or minivers The taining of nonproer ‘Sona requires iron, more interme format "There are diferent levels of eupervinry intervention. For example i ‘one family member ie retning lent and the student therapist ponding only to the more active fami member, the siden may re ite eal suggesting that he activate the aly member who i with traing from the nmin or showing lene I the supervises gee ‘Muck i an operation, the supervisor may ask hin to come behind the ‘ueeay mir fora conforence abou what to do in the ret ofthe ss on The supervior my enter the therapy eoomn and commu with the lent om the apot or may rain in the oom for a kind of etberapy “tansacton. There kinds of iterventin can occur at any pot Ue ‘taining As the student becomes nae knowledgeable, however, Use nore divest frm of terventon mas lesen, unl the aupervision re Imi a the level of dacnaon pret or afer the temsion. "This kindof saperison might suggest a experienc of inrurvenens. ‘But in fect the student therapist devabps 4 comlorable dependence on the supervso elying on hi help to fish a neson appropriately 0 1 ‘work through dificult moments The stadene knows the supersiso® wil Gethin out of teouble ‘Behind the miro, the ret ofthe group observe their colleague and isin the seston with the spervior "Thus, while beginning thera [iat works directly with one emily, he so flloes the therapy of several Ue families leaving the dificulies teed mn solitons ound by each Live tuperssan i by oan, xpecal form of eotherapy. The responsibility for te outcome ofthe interview falls om bath the student fd the supervise. This method has several advantages, Stents com ‘ar doing theray before they feel ready, withthe supervisr's back, Because the supervision occurs in rel situation, focus the os syneraie ofthe wesion. Understanding the dynamics the fail hd the therapeutic tem becomes. ground managing the immedi {therapeutic transitions s figure. Teacher, student, and observers are concerned withthe smal rathstrokesnecsany forthe nico hon ‘ling ofthe hour. The student's aosulated experience of is own ened his colleagues seins will eventually allow hin to reach the ees, Point which the specie movements of therapy. genes tam method ‘Throughout traning very season i videotape for subsequent re iw: The focus i this form of supervision shit the ean thers. Pint. Because the mpervisor sno longer responsible forthe fails the family recedes to tecome ground the eiyle ofthe therapat now Sure ‘The tae ean frezo any part of the session, enabling the stodent fo lect a segment aod explain his therapeutic gone during that sopment ‘The tape thus shows the relationship between intention and real {sreen goal and sills rom it emerges profile of enc student's ste his strengths and dicate, the particular way in which he tee hes {erapeutic concepts into szateges, and the means by. which tees testis are implemented, The supervisor then prscliee measure to ‘expand the stents alls. Within hs own styl, the student nay monk {o become less central to shorten speeches, to activate or delet com ict, to emphasize family strengths, and so on. The teacher relates the prescriptions ax ptcifially as posable to the students bere eho ior, Daring the nest live supervision, the students evaluated wich ns ‘spec to his implementation ofthe changes proposed Before the euion, the supervisor reminds the student of his es During the seo, the ‘nperviaor interven to hep the stslent implement the change ‘To expand « theapst’s tein uel cas for bath texgher and siden, since the dent tay tos condensin his atomic wy of fincioning and become overdependent onthe teacher for dretion. The student aol becames «less nll herapet during this satire teria since he no longer relies m his hebitual estes ahd docs nt ‘Every therapist seeds certain specific shill in order to achieve the sas of family transformation, bat each therapist hast ifcront ay ok 8 Spomiancity llr tothe diferent characterbie ofthe stent therapists a well a ‘tthe faites Some therapnsare excellent leaders fom a down po tion These people encaurage fun to tench the therapin how things {redone Othortheraps find # more comfortable to eae a position “leadership from a power bse They are good a being the expert at “perating fom somewhat outs the fama ater, Both ponies Seer ono nn ntl ht oe ot wa of ‘eine and tring nt eepy eo many way an ese eis eon that taining start with an overview of theory and tha ‘heretical weminarsacompanyboth of paar, han enabling the st ‘dent to integrate practice with Cheors. The stent should nat be @ tccnicln, tua therapi. Pra number of your the athors thought that to reach this goal, and to avoid the dangers of “teaching to the heed” that charactaied most atonal raining in pechotheroy. ne ould emphasize the “stop othe dance" the species of Iheropy. ‘Thush an nduesve proce te turn es dcr ean would aries the “sha moment the theory Emphasis on the stadent’s own sve would give him an understanding of the self as an Inset of Chere, wel stan expanse ofa Sle thet would ‘aly be a widen of his own fe repertory. And ala his would be “ccompliahed without turdering the sent with Tod of theory that ‘Youltaow him down at momont of therapeu aedicy and tm a ‘ter te pce of ning wih ce dy Aug we dared anther, ott ened Hm ted day Haley inh spon of large dacs of theory,” particu for the Dining here ‘Bu twenty year o teaching ave shown that there has to bem idle ground The Bld of fay therapy te fll of eiicians who ‘Change hate la Minuchin, ge ection ln Raley, go primary pro cee Wien tr gars naan pont ope a Sata pinch of ethics he Nagy, encourage cathartic eying & Ia Pan review a tape ofthe son withthe fay Ala Alger an sme times manag to combine al ofthese rehods none eo, Probab thixeaad of echiques if eondinented thw can produce an ime flat calutry fight into health some familie. But tie ot an easy ‘eoroictble eat, adit wil fal in the hands ofthe average therapist.“Training, then, requires not only set of clerly difereniaed teh niques but alo a fee undrlla concepts to give then meaning ‘Unfortnatey, che teaching of new alle often dsarganizes begin ‘ing student Aa in any learning or elearning proces the sbudent fds Thmself concentrating 20 muck on the tees that he tise the forest "The goals of therapy lose fous, becoming ground, wile the techies ‘come fire. As in the tng of the samara, the student needs umber of years o achieve expertise and many more to achive penta pay “True aining fr windom would require the student to disengage ro ‘the techniques of therapy and engage withthe dificult of ie. Too ‘many young therapist gents healing without te fe experience neste ary to understand the poblems with which they are intervening. de ity hey should exclude Tom thelr cssoad ames wn are ata dove. ‘pmental sage that they have not yet experienced Usemalven Ist it nposable, they should acknowledge ther ignorance end ak the fami te to educate tern in these mater, ‘But as the sudent thempstincrenses his practice and experience, he begin to Bn that he does ceeain things well Eventaly a daconneciod luster of ake becomes sm ntgrated mye that ts wth his pernon, He begins to fnd that certain metaphors, once oad efetively with acer. tain family, ome back tole sada situations witha very diferent {ily He begins to recognize that beneath the nerf dicot ‘ies of family twansetions, Uhre are many similarities He bogie to thread together operations that at fae seemed diverse, He begins to ponder whether a motheranking achld questions that requte-ony a ye ‘ro i bomorphic with the father taking an adolescents coat off On the way’ to becoming wi, the therapist nds himelf moving fom ob bervations of particular Uansctions to generaliations about structure "ro develops way of transforming his insights inta operations that have he interaleynacesary to rench the fay tetabers. Ln tie proce oF fschieing a wisdom beyond knowledge, the therapist dacovers tht he hha repertory of spontaacour operations. Now he cn bent lear for imal 2 Families In human term oiting up in onder to “get along” usually means same sat of fly group. The fay the natural context for both roth and healing andi the contort that Use fall rapist il ‘Sopa on forthe aetaiation af therepetie goal. The family i nat Sal group which overtime has evolved patterns of inoracting. These paterne make up the fly stucture which governs the functioning of Family members delineating thelr rage of Behavior nd tacitating their interaction A vlable frm of fay structure x needed to perform {hefamiy’s eer tarks of upporteg ndiation while proving 8 eno of belonging Family members do not ordinarily experince themselves ax part of ts fanlysrtare very human being ees here as a unity whole, Interacting wth ts unit She koe thet she affects other inv tk behavion, al that they alee her And as ae interact within er familys se eaperences the family's mapping of the world. She knows fark “Proceed with caution Sil sthers are maeked, "Stop." Weross this Hin the fay seer wl encounter ame reguaay techni. At toes ae il ce te ines he i oh inte There alo sre are mar “truce fen” Te oes Avencer of rage heease h lonent laity ve amen an “The iva only meres kno, ne ileren il of ‘warned sei the gegrpy othr a al ‘ember knows wht als what cmnersvin fester thenatute sehen oe tory tem, Hut sess ea lane yer in the tertoy of the fy an hs rw ie ‘ta amily member alex te faly neers “Toa tamil them, however the maven a amy enon seats in alt cepa, Se eto rl has eater tate Stim tte parts Tae fl whole seam lt 16 tat ent cme of ire ie oe eck ot es ‘bt th semi ub oath al ‘sist orate took hs mia ia hat tun nde nia foray ered n Wes car ek yo th nia. We are ino ban il sa an thee iran Tot he ah ‘ial aa een gr nl an oa ui ies beat: arhapethiriny thot wh attempt en oon iterdepennce afc Sesto mya or hole people tecing mam nit ee wl pal ee ta {ert of iver! eigenstate any sewoe ie Ine organism certs or expronce: We can emtane wa thc ee ‘tn inte Would prefer otarm» ind ee to hs hoi a over who should have locked the front door, “ “et we know tha the fal player on team ofthe ou ina inet, omeh taeon the eee oe sare ta naa nts, We experts the pte that makes n teins soe oy ‘hand soa an ston Ar erat tena oe sa ‘an provide vignette workings the mlb anol ‘the family There eves aon fo ee tat fey ooo fe beyond the behav kel he plea ree th ‘yshnstictumien Minin anos esos otek ae fs that some fies esos ete pret ue Str inthe Hone wem oft herein hl ‘he stent therapist does not have to accept te ie of conjoined | inytlogy. Bt she dons have ook a he fay an mone tha Frsate of diferntiaedsaystens ax an organi in tole For ii Uae fame plate wil fea, ie nil experience ir derma for accom ‘tadation, and wil el comsforenle only when proceeding at Is tempo She will experience its treshld fr the appropriate and the shamet ite tolerance fr confit, sr enue of what tidiculoue oF cred and te “The probleme of dying the ally are exacerbated by Western en wages, which have fow words even phraes for decrbing units of ‘hore than one. ‘There ithe te sombisis to describe a t-peson {itn ceumatances that are pathologie he estrme, where one of te ‘embers Yel oly a ¢ par at has inadequate experience of hi ‘if whole” in Allert Schef's words = that » pryehote episode thay eceurwhen there ia break elation in the engi? But thi {erm ignores oral interactions Although the mental ealth eld as 8 ‘ast array of stdios of ermal tananctions between mother nd child ‘ht na word to describe this comple two-person unit. One cul coin a term, nich a mochild or chother, but Wt would be impasale to devise ere for ll the mull unit, “Arthur Koestler, adeesang hs concepueldifuty, observed that ua get away from the traditions mise of the words whole sop ‘one compiled to operate with ich wwhward ten a ube’ oF ‘Jarewtle’” He coined 4 naw term "to designate those Jam faed nies on the intermediate Levee of any ierarchy": the word holon, ftom the Greek holosGwhole) with Use nulix on fs prov oF nt fo), which aggerte = parce ce par” ‘Rowstler’s tera particulary valuable for fail therapy, because the un of intervention fe alwayt a holon. Bveryholon—the indivial, the nuclear family, the extened family, andthe community—is both 8 Inland a part, ot more one than the ther, not one reeeting oF eo iting with the other A holon oeets competitive energy for auton find sll preservation ae whole Talo cree integrative energy ao 8 parte nicent fry im ole of the extended fay. the extended fay ofthe community, and x00. Each whole contain the pat, at ‘ach pot ko contains the “prorathat the whale noses, Par and Shot cntain each oer in timing current, ad ongoing process ‘tecommuenton and inerelatoneip,Many Toray Teco ‘THE INDIVIDUAL HOLON "o view the individu aa holon ie especially dificult for anyone tre up in Wester elere Take the Census Bure definition of « ‘onfamil “a xnglenatached nda” Here ea striking example of out Inivualitc ideology: Nowhere among living crganians can ve find mattachnent” yet saints bur human typologies The Conair fiom, tan socal secur law, health delivery sytem, mental health tid sucation services even Unb expensive eset hones fr se Sorestzensonly-all expres not only the concept but the desbabilty of the autonome indivi "This bias has permeated the mental eal fli, extending even into ‘he of fami therapy Honald Lang's concep of tamil polities de rans that the tdivida be freed from hie ease fay shekles (ovabably facilitating hicinluson inthe cenmus tract ae an anatase ingle alt). Murray Bovee's“ilereatiation of sl sale,” ned too Cine the ogee that th “sel remains unnfhence hy clans ‘null highlights the strugae” between the indiidual ad the fre it: When the inva oan a being par of anlage whole, ome how she sree losing out! ‘The aden therapist nay be particlarly prone wo focut on the com tela the failyinipone, The ada ae igh that ae grew api fa iss where she stroggled vit the processes of individasting within the fauly groupe salao Wey that se sata stage in her own ie xe of eparatng from her fancy of origin apd poeiblyfrenng a new nuclear Ihave o focus rather consientiously onthe realities of interdependence ‘nd the workings of complementary "The individual holon ironporatea the concep of sl-incontet i teanctions with other feope elicit an reinforce Unose aspects of the Individuals personality that age appropriate othe context Te individ tol in ture affects the ether people, who interact wither in cereale steve because het response have ised wn enforced thet responses There ia crcl, continuous pracea of mutual acting and reinfor fig, whic tendo maintain fed pater At the tame tine, both nh ‘Sh sn contest have the capacity for feb and change Tees) to vw the amily asa ult ad to see the ini a | 15 mle holon of that wit, But the individual seludee other espeets hat fe not contained inthe individual arm holon of the fi, a shown an D ‘he rectangle represnts the fly Each curve i a nv fis nemo Only certain meget ofthe sl ate included in Ue falls oF anism, For Can Dthetamly is more necomary Usa for A and B, who ‘ay be more relate collegiate ees of origin and to peer ‘groupe: But the range of permed bebvio stil roverned by a famly ‘rzuniation. How wide a range of Uevlor can be inched i he fay program depends onthe far’s capa to ubsorb and incorporate en ‘rgy and information frm the exten "Te constant interaction in diferent holon at lifernt times requires ‘the actuation of diferent segment of the sll A child intertting ivth her overinvoved mother operates with helplessness, oelet mie Trance, But with her older brother, she operates shrewdly amd com- petively, o get what she wat, A nan who i an authoritarian bus [und and father within the family fas to actept lower hierarchical ‘ontion in the world of work A youn adolescent, who is dominant the peer group when in coalition with he older brother, learns tbe polite whoa his brother wot there Diferene concent al forth ie ntact ‘Ara rem, people are always functiaing with a portion of thee posi batten "There ere many poole, nly some of which ar elicited oF ‘insraied by the contextual structure. Therefore, breaking ot expand per of converte, crener a context in which exploration of the16 Paty Therapy Tecigues Aum oe Sh ot fay ems an eons ‘to experiment with behavior that has previously been constrained woe ‘eaten. ane pais sg che mayors tee on eae esas sera a kes amit are hy capes muni ems Wt they ae ‘henstves eat lg tei see ens them eat iron ih tae hoo es ‘lc ar te amis pnts la Tati, ole as dren slate ach vid isatytem. are dp ie hata nt wie Lager eepanis tre forme by goer the ing mhgten ade ee Utes a so tsk th penta satcn) Roe a {elibcpiy in hee dirt sco Asta oe has {hd inh petal at ot ater onset se ale icwhen be wh cage ths ge tes the hd kes ‘tute powers Within the amy Slt naan invita ec oars ine tc pose area Sig sytem ‘THE SPOUSE HOLON Ina thera se concept the beginnin o aiy ‘the poi in tin whe to sl tna woman in was fos of ong Tay Ten cs ot het be eal os te ieiicant, and ou nied chon experience with Remasenat os lee with chileer opts that only therapy concep ee a Sih thems with terme apes wth chien ach of te Darter swt of values an expectations, bth eo tl ons rangingtrom the vate of if dtcrniaton ts whether no ble shal ent bela. Thee to vale ste must be coche aoe {ime make ie common pose ach pune has oe sp pe ais or her onn as an preening niu, tees Sei ne pase sa rea ‘wansctont ptr tbat slowly ete ually are nt ind sich They are snp there part hee of We ‘cua, bt realy might abot Many have evolved we te or flr spenses come hn pasha ae rane ‘yin sinpy take fr pal the woman wi the es Other tnnasetional patenns are the result of sated agreement: “I's ‘Sour rm to cooks” In either ear, the patterns establahed govern the Seny each spouee experiences ne and partner in the rpouse conte "Bventually behavior that fers om what hos become sccstomed will hurt Deviance will spark a anae of betrayal, even i ether part as thy concious idea of what the trouble, There wl always be points of ‘etion, and the system il have to edapt to meet changed contextual lemanda Bott oome pt atictne underlying the spe aneac ‘Sone il have evolved ‘One ofthe spouse subaysten’ most ital tasks i the development of ‘ound that protec he spaces giving them an are forthe nist tion of thet oan pabehologiel reeds without the intrusion of elas, fhilden, and others. The adequiy ofthese boundaries Is one of the ‘mod important aspects ta the visi of the family structure, fhe niciar family aeen pert fom other contents ech spouse npenrs tobe the others total allt context. In our extemely mobile {nS the nuclear fal ea infact be cat of fom other systems of ‘oper, resulting in an overloading ofthe spouse mbaystem. Margaret ‘Med cited cis altuation as one ofthe stress endangering the ay the Western word. The spouse aibwystem i therfore n powerful com {ext for conmation and diaquatfcation "The spouse mibynters may ofr its members «supportive platform for deating withthe extrafamiil world, and it may provide them ‘haven fom outside stress. But the ules ofthe subsyscem ae sig tha the eperiences gained hy each spouse in extrafamniial reneactions ‘anvot be incorporated, the "spaisrincheesysem” ray be bound 0 Inadequate survival rues by past contracts wn allowed more diversi fh use of elf only when away Tom each eter In tie sltution the ‘enue subsystem will grow more and more impoverished and devitel ited, ultimately becoming unavailable are soure of growth fr its me bers, I thee conditions continue the spouses may fd it neces (0 "The poe slayer ie vital fr he chil growth, Ts her model or intimate relationships as expres in daly Interections. Inthe spouse Ibeyatem the child see ways 0 expreesingafetion, of relating to = frie who estes, ad of dealing with confit ax equal. What she es wil become par ofthe child alien and expectations ashe comes Incontact withthe outside world will verberate throughout the family. In pathogenic situations ldmay be seperated, o pousbly co-opted into an alliance with one hse again the othe. The therapist must be alert to the ust of the ‘hid ase member in asabeystern to which the should not bong, 9 OP boned to transactions Ul areleetinatlyFelatd to the parental fun one ‘THE PARENTAL HOLON ‘Transactions within che parental holon involve the faniiar chil ‘rearing and socializing Sanctions. But many other aspects of the cis {evelopment are alse elected by ber intractions within ths subeyatem. Hove the child learnt wast to expet fram people who have greater re “Snace and strength She lout t think of authority ab rational Sibitrry. She lee whether het needs wil be suppored, and she are the mot election ways of eommenicaing what she wants within ber own fan's style. Hier sense of adequacy ie shaped by how her ‘ere respond to er and by wheter this response is age-appropriate She earns which bchaviore ae eared aod which are discouraged. F ly within the penta subaster, the cl experiences het fal)’ ye of dealing with confit and negotiation. The parental holon can vary widely in composition, 1 may ince a randfither or an sunt 10 may largely exclude one parent. may in le a parental hd ah i delegstd the authority to guned and diet bine her siblings, "The therapist wl have to Bnd ut who Use subesatem ‘embers age does ie good to coach a ther i Ue c's real pa other grandmother. “At the child grows and hr needs change, the parental subeyetem mast ‘change te mall Authe chds capacity Increase, ae mit be ven more “oportunities for deca aking und srf.control.Faraios with dole ont childeen should goin ferent fom families wth younger Shien. Parente with sider hdcen should give more author to the ‘hlden white demanding more responsiblity from them, "rhe sults inthe pcan have the rexporiiity to care for, protest, and wale the children, But they alo have right. The nsents have the rg omnke doin that are elated Lo Ube survival ‘tthe total eye in such materr ax relocation. selection of schools, athe detention of rales that protect all fly members They Ive the ight, and deed Ube duty, co protect the privacy ofthe spouse ‘Mtnytour une tesine wha le he dee wl play the fa {vs fonctoning nour chik-oiented culture, we tend to ares the obligations ofthe tren and pos lens attention fo thet ght, But the subevatem that ven tasks must alo have the authosty to cary them out. And al {hah a eld must ave the readom i explore at grow, abe wil el {ate to eaplore nly if ahe has the nese that er world la predictable ‘Problens of control are elmic i he parental holon They a co tiny being tached ad more oF leave by teal al tor in all Tamils The nature ofthe solutions wl vary at diflrent family devel tpmental stage, When a farly gets suck in thi aren and come to hora, ie sential that the therapist pay attention to the participa Lion of ll members in the aintenanceof the dysfunctional teensetion find in the pone avait of reactor for problem solving ‘THE SIBLING HOLON Siblings form a ci’ ist poor group. Within chic contet, children suppit each other, enjoy, attack, sepegoat, and generally learn frm Cath other They develop thelr own trwmeactonalpaterns for megtit Ing comperating, and comping, Tey lara how to make fends and tha wth neti, ho to lear fom others and ho to achieve reognt ‘Son "They eeneally take diferent postions inthe constant ive and take, an the proces furthers both thelr sense of belonging to = group tn their sone of india ees and alterontves within ystems These pattern wll be signcae as they nove ita extrafaals peer troup the ssrootn wate, nd later the word of work Ta lng fare the siblings organize thernelves ln variety of sub cyntcme actording to developmental stages. It is impertant for the {Rtrapic to speak the language of dient developmental mages and to te failiar with tei diferent erourcs and noo ex wnefl ocrate Inthe sling context sconarie forthe eerie of kill of comet reso tion in» mumber of arean sich ae atenomy. competition, and eompe ce, whic nay later be practiced i xrafnialsubeystems ‘Pom therapist tend to underlining contexts and overt tuerapeute digs that demand a Keease of parental diversity of fanctoning. But meeting with siblings sone, organising therapeatic mo Its whieh the slings dacs corain tae wile the parents ob ‘lrve or developing “dialogs” Between the sibling and parental holons ‘an be entrees lective in creating nw fore for resolving ass of Tings andthe esrange pacent are partly oul ata nechanse tofuctate a beter functioning af the complex divorced organism.” ow the fil earis out ts task not early ns imporcant as how well Family therapists the product of their own culture, mus here guard aginst inposing the models Usat ae familar o therm aswell the rules of furetioning that ae fia. Family therapist tt uae against n tendency to punctate around the micear family, domang the siqicance of the extended family—ite communication with and impact onthe clear. Younger therapist may find thernelves sym ‘oti with che rights of children, not having experienced the comple: fies of parenting They may find themslves acing partite guilty with ‘ut understanding thet efforts. Male theraplts ay tend to unbalance ‘he spouse subsatem, underwanding and supporting the male spouses position, Femaletherapss, concerned about the contrainte nse ot women by a paiagchal family, may suppor che dilerentiaton of the Female spouse beyond the possiblities that exis in 4 particule family. ‘Therapists mast remember that fails er holons bedded in larger ‘utara and that the therapist’ fonction i to help them become more adequate within the posites that exist in thei own family and cul DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE The family i not stato entity. Ie in i the process of continuous ‘ange, a ate it socal contexts. To look at human beings spar rom ‘change and time solely a constt of language. Therapist, efoce ‘sop time when they lok a faile, ke stopping « mation picture to Toets on one rane ‘Yet family therapy has tended not to explore the fact that faniles change over ime Thi is prty been fomlytherapiats a intel fovented tothe bere and now, se opposed to psychodynamic therepy’s ‘exploration of the past. Bu iti also owing tothe fact that a family Uherapit experiences the family structure's govering power with enor mous impact Sh has entered living eyemn tht has sown waa of ‘being, and power mechanisms for preserving those ways Inthe inne diay of the therapeutic encounter, thse sabing mechanism re what is fli; the fenible cements ofthe structure rarely impinge 50 strongly Change going on inthe present, bu i gale aience ony it ‘The family is sonstantly subjected to demands for change, coming ‘row within and without. A grandparent dior, the whole parental sub ‘ponse, executive, and parental abeyatens may have tobe mile ang infact the nor, and atong-rangs view ofan family wold Show ret fests constant Dictation ond quite probably mor di tculivcum than balance volving over tine Tw id Se oa fring led Syke the colony anal. This tity moves through tage of ane {hat fet each body individually, unl the two progenitor els decay tnd ie, while other start the life yee stew: Like all ving organians, the anil watem as a tendency toward both maintenance and evolution, Dement for change may ettvate ‘ounterdviation nechaniuns, but te patcn evolves toward increasing ‘complexity: Although the fui eas factate ony within a given rans, {chan an amazing expacly to adaptand change while aintaining cont Living systems with these characteristics are hy dfniton open 9% tema in contrat withthe owed “squirm structures” described in ‘laticalthermodytamis. Tye Pagineexplana the diference “A ‘cyatl 6 ¢ typetl exemple of an equa srucure, Dsialive {ivine structures have aque dfeent sta hey are formed and Iantatned through th eet of exhange of energy so attr in at ‘iliiriam conditions” Ina ving sytem, ftuattons, ocurrng either internally or exteraly take the system to 8 new structure. "8 new trace tala the en of anaabity. Ke oignaten fom a he ‘atom: Whereas huctuation i rrmaly followed by a response that brig the sate back to the unperturbed sat, on che contrary, tthe rot oration tows Sunn eid Cle ‘Eeructon of tuctre 2 Ba nome way acho tery aw fo completed bya theory of creation af structure or ears arly therapy emphaied the power of stems to ms tain themaelvex Now the work of Prigogine ad thers has shown that if ‘sytem is paially open tothe ino of energy or formation, "whe rating insti do ot lead te random beisor «iota, Chey te to drive the sper to anew dvamic regime which coreaponds to ‘new sate of compen" ‘The family, «living system, exchanges information and energy with the outed, Fluctuation, ther intemal or esternal normaly flowedby a response that ret the sytem to its steady state. But when the {scoaton ample, the fal ay enter @ vss whic transfor {ion reals ine difereat level of fanetoning that makes coping posible. un iew of aly aa ivng system suggests that the long-range tay af any fry wold show thefllowng development in which pe ‘ods of diseqlirium alternate with periods of homeostaris, and the Moctoation rea wih « manegenble range po “This model gives the herapst «age for moving quickly to the rela tionship between family developmental stage and therapeutic goals be ‘une the therapeu vis follows developmental bluepeiat. Unlike Sher models Ui one notte to ind) and conte e deals ‘Tith Hols, postulating that developmental changes in the individu (Mette fly, and tht changes in the fay ad extrafraia hlons (Met the individual talons. 25 . amily developmest, according to the model, moves in sages that {ollon a progrenion ef increasing complexity "There are periods of Bl ltnce nnd edaplation, charactried by the mastery of appropriate tak St als "There re alo period of diaequllblam, which arise from She he intel conte Tes eu ump © nea tore complen sagen which aew tsks and sil are develop ‘Conader ato sear-id who att to nareryachool Experimenting swith new coping le away frou her mother, se begins to demand ne Tetatonsipe within the family. The mother. counting to ten the “owed grocery som, hist allow her to select the school's brand of okie, That evening the father hast comfort the mother witha Joke Sout the "tebe ola" "The truth fe that al three of these fly Thurbere must otgow the stage of infont/parent-o-infnt. The child {tre Muctostion has smplied bwcaise of both internal aad exter Inputs and the ensuing istabitie wil move the syste toa new com pleat ‘The developmental model posits four man stages organized around the growth of children. These include couple formation farce with ‘young children, famea with school-age or adolescent children, nod ‘es with grown chilron COUPLE FORMATION In the rat stage, Ube teanentionalpttarns that for the structure of the epouse holon are developed The boundaries that guvern the Fle tionship ofthe new unit to the falls of origin to rend, tothe word ‘ofveork and to the neighborhood and ether significant contexts mst be Iegotiated. The couple ust workout Hew patterns of elatng to ors ‘They must maintain important contacts while els etabiahng» holon whove boupdaree are clear enough ta permit the growth of an intimate ‘couple relationship. Questions rte constantly. How ofen ill they vst his tin sister? How do they resolve hide of herbs fie? What they do about tho Inte hours atthe ib that are part of hor profes Sonal dream, but which leave him eatlng alone twice «week? ‘Within the spouse holon, the couple wil have to econ heir ler. ‘nestyles and expectations and develop their own ways of processing i formation, relating, and dealing with affect. "They most develo rules shout closeness, hierarchies, areas of specialization and exports, ae patterns of cooperation. Each hat to develop the abiity to sence the ‘thers bes, evolving common astociatons and shared values henring ‘hats important tothe other, and roscing some agrecnent about ow {ohandle the fact that sey donot abar ll values ‘Nbove al the epouse haton must leen to deal with cont, which occurs inevitably when wo people are forming a new unit—whether the ‘Sue is closed or open windows inthe bedrooms at night or the family badge The development of viable pater for exposing at elving Conflict serial par of this early prod “This stage is clearly dsipative one. There x hgh degree of infor ‘mation exchange both bateen holo abd content an within the holon ‘ele. ‘There ir lao tension butween the needs ofthe couple holon a {he needs of te individual menivre, Ral that weve previously atsne ‘ory to each individual alae mune be sigican: Fach spouse at Ist experemes him or hereto «hale iamity Therapy Tec {erecting with anther whole Informing the new couple un each mart, Ibecome par Tht ca be et aa ceding of ndiduaity In some case= the therapist working with family at thie stage may have to focor on ‘omplenentarty, co help the coupe realie that belonging ix enriching ‘2 well as constraining. [Ar time goes by. the ne organi wil stabilize as balanced system ‘This evolution tom higher level of complexity ls anting but panlems [Bye the holon mirviver at ll, the couple wll each sage where the absence of sian internal change or external input the ste’ ‘ctntona wil remain within Uh established range PAMILIES WITH YOUNG CHILDREN "The eacond sage occurs with the birth ofthe fet child, when new Dolons are instantly established: parental, mother child, faher-child ‘The mouse holon reorganize to deal with ne as, and ne ules Inst be developed: The newborn fe totaly dependent on responsible fare At the same time the eon is demonstrating elements of her (hn personality o which the family most accommodate "Tai s another diptive structare—to the pon thatthe syste self ny be endangered The wife iy be eaghe in conficting demande {for her tine and belts, The hixband may move for dzengagement. A ‘heraint mes have to move the father toward the mother a child, fnganng him in prental factions tod helping him to build more omples, iffrertinted view of hinwell in the spouse and parental thee problems ar poorly resolved, crose generational coalitions may form. The nther o father may wit with te cid in coalition "gaat the eps, keeping him peripheral or making him overcontrl ‘While dealing continslly with ues of control and vocalization, the family must sao negointe new contacts withthe eateral world Hel Sonehips to grandparent, aunts and uncles, and cousins are formed, ‘The family must cope with optus schools, andthe whe clin ty of clothing, fod, ae toy “As the cl begins to move around and tal, the parents mut estab. sh control that give them space while maintaining safety andthe po rental authority. Adults who have established pattems of murtarance ‘mart now modify those peters developing xpproprinte mathods of Inaintaining contol white encouraging growth. New patterns must be ‘eolored and stale nal fay holon. first child sre disrupted. A more complex and differentiated family map, inching bling holon, must develop FAMILIES WITH SCHOOL-AGE OR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN, ‘A sharp change occurs when children go off to schoo, initiating the third developmental mage Now the amily must relate to. neve, well {Ennio highly sgncan system The entre family must develop ee {eenlorce abou! bedtime, homer and eaten how te encomnpest the schoo’ evaluation of thelr cl “As the children grow, they bring ew elements into the family stem ‘The cil learn that her Mend famiesoperte by diferent, end pe: tenty fairer, rules The family wil have to negotiate adjutments ‘hanging some rules. The now Youndaron between parent snd child tant permit contact, while feng the child to Feserve certain exper ‘With adolescence, the peer group gana strong power. This culture intel with its own vals about es rugs alobol dee, polis ie Spl ad the future Now he fenly i interacting with w scone and ‘often competing system, and the adolescent’ increasing competence hiahas her beter able fo demand accommodation from her parents Tanies of autonomy’ and contol mast be renegoisted om al level “The children are not the only family members who are growing and changing There are specie patages in adult hfe, which lend to center ‘round decaden Then stages, on affect and ae flected by the fal talon, ‘A this stage, another source of pressure and demand may begin to lmpinge on the family: the parents parents. Just when mile aged par. ‘nts are denling with questions af astonomy and support with thelr {rowing children, they may have lo negotinte x reentry into thelr Oe patents live, ¢o compenaie for ceclining strength or bereavement 'A minor imbalance requiring edaptatin ie characteristic of fares tough much ofthis third tage Sut dinpative condone are eden tthe time af school entrance andat various punts in adolescence when feral needy school demands, an the competing appena of the Deer ‘up disrupt the established pater in the fan, Finally, the proces of separation begin at this stage, and this changeFamily Tharapy Tectia resonates throughout th family. A second child may haved rel ‘SSouiengoped poston within an eamesbed parental holon But when herr aster goes off to college, she finds herelf under sncreasing pe ental serutinys The tendency to recente accustomed structiree by ‘uwing a new member nt the previously established pattern i gret ‘Vian ths happens tay roprerent flue in adapting to the de anda of any change FAMILIES WITH GFOWN CHILDREN a the fourth and final stage the ebiren, now young adults have formed ther own commitent to 8 syle uf ie, nearer frends td “itimately a parser, The original Sealy once agin fay of to. [Aithough wow the fay members have Tong history of changing pat terms together, this te age requires a clear eeorganization around how frente and caldren wil rlae to each other a alt, “Tis sometimes cae the “empty nest” perio, aterm convention ily weocated nih ths depression of « woman whose occupation is {fone But what i actly Bappening i that the spouse aubmyster, once nn, bacomes the ena farly oto for both partners although if ‘oe are grendchldren these new relationships wll have to be worked (ie Tne period often deserted at pero of fon, can instead be pe lod of great development ithe spouses, both as individual and a» ‘Ghuple, raw on thelr accumulated experiences, dreams, and expect ‘Soto realise pombites that were unetainable while parenting was “This developmental schema describes only the middleclass tani, with sand, wife, and 2.2 children. More and ore ike that the [EENly wil us fren some ort of extended network oF will experience {Evorde dsetion, or remarriage In moving through uch sage, people ‘iho ace very complicated challenges But whatever the circumstance the baste ow remain fay haw to go through certain stages {rowth an ging [est cope with periods of eras and transition ‘Whee isigneant fr therpy ithe fect that both change and cnt uly are the way ofan ving yates The fel organi ike thei {vial human, niovebetecen to poles. One ple represent the sc ‘iy ofthe hnown, Thewuher the exploration hecesry for adaptation to changing conditions Wit fay comes to testment, a meaty because tine nthe huneosatie pase, Demands forth status quo contain the fa ty members ability to deal creatively with changed circumstances, Ad erence (orale that mere once more o les functional handiape the eon to change. One ofthe gol of therapy i therefore to move the sy oe tae of rene tra eh as ent iced by search for new way: Fesiiity mut be induced by tne. {ng the syten'sueuations, altnutely moving toward higher evel a complenty In ths sete therapy nan art hat tates if. Normal {amy development includes ciation, periods of rx and resolution ta higher level of complexity, Therap isthe process of takings fry ‘tho are stuck long the developmental pial and creat ‘sl ph the fal inthe dream of her own evolution,3 soining “The family therapist mat fom the beginning, take sme sort of lead ‘ership postion. Theretialy femily and therapist enter therapy with the same goals The family’s presence ir an acknowledgment that they ‘rant help and that they are inviting the traps, an expert, to enter their system and fap them change a situation that malntaning producing ste, dacomfort, opin In practice, however, the fay embers and the therapist ray, and usualy dy ier in ther under. ‘landing ofthe location ofthe pin ix cae, and te process of healing. "The family has generally identi one member ae the location of the problom, They thik the cause i that individ iternalaed pathol ‘gy. They expect the therapist to concentrate on that dv, work ‘gt change him. the family therapist, however the Mentied ps tiene ix only the symptom Bearer; the’ cause uf the. problem is ‘yafunctional amily eranaactions andthe procen of healing wil velve ‘hanging the dysfunctional fay transactions, Fiction wil have {ot ampliied to move the fay ayete toward a mote comple form ‘of organtaation-—one that copes Better with the caren fami ie Cencequenty, eh heap’ apt may activate the mechan {y's common hicor, ree tht five the relationships offal wer bers to one another have develope. Any challange these rales wil be countered automatically. Furthermore, «family coming to therapy hs ben staging to resave the pbleas that brought then for come time. Their attempts to cope may have narrowed their fe experience ‘They tena to overfruson the prolem area, and becuse they ae net es, they tend to overutize fair eaponses. Fay members ths Ihave les freedom than nal, ant thee capacity for exploration as ‘een reduced ‘So family and therapist form a partnership, with a common goa that 's more or less formulated: to fre the family spmpiom bearer of 5) toms, to rence coe and sees the whole fai and Co lee re wavs of coping. Two scl syetera te Jone for speci purpose "Now the functions ofthe participant in the therapeutic systery must tne defined. The therapist it inthe same boat with the fan, athe must be the helmsman. What are th characteristics of that helen? What qualications must he have? What implicit or eaplce map ot ‘these waters cane nat gue the erat? "The therapist does not yet keow the iiosyncracies ofthis particular family dance, but he has seen many family dances. He alo ha his oe etic coding and his own life experience. He brings an icnyncrati spl of contacting, anda theoreti se. The aly wil have to decom. ‘modate to this package in some fthion ne another, an the thera ‘sl have to accommodate to them, inmost cases the far wil acca the therapist as ede ofthis part nership. Nevertheless, he wil aveto earn his ight to lead, Like ever Teas, he will have to actommodst, seduce, sunt, suppor, die sgget and followin oder to lead But the therapist who has been {rained in spontaneity ean fel conortble in acopttng the paradonea! Job of lending a sytem of which he bs member He has develope oe ‘kl in using himvelf a iatrameat of transactional change, He also Inna body of knowledge and experince with families ystems, en the proceses of change. He knows that bacoming a mtbr uf te ther ute astem, he wil he subjected tte demana He wil be chance tno traveling certain ronds incerta wat ceri times, Sometes hewilbe avare of the channeling other times he wil ot even recog 4 He must accep the fact that he wil be buffeted bythe imple fe ‘mands that organize the family ener bein He wl te ote {orth entra mcr af he eyed sue wert a te moe tence of the "sthlemiel” He wil el the pase to vave the yapare, or help in scapegeting hi Hi ob 46a healer requires i 0 ens 2 jl ee fey hts nay Bat he mst alo have he hls to yea aj in fretted way-and there’ the rub, THERAPISTS USE OF SELF “Thee dnroeeent within the eld fail therapy on precisely ‘not a therapat ines hinslf to achieve the leadership ofthe therapeutic en nary theories ofthe porraved the therapist san objetive TRETNtter bot uns mth has largely own discredited. Bven in py RUE the undersanding of te analy use of elf in the process oheSantereranafrence bac sparked goat changes in pychoan ae ucce ets pbably tra,” Donald Meltzer writes, "that any cere eic relly tape the passions of the patient dows the sane for TREN and proms development which can farther his own self aan Remeeaary sae for ineare interpretation "that type of TERESI companionship which promalyatex an atmosphete of adventure a Shue comradeship develope between the adult part ofthe patients earns ad the nals arcretive aceeit;.lplying therapeutic Smnitttics for both patos vo the advent,” ‘amy hernpat fen acknowledge on the traditional views of the ecsrmaie appr to therapy Ts nteresting, therfore to note Herne oar concer mith understanding Ue traps use elf ix edad the eiferes paradigm of psychoanalysis ‘Wit tncraises began ta see the fray as a whole thei cus in coding te therapist tse of sll was the danger Ube che therapist TNRMe be Inducted ino the faily abd to such a degre that be would se perapwutie maneverabiity- Lyman Wynne and others have de a eeetne confusion al anxiety therapist experience when working ‘rth echinphvenie tne.” ‘Cu Whitaker's olan to the problem of maintaining cherapeutic sesontge ta have ealeapit dont think one therapist alone pos [SETS amount of power necery to get in and change the family Siofettck ut again dot want to tay the rest of my ie with my fingetatack nthe die With x coueraps, the therapist can then solve ta ertanterece problem by retzeating into his relation to TES caer inerapint. ene terapeutie proven then Becomes a proces Unalog eing to ent otber” Whitaker tts the "wo" his aa te eu ile not nay urting ether of them lone ‘eiteker they have teveosopie aion™ With the protection of the oe Whitaker whore goal a creative expansion forthe family soc for Sal, ner into an intense pro invlvement with the italy. acetng the aly impec theerpi so nec ae frequently beneficial = US ie ote ee in sl ch pte at fem" o avoid snc, he therape cvethemseves ih te ‘fom snp ft tent trey {Wo other members ofthe team. The lationship between the terepits ‘fami ie oery sna oe, every ander ee {onahip The therapists design tet irtervention o produce resstene inthe fay, which in tn wll price Bohavor thatthe therapies ‘Sasertheraput The dager thatthe eras il fa oe iy tt ag neem cn wd ih “Sima toward he mile o his comtinuum i Murray Bowe vito maine s chjciy and como hse ool oy tang rt {Se pono to om al communicator ae eed, Pepi ae ‘couraged to talk about motional precerer ther than experienc them in the session, The therapist strives to maintain an emotionally alm atcapere. What rele ta shrapatic tse quis dectnlat to eet ti ure ay te Pe ‘Sse ied ye im ho tha Ct at edt erp cond thes vey mesh ou his ov es “i ato: fonts nthe hp of i tht come conor wih ase iro nvelement Anta try ef depong on the heap. he tama te aoe, ‘At times the therapist will want to disengage from the family, presen ie ihe ier pap ithe aon pn foe oer ere il ates mtn poston contin se Bote Rt ‘ther tines wil thro his ne ee Wate ‘member's place inthe sytem allying only with a fama under doe, Sr ming whan tacte sh ters el and hs rea 9 he ite tt rf eres he {es inte therapist can eum toe techniques at rele ier ‘ent levels of involvement. “ serene ee tabrela under whith sll therapeutic ransations occur, Joing felt ‘ing the family know that the therapisc understands them andi Workingamily Therapy Teg wth an for them. Only ner hs prtection ea the family have the ‘urty to explore alterativen ty the unl atl change Joining the “hue that holds the therapeutic system together. How des therapist jin fami? Like the family members, the therapist is "more human than otherwise” in Harry Stack Sulian's pase Somowher inside, he has resonating chord tha ean respond fny human frequency. In forming the Uherapeutie system, arpete of imei that faitate the building of common ground with the family members wil be sisted. And the therapist wil deliberately activate feifsegments that are congruent with the foray. But he wil jin in & ‘ray that leaves ir feet Jor he family members He will ceom- “te tothe family, but he wil sla require the family to accommodate "The procis of ining in ¢ therapeutic system goes hevond simply supporting «family. Although jeining soften relate 0 supportive ha ‘eavers at athe tines ii eft by challenges to dysfunional Imake maters better. When a Userapiat ike Whitaker works with fam Ties with payehotic embers, he fequently enters the system with the ble objec” technique is powerfl joining maneuver, combining he therapists worldview, his understanding of Ue amuly process, at his seltzespec. Although the Lechniqu canbe quite startling for observers, ‘Cirames the therapeutic system in away tht conveys the posit of hap ‘Since the thera’ se of hima in the therapeutic sytem i the knowledgeable boat the range of his ining epertory It will at defor ss therapist whole voung and has» earemsing vce Lo join ike am indi ‘Rane pared, an Minuchis sometimes does. Tei Important that the therapist should ute his eesoures well not that he should imitate the succesful expert wel. Another rule of thumb for sucessful pining to srork wrth fae shone segs of development the therapist has expe ced fhe mist work with situations tht he has not experieneed, in Ing from a down postion by asking for help in understanding them ‘tens and the trap Lo gro Like all human erations joining snot necessarlly «reasoned, deli ‘hemormal process of people telatng to people. Tes alo true tha the herapin’' own stle wil be compat with some familie, with whom ‘he wl id he ean be very mich hima But im ahr Families he may find himself acting more hosters that ual, or more proper, With ‘ome farms he wil isl being ore vera. Wath thera he wil tall less His hythem of speech wil change, With some familie be wil Fin himself aking more to the mater, nother, he wil tak tal fa ily members. He should observe the change in himself ax reapers to ‘the family’s implicit teanestional pater ad should wae these ext ‘nl signals as another level of inermation about the "The therapist can join families from dierent poston of proximity Specie techniques of Joining are adapted to a cove position. m mean pstion, and disengaged one CLOSE POSITION, ma positon of proximity, the therapist ca ailiate wit family mew: her, perhaps even entering into cation wth some members eine ‘thers Probably the most tsufl tol of aliathn econtrmation The ‘therapist validates te reality of holon he jos He searches nt pos ‘ives and makes «point of recogrsing and rewarding them. He als ents eens of pein, dficulty, o stress and acknowledges Ut a ‘hough he wil wo aol ther, he wl respond ta them with ses “The thrapist may confirm ever family members he des, ade eed not mudy the methods of Pllyanna ta do x, When people ke omeame, they program therssves to attend to facets ofthat person ‘hich conn thei view, The sate process happens when they die People: they scan for negatives wile ignoring tives ‘They bie themselves fom uncertainty by frusing on thse facts fa person ot ‘roup that confen them in thei own prniton, The srwctral fay therapist. knowing how people select abmervations in oder to enforce ‘heir elie can diet hina to mice positives, Aer al, peopl cm Ing for therapy are doing tele bes an are we in confrming what is poitiv about peopl, the therapist becomes 4 source of sltesteem to the fenily members. Furthermore other family ‘members see the confirmed prac in ew light. "The erapia i {reaues hi own leverage by exablhinghimel sw onrce ofthe far Uyseltesteem and wate He ale amasare the power to withdraw his ‘pproval if the let dot follow he tad. ‘fen confirmation simply a sympathetic response to a family mem lepremed angry. tired: washed out Conimation can ltA Ramil Therapy Tectaiaes bea nonjudgmental deseiption of transaction among family member, NSchan sve seem to beengaged in coninaous stale,” o, "When eeN ik he dinageees grow salen fle cellenged” This type of TReRtn not en interpretation The fay members already Know XEIREcve therapist eling tern. His statement is imply an weknowl ‘Ment that he has gotten she erage and wing to work with thems ‘onthe probe. “Anuther ma of config st desribe an obviously negative cha scare of family menar ae atthe same tine “abwolving” Ut seers er eopoumity forthe behavior. To cid, the therapist ight Pareto ace eo be ulte chia. How di your parents manage 0 [ely pou young?" anal the therapst could ray: "You act very tere Agent on your spouse What does she do to heep you incompetent” ates tectaqee, te farly tember feels recognized in an area of ‘DiSelty without being erie or made gully about Hkh he may spond othe therapist wf persnaly confirmed. Tektsation goes‘ throughout therapy. The therapist continually chon for and eatpsieeposve wa of looking atthe family met tor” fancioning, while parang the goals of sructural change. The therapist aways 8 source of support and nurturance ap well ay the ender and diwetr of eh therapeutic fy som, “Wht working in proxy, the therapist mast know that his freedom “tmovenent ie being bndienpped by his indction int the family ays ‘hm By fanesionng tn proximity, he achiever intensity, But be also = amet cag in rules of partipation Tei important for the Rcrapha tobe set eel in thi modality, but tals eens {fr nim to know how todengage, after he has entered MEDIAN POSITION 1m the median postin, the therapist joins ax an active, neutral i= tener, He help people ther sory. This modality of nin, which is Sn cing Inti inton therapist by the objective schools of y= Shc therapy Hei a wafl ray of gathering data, But iis never as ‘alan objective te the users thine Andi too ean hamper the {apis feeom of navemest I family members ae avidly cling {hese org, the therapies attention say be locked into conten, Some LUiee therepist teks the commaniaton of the most verbal funy ‘SiShers unaware ef the fare beng enacted before is unseen login the median rang, Ue therapist canal tune into the fm iy proce Ifthe mothe the amistad an the aor po ‘pera the thera ray join he fan ft by Uncen epee {the wether, even though hie loa ou tera Ue ates peer inthe fray. "The therepi an gather el normaton about the fay byob serving icon nf tockng nly pres, Does ef self {Sing mt he moter? Haw he iid ck wt ar srrdone aly mse doe bene ae famly member tram {ine The therapine baring the prmtresorganiing his behav tay n'y csi ts rar de tite ix renctons athe failed wou emphases He sl an Cutan tothe fay But he ate ee ohne eth treane of voting indo and rx ean of becoming fn with ‘Geruractre that goverm the boar ofthis tens emer “The Javits fal provides a expe of racking Th aly ean totrexment teat hsban theese patent, was depend This exchange cers he mi ofthe in nario Minuchin to mother: Do yu think your house 6 t00 mc ox meet? ‘Mother My house not much of xm, bat cul be betes ‘Minuchin: When your husband Uskrthehot a ess, dase thik that you age not good manager? "The therapist tacks concretely asking in easence, “What affect dows your behavior have on your husband ew of you?” Mother: Yes, Father: Yeu Minchin to mothe: wate be el yo that des ed to "The tacking Includes an inference about the tramactional patton ween the pe a eae ah epson err Mother 1 vases ca at at Hot without its ath ring ic out depends on wheter be cn cope wi ny be stihae tine oF oe ‘eeamcope whiny tenga‘Father {think whan something ike that iitaten me, tbls up and hold i nun some isle thing wil rigger a then YH be ver. very eral and gee angry Then Tl al her tt ust ont ne “tana why this as to be this way But then Tr te very careful not tobe uneasonalle o too as because wen ara Tel gully shou i [Minuchin So, sometimes Une family fle ke a ea, ‘Father Is not the fay so mach justices wife.) “Tracking conderses the detnils ofthe husband's eric ino ene rmetaphort statement, 9 “tap,” which has «higher fective intensity than feels comsforebie to the mother, fore the husband toot trontation with the wife Minuchin (completing husband’ gesture) Kit? “This simple tracking transforms x nonvertal statement into a verbal Father (looking wife: No, not her either. 1 just the hinge she “doesn't do vers the things she des in terms of how she spe her time: Sometimes think her priors should be change ‘Therepst KX, he sft pedaling ty satement ‘The therapist tracks proceas. or the afectvediference between the firs and Sed staterents by tke husband ad wits the nie to com ‘ent onthe theryit’sdecrion f the bun chao Mother: About being teapot? “Minuchin: Yes, about being trapped Lhink people sometimes gt de pressed when thy are, ke our husband, unable t he direct. He's fot a sraight talker. "There’ a tremerds amt of vcton Your family, bocnise you are esentlly very goad people who are ‘ery concemed aot to hurt one another, And you need to tll white Twa le “The therapist tacks by confirmation, facusing on the husbands de. reo a denen fal finan Father: Wn’ so much ying a8 i saying something that sould be ‘si. Mnuchia. (ty mother) An youd he same thing for hin. Mother tm inet? “The therapist, after jlning, sina position in whieh he ean non, by asking the faaly temburs to tract with each other around the are Mother to Isat: Reo 1 ‘Father: dont realy know. Sometimes you aver very dee, but I fad omit wondering f you are tallng me everyting about what's both- fring you You know, you seem uot, Fm not alway sure that 1 Mother That I can be upset for something Father: Maybe that's part oft “Mother (arling, but atthe same time her eyes are watering): Because So always ae know beter han do what seal petting Me inhat my problem iat that manent Minuchin (Wo father. You ace wba’ happening now? She's talking "ewht ut she's aid that ithe talk straight, you wile Be 90 she Bopine to cry and she bepns to ail. So she's eying, "Dont take fy snipe talk serous, Decanse Ie jst the prodet ofa person tthe under stem” And thats he Kind of thing you dot each ether. ‘oly camaot change too much Beonuse you don’ tell each other in sehatavetion to change that becaute it won't “Th therapist moves the level ofteansaetin fom content to interpe soni proces, Keng the fons or the sa ue, Here he therapist ‘Sealy lending the spouse subsyste toward «therapeutic exploration. Father We doe segue much, Mather: No we doe ‘Father: Because when we ange, Leake a poston I can defend logically, ‘and that makes her Fel helps. Meter: And Ley, and he fel ales Minuchin want ot work on tae Is possible that if he can learn to ‘Demure ciel then he dows need te deposed. Al's pomble that if you can be more etal, you won't nee to ery go much, Maybe then you can ge each other more freedom. Ifyou ean tll i the things tht bug you sd he ca ear maybe he can ll ou Ut fae wans the howe tobe les of es "The therapiat finally takes control ofthe therapeutic system by re srntuing the ltervendonyugesting alternative posses. "This ses shows the complesty ofthe tracking maneuvers Teac ing menns not only to flow but alba gently to direct explorations of new ‘Dehavior It means to af levels of wecking fom content, to proces, lt Tote provers conercely to content Through cowching and gentle Prshing. the thrapit tes th family took at thei transction® In & ew way in an atmouphore of aecoptance. The tracking manewers are “Nipporced by coniratnn technics sn which stressful transactions are Cheribed as caused by caring. The therapist's restructuring interven Hons ace allo par of joining ince che carry an element of hope in thle description of altemative bohatior “Tracking demands Hnowledge ofthe language Ut family members se Tracking young: dildrent communications requires from the therapist the sil of polyglot. He needs to recopniae the diferent Ln Frmge tha, ay, a oo four yeatold uses ado speak himself with {etd in tho presenes ofthe adults in sich a way tt he commun ‘aes aio with them "The Kuehn family ia omaposed ofthe father and mtr in Uni cay hirtin and Gwe daughters Pett, who i four years od and Mini, who [S'twor ‘The alder daughter i the ‘dented patent. Her presenting role eat she i “ancontrelable” Inthe intl ineriew after the frente have iarodacedthemuelves, the therapat al with the en ed patient. Minuchin: Helo, How oe you? Prat Pie, Can me plas nt toys? ‘Minuchin: We've going to get sme toys (Knee) You aah that your ane Pati? Father Yer ‘Munuchin Bae, what sthe name of your sister Prat: Min hr te gor with ais) ell, Nn att: Dost pick her up. Dont pk her up. Dont pk her up. Do you ‘now why? Minuchin: Why? Past: "Cause se basa ore arm, ‘nach: She has-a what? Pratt She has w sore arm because shell out of her eh ‘Minuchin posting: Which aen—this one, o this one? Pat Which one Mommy? ‘Mother The left one. Which one i hat? Patt pointing: This one, righ? Mother: Uno atts sone, She cracked rah (Looks at mother) Mother: Collar bone. Pat: Colas bone “Minuchin: Ob my goodie ‘Pat fe went ib! Do You know why? She fel out of her port arb Manchin (to parenta: Lats share tat ab ‘ether Rather Oka. 90 we need to sit to ‘The therapist uses two maneuvers here tha are important when One| vworke with smal eildrn. One manatver ie related to size "he thers Pat hol inode tobe at he are eight the cid with whom {liking The other maneuver i eate! tothe appropriate level of In ges Talking with four year-old Pal, Ube therapist fs coperet in his ‘Sommatieation asking her name and the name of her sister and then pointing to bath of Min ays in hisrequest for information, By qs- ning Pat he sag er competent position ax the person who Fe tons end the ser member ofthe sibling subxpstern, With the fo Searol, his communication i at he motoic level He auye bello by ooking is ge othe g's, puting his thumb nis mouth mimic the ge and making fail expressions that she mimics. joining hia with very your eden, the therapist start the sean hy establishing contac throug he dren. "his contray 0 Svappronch used with familie of seol-age and older chien, where the therapist would start by stain contact with Uh executives ‘Contac the family aa playful onerbal language "The trate inte‘ives a relaxation ecause the therapist presents ital a am a ‘hority who plays vith children and conta the als a prents, DISENGAGED POSITION ‘he therapist cx also join with a family from « dangaged poston [Now he uses his stance as an expert resting therapetic content tet bing family memters a sense of competence, or hope for changes He anctions nat asan cor, but ata decor: Perceiving the patter af the ‘mil dance the therapist creates scenarionfacttating the enactment ‘of familar movements or introducing novelty by orig fay mers {engage with eachother in unusial transactions. "Theeteciqacs ae change producing, but they areal methods of joining which eres ‘he therapist's lendrsip. ince he experienced a the abiter of the sesso rule ‘Asan exper, the therapist monitor he familys worldview. He a. epi and supports some family values and myths, Others he avs Aaiberatlyigoree He terns how fanly members frame thelr exper tence that "We are he Smith fly; we ul behave in eh at ton” He pays attention to the communictional patterns that expres snd support the family experience, and he extract the phrases the are ‘meaningful to this fmily- He cam ethene phen soning mane ‘ver either to suppert the family realty or to eonatrut an expended ‘worldview that walalow fey an change PROBLEMS may happen tat therapist needs to work with people whom he ‘anno easily Jon because they havea dflernt valve sytem or pia ‘Meology orient style of contacting or jut rmplywdiferent cher istry, Ihe therapitein station in whith he can refer the patent ‘cllengue whom he considers beleer match for the amily tat ts the test sation. But fequently ths not penile andthe therapy find that he becoies more challenging and les effective. The reat of 1s interventions mey be more conftontation an setae of epee shared by both famty and thera, “The therapist snl then remind bine that tx simply impossible for this family to he bsolutely devoid of qualities that he shares It may teint to find thom, tut they have to ther, The probe sus that che therapit sono mcently motivated to look for then Minuchin ons refered toa collec amily whove young ml sv was drug ait The ientied patient was dependent, sesh a indulgent, ereaponsible—the list ld go on nd onan lcd in ty college helples contrling responses In a short eonaultation at ‘Some point asked the therapist he knew that this pationt war @ very ‘ood poet. He ws startled by the elation that he could not conceive this posit. "Whenever & therapist can bo flpl to pation, he also kes that patient so the eck st ind ¢ wa toe helpful Tf the therapist salves {hat problem ust onc, the dieuty in joining wil dappene Sotning with « child abuso far presents'a particularly dificult problem The therapist's immedi reponse may’ well be t side with tho battered child, communicating his sense of outrage to the al re onal "The sae problem ocetr with fames who are paycholog ‘ally abusing their children, resting their development of expecting {chaviorinapproprinte te the cil's developmental lvel But in order {change the sation, the therapist jin sith the mytem ae 8 ‘whole The parents to, mist fel support ase wll eed their cop “ation to work with the fem. Pally, st behoover the therapiet to look ‘ef nthe role tht the iajred member plays in the miterance tf the matom as whole "The Morr amy consist ofa mother father an eight-year on, “The aly was refered rom children's hooptal because the patents ned their child. On one occasion they beat the boy co bay that he ‘ejuzed howptalintion. Aste mether spe, the by isting slightly ‘utside the family ece. He i eying an looking a the Boor Mother: Jobony i imposible to. manage! He absolutely ruined (Christmas for me and my sand [Manuchin (to mother Ie mast have boon tere for ou to have Your (Chrismas rained. How di your sono that? "The therapist forcing himself 0 act aginst his own intinations ‘would give the therapist great pleasure at this point to wl the mother “aac what he thinks of peopl who mistrea children. Buti this child ioc to be removed from his paente—which i always a chancy sok ‘ion family change ix best hop. In order to achiove that change, the "rapist mst keep the fay i therapy. This can be done only by ‘rnting a herapoutesyners in vhich the parents feel supported tel Undertood before ther ir any chalonge. Furthermore, forthe therapist, ‘lnerable to abuse Whatever cue thevapy may eventually take the© Pamty Therapy Tecniquee ft sep ie ton with he family experience racking thee perception ‘tube problem andesrgathiing with them over their ruined Chests. ‘Cheon digputes dplaed in an embated dyad. present special probleme in jong, especialy Before the Unerapist has achieved lend ship poston in the theapeutinystems To take sides eo alienate the er porn, to take ner sie cents the ik of Teting the cone, Continue out of comer ineressing the contig members sense of opelemnes. Tv an, the therapist may take «distant position and wait until the orm weides But coetines he wl ave to plunge ita an unbalance ing technique joi wich one membe that i wilt keep the tly from coming again tothe neat session. tn tothe station, he my decide thatthe best strategy of joining i to Challenge bath merier® betaine on the grounds that beter function ing ns to be ponte nthe fiat earon wh an embattled couple, the therapist may Sa, ‘You re rght" to the fend, ta promptly rate sand, "You are right aswell” Then be enter," the payment for being ih ne ‘Hghteou to maintain miserable le together” While ot moat jou Ine maneuver thi challenge 4 pox on both your ounes conveys the {heraint’s sense of commitment ta the coupe A.CASE BXAMPLE “The Bate fail i composed of father, mother, and Bud, age 14 b's to srs ages 28 and 2, having tried and Ie home Bud Iroting, amoking pot and tong depressed. He was admitted tothe ‘hoy hospital but he rvs Inte each morning. saying that he cannot {hotiace hinwall. The text season i conducted a consultation Minuchin Te hospital invited net met with you to ee Lean be of ein. So wl be aval to ou forthe neat hour: Can some of You Begin elle what are the ues that you have at this point? “The therapet begins by taking the stance ofan expert He invites the Family to use his expeiae:"l wil ava you fr thir mext hour” other: Our big problum ight now, aS was when we came here is ‘pps to be, Right now he should be here a ninety inthe morning. It ant jus geting hie out of be fren for anything that he bas to do. When he was gong to regular chool, he would Minuchin: Toll me, Bud ae 90 ight perso? Do you stay up Its? Bua Twelve or twelve-thity ‘Minuchin Unvhuh so reser or you to be avake a night You kno, ‘there are people who are morning peype and there are people who are Inve people You would say that youre mare of «night person. You sre more alive, moge wa, more ready todo things in the evening? ‘When the mother plunges into dscrption of d's problem, the ‘herp interspts he by trnang to the ented patient. Because this {los not fellow the normal eso courtesy. es peeved ns the action ‘tan author. Histatement to Bud tomate the problem: "You are Imore of ght pers.” Bud Not real late, 1 juin the mening that I don fee ke doing nvehing -tinachine But that means that you fel more active in the evening Bid: No, fel active ll day, But— ‘Minuchin: If you had good alae luck, hat would solve i ‘Buc Weil, te alarm cock Fe got e%— ‘Minuchin Who ete alae lek? ‘Bud: Well, ve got oe of my on, ‘Minuchin’ Do you have slat clock, or mother en larm clock? Joining Bus by tacking what he isang and normalizing the prob ein the theraptt shifts gears, introlucing @ metaphor of proximity, lahich implies that pron inked t the symptom. The therapist Tas noticed that Bud sting clone to hin mother and they are ox Changing vasious nonverbal signal amorous, ad very gently. he ‘hllenges the mothers0m Bolom ‘uu: Ye got one. ‘Mather: And Tve got one ‘Minuchin: Ace you certain shes not an alarm clock, Bua? Bu: Yer ‘Bud: She does ost of the tnMinuchin: So, she's your alarm stock yu have a etion, You area alarm ck! Ina light, bantring oso, the therapist confirms the mother and ‘racks Bod. Atthesame tine, her relationship to her soni called into Mother: Wel, at the preset time, we have two alarm locks in his bed. Anuchin Anl ty don't work? Mother: And me “The mother join the there. Minuchin: That mans, maybe, you could put on 6 thitd alarm, stag gered, lke one a seven thie, one at seven forty oe at seve fy Mather: That's howe I work now. ‘Minuchin: My goodnesal You must be very deep sleeper, Ba Bua Yeah ‘Minuchin: got up ‘ody a four 'alock in the morning I couldn't sleep TTwish I could qt your symptom. If yur three alarm clocks dont ‘work, you can sep until twelve clock, one o'clock, twa floc — ‘wats the atest hat you have been ale to hep seep? (du toots at meter) Dont aa erat sm her function. She's lan alarn clock. she also memory bk? "The therapist, who isan incurable storyteller, interprets the ymptom 5 good thing by commenting on his own insomnia. He lon bn ‘monitor the proximity of mother and som Joining and rstreturing ae ‘moving rather fst inthis sgment been the therapiat's own sense of ‘omfoe tll him tba he iv inthe perme range So far the sesion hs focused on conerete beaior and on small trantins te family fees comfortable wth. Now the therapist emacs the silent father, Minachin:Vbetyouwish you ad tht expacty. When do ou wake wp? Father Me? Quarter tative, five lock, oaks at wife) Madher (nodding) Ye, Father: Five clock, ‘Minuchin: Five lock in the miming? I yur wife the memory bk in ‘the family? Because not ony di in! look a her fr intrtation, tnt you alot looked ther ‘The therapist, joining all thre family members is already creating focus that wil ortanize the roe the session. The content edly hi ad the tone as ight as a chat about the weather, Neverhely to the aly, the therapist ina norcererhe ean empert who uerntans thers Father Yeah, ‘Minuchin She ia very busy pero, She ban alarm clack a met ‘ory bank, (To father) Whet do you goto werk? Father eave about a quarter toi, x lock, ‘Minuchine Whats your sit? Father: Sometimes x, sometimes seven to fourthety,fvethitty. Ie ‘ould be any time around the chek. Minuchin: You work ten hours then? Father Sometimes ten, sometines leven, sometines eight Most ofthe Minuchin: Does that give you ovetime? Father Yea Minuchin: So, when you work ten hours, you ar pleased then because ‘ou have a couple of hours oversine, What ind of work da you do? Father am a foreman in an elec ons hop, We do crate pratng ‘Minuchin: That means You mast have heen working there Tor tats ‘ears to Become» foreman. Father Thirty years ‘Minuchin Thu years! How old ae you now? Father ity. ‘Minuchin Yow stastd at twenty and you worked sll the time in ome Father: Ubu, Minuchin: So yo certainly have seniority this poi Father Yeah, Minuchin’ How many people ae is the shop? Father: Seventeen, ‘Minuchin: An how a foremen* Father "Two, but the other forenas has nt sen there quite a lana as46 Pani Thorapy Tedhniqas Minuchin: So, you ae secre in that jo Father: Ob, Seah “Tne rapist tracks he father, getting neural information from hi vr nt okeete questions to matain contact Now the Cherapist will aoe cepa! jump, cntecting the infermation with the son's mpm “Minuchin: So, we have @ pert like you who Knows about tne, and nova schedule and knows about responsibility. You have Ivor ll your lie? Father: Unban Minchin: How nit yougot kid that doesn't know about tie, doesn cers achedle, dows know about motivation? How di you manage thst rather don't koow."Toat’s what we can’ gure out ‘Minuchin: Something te Puther Yeah ‘the therapist and father have Joined in ceir interest in the atbo's seo Noo the thera connerta the symptom othe father's failure "Rube" Bur ho formulation is that “something”—net someone— ria. Te father ogres iunediately he andthe therapist are purines Ina gousirected sete. “Minuchin: Maybe you eave hth the wong model. Maybe he doesn't vant to be lke you, Father: Could be crane Mnybe he fc you work to hard and—what do ou Chit? a But} Yow don't wan to be like Father? ‘Bud: Yet Pie to bike him. ‘Mucha To work tty yeast he same jb, aways from si to four, mould 90 ke that? sua Yea. Ja che Mose young peole ke you look at the old man and s0x, ‘cients wot the le or me” You really would like tobe ike hi? ‘ute, Lan to mork he are pace be does Fiction would like to won in de sume place? Have yow been ‘ad Yeah. Mother mos agreement) Seta) ed Yad you ¥en ol se si "Yen" fou know, she's wired to you people (To Mother) Are you 0 wired oc cee vent ee Mother: I pons ty anh _ Ti here on rig con en say al nn se ic rie ht re the theresa ues eto ere sae tote ers job, and le ndieaten tha the therapist accommodating to the fay ‘Minuchin stevordinay! ot Ut werdrtl, with taes, how the ee wre? : ther: That's ‘Minuchin: Greta wean hat Bi did ot laok at Motber know, secs hat us hom gout Morn Youas bears) Mother ta The therapit’s description of overinvolvement x presented aan tusordinay feat and something postive fay oganian le able ae compli * ‘eaten Minchin Have so alway te the a, wd ike hat, wired to pope Hr tn et ans ay one iat: So, you two are ery eos . onsite people realy. You ho then re sr aon oooh ad yo mathe etry tet theft he way Im whic you ie the Seem he i tinis, he preparing to we the hr art aed se cl chalenge, a Pather Use amMinuchin: Ad this has worked? ‘Mother: Up to thispoin ne ‘Mimuchin: How many years have you been marce? ‘Mather: We were marred they years, and we have two other children ides Bute married daugher Machin (oud You ae the only boy in the family, and you are the Dud. Obs Lana's stout twenty—I dot know is twenty ve (Bu Tooke at father ut mother supplies the anster) Mother: "Twenty ight and twenty ou Minuchin (to But You operate bath of ther! Very good. Now that 0s beaut, coe Bud looked at Dad and activated hn, sind Mother ‘ctvated hers Beautiful. Very invsbe, but very strong wires. So, Twentyeight ane twenty-four, Nour yenmger str i rally mach ‘ler than you ae How long will ou be the baby? Until you ae 0? ‘unl you are? doa know, sme fain keep babies for ong Aen, humor ctllengs the enmeahiment while supporting the family swcraber, "The challange ix posable beemave this fry Tela ute com fortaie with the ght, bantering mood. BY now, therapist an family eum to hav been fend for years Button ow: ‘Minuchin Ask your mother how long you wil be the baby ‘Bc How ova? ‘Mother: Unt you grow wp. ‘Minuchin: Aly thatean be ieime, Vou can be 70 ear old and til be the baby. You heow, check to see what she meats by that ow long tl that take? Check up, You kno, mothers have special arithmetic Checkup with your mother about what it her artic How Tong srl you be the tay? Mather: How long wll you be the baby? Unt you accep responsibil tes which F'n vilingto give yo, but you Rave to accept ther. Al ‘when you acept the responsi for youre then ¥ would consider Minuchin (to Bud Do you xgre with hat? Iti only up to you to grow ‘Bud: Why are vou patting all the responsibilty on ms? Mother: Bacuse is your ie. to aasme the responsiblity Minuchin’ Bud, I know people whe are wired ice your mot i t0 you~ ‘closely wited thet You don't get ta much apace. In ather files, ‘People who ar wired ayn are wiced keep young for lone ie 7 wiling to guide, bat I would ike you ‘Twenty minutes int the aeeion, the therapist and family are con nected and working a therapy together, Inthe ret of the session, the {herapist elect to focus onthe father, He explain tht hei omcerned About the mother she i ton read to be avaiable to peopl, and that fannot be good for her. She i too wie o others the father tnt peo ide the wie cutters that wil ese her. The fly is the sess vith ens of direction: the Unerapist finishes with the sts hat he ‘ha Been gensinaly lp to poop he kes “Joining snot technique that can really be separated frm changing ‘family the therapists joining changes things. Nore x process co fined to one part of therapy. doing tan operation which fonction in counterpoint to every therapeutic intervention. ‘he therapit jin axl Joins again many times daring» aio an! Gurng the course of ther The deliberation of joining decreases, however, as therapy continues arly in therapy, the therapist an family et concentrate on tn ‘modating to eachother snd to tho therapies role asthe leader, as {ime goes on, these accommodations become tore automatic. The {herepist no longer hat thine abst joining He can tut the aterm ofthe therapeutic system to let hi the accommodations within he ‘atom need atention Employing Joining techniques, as with other therapeutic techninues, can make a therapies fs ike the centipede who was immobile hy having to decide which log to move, But the therapists eflctivences de pends om his capacity to oun while challenging, Expanding hs repertory Wal ulate make him a better therapist. And once he has become a ‘expert reader of fri feebnck, te therapist wlan beable to be ontaneous, confident that hie behavior falls within the therapeutic ‘tem’ accepted rangePlanning SSSR otra the hypothe rea be cared Baer ‘ELE tls er te Sebamed he cers cel ate ‘Bix'wht se they? Ae yo tw obe dive ito the water 1 swam efforts But wt cies pogune were ah Only lower equine See eae ie ned yates and moe Soward She Sr tis alway mista, Sherlock Holne waroe, to theorize and of aon Sth" Phnangtctent an acuiytnt eon be esse sate Era fo unatiny the fable ofthe penn ations Tua Stags team nett theorize ahead of ther dat about 8 Tami aways ih avareess that afm rector eer fst ite on thre Only the rose ing 2 te eeracion and experenng le fovering roe eae eke the trations fC a. Any ni y- a ern fave tse Jong, and they maya be gly iar settee anti hyothei can be ivan to thre eNgpet lth iron ape an strata se na Tee functn, fa wil pond meses inset wap hat re necessitated by ther aap, Their shape wil indicate possible functional rons and pomble weak lin in their structural arrangement The therapist forme an dono the fail x4 whole won rst exami nation of certain base aopects of estar From the sips nor ‘mation gathered ona phone eal sting wp theft appoint, oe fared ‘on im cinieIncake sheet, the therapist can develop sone ‘sumptions about the family, For instancy how many people ae the family and where do they Hive? What ae the ages ofthe Tamly mem ter? Ie one of the normal transitional point chat street every fay factor here? The presenting problem nny be antber hue that suggests fareas of possible nrength and wenknen in each client family. From thee tmple elements the therapist wll develop some hunches about ‘he family to guide er fst probes int the fly ongaantion "The most immediate clue family compotion, Cerin combinations Indicate corain areas fr exploration. Te mot sommmonly encountered Tamiy shapes are the pos de deus, vee generation, shoe, accordion, PAS DE DEUX FAMILIES ‘Suppose Uta family consis of ony two people. Th therapist an ques that these to people probably rayon each ther erent del. If they are mother and cil the cd may spend misc te nthe eo pany of alts, She may have advance! verbal kis nd bese of Tigh percentage of interaction with ads she may Become incre t ‘aul nse before her peers and appear more nature. She may teal eae time with peor than the ul ch having es in common with ‘hem, and she may be ata disadvantage ln physical pay, Fhe mother i frei ae chooses, to give the child more indivi attention than ‘would be possible i there were » sband or other children tobe cm ‘ered with. As a result, she may be very good a¢ reading the chile ‘moods satising her needs and ansieig her questions: She mn deed, have tendency to overtead the chil, se she her no one eee on ‘whom wo concentrate She may have noone with whom to check he be fervations. The reolt can beat intense ste of relating whic fosters mutual dependence and mutual eventment a the same te “Another example ofthe pas de deus amily tthe older coupe whose children have Tete home. They ae sometimes ant to mule fon the lel who have lived taper ll hei ieof pouibe dtc. cr resk Hos inthe chain. The two-person rue tre has the pou of hen lke formation a which the nv alsbecome amos: symbiatieally dependent on cach other. This pos ‘Sly thatthe theraine mill probe. I her creations indicate that ‘verinvolvement i curtailing ench members potential functioning, the ‘therapist will pun interventions delineate the boundary between ‘idl closed of from other relatonshipe "The therapist may explore ‘he fais extrafanial sources of supporto intereet inorder a hal lenge the “we trvan lac ew ofthe fay salty. “THREE GENERATION FAMILIES ‘The extended family with the various generations living close together ave emphasied the importance of working with thre generations {ext however the smultigenertion family tenet be more typical of lower middle las and low socioeconomic groups. Therefore, he thee: pst may ten to bok at this farly shape interno ts det, tend tf satching ot the for source of adaptations tenth ‘The eatended ‘amily shape contains within is multip xenertions the posi of speciatnation of inetion ‘The organic of support ind cooperation fomuly tasks can he managed with an ierent es ‘onteet in which Ge ecw atafeaial are contin nd ai” ‘lous Like any emily shape the extended aly needs «sola con {ext that complements its operations. ‘mother, grandmother and cil the family therapist's eet queton ie ‘ten, “Whe is parenting the child?" If he parenting fnetion ae ele fated to the grantnther, the maprmaker tae ofthe therapist eine fo devine stoic to reorganize the falls chape s0 thet the "teal ‘mother takes owr the major responsibility for parenting the child and ‘may be that what is therapeutie for that three-generation family & to ‘wor within the cooperative system tow a diferentiation of fanesions Taher then to push for a stractive that corresponds to the cultura tis important forthe therapist 9 find out wha the iioeymcratie arrangement fr this particular fay. Tey be thatthe grandmother Iniving with the dnghtr and grandchild But it salso poate that the frandmecher isthe head ofthe neue and thatthe mother and child function snder her care. Is there + clearly delineated structure, with ‘oth adlaiving ax equals and onenctig e the cds primary parent? ‘Ave the adult cooperating in an organization with diflerentated func ‘Sona and expertve or are the two adults sgn for positions of pr- snc? Aad i his at situation, is ne cid in coalition with one woman Szsiet the other? "There are tna forms of thneegpnertion fies ranging fom the single parent, prandparent, and chi combination, to the comples net ‘ork of entire kin rytome who ed nt live in the same house to wield {rat influence. may be necessary for the therapist to find out who the family” relly ix how many members thas and what i ther loved cf contact with the eatended network. The infivence of the extended {amity on nuclear fly functions should never be underrated "A posable weak ink in the mtigenertin family i the ierarchiel congantation, When an extended thro: generatin family comer to her ‘by with one of ts members ax the mpm bearer, the therapist wil ‘xplorecros-pnerational coalitions that may be aapegosting ove ft {iy momber or rendering certain boone djfnctionel ‘some doorgnized extended families adults may funtion in adi cogaged, centrifuge way. In auch tne, nective fonctions, tele ‘Ihldretring bay remain inderdtned nd fll between the cracks "This prablem ie oten ren in poor, everburdened famiis living in suns ssthoutscietal ystems of mopporClerfying boundaries among holons ‘an help diferente fonctions and feclitate cooperation SHOE FAMILIES "The large family ie not as common as it once was inthis culture. At ‘onetime, having may children westhe norm. Children were eonsidered ‘amily asset. ‘Tumes have changed, but the atrcturl relationship found in most large familie haw not. Whenever institutions become Tange, authority must be delegated With many hldeen ina household, {tay one and pertape several of he elder children are given parental4 Pan Therapy Techniques i a teatro ices eet sen Secs ses “Rp sean seem mses ei en Sel ecu i Sion ie ree ae i rea nee oa et cts oe ser ai eet tcf seta yt ae aeame ACCORDION FAMILIES Th some fees one parent is away for long pris of time, Miitary familia are the cloacal example When one spouse leaves, the spouse ae cc nm take on national narcaran, exceutve, ad gusting TERR cr te salen wil go without ‘The pardtal functions are aaacrntsnad ine one peren fr part ofeach cycle, Fanules may ere Rika ite shape of one parent family. The youse at home atures ‘Sltttonalfuntoonse the expnee of pause collaboration The children iene fons lurter the cepartin othe parents, ven crystallize Fane cuted fer tbe. decrting other" in an one ‘fenton that tends eit the peripheral parent 55 Panning Accordion families may come to therapy ifthe jo the traveling par ‘ntchanges and she becomes a permatent fr in the family ong tion. At this ott, there needs to beat inthe wai which the fa lly organizes ts functions, forthe old program handicap the evlution fof mew functions that sncade che abet spouse. The peripheral paren ‘at be relncluded n'a mening pston, Tn cheso situations, as in other tranatonal stations, therapy wil i ‘hue not only restricturing maneuver but alto educational een To family mur come to derstand that effec, hey ar anew family This concep sa rather efit one te aceepa since the “parts af the family have been Logether for along tine onl Une shape of ef s FLUCTUATING FAMILIES Some fais move content fom one place to another, the the ‘beta famy cho lave when th ost og ved he eos foram eaeatve wo rte agin nny te pret Esra ater fama, tthe fa conposton te tacts ‘Tanoccurs nt aque whens sl arnt hse lve nie {thor may pot om sh eto gel, wach one pea ‘se nTime pet acon acon ho wil con len ace wore wh tea ily over time. ae 1 he iting content over ican adult, important for shetherapt opt har dtc what oan tebe tae tration intr aa Pa teers oon then be to help hfs det oneal tre cy I theahiing contest voter caterer aw yes a ap. yore bth fay and ons Th amily bve Cin he ‘ive tee por nt nd ator cho ete a {nd themonves timc theft only cent of ‘port nit ori ity conte the entatania may safer ‘anal “The therapist ms elie that when the fay tons content by atin ite mrs wil str to ci an endo ane t ibwer ei ef competence han in ceunatancs where te naar ‘cet apne hero aunt eo epnc Crm a levanae eamalvttoamame tat the aproduct of patholoy in he family. "he family holon slays part of Tango contest Wi the larger context in dstuption, the Taal wile FOSTER FAMILIES A foster cil by definition » temporary fmily member. Agency workers make it char hat the fenter fay otto become attached {he chil, « parent ild relationship ito he avoided, Nevertheless, par ‘uthld ond fen do become established, oly tobe broken when the ‘hla mover toa mee fester home or back to her fail of origin 'A pent protlem with this family shape that sometimes tho fan iy organizes ke + nooner fal. The child incorporated int the Tamlyeyner. If sae then develop somos, Uy may be the esl of ‘reac within the fal omganise. But the therapist and fy sy ‘scume that the chii'sssmptoms are the product of her experiences port her entrarce int this family, that they are the product of in {tenalited patholey, sine thes foster child ad tectinially nt family member "The relationship ofthe sympom tothe fly organisation should be asses I the syinptomatelogy ithe pradict of the child's entrance {nto anew ayer then the system i Rctoning ws fn a transitional ‘se, On the comay, ifthe child already fully integrated nto the family, het sympiome are family organize ul related to the strees that other fey members express in ater ways "nthe later stuntion, en editonalcomplenity ofthe foster fri shape the presnace ofthe ageney. Foster family agencies, which invest ‘otf time ad eTort in developing god foster parent, end tobe very Drotectve af ther "They may operat na way tha ners the possi 1 of accomadation between the child and the hos family I these foes the therapit must consider binging the agency worker into the ‘therapeutic contest and working wit the agony worker asa cotherapst, {ively the total fly organism, including te cil. Invake information often tlle something not ony bout these kinds of family composiin, but alo about Ube familys developmental sage Family development implies transitions Frnles change in adapting fiferent cictmsiances Occurence: in the family’s developmental Stage may therefre be threatening the fail eqn. Many fami Tes come to there pracsely beeause they are ina tranatonal perio, Inwhich demands for change atid the counterdviation mechan 2 tivated by those demands are aandicapping family faneton. ‘These robles of discontinuity are found in stepparent fies an aon with hot, STEPPARENT FAMILIES When e teparet i aed fly ui he me go thro a trocar ofintgraton, which wil rove tere olsen ha tay ake estan fllconitnent tote ne fm thee Uni ay he her peripheral The slen nny inerese the demas

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