icinDEKiLER fnailizce Seti 34-06 Deep into Meaning BOOK ONE (Disovering Facts) Gemstones Pomel Rainbows Along Tap The Mays Volcanoes [At The Center ofthe Storm [A Man of Courage and Dotrminaton “The Largest Bi in the World ‘The Mechanical Chess Paying Turk ‘An Army of Ants ‘The Tron Horse “The Story of Austin. ‘Watching the Weather. Aleican Crocodiles Too Much of a Good Thing “Temel on an blond ‘Why Does Sun Seem to Change Colou? (ur Environment lose Call (Why Is he Shy Blue? Rasing a Fomiy American Aligators Bate‘The The Ozone Layer Ow Wife Polttion Tho Lost Cy ofthe Incas Parcutin mand Mt Saint Helens The Coleus of Oca Perict Wisdom Oceans - Sharks Spiders The Costs and Bont of Fighting BOOK TWO (Deep into Mesrins) ‘The Tragedy ofthe Amazon The Mystery of Mgation Nature's Fury King of the Night Zahir Ud Din Mohammed, Neleamed Baur Balloons and Ditsitles ‘The Sic Road KBoats Paging andthe Enviroment Doing Away With a Legend “The Future: What Wil Be Like? ining the Lions The 100-Hour Wor The Olpie Games ‘Ancient Humans Lek Arca Earer Than imagined A Groat Art Robbery The 47 Renin “Tobacco and Your earth Exploring Space ‘Shah Jahan's Tj Mehal The Conquest of Inda “The Search for El Devado ‘The Story of Anis Mohandas Karamchond Gandhi 57 61 63 67 «9 2 " 16 18 0 85, 90 95, 100 105 Ho 15 19 124 128 133 138 142 146 151 156 161 167 a2 7 182 187 192 197 205- GUO HOO?" | J COCECECCOCECECEC EEE EEE EEOC ECOC CECE CEC EOE CEC OCC10 Is Unur 4 _. GEMSTONES bis, emeralds, sapphires, nd opals shine and spake ‘Beautiful jewellery ix made from them, They ae stones which are 80 rare ‘nd hard fo find the they have been named precions stones. DDitmonds are buried deep in the cath, usually in or near extinct ‘oloandes, They apeardall and gray when they ate dug out ofthe ground, Dut aie cutting and polishing, diamonds flash and shimmer, ‘Diamonds are te hardest material that comes from the earth's crus “They can even be Used for cutting rocks. Only a diamond will scratch another diamond. Because oftheir hardness, diamonds are used to wake ating tools. Only te largest and most perfect snes become jewels ‘Corundim it common mineral found in dfereat kinds of rocks. Vhhen ‘corundum fas a firy piece of ttaniom or cobalt mixed with, tis bie in ‘olour and called a sapphire fermen is nied in corundum, it Formas « ‘arkred aby, Large pisces of granite or linestone sometimes contain a rock called beryl When chromum is maxed wid bry, makes a deep preen emer Choose the st lternative to complete each statement below, according tothe ext 1. According to the passage, diamonds A) ae the est known precious stones al ver the wor 1B) haves hgh possibly of eing broken C) ae te andes materi to be dg ou of the earth's crust D) ae being used a.an important exchange material 1) ar mid with heryl to make a deep green emerald 2. Diamonds ere usually found A) in jewellery stores 1) st ornecr extinct voleanoes () between crumbled rocks ) mixed ith the coal ) in corundum stones 3. A deep grecn emerald is produced by ~~ A) mixing beryl with chromium B) cutting lange pieces of diamonds int tiny pieces C) pining the ve emerald with ianium dioxide D) fing: kind of solution named corundam. B) digaing diferent minerals out ofthe ground ‘Caan Vota 3Deep into Meaning Bock One. Vit B__ Match the words onthe et with their meanings on the right. A. shine ‘A, of reat size 2 rae 'B sinute, extemely small 3. precious C. stong and fairly dark colour 4 extinct ——Ds-give out bright light; oro) glimmer 5. cast B, nolonge existing 6. contain, vluable 7. tiny G. surfce shell 8. deep H, ondary 9. common T._hive something as pat of another thing 10. large J uusual, not easily found C Indicate whether the statements elow are tue (7), fale () oF noe sated (NS) according tothe text 1. The biggest diamond ever found isthe Kagtkge Diamond 2. The hardest materials dug out of the ground are diamonds. 3. A sapphire is a precious stone made up of the mixture of ‘corundum with tanium of cobalt, 4, When a diamon¢ is dug out of the ground, itis already shining 5. Diamonds are cheaper than rubies in jewellery stores. 6, Only the large pieces of corundum and limestone can be regarded precio: 7 In order to cut a hard surface, a diamond must be supported by a razor. Choose the appropriate definition foreach given word as used in the text 1, sparkle ine 1) 4, scratch (line 8) 8) shine with clear and bright points a) not good enough 1) having many smal pars ») itch }- making regular igh movements ¢) make small ets 4) belong to precious metals 4) ty solve completely 2 dull ine 5) 5. rock line 14) a) stupid a) twist, ) not bright by ard ©) widow ©) chemical 4) less frequent 4) stone 3: polish (ine 6) 4)-make bright by rubbing ) painting bright ©) Gitizen of Poland 4) cleaning witha clotJo Is Gironde Vapor Unurr 2 PompPEl! ‘On August 24, A.D. 79, life ended inthe Roman city of Pompei onthe Bay of Naples. in one, day, the town, was completely destroyed in the ‘eruption of a nearby volcano called Mount Vesuvits Tt was around lunch time whea a violent earthquake shook the city ‘Many ofthe inbabitansihmediately fled, but, some stayed, unable to leave their homes and businesses ‘Soon after ths earthjuake, Mount Vesuvius erupted, covering Pompeli ‘with lava and ash, Those people who had stayed behind were buried under the thick ayers Ther bodies were perfectly preserved for more than 1,500 ‘years They were discovered in the eighteenth century inthe same positions in which they ha ded “One man wa: found ying where he had fallen inthe see, ill holding a handful of geld coin, Others were discovered siting around a table vere they had been esting a meal Some people had tried to hide in their houses, but they had not been abl escape the volcano and were buried in their tomes, Maay tried to flee with thei belongings in carts, but they were rapped near the ges ofthe city and covered with lava. and ash "When the voleano stopped erupting 28 hours late, Pompeil was buried lander 20 fect of ash, At Teast 2,000 people died in this terrible disaster. Chance the best alternative t9 complete each statement below, according (othe te 1. According to the passage, in this terrible event |) the empion lasted for to weoks B) no lesthan two thousand people died ©) the Rowan Emperor Nevo burt the city 1D) Mouat Vesuvius was destroyed 1B) some prs ofthe Pompei were saved 2. Pompeitwas buried under lava and ash A) wher the earthquake shook the ety B) ound lunch time ©) near he Bay of Naples D) after 1.500 years B) aflersn eruption ating 28 hours 3. The peope buried underground |A) were found 1 have been unconscious B) were discovered i the 18 century (©) had heen murdered D) swerethoce who lel the city after the earthquake B) remitned buried more than 2,000 yearsOne Ut Deep into Meaning 1B Mateh the words on the let with their meanings on the right. 1. completely A. property a BB Sto wheeled vehicle 3 - pltce of metal used for money a Sairely, wholly 5 ‘ach, capture, prevent fom escaping é ‘preven something from being seen or known 7 , Woicanic explosion 8 Wil ereat free 9. trap I execlent 10. violent sce from C Indicate whether the stat-ments below are true (1), false (F) oF not stated (NS) according tothe text. 1. The Roman ely of Pompei was founded on Augss 28, AD. Volcanoes which aye eruped it was catty all tough the story have destoved man Famots iteslike Pompe ‘When the moutunerapted twas ei inthe eron Afri eupion Ppl was core with ava sd sh Teepe wens wee pe When tte vleano tapped erpting 40 hours ler, he city was Inte nder 80 foo of sh ‘The bodies of pope cored in ash and sone were pefecly reserved formorelhan 1500 yes BophRe Choose the appropriate definition foreach given word as used inthe text 1. earthquake (line 4) 2) comtuption ) shaking te en's susie © eruption ina volcanic repion {8} destruction of land 4) person living in a a 3. bury dine 8) a) lay away sete ©) cover something up 4) puvinderground, cover 4 preserve ie 2) come for tong pei 3) keihin na 6) ea good appear o 4) gather ina place 5. disaster dine 19) fs) sear 3) monster ©) alt 4) ined 6 Teto Is wr 3 RAINBows Inthe past, people believed that rainbows were made by magic. Some ‘even believed thet the rainbow was abridge Between heaven and earth used by the gods. They also Believed tht there was pot of gold at the end of the rainbow ‘Nowadays, we know that rainbows occur when sunlight shines on drops of rain, You can cea rainbow when you stand with the sun behind you nd the rai falling infront of you. ‘Ahough sunjght doesnt seem to have any colar, ts actully made tp of many coloas, When il enters a drop of rai, sualight separates into let, blue, geen, yellow, orange, and red. Raindrops reilect the colous ih sunlight. Because the colours Blend together, only four or five are wsualy visible ‘Numerous rays of sunlight reflecting off raindrops, form a shining curved rainbow, Often, a fain second rainbow appears outside the frst. Ts colours wil be inthe opposite oer to hose ofthe Brighter rainbow: ‘Choose the est allermative 10 complete cach statement below, according tothe text 1, Although sunlight seems to have no colour, |A) you da’ have o belive what you see 1) cay consists of many colours 6) it hae more than eight colors D) itis actually sreen B) it has many diferent crystalline colours, 2, In the past some people even believed that A) ain cleaned people oftheir sins B) Ss rainlow wat bridge between the sky and earth © rainbows ere hallucinations seen by delitious nomads D) a theend of a rainbow was & pot of gold IE) it thes had a bath under the tainbow thee skins would become mood 3. According tothe passage, when colours blend together: |A) akalkidoscope appears in font of our eyes B) there occurs. disorder called dyslexia (C) sunlight reflects the Brighter colours rather than the dark ones D) they rein an onder diferent from a rainbow B) sual our or five colours canbe seen ie el eee eeeDeep into Meaning oh One «Ut 3 B_Mateh the words on the left with their meanings on the right. Beenaneeye magic ‘A. arrange and give shape heaven BL generally; mostly separate C.imany,atocof form D. acoept curved additionally; as well fumeroas FF. havea smoothly bending surface balieve G. the place where good people goalte death also HL break up: keep spar; disconnect infront of 1. black art; witeheraft sunally J. before € Indicate whether the statements below are true (1), fae (B) oF not D_ Choose the appropriate defn 1. Rainbows usually havea curved shape, 2 When sunlight shines om sandeops sinbows are formed. 3 People in the past thought that if they could walk under a rainbow they would change thet identity. 4. An important sient red to change th colors ofthe rainbow, ‘5, Sunlight separates ito diferent colours ina rainbow, but only our ar five colours ae usualy sen, 6 When a dull eaintow appears behind another rainbow, its colours wil be the sme a the fist. 7 People inthe past didnot know how rainbows are formed ion foreach given word as used inthe text L. past ine 1) 4. blend (ine 11) 8) bygone days a) mix ) goalone by mary 6) many times ©) puto 4) poamay 4) give ack 2, occur (line 5) 5. visible line 12), a) become a) available for visa ) read by) can be seen ©) come into existence ©) have short visit 4) have wcure 4) eyeglasses 3. reflect lie 11) 2) shine b) wipe ©) show sunlight . Sess10 1s 2» UNur 4 ALOone TRIP Lad animals must often wander around searching for food. In the ‘summer, carbo iv in the northern regions of Nosth America. AL the end ‘of luly, they start moving south to escape the harsh cold of winter. They itavel fogeter in big berds, During the following. spring, they ret ‘northwards. Young caribou are born a this time, but the herd doesnt stop for long and keep! moving despite every difficulty. Sometimes, many caibou drown wher they cross flooding vers. ‘Lemmings are snal aniinals that live in nonhe Europe, When they pave lot of fod teat, they prodce many young. As the babies gov, the ood ean tun oat. $0 the lemmings have to star migrating to search for more food, They move along roads and though towns. Many die on the ‘ray to a new feding place. ‘Whales also migrate, Humpback whales, for instance, swim from cold ‘Antarctic waters to warmer seas in topics. They have their babies in the ‘ropical oceans. Afer winter, they return to the Antarctic where there is sch food. ‘Sulmon can liveup to nine years. Tn order to lay their eg, they migrate ‘upstream from the sean, It's very hard to swim gains the river curen ‘They mist jump very high to get over waterfalls. When they finally reach ‘quick shallow water fat upsteam, they lay thet eggs. This is called ‘fawning, and Pacific salmon ony do it once in ther lives. They die soon after laying eggs. Atlante salmon, however, might return tothe oecan and then swim back upazeam fo spawya more than thee times during tei ves, Choose the best according tothe text ternative to complete each statement below, 1, Caribou begin their migration |A) when they feel ready for the long journey 1B) om the eastern regions of South America ©) atthe er of summet 1) ftom alace where tere is much food B) to find fod more than tyes tes in ther lives 2. Lemmings 2roduce many babies when AA) they migrate along roads and through towns 5) they cross ooding rivers {theres mh food to eat ) they find quiet and aot of sheer 1) they car no longer walk 3. According othe passage, salmon A) give irr ther young in dep waters B} Blom owametion mp id whe they ca jump over waterfalls D) lay cag in shallow wats B) stvgeeto ay eas vera waterfallDeep into Meaning ech One B_ Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right. A. drown A. move from a place with a eason 2 runout flowing movement 3 curent part of a county, cy te 4 migrate DL hard inating 5 forinstance E. cothenonth 6 despite FL not deep 7. region G. lack, have no more of something 8. northward H. die indorwater because of not being able tobreshe 9. harsh 1. forexample 10. shallow E- though, although, in spice of © Indicate whether the statements below are true (1), false (E) oF not sated (NS) according to the text 1. Pacifi Salmon can lve six yeast mos. 2. Sparrows often migrate from the north to the south 3 Killer whales have babies in tropical oceans 4 Lemmings need food in order to migrate $5. Lemmings ate tiny animal that ive in the norhem par of Brope. 6. When migrating, salmon must jump very high to ect over vate D Choose the appropriate definition foreach given word as used in the 1. wander (line 1) a) astonish 1) Search for 2) walletna circle 4) tomove around 2. herd line) a) animal eroup 1) easy tobe il lvencod ©) bring together 4) shepherd 3. keep (line 6) a) to ake with ) continue ©) steady ©) betogetner 4. cross (line 7) 8) symbol of Cristianiy D) shaped ©) to goacross running 5. flooding (line 7) 4) overlow of iver or ake becaute of heavy rin ) making larger interns of sou ©) unable to Hold the amount required @) fastmoving 2 eee10 5 20 ur S - THE MAYA - ‘One ofthe mos important and highly advanced civilizations in ancient times lived in Sout America were Mayas. "The ‘Mayans wore. excellent astronomers. They understood. the movements el the planets, and they could accurately predict when an ‘olpee would ocean, Surprisingly, however, the Mayans could not build a Simple arch, They sso fad avery simple form of picture writing But the Mayans were salle in mathematics. They could count in ns and unde'stood the concept of 2er0 a thousand years belore ny ‘ther peope in the work. The Mayan mathematical system used ony three ‘Sjmbele dx forthe nurber one, ab for five and shell shape fr =r "The Mayans aio had a calenda. I started inthe year 3113 B.C. Instead ‘of weeks, ont, at year, the Mayan calendar ha the Kin for one da, ‘he nial Tor 20 day, the tn For 360 days, the Karr for 7200 days "the bak for 144,000 days Mayan cits were linked by an advanced tring system, Some had populations of up 10 40,000 people "Suddenly, sitout explanation, around the begining of the tenth century AD. the Mayans abandoned their cies and towns. Even thoveh Setolars have suggested variety of reasons for ths surprising eve, hnbory is absolutly certain shat caused the end of Mayan civilization, Choose the be alternative 10 complete each statement below, cording tothe x 1. We inow tat the Mayans were god astronomers Because they = A) ha calendar 1) Knew tie movements ofthe planets () had a developed systom of wade D) undersood the concept of zero 1) were sled architects 2, According to the passage, the Mayans were also ~ A) very honest people 1) goed mathematicians {C)inereted in socal issues D) hostile towards their neighbours B) skillednavigntors 3. Weknow - |) that there was only one reason why the Mayans disappeared 1) that same Mayans are sil iving today (© that the Mayans ha a grea interest in biological events 1D) nothing about why the Mayan evilization ended ) that the Mayans were rich people WDeep into Meaning Book One. ait 5 ee eee took One vats B c 12 Match the words on theleft with their meanings on the right. 1. accurately AL happen 2 pret B. hiding something by coming before it 3 eclipse CC. qualitied concept say that something wil happen in he future 5. link EE, eavea place forever o for long time © skit completely 7. abandon G connect &% absolutely HL oti, abstract principle 9. occur TL astruciure curved at the top and supported by a wall or post at both sides 10. arch J. comet, precisely Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not sated (NS) according tothe text 1. calendar exstod in ancient ines, 2% Mayans” picture weting was so good that it was adopted by ser socitice. 3 Trang was done between Mayan cities, 4 Scholars have no definite explanations forthe end of Mayan hilization 5. The Mayan writing sytem was based on symbols 6 The Mayan people made a great contbution to mathematics. 1 The end of Mayan civilization iso longer a mystery. ‘Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the 1, advanced (line 1) a) convinced ) developed ©) taken forward @) promoted 2, bar (ine 10) 2) sore by tong string ©) metal 4) rectangular shape 3. trading system (ine 15) 8) selling system by system of exchanging goods ©) systenof solving problems a) systetn of etching erin 4. sehotar (line 19) 8) person who restores ancien! civilizations bb) Belonging to an seacemy of schoo! ©) person who studies and knows & lot about an academic subject 4) Someone who knows lot without any formal study 5. suggest line 19) 2) propose, put Forware Bb) delay, postpone for: while ©) make clean, visible @) recommend10 Is ea as 30 35 uni 6 VOLCANOES “The canh seems lke a very solid place, We can run or jump up and, down on the ground and it will not cave in under our fet I also suppots [nage buildings tht weigh thousands of tons. “hut our idea aout the earth being solid place is only because we are Living on its surface. Sometimes things happen which give a different ptt ofthe earth's composition. A volcanic eruption is one of them. Th ancient times wien people sa fire shooting out of a voleano they thought it was because the gods were angry. But with developments in Selonce we have learned much about the interior of the eath and what ‘causes a veleano erupt. Ear below the surface ofthe cath things are nt as sable a8 on top, The cauth's hard outer surface is ony avery thin erst. A thick layer, calle the ‘handle, ies beneath the erst, The core, which might be as hot as 5,300 ‘ogres Celsius is atthe center ofthe earth. Becanse ofthe weight of rocks tthove, there ss great amount of pressure inside the ear ‘Pockets of melted material, called magna, exist inthe cat's mantle. ‘When pressure inside the earth squeezes magma into weak spots in the Srtouning rock it can reach the nrface trough a volcano, Magma which ‘Comes out onthe pound is known a ava "Voleanic crujions are cured by the pressure of magn and gases inside the cath, Tons of rock, lava, and ash can shoot up into the sky {hain these wencadous explosions, Buti the pressure fs nt so grea, lava jst flows out one earth’ surface lke thick syrup ‘Ah roach he rfc, Iva ste to cool down. Itean remain on the side athe volcano, making ie gro larger. Many island, such as those in Hlawaii, were formed in this ay. Rocks and ash thrown out during ‘ruptions canals buildup the sides of a volcano ‘Gly about half ofthe thousand known volcanos in the world are active Volcanos ate considered active if they have erupted from time to time Even though they are found in all pats of the World, most voleanos are Trouped topeiber or exist in long cis, usually near the ocean. Por {hsance, the Pac he Ocean is eicled by a chain of voleanes. tis known a5 the Ring of Fic ‘Every time a volcano erupts, scientists lean more about the causes and cffects of volearc eruptions, Perhaps someday they will even be able to predict when a vleano is abou! to explode, Choose the best alternative t@ complete each statement below, according fo the text 1, A volcan eruption is. |A) violent natural shaking ofthe earth 5B) someting found in both the South and Nosh Poles ©) ating which gives shape tothe ground ) amossage from the earth 1B) Somehing which plays a grat role in ies — ‘Giana oratorDeep into Meaning One Ut 6 eee Me toh One Ut c 2 According to the pasage A) voteanos ar infact passive all over the world 5) people sant to form new cities after a voleanic eruption ©) pressure inside the earth eases volcan eruptions ) lava begins o get hoon the surface af vole EE) tere are volcanoes in every country ofthe world ‘Voleanie activity is monitored by A) people ina volean area B) Formation of waves ©) movement of seas D) meteorologiss B) seismologists Match the words om the ft with their meanings on the right. Beenameune solid ‘AL thick sweet liquid esp sugar and water) huge BL below beneath C. ors abruptly and precipitously rast D. bias, blow up exist, BB. avery small mark shoot up very large symup G._ part ofthe earth above its core explode HL not easily moved or shaken spot T ahard outer covering mantle J. be, subsist Indicate whether the statements below are tue (1), fale (F) oF wot stated (NS) according tothe text. 1. The number of active voleanos is about 500. 2 People thought thal the fire shooting out of «volcano was duc the fracture line. 3. Inside the earth tha is 9 great amount of pressure because of| the rocks above 44 Magma and guses shich are 5SO0%C keep the temperature of the earth's surface sable 5. Lava flows out to the surface ofa volcano a then cools down, 6. With the help of sientfic research we know more about the interior ofthe eth han its strface, 7. Alera voles: sryption, the sides of a voleano are built up by people 5. Scientss get knowledge about the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions ftom books, ree emereek One Unk 6 Deep into Meaning D ‘Gizender Vetere Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the text. 1. ground (line 2) 2) earth ») sew ©) postion 4) place 2, ancien: (ine 7) a) old ) live ©) star @) et 3, stable ‘tine 11) a) permanent >) duable ©) setled @) tiga 4, squeere (line 17) a) pide Bese © py © pay remerdous (ine 2) a) good by bewtital ©) huge 4) clever 15Unit 7 ATTHE CENTER OF THE STORM ‘Tropical ocean storms that start near the West tndies are called hurricanes Those tht begin in the Pacific Ocean ate clled typhoons. ‘Hlumicanes are made wp of lage ctele of storm clouds hundreds of Kilometers wide. Thete is a hole, called the eye of the buricane, in the ‘5. middle of the clouds wher the aris completely calm, We don’t exactly know what causes these storms. They start near the ‘equator whete the aris ho, damp, and still, When this ai rises, rain clouds form, Then something causes the cloud to stat tuning. The hot ar atthe center forms an eye, and the stom becomes a hutricane when the wind 410, reaches a speed of 119 kilometers an hour. urscanes are very stomg. Wind speeds may reach 322 kilometers an thou, The storm causes huge oocan waves which ca flood towns and cites along the coastline. Hurmsanes can also uproot tees and ter buildings spar. 15. People living along the route of a huricane get hit by ta stems Fest comes the blowing wind ad driving rain ofthe inital line of clouds, After ‘while, the storm lessens andthe ran stops. The air becomes hot and stil. Al this point, the eye is pasing overhead. Sometimes i takes more than af hhour to move on. After the eye passes, the back portion of clouds arrives, 20. The storm becomes iene. The sind blows and the rain pours down, Eventually this pat ofthe storm ao passes on, Hurricanes and typhoors are named in alphabetical order. Every year the fist huricane of the soaron ia given a name beginning with A the second receives a name stating with B and 20 on, A Choose the best altenative 49 complete each statement below, according othe text. 1. Hurricanes are storms which AA) star near the Wes Indies B) always stay cal ©) happenin the Pasife Ocean D) finish quickly ) tear people apan 2. According to the passage A) storms begin aroand the poles 1B) hurricanes and typhoons both happenin the Pacific ) te reason for these storms i yet unexplained D) there isn't any reatonship between storms and ocean wayes| ) typhoons do nt do any damage to coastal aeas : eservesDeep into Meaning 3, Hurricanes may have wind speeds ~ |) uplifting on the equator zone B) of more din 250 kilometers per hour (©) of ot more than 119 Kilometers pee hour D) thatare named in alphabetical order B) whith cause typhoons B_ Match thewords on the left with their meanings on the right. 1. Mood reat in strength or degree, concentrated 2. yphoos ‘ery large 3 intense the shape ofa coast & completely D. wet 5 calm EL totally 6 damp F._astonm with very strong fast winds 7 sit G. quiet untroubled huge HL Violent Pacific storm 9. hurricane 1. not moving 10. coastine J greatovertiow of water C Indicate whether the statements below are zee (1, fale (P) oF not slg (3) serge Len 1. We ean describe the storms that begin in the Pacific Ocean oF near the West Indie as tropical torms. 2, Hiricanes and typhoon start where the ai is hot and humid XA tricane is kind of storm whichis weak. 4 Inthe formation of hurricanes, rain clouds have a major roe 55 Typhoons and hurricanes can uproot massive things from the cath 6, The eye of astm is its most vient and destrctve par. 7. Huxicanes and typhoons ae assigned particular numbers. D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word a5 used in the text 1. uprootiine 13) a) tumupside down 1) tearupby the rots ©) breakdown @) plant eeeoh One ~ Unk? Deep into Meaning 2. tear (ine 13) a) full of water 1) pall apart or into pieces ©) drop of liquid tha comes from the eye 4) great amount of water 13. route ine 15) a) side ») tum © way signal 4, blowing (ine 16) 1) forming 1) sending outa strong current of ae ©) running 4) shouting ‘5. initial dine 16) 4) happening atthe begining by forming atthe end ©) unique {8} having the quality of goodness10 1s UNIT 8 A Man OF Courace AND DETERMINATION In.1977, 8 Canadian basketball player named Tenty Fox began fee! pain in his sight ke. The doctors who examined him found cancer and “mptsted his eg sbove the knee. For most peopl, this Would have meant the end of running. But Terry FFox was not an ordinary person, He hada stong wil, and he decided to ran all the way across Canada to raise money for cancer research. Terry's ran ‘vas called the "Marathon of Hope" ‘Beginning on Canada’s caster coast, Tey ran about 20 miles day He ran in all typesof weather, ain, snow, and buming hes. Sometimes the ‘stump oa his ampsted leg would bled, but he did't stop ‘Soon people began to take notio of Terry's marathon. Th ame by the handed to wsch him pase by. In Toronto alone, ten thousand people ‘cheered him on. He was written abou in newspapers around the world “After Terry had run over 3,000 mies ands coming tothe end of his run, he began to fel pins in his neck and ad wouble breathing. The ‘cancer had spread » his lungs, and Terry couldn't continue his marathon, ‘Even though he died from cancer before reaching his goal of crossing Canada, Tey raised millon of dol forthe study ofthe deadly disease Fe alo inspnted millions of people by his great courage and strength of Wil Choose the best alternative 10 complete each statement below, sccording tothe tex 1. Accord the ka |) did not mean the end of running for him 1) checredthousinds of people ) gave pains in is noc and ilfcuty in beating 1) easel some pain in his ight leg 1) made him despair gto the passage, the amputation of Terry's leg above 2. Because of Terry's courage and determinat A) people mn across Canals B) people ost thei ives (C) many people were nspted and many joined him D) sts proven tat 3.0 mies could be un 5) millions of dollars have bee collected for cancer research 3. Although ‘Terry wasn’t able to ful Canada, A) he accemplished his purpose of showing the importance of| cancer search 1) he was able to meet people from different pans ofthe world ©) he ram inal types of weather D) he ran the raster coast ) he ram about 30 mils day his goal of crossing = 19c 20 ‘Match the words on the ft with their meanings onthe right. Aexamine cutoff 2amputte bravery Swill inland exhale ir ‘Scmarsthon volition = mental faculty. by which one deliberately decides pon a course of ation S.stump analyze in detail Srnec scam with happiness Tibneathe 4G, stimulate to ation Binspire HL apart that remains after the tntin part as been cut of S.courage 1. along distance race 1-cheor J. the par of the body joining the head wo the tunk Indicate whether the statements below are ire (1), fale (F) oF not ‘sated (NS) according to the text 1 2 3 “The pain in Try’ igh eg. was caused by cancer Ten) Fox encouraged disabled people to run ‘The "Marathon of Hope” aimed to collect money for cancer research ‘Terry's marathon was not supported by nonprofit organizations. Inspired by Terry Fox's grea courage sod will, many people {ourded cancer research nstittions, ‘Terry was able vo complete his marathon even though the cancer had spread to his ang Tory ete! feel some pin in hie by midway through the marathon, ‘Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the text 1. determination ite) 4. raise ine 6) a) resolteness| a) eet, by serike ) increase ©) sentence ©) bring up 4) regulation @) collect, 2. pain (line 2) 5. spread (line 16) 2) injury a) extend by penalty for acrime by scatter ©) feeling of discomfort ©) develop «d) bleeding in the body @) progress 3. ordinary (ine 8) » » ° o exceptional fandom stormal0 1s UN & THE LARGEsT BirD IN THE WoRLD "The largest living bitds can’t fy! They are so big that it has become impossible for then to takeoff into the sit: Their wings ae like big fans Ax are fo0 Weak oi the birds up ofthe ground. ‘Even though they can't fly, ostriches ean run. They are almost as fas a5 racehorses. Thr wings help them keep their balance while runing ‘Ostriches lve in large flocks in the dry aeas of Africa. They wander round looking for food, ucually plans or small piles. Because the birds live in dry regions, they often have to go 2 long time without drinking water This isn't a roblem as long as they have enough green plants to eat “The male ostrich ie good father and helps care tor the babies. He digs 1 shallow hole inthe sand and sits on it. The mother bird Lays the eges in front of him, a he pts them into the hole. He incubate the eggs with his ‘wan body every day from the afternoon uni the neat morning. The ‘mother Keeps the exes warm the rest of the tie. “Aer the babies hatch, both parents look after them and protect them from danger. If teatening animal spears, ane pent stacks it and the ‘other huredly leas the babies wo a safe place. Ostiches are good fighters ‘One kick from thir lige, two-toed fet can teat open ions boy. Choose the st alternative to complete each state according to the tet 1. The wings af ostriches help them ~ A) threaten their enemies B) fly wher they are in danger (©) Keep their bance while running 1) run fast-na hurry when their abies ae in danger ) ake shade when tis very hot 2, According othe passage, ostriches A) liven small groups 1B) ocd tt of drinking water ©) give mile to their young D) also livein some repions of America ) like eating plants 3. The femaleosteieh 2B) igs usta Coops the eggs warm inthe moning ) incubats the egas a night ) {ced the habies whenever the male asrich wants —_——oSDeze into Meaning Book One Vat? B c “Match the words on the left with their meanings on the right. take off A. area weak 1B. & group of animals tich C. notdeep lie D._ rise up inflight flock ‘owe about t random wvander produce exes alg ‘ot physially song clevate abi bind Femove sand with fool Indicate whether the statements below are tre (1), false (F) or not stated (NS) according to (etext. |. Ostiches can’t ly because they have small wings. Ostriches are good ruoers. Ostrich ive in cel regions Ostriches eat rept o plans The female ostrich digs a shallow hole in the sd “The masher also incubates the eggs with her warm body. Cviches cannot defend themselves propel. ‘Choose the appropriate definition foreach given word as used inthe text 1. reptite dine 7) 4. threatening line 16) a) insects, bees 4) coming ina dangerous way 1) eapls, aeons, seagulls 3) searching ©) snakes, ards eartworms €)_ turing over in the desert 4) clephans, leopards, chetahs —) with am of harming uate (ine 12) 5. hurriedly (line 17) 4) lay on ground a) quickly 1) keep warm | i) seriously 6) walk around ©) nervously 4) tum up and down 4) carefully 3. hate (ine 15) 8) come out of, break out of 1) grow into ©) produce rapidly 4) all inside, suck aeeceeeeeecee ‘Givender Yavin10 ‘s » UNir 10 THE MECHANICAL ga GHESS-PLAYING TURK In the eighterth century, an inventor named Baron Wolfgang von ‘Kempelen built & mechanical robot that could play chess. The machine Tooke ike a man and sas dressed in Turkish cloding. The chess-playing ‘Turk could win evry game it played! "The robot was bul in Vienna in 1769. Isat behind achest which was 4 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 fee high, A chessboard lay on the chest, and the Turk moved th pieces with his left hand ‘Before games, Baron von Kempelen opened the chest to show people the complicated machinery inside. The robot beat many famous opponents ft chess including Empress Catherine the Great of Russia and Napoleon Bonapare. "Bat this amazing invention was a fake, and the Baron was a tiekstr Many. people beteved that the games’ were played. by very good chest paying midgets. Actually, fullgrown man coold fit nthe chest td contra the rote, "Magnets were tached tothe base ofthe chess pieces, and small metal, bulls wete connecied to threads below the chessboard. The balls stuck to the top of the chest because of the magnets. When the chessmen Were ‘moved, the player hing in the chest could keep tack of the game by ‘Watching the movement ofthe balls. ‘Only after Barn von Kempelen died in 1804 was the seeret of the mechanical chesslaying Turk discovered. The machine was brought (0 the United States nd putin a museum in Philadelphia, Unfortunately, this Interesting device was destroyed in a fre in 1854 Choose the best al according tothe text native (0 complete cach statement below, 1. The Baron convinced people by {9 sayings win ey goo ces: laying niet ) Showing them the complicated machinery inside ©) saying tha he machinery wes bus in Viena with bigh technol D) saying his robot could beat even Napoleon Bonaparte B) saying tat here was a Turk inside 2. The trick was that A) people saw the fullgrown man who fit in the chest and ‘ontold the robot B) people noticed that the games were played by very good chess-paying midgets (©) Since hee were magnets, the player hiding inthe chest was able torollow the game by watching the movement ofthe metal balls D) a chessvoard lay on the chest, and the Turk moved the pieces with hiseft hand ) the rbut had very complicated machinery inside 23Deep into Meaning 3B ‘The mystery of the robot was solved. A after it was pat in a museum B) only after it was brought tothe USA. ©) after it was destoyed ina fire in 1854 D) afer the death ofthe Baron in 1804 B) after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte B___ Match the words on the kft with their meanings on the right beer 1 ® 3. 0. include ‘A. a person who produces something new ‘opponent B. game fortwo players each of whom moves 16 pices across aboard wickster .abox with id or cover chest Da very small person midget 1B. ifficult to understand secret F._aperson wh i against something or chess contain fake EL something kept hidden complicated 1. person who deccives or cheats others x inventor Something that i nt what it loks ike C Indicate whether the sta-ements below are irue (1), false (F) oF not stated (NS) according tothe text. 1. The chess playing Turk was the name ofa mechanical rbot. 2. The clothing of the robot symbolized the quality of being unbeatable 3, The chess-playing Turk was seldom beaten. 4 The robot defeaed some’ famous people like Napoleon Bonaparte and Empress Catherine the Great, 5. Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen deceived people by his rick, 6. The player hiding m he chest was a Turk 7. The Seeret of the robot was discovered in Philadelphia, D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the L wide ine 6) 4. attach die 16) a) edge a) match 3) broad ) close ©) long ©) comect @) sie @) keep off beat (line 9) 5, destroy (ine 24) a) compete a) ruin ) injure ») deliver ©) defeat ©) strike 4) succeed @) betray include (ine 10) a) complain b) progress ©) comprise 4) comment SE Sinemato Is wor 11 An Army OF ANTS ‘An army is advancing trough the forest, tacking every living ereature init path, But the solders aren't peopl, they're ants! They are called ‘army ais and they are searching for food. “The soldiers fd sick armadillo that can't move. It's much bigger than ‘he ans, but they swarm over it in their thousands and chew i bis ‘Army ants don't live in 4 nest, Once in while, they stop moving and “make camp", maybe Beneath 2 wee. The insects form a bi, listening cluster, Their queen then lays thousands of eggs. At the same time, ‘thousands of ther baby ants lc in cocoons, slowly changing int adults. “After about te days, the eggs hatch into small grubs called larvae. The ‘young ants have ako become alts by tis ime, and they hatch from ther {ocoons. Both the lrvas andthe young adults are very hungry. They must taco the amy begins moving ina seach fr food “The ants can” see where they are going, Mos pes of army ants are blind. A each at moves forward, it leaves a scet wall So the ats simply follow one another's tails Because the ans inthe lead have no trail 10 fellow, the whole column moves forward blindly. Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below, according tothe tex 1. Ants carry home food which is bigger than themelver by A) takingthe food on thee backs and moving together B) using aliva (©) Swarming over the food and chewing itt bits 1) stopping and often taking arest while moving the food ) burying the food 2, Baby ants turn into adults ~~ |) alte the queen lays thousands of ee 'B) nly ater hatching fom thee cocoons (©) when hey tur nt laae ) aboutien days fom bith E) afer lying eee 3. Although ants ae blind, they can follow each other because: |A) they remember where they hd passed before B) they Hold each others back foot n order not wo Tose each other (6) they Keep tack oftheir leader 1D) the wole ant column moves forward in sequence ) they lave scent rail follow ——= 25Deep into Meaning B 26 One Vit 11 “Match the words on the ft with their meanings on the right Toad hate adult 1 3 4 5 6 se 7 ® °. 0. Indica s sinctive odor ‘cause to emerge from an exe sll piece, porion oup of things gaered closely together tending toward the front 4 ewly hatched insect ‘natk trace or path left by a moving body I. one that sally grown or mature the silky or fibrous pupal case spun by ‘move quickly in large numbers FrEOMES ope ue whether the statements below are true (T), fale (F) oF not stated (NS) according tothe text. 1 2 5 4 é t ‘Anis attack every living creature in their path when they are ‘advancing trough the forest. ‘A sik insect ean defend itsef from being eaten, 3. Sante ants ive beneath a tes, ‘The queen eas some of the workcr ans to have tength aby ants in cocouns become adults inten day The leading ants abvay’s know where they are going. Although ants ate Mind, they leave ascent wall 10 follow, woos the appropriate definition foreach given word as use in the 1 4. chew fines) a) raise a) grind with the teeth 3) fasten b) talkialy ©) propose ©) mix 4) tomove forvard @) disobey 2, attack line 1) 5. tay dine 8) 8) riicize strongly a) pot forth Db) assis 1) sien 6) to set upon with vident force e) I 4) (o start working wits vigor 42) produce and deposit 3: search lie 3) a) Took for b) goaround ©) instigate @) examineUNIT 12 THE TROJAN Horse In ancient times, there was famous city named Troy. It was protected bby huge was with sturdy gates. An amy of Greeks had attacked Troy for number of years, but they could not capture it ‘One day the Trojans awake 10 find that the enemy had departed. It |S seemed thatthe Greeks had given up the siege, boarded their ships, and sled away. The people of Troy Were very happy. At the same time, they ‘Siw a large wooden statu ofshorse infront ofthe ety gates. The Trojans ‘ought tha it was an offering from their enemy, and they brought it inside the walls 40. Alter celebrating thet vetory well into the night, the Trojans went to sleep. Not everyone inthe ety was asleep however. Sounds came from inside the horse, Suddenly «sceet door opened, and Greek soldiers began climbing out ofthe statue. They quietly made their way tothe gates ofthe tty and unlocked them, Outside, the rest of the Greek army. which had 15. only pretended to leave, was waiting. The soldiers swiflly entered the city land began lighting tres and killing the Trojans while they slept. The tick hhad worked, and roy was captured and destroyed bythe Greeks, “The story of the Trojan Horse i very ol, and for centres, people was (ue. Eventually, however i eame fo be regaled 3s A Choose the test alternative to complete each statement below, according othe text. 1. Accoraingto the passage, the Greek army |) was made up of sturdy soldiers B) departel fram the ey without a fit C) unlocked the gates and allowed the Trojan to come in D) awakened to find that the Trojans wet sleeping 1) eneredthe city with the help of a wooden horse 2. Seemingly, the Greeks had given up the siege, but AA) Helena changed the plan 8) some Trojans entered the Greek Headquarters ©) they were just pretending to withdras D) lack of food and ammunition made it worse ) they thought of offering a present to Agamennon 3. When the Trojans sav’ the giant wooden horse, ~~. A) they relly appreciated that work of at BB) they thought that wae eit fom ther enemny ©) being ina slate of shock, they pretended tobe alm D) they wre sleping ) sounds came from inside the horse ‘Givender Yormfons conn adDeep into Meaning Book One. Vit 12 BB Mate the words on the ett Boesaneepe er meanings on the right Iuge Ae mae of wood secret BL very large eventually C. toleweaplace, eg. city colfesing DD. damage and run completely swift BE. toputona file show slege Fhidden epart Gift present ‘estoy HH. happening at a later ime oe athe end ‘wooden 1. quick pretend J Sutound to attack C Indicate whether the statements below are fue (1), false (E) oF not sated (NS) according to the text. D Choose the appropri 1. Trojans invaded the legendary city ofthe Greeks, 2. When everyone in the city had fallen asleep, the hidden soldiers got out of the hors 3. The Trojans were snown to be the most cunning people in the st centary Iwas very easy forthe Gree o conquer Troy The large wooden horse actually had all the Greek amy inside, 5. The Trojan Horse story was thought tobe absluely real in de past . The soldiers enterd Troy with loud noises to frighten their inition foreach given word as used inthe text sturdy (line 2) 4 swiftly line 15) a) strong a) very rarely 1) stubborn by quickly © had ©) snddenly huge 4) smoothly capture (lie 3) 5. regard (lines 19) a) keop an eye 4) show admiration ) catch ) payatention 6) conguer ©) state @) aves, 4) consider | board dine 5) a) geton 1) have board ) start 4) separate —_——E——EEE—EEEE “Gender Volar10 Is 20 A uN 13 THE Story OF AusTRALIA ‘Simeon Lord vas an English robber who was putin ail fr stealing some bolts of clot, Beeanse the prisons in England were so crowded, he ‘vas sent to Austral His ship arvel at Sydney Cove in Australia in 1791, As Simeon left the boat, he looked around atthe new land. The sun vas very hot and a few hte along the shore were the only dwellings. Some felds bordered by a great forest sched into the distance bayond the shoreline, Simeon ‘would live ere forthe next seven year Simeon was among one of the earliest groups of British prisoners sent to “Australia, The firs convits hal arved tree Years before in 1788. Only a few ‘white sctiles were living in the country. Most of Australia's inhabitants a te te were Aborigines. They had been there for centres. in the following eighty years, thousands of English convicts were ‘rangported ta Australia They led 3 hard life in the new land. Many died hile tolling inthe fields or working on building projects. They also died from starvation and disease, However some of the prisoners survived and ‘even managed to frosper. ‘Simeon Lord wa among the lucky few who lived. He gained his freedom aller seven years of confinement, Rather than retuming. (0 England, he bocame a merchant, bringing food and supplies 10 the new talony at Sydney Cove. Overtime, the setlement grew. Today, Sydney is the largest city in Ansel. ‘Choose the pest ltermatve 49 complete cath statement below, according to the text 1, ‘Though a ew white men were living in Australia in 1791 A) they wer hap in their new colony 'B) thought war suck on their mind: To survive {C) inos ofthe dweller ofthe lind were Aborigines 1D) their hears were burning with desire to retu to their homeland they were among the ist descendants of today’s Austalans 2. Upon arriving at Sydney Cove, Simeon Lord. AA) though that it was paradise on cath B) lookedaround the new land and saw a few houses onthe shore ©) swasthe frst mano sate in the wild lands of Canberra County 1) immed ately called his servant who was working i he fells B) wassmong the lucky anes who survived 3. Many ofthe criminals in that island prison —~ |A) spent many years of imprisonment in buildings detached from the outde world 18) tied toescape ether than Bear this burden (C) ied while working hard in the feds o on building projects D) were te merchants of dy tecks in England 1B) were paced in concetration camps inthe forestsDeep into Mear B__ Match the words on the lft with their meanings on the right. 1. dwelling AA. thio, burgae 2 cove B. ous, residence 3 hut C. colony inhabitant D. small house 5 toil extend, reach 6 prosper someone ving in place 7. Settlement G. tay, inet convict HL work hard, stugsle 8. stretch Lsiceeed, advance 10. robber J. Grimina, prisoner C Indicate whether the statements below are tre (1, fale (E) oF not sated (NS) according tothe text. 1, Simeon Lord was arich businessman wise ship fad gotten lost, inthe open sea 2, The first conviets ive in Australia before Simeon. 3. One moming, Lord awoke to find that he was a prisoner ofthe Aborigines. ‘The English established a new colony in Sydney Bay, 5. Indeed, Australia wis a dry and cool land without tees ‘The reason why criminals were sent Australia Was the lack of aplce for them in Engl ‘4 §, The prisoners were ble to get along with the Aborigines 6 1 D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the text 1. jail dine 1) 4, confinement (line 19) 2) judgement 8) confusion i) prosection ) entance ©) prison ©) compliment ) tal 4) imprisonment 2. border (line 6) 3. merchant (line 20) a) march along a ine a) tansporter 1) cover an owned area 1) person who makes trades ©) touch the edge ot «) person who grows ‘boundary Industrial plants 4) liveneara county one who makes intemationl agreements 3. starvation (ine 16) a) hungce D) fight 6) miscariage @) loss 30 ‘Gavender Vepiion10 Is 2» UNir 14 WATCHING THE WEATHER Everyone watches the weiter, but no one can determine exactly how the weather will be tomourow or next week. Scientists who study the ‘weather eat eve tell his. ‘These scientist are called meteorologists, and they try (0 forecast the ‘weather Sometimes tei forecasts are wrong because the weaer changes so quickly, ih many ways, meteorologists work like detectives. They search for lues about the weather. They meas the speed and dretion ofthe wind, “They record the tempertue, air pressure, and amount of moisture i the airs With radar, fey can even Toeate approaching storms more than 300 Kallometers aa ‘Meteorologist: also release gasilled balloons imo the sky. These balloons cary inruments that messute weather conditions and radio the information back spoval stations onthe eat ‘Sullites in space also watch the weather, They take pictures ofthe clouds below and stooms which ae forming. "The photos are then sent to cath ‘Meteorologist: collect reports about the weather fom al ovr the world ‘With this informatio, they prepare special weather maps. Forecasts are nade by using computer, and the information is eventually sent on to you. Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below, ‘ccoring to te tex 1. By wsingradars, meteorologists =~ {A} use the information sent by stlites 1B) work [ke detectives to forecast the weather (6 search or clues about the weather ) continously forecast posible tornadoes 1B) ean find storms coming Irom hundreds of miles away 2, Instrumess in balloons measure weather conditions and ~ |A) monitor the changes in the seas B) collect reports about the weather from all over the worl (©) record he moisture in he ar 1D) send the information to stations onthe earth B) try to determine the following day's forecast, 23. Satelltesin space AA) send sgnals othe earth BB) measure the speed and di tion ofthe wind (©) photograph storms and clouds below 1) fe made of ceramic to resist atmospheric heat BE) record the temperature, tr pressure and moistureDeep into Meaning ook One Vt 14 B_Mateh the words on the lt with their meanin 1 om the Fight etermine A. information helping to solve 4 problem, hint’ radio Brite down oe used later forecast CC. tofind the size / weight speed ete clue D. yet exactly E__ fool used fora cents ask measure F. atlas inthe end even completely, thoroughly vent decide record broadcast instrament Hrd with te help of some C Indicate whether the statements elow are rue (T), fase (R) oF not stated (NS) aecording tothe text. D Choose the appropriate defini 1 Meteorologists prepare special weather maps. by collecting formation fom al over the world Scientists who study the neater determine weather changes Meteorologiss infor leal TV stations about the weather. ‘A meteorologist works lke 4 detective since he uses radar and satellites, ‘The photos taken by satlites show clouds below and storms which are forming. ‘The gas in balloonshelps predict weather conditions. Meteorologists” predictions can be wrong because sometimes they get wrong infomation The occupation of a meteorologist is not only to forecast the weather, Dt alo tote the Ture. eon for each given word a5 used in the text 1. moisture ine 9) 4. release line 12) 2) tiny drops of water 8) newly publication 1) traces of mud bb) move up ©) acloud ©) to 4) icin the atmosphere 4d) recover 2. locate (line 10) 5. form (ine 16) a) find the exact place a) give a shape ) sense ») Kexpin ft ©) predict ©) grow into adulthood ive postion 4) begin to exist and develop 3. approaching line 10) 8) becoming stronger coming close ©) becoming bigger0 UNIT 15 _ AFRICAN CROCODILES Even though ey are smaller now, African crocodiles look the same as they did during the ime ofthe dinosaurs. Dinosaurs died out long ago, bt ‘erocodiles continte to ive on the earth Because erocalies are similar dinosaurs, scientists can learn about life on our planet 70 million years ago ‘Crocodiles are among the largest repiles. “They live near rivers and spend most of the day lying nthe sun. AU nih, they say in the water Fish are a avert fod for small crocodiles. Larger crocodiles can eat big animals, They float on the water like logs, wating to suprise an ‘imal, When the animal comes to the eiverto drink, the crocodile grabs its head of leg, The reptile pulls the animal into the water, drowns it and tears itapan, Female crocodiles dig hols along the rive bank, They lay their eggs in the holes and cover them with sand. Mother crocodiles guard their eggs Baby crocodiles make tiny croaking sounds when they batch. When their ‘mother heats these noses, she starts digzing ole them out ofthe tole. She then puts the babes into special pouch in er mouth. The baby erociles ‘an look out between their mother's eet, With her mouth hal-lose, she fakes her babies tthe water. Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below, according tote text 1. Since the ime of dinosaurs, African crocodiles ~~. A) have become extinct 1) have kept thei body identical without even a small change ©) have ded because they could not survive 1) have bon std by scientists B) have kept their body unchanged though they were bigger than they a now 2. African crocodiles spend their time near rivers ~~ A) searching fr smal fish which are thee favourite fod B) flowin onthe water ike logs © lying in the sun and staying inthe water at night D) looking for large reptiles to have a good mea ) waiting for an animal to suprise 3. When nevly-born crocodile babies make sounds after hatching, A) the mater grabs their heads 1) the maher crocodile guards them (©) the mater digs and lets them out ofthe ole 1D) the mater puts them ito a special pouch inher mouth E) the mater crocodile covers the hole with SdDeep into Meaning ok One . Vit 15 BMateh the words on the et with their meanings on the right. 1. crocodile’ AL emerge from an egg 2 almost) Blow hoarse sound 3. reptiles Calarge wopical aqui reptile favourite D._allby suffocating in water 3. drown E, any various cold: Hooded vertebrates 6 sind Fone liked above all thers 1 croak early & hace HH. apt ofthe body which sik a pocket 9. pouch loose, granular, “grity” panicles of isinegrated rek. © Indicate whether the statements below are true (1), false (F) oF not stated (NS) aecording tothe ext. 1 AL Affican crocodiles have not changed but have become smaller since the time ofthe dinosaurs Croco always ive inthe water s. Hoth dinosaurs androcodiles died out lng ago ‘Moher crocodiles protect their babi unl they ean swim, Scientists can lat about the life of ober creatures tha ved in the past by examining crocodiles. Baby crocodiles become adults several weeks after birth Reptiles eat other animals by drowning them and tearing them apa wee ne D Choose the appropriate dsfinition foreach given word as used in the text 1. tog line 9) 4. bank (ine 13) a) Adevice used to a) side ‘determine the speed 1) mide bra ship ©) smal island by Attunk or section ofa 4) fiverbed fallen wee (©) A recond ofa ship's speed 4) A Mat carrying deve in water 2. grab line 10) 5. ay (ine 13) a) amest a) manufacture 1) make something happen ——_-B)- produce ©) graspséenly ©) seize 8) capete 4) deceive 3. tear (line 11) a) lisunte » ey ) pull par or into pices 1d) make worse 340 Is 20 UNIT 16 Too MucH OF A GooD THING All of ws dream of living in a waem climate and lying inthe sun ll day. ‘But scientists are saying that we ae geting (Oo meh sun and it can be harmful, Although the sun is necessary for human lif, it also contains Partly, For milions of years the earth was protected from these rays by a layer ‘of a ga called ze, Now this layer is being damaged by chemicals used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol cas. These chemicals destroy the ozane and large holes ate appearing in this layer allowing the harmful rays ofthe sun to ach the earth The earth sain geting too warm because of too much carbon dioxide “This ga x produced by the burning of fuels ro warm our homes, oun out ars and f0 manuiacture things we need. This ga is used by wees and plants but everywhere in the world trees and plats ar being cut down. In fhe mesatime, mere and more carbon dioxide is being made. Since the Plants cause itp as fasta it is made, it collects in the sky and prevents the earth from cocling. Scientists ae afraid that asthe world gts warmer, the polar ice caps will melt and thousands of cities near the coasts of the ‘continents wil be underwater. ‘Global warming and damage tothe ozone layer can be stopped, but we mast al do ou shire to stop then Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below, ceoraing to etext, 1. slthough ve dream of ying inthe sun al day, is also —~ A) necessary for human ie 'B) damagig tothe body © pveced by the atmosphere D) destroying the ozone layer B) sent in anning 2. People areexposed 0 the harmful rays ofthe sun because of A) the cating down of trees and plans 1) the emission of too much carbon dioxide sas ©) the moling of polar ice caps D) spreading floods on the coasts ) the destucton of the ozone layer 3. The earth s warmer because of AA) harnful rays ofthe sun BB) too mish carbon dioxide being produced (©) the baring of artificial fuel D) the planing of trees ) the use of at-condtioners 5 Gaon VarnaDegg into Meaning ook One Unit 16 B c 36 Match the words on the ft with their meanings on the right, 1. limite A, alayer ofthe atmosphere 2 contain BR, evering 3. chemical C. change from a solid to liquid state 4 cap D. ofa pole or poles 5. fucl keep from eccurng top 6 manufacture FL seater conditions in an area 7. melt G. include 8. ovone make 9. polar 1. pstining to chemistry 10, prevent J.matrial used to produce heat Indicate whether the staements below are tre (1), false (F) oF not stated (SS) according tothe text. Bing exposed to mo much sun causes cancer, The rays ofthe sur can be both harmful and beneficial ‘Some ma-made chemicals damage the ozone. Carbon dioxide contains two oxygen molecules. Carbon dixide mostly resuls from plants burning fuel "The carh isnot indanger of being underwater Global warming wil lst forever. ‘Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as sed in the text 1. harmful ine 3), 4. in the meantime (line 13-14) 3) outrage + a) meanwhile ») influencing Dy atthe same time ©) wounding «late on 18) damaging 4) moreover 2, ray dine 4) 5 global (ine 19) a) race a) sphere ) kind of gas by globe ©) asteaght fine ©) worldwide 4) beam of ight @) cath 3. layer ine 5) 4) combined levels ofsand or soil ) a thickness of some material oer a surface 6) covering ear things completly 2) inhibiter10 Is » 2s wor 17 TEMEL ON AN ISLAN ‘Three survivor: fom thee differen countries woke up onthe shore of ‘an island one day- They had been swimming fora fon, time and were very tired when they reached the island, so they fll asleep where they were ‘Whea they woke up the only thing thy knew was that they were ona very anal island somewhere inthe middle of the Pacific. One of the survivors tras a Frenchman, the second was a German and de hid was Temel, rom “Turkey, Fortunately they all spoke English snd managed to communicate ‘vith each other, They decided thatthe First thing they should do is find ‘some food, becauie they were all hungry. They searched the island for food, but i was avery smal istand and tere vas no food anywhere. But ‘one ofthe survivors found strange botle oa the shoe ad showed it tothe ‘others, They al looked a for a while and then decided fo open it to see vt was inside. As 000 a8 they opened the Bote, a column of sinoke {shod out of the bt. The smoke formed itself into a cloud, and then & enie peared aif from nowhere, The genie was 9 big that his slippers ‘rere om the ground ad his turban was almost touching the sky. The three urvivors got scared, bul the genie fold them that he would give each of them wish, Whatever they waned was no problem. The genie could do anything for them 'Hecause the Frenchman had found the botle, he decided to go frst, He told the genie that he wished 1 beat home with his family in St Malo, The fenie clapped his hand and the Frenchman was gone. Then the Gesman Sid that Be wished tobe nar wih all his old fend from Hamburg. In the same way the genie clapped his hands forthe second time and the ‘German dsappeased too. Then the gene asked Temel for his wish, but ‘Temel could ao think of what he wanted. Temel thought and thought and hen sid to the genie: "Tcan‘ think cf what to wish fr, so T wish my fiends were hack here tohelp me decid ‘Chowse the Hest alternative to complete each statement below, according tote text. 1. "The first thing the survivors did was to ~ A) eat sommaing B) find the energy they needed ) som aeross the ocean D) look fr food B) dey theeclothes 2, Wecam eaily understand that the genie was very tall ~ 8) because his sippers were on the ground B) by looking at is physical appearance ©) at is trun almost louched the sky 1D) because he formed big loud ) since me know from o eultural background about genes D 37Deep into Meaning ook One. Vit 17 ‘3. Temel’s wish made the others? wishes invalid because A) they liked the isan less than Temel 'B) the French andthe German wanted to go back to their hometowns (C) they had to retum tthe sland ) itenabld ll of them to have what they all wished EE) hh could not make 1 decision without his frends B Vocabulary 1 cp \. a desire for making a patcuar thing happen 2 survivor burt, lw out suddenly 3 shore muslim or Indian traditional head covering 44 gush out, from) D. a person remaining alive after an accident, Erash, ete 5. slippers 8 magical spirit with extra powers 6 genie F to give shape to something 7. tarban the land along the edge of ase, lke, river & wish to put (one's hands) together quickly to ‘make aloud sound 9. form 1. alight shoe worn indoors Indicate whether the statements below are true (T), false (F) or not stated (NS) according to the text. 1. They vere all god swimmers bu they go tired and could reach only the island ‘There was settlement onthe island 3. They were hungrys0 they looked fr some fo. Ope ofthe survives Found a lamp on the Beach The genie sid tht he could grant any wish on the condition that it was resonable (6. The German was Fst ta say his wish, 7. The genie appeared ina cloud of smoke, {8 Temel wished the French ad the German would help hin, A. manage (ine 7) a) get bold ofacompiny by succeed ina doing or accomplishing ©) provide with nocesary skills 4) bo able fight aganst an injustice 2, search (ine 9) a) ty find 3) look fora lost item «) make a thorough check of something {bia a solution toa problem 2 oeon ait 17 Deep into Meaning 3. seared tne 17) a) frightened 1) having a feling of anxity ©) beoxming awa of something a) amoyed 4. disappear cline 25) 2) ass out of sigh; vanish ») cccir © hide behind something 18) come into being 5. decide ine 29) a) the ase of deceit 1) announce a verde ©) mabe up one’s mind 4) consider seriously 39UNIT 18 Why Does THE SUN SEEM TO CHANGE COLOUR? 10 I » 40 Why do the sun and the moon sometimes seem white and at othe times yellow or red? When iti in the horizoa, the moon often appeate to Be @ bright orange ball. Later on the same evening when iis dietly overhead, ‘he moon ‘has amore grey-white colour. ‘The sun exhibits the same ‘heaomenon, even thoug is harder look al "The answer i the facthat sunlight ~and of course all moonlight is only reflected sunlight ~ changes asi eaches the eath Sunlight is white light, but this white light actually contains all the colours of the rainbow. As Sunlight passes through the atmosphere to our eyes, the white light i split “ip int ts pars ‘When sunlight runs into molecules of gases or small particles in our mosphere, some parts ef the whit light ste scattered. Most of the Blue portion is scatered and when th light reaches us it has a warm colour Later, when the sun or tke moon is dzeetly oveshead, less ofthe light is Scattered and thas a whit appearance "Therefore, the change n colout ofthe sun or the moon from the horizon to dhe zenith can be explained by the shorter distance the light must tavel through the atmosphere ses. Nea he hovizon the igh pases through ‘more of the almosphere, wile overhead it travels & shorter path and the Tigh is es scatered and whiter. Choose the est alermaive to complete each statement below, according tothe text. 1. When ight travels a longer path it AA) doesn't setter 1) scatters les and is whiter (C) scatters and is nore colourtal D) becomes white B) becomes more Sue 2 Sunlight is whi ight but we se it in A) depends onthe day ofthe week B) it changes during the process of reaching the earth (©) the distance between the sun und the eath is shost D) it aves through space which is absolutly dark ') itscaters its whe colour to the planets Before reaches the EarthSeok On Deep into Meaning 3, Weseewarm colours inthe sky when A) colder colours cannot be seen by the naked eye BB) mos ofthe blue portion separates and is scatered out in our simsphere ©) when itis airectly overhead it seems tobe whiter D) ittravels a greater distance in certain periods of the year E) the sm or the moon are closer to the earth B- Match thewords on the left ith their meanings on the right. 1. horizon ‘AL to show a panioular quality, feeling or type of behaviour 2 bright to divide so tha it is in a mumber of ‘smaller separate sections 3. overhead C._ smal pices 4. exhib D._inconclusion 5. rainbow E,_partof something 6. splitup the space barween two points or places 7. panics G. a colourful are that we sometimes se in the sky when tis aining 8, postion 1 the tne inthe Far distance where the sky Seems to mest the land or the ea 9. heretire 1. above you or above the place you are talking about 10, distance J. the opposite of dark Indicate whether the statements felow are true (T), false (F) or not stated (NS) according tothe tex. 1. When you see the moon high up in the sky, it seems Yo Be more our ficult to look at the sun when itis just rising in the ming ‘3. Sunlight isin fact white Hight. 4.We see the moonlight and sunlight in different colours at siete times ‘5, Sunlight actually contains the colours ofthe rainbow. 2 6. There are two ends of rainbow and itis easy to loeate them ving naked eye 7. Gaveally the blue par of sunlight is scaltered in the mosphere —— ae ‘Sinem Volar 41Deep into Meaning D 42 ‘Choose the appropriate dein for each given word as sed in the 1. phenomenon (line 5) a) happening 1) scientific clue ¢} Something that is observed to happen oro exist, 4) 0 good or grea thar itis very unusual 2. scatter line 12) a) spread things over an area b) tienen ©) putoutof sight 4 hige 3. zenith (ine 17) 4) atime when something is most successful oF powerfal 1) the point at which de sun oF moon is dredy above you or a its hihest ©) particular plce dung a particular pti in istry 14) lob ime division 4. rise line 18) 8) increase B) move sideways 1) getomtof bed 4) ove upwards 5. path dine 19) 4) apiece of land 1) out that yon can ke or follow €) line which moves ina particular direction @) distance10 1s 20 wun 19 Our ENVIRONMENT “tn the time it tikes to rea this, more than a million pounds of materi that could have been recycled will be thrown away all over California, California Against Waste(CAW) Newsletter We are running ot of space in which to discard our garbage, and out current methods of dsposing of i re endangering the environment, One ‘Soltion to this pecblem is reyeling. Revyeling is the process of collecting used materials and remanufacturing tent info new products instead of throwing them away. ‘This process is important because it reduces the trash in. overcrowded Tanai, salvages materials that we can use f© make new produets, and save our natal resoures, ‘Used products may be converted or reuiized in a mumber of ways. Pape is feprocested into nev sheets, glass is cleaned and remolded, and plate is melied and formed into new products such as carpet backing, fence post, and drainage pipes. ‘Recycling is being dane worlwide. Japan recycles 95% ofits bots ‘and $0 ofa alain, the United States reyeles only 20% ofits bottles find 36% of it aluminum. In Germany '@ new law requires. product manufacturers to fete ways of teasing their packaging material Heling to solve the garbage crisis s something everyone can do if they jus remember thethree Rs: "reduce, reuse, and recyele Choose the est aliernative to complete each statement elow, according (othe text. 1. According to the passage the problem of disposing of garbage can be partly ved by ~~ A) burning B) sale tofactores ©) recycling D) exporting ') elnangits garbage into Fuel 2, == is nolan outeome of recycling A) Salvaging material B) Saving our natural resources ‘C) Making new material out of old ones D) Increasing the salary of garbage men 1B) Reducing te rash n overrowded landfills 3, = cam be reprocessed into fence posts or drainage pipes. AA) Old metal B) Plastic © Ghss D) Alvrinam Paper = 43Deep ito Meaning ook One Vit 19 1B Mateh the words on the left with their meanings onthe right. 1. recycle A. outflow of rainwater 2 dispose of B. waste material, 3. melt ©: getrid of 4 salvage D, puto a station that may cause harm 5 wage , change to liquid 6 ash barrier for showing a border 7, endanger tum into convert HL to process something to use agin 9, drainage 1 wate material, 10. fence save something by puting it into use again C Indicate whether the statements below are irae (1, fale (F) oF not stated (NS) according tothe text. 1. The lack of space forgetting sid of waste material puts cycling into a new ight, 2, Despite alt of publicity, recycling is not done in Europe. 3. Recycling is too expensive tobe done in developing counties. 4 Paper, glass and pasic ae examples of materials which are reeyeled. 8. The United States recyeles more of is hotles and aluminum ‘han Japan. 6 In Germany there has been a law for recycling for almost @ decade. 1. Recycling i in extensive use now in countries like the U.S.A, Japan and Germany 8, The thee Rs are reece, reduce and yeverse 1D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as sed in the 1. environment lise 5) 4. retold (line 13) 2) the woud around us 2) false information 1) desire for change ) putinco anew shape ©) housing ©) cutdowa 4) facilitation 4) makes new product 2. reduce (line 9) a) bring on wack require line 18) force odo something in by) dead beck by explain billy ©) make something less ©) Sx for help @) doagain @) tobe obliged do someting 3. reutitize ine 12) ) consume b) excessive reserve ©) make use of something again 4d) pollute repeatedly 610 1s 0 2 0 A Uninr 20 CLose CALL an La Plaunt hx learned stot about the land around Mt. Saint Helens ‘on the many camping tripe he had made with his father and brothers inthe tea His father had tught his sn how 0 survive in the woods, Ot ofthe four boys, Dan wasthe only one who liked taking photographs onthe tips ‘On May 17, 198, Dan's father ook hin, his brother Davi, and some friends camping next the mountain. They hoped to get a close Iook at the ‘Meumning voleano, bt they made sire thee campsite was well onside the ‘danger Zone stound the mountain. Early the flloving moming, the campers woke up suddenly when 2 fnuge temor shook the ground, Dan leapt out of his sleeping bag and ipabbed his camen. A huge plume of smoke was sing from Mt. Saint Ficlens, As clouds of ash and stam exploded from tbe mountain, Dan Sapped pictures Eat the wave of smoke and debris, mowing down large tec in its pl, beaded direcly towards the ampsie! ‘Leaving everyting behind, the group rn to the ear and speed off down the road As they fed, Dn rolled down a window and kept aking pices 'As they raced alo, they shouted to other campers to get out a8 fast. as posible. Trees snapped in the wind as it roared By. and bots of lightning Shot through the a Fortunately, an updraft pished the song winds over the tops of the trees ah the car approached Rifle Lake. The sky became dark and chunks tama hit the speeding automobile, The Windshield wipers broke so Dat Sn his father leaned oat fo wipe the mud of the glass. When they reached fat ground, flr covering fiften miles in ess than twenty minutes, the ait ‘vas led wath fling as “Afor calling thei failes from a nearby house, they hued home. But they were still weak and shaking with fight. Dan's exciting photographs were eventually prinwed in a major [American newspaper Even if ether people forget the eruption of MU. Saint Helens, Dan wil vay have his pictures remind him ofthe tremendous blast an his narow escape from death. Choose the best alternative to complete each statement below, according fo the text, 1, Reading the passage, we understand fat |A) we shot be caeful about the dangers of ving near mountins| 1B) itisota good ea to set up eamp near an erupting voleano 6) death comes quickly D) Dan LaPlaunt became a famous sesmologist ) voleanes erupt for years 45Deep into Meaning eens tae ne Unt 20 2. Imspite ofthe eruptica A) they didnot leave ei camp B) they camped neat he mountain (©) Dan kept on taking photographs D) they were fifteen niles away from the mountain B) they collected theircamping uensils broke the windshield wipers. 8) Ash B) Wind © Atree D) Lightning ) Mud 1B Match the words on the lf with their meanings on the right 1. mowing down A. quick shaking, vibrating movement 2 zone B. journey 3. leap C. otake suddenly steam Dz the. seattored “remains of destroyed things, 5. tip (0 jump over the ground quickly 6 debris F. runaway fom danger et x G._ region: tenntorys area 8 Hoe mise 3 1. very big w J. destroying in great number © Indicate whether the statsments below are rue (1), false (E) oF not sated (SS) according tothe text. 1. It took the campers less than 20 mites to reach flat ground after fifteen miles, ‘While they were runing away, Dan kept taking pictues from a window, 3. Me St. Helens once erupted in August 1903, ‘The wave of smoke and debris reached the campsite Iwasa mistaketo camp near the voleano “The eruption occured when a huge tornado rine the ld “The eruption of ML St.Helens was the second in one yea, ‘The eames were given medals for ther bravery, A great part ofthe lva began to low through tir cr, » Sewanee D Choose the appropriate definition foreach given word as used in the text 1. survive (ine 3) a) escape from D) keep on living ©) remain alive runawayook One Vat 20 into Meaning 2. sap (ne 18) 8) break suddenly D) immediate death ©) sie @) faa 3. hunk ine 20) a) pase 1) late piece «) stop @) remain 4, remind (ine 30) a) explain bey 1) > information ©) feeosider 4) mace someone remember 5. tremendous (line 30) powerful tronderf 6) excellent @) marvellous a7UNIT 24 Way Is THE Sky BLUE? ‘We ll like @ nice day witha cloar blue sky. But wht ist that makes the sky blue? Tis question has ben asked since prehistory. ‘The light coming from the sun is whit light but something must happen to it inthe atmosphere to make i appear blue tous. White ight is made up 5 of a spectrum of colours. If one colour is absorbed or subtracted in some ‘manne, the rest ofthe ight takes on some other colour as ares in 1869, John Tyndall a British scientist, suggested that dust and othe paticles in the atmosphere wer the cause of te bie colour. If this ere true, though, the sky" would change colour depending on the amount of 410. paticles in the sir. This pointed othe Fact that air isell was the reason. ‘When light comes inte the amosphere i is absorbed by gas molecules Which become excited by the added energy and then re-emit photons, Photons of different wavelengths have different colours, I was discovered ‘hat there are eight times more photons withthe blue wavelength I is 15 becaise of them that we see what an apparall Bue sky. There are oer colours inthe sky ut theres so-much blue that it drowns them out A Choose the best aluenative to complete each statement below, according tothe text 1. According tothe passage, white A) isthe remaining colour ofthe spectrum which ie not absorbed in the atmosphere 1) isthe easiest ofl colours tobe absorbed in the atmosphere ) tums into othercolour after entering the atmosphere D) isa sign that the weather is good B) inherits al the colours in it 2. The question of what makes the sky blue A) shard discussed B) hasn't been ansvered ©) vas answered hy Jobin Tyndall, in 1867 D) has een asked >y man sine the eas times 1) wasnt asked util 1867 ‘3. Imspite of other celours in the sky we ee i as ve because ~~ A) the other colours ate not absorbed in the atmosphere B) dust and pariciss prevent the light from reaching the surface of ‘he Earth ©) the light itself indeed, is white D) theres. great variety of wavelengths inthe sky B) the blue wavelength consiutes the ‘majority of re-emited porns 48 aera eer120k On Uae a1 Deep into Meaning B- Match the words on the let with their meanings onthe right. 1 2 10. prehistory ‘AL asfarasitcan be seen / understood sppear BB, to Become aware of or learn something that you didn't know before manner the time in Bistory” before any Information was writen down D. soem E. tome something happen F. to be affect or determined by some tater thing G. the way in which something is done HH. take something in 1. a fact of situation which explains why Something happens Je how much tere is, how much you have, noe or get CC Andicate whether the statements below are tee (1), fae (P) oF wot stated (NS) secording to the text. 1 The colour blue cannot be absorbed inthe atmosphere during the csorption process 2. Thecolour ble has «drowning function because i is dominant ‘over the other colors. 3. Theratest colour in the sky is said to be ble |4. Before John Tyndall, no ober scentist was interested in the ‘5. Ithas boon discovered thatthe colour of the sky isthe reflection oft oces (6. White light cons al ofthe oer ¢ sours 71. We:san seal colouts of the spect when we look a the sky. Choose theappropriate definition for each shen word as used in the 1 xt subtract (line 5) 2) takeaway 1) to alone number to another number «) to change 4) (0 fel that one isnot qualified enough for something 9. dust (ine?) a) nucleus 1) fine powder such as gold, coal ete ©) ait 4) very small dry pasteles of earth or sand ‘Gicender arateDeep into Meaning 13 emit (ine 12) 2) to produce energy 1) to produce or give out heat, smel ight or gas ©) to leave one’s ative county 48) the ability to share another persons estings and emotions as i they were your ova 4. photon (line 12) 4) technical erm in shyses, meaning colour 1) the study of speech sounds ina particular language ©) particle of ight, technical erm in physics 48) afechncal erm in ingusties 5. drown (line 16) fa) have large quantities of something 1) cover something cempletly ©) very smal drop of water 4) visit someone informally, usvlly without having aranged it beforehandUN 22 RaIsING A FAMILY ‘Buby mammals generally live insie their mother until they are bom, ‘They are connected to herby a tube. The babes get food and oxygen from their mother's body through the rbe. After becoming completely formed, © the bahies come ou oftheir mers body 5" Young manimal al eat the sme fod, They drink dheit mother’s mile ‘Baby pales, mice, whales and bats ll drink milk fom their mothers ‘Often, baby mammals remain weak and helpless far lng time. Kitens, puppies and mice ae all bora with closed eyes. They open ther eyes a few ‘days afer birth. Uke human babies, they also have weak legs. Their 20 mothers must care or them until they eam to valk, Some baby mammals fe stronger. Young giraffes can wall afew hours after birth ‘As young mammals grow, their jaws stengihen and ther baby txt fallout When new, sharper teth grow in their pace the babies ean Tear teat adult Food, 15." “Most small animals leam from thet patents how 10 find food, Plan-caters len vhere to find the tastiest morsels. Mest-eters lath Thnk, Other animals eam how to sim and dive for thet foo. ‘Small animals fice many dangers. They ned ther parents” protection to survive. But as they grow older, they must learn 0 ve on thelr own, They 20 lesen how to see, heat and sense danger. ‘When Young mimi can take eate of themselves, their parents drive them away, Maye new babies will be bor soon, and the ads will have tsp all ther ine taking care of them. Choose the best alternative 10 complete each statement below, aceording to the text 1. The first paragraph desribes AA) bow baby mammals are fed by their moters B) the ulesthat a mother manmal should follow during pregnancy (of pregnancy and how babies gel ntients 1) the very moment of bith of Baby mammals ') how abby matnmal i formed inside the mother 2. Once 4 mam row 's baby teeth fall out, new and sharper teeth AA) showing the mammal how toh B) gaining power and opening their eyes ) helping bby mammals digest adult Food DD) having them dive fr this food B) finding food with their parents ‘GleenderYornars 51Deep into Meaning One Ue 22 3. Upon becoming mature, mammals A) face no danger 3) leam how to protect themselves nce oe fe by pater D) cannot tive on tet own B) take eae oftheir od parents B__ Match the words on the lft with their meanings onthe right. wo. monet AL connect By come into a shape Strengthen, small pice of food form D. lacking pysial strength remain EB bony structures that border the mouth tweak F. atention js G. become strong sharp H: faving athin edge o fine, seat point protect T, continue, without change of condition, quality suplace cate J. ein or become joined C__ndicate whether the staements below are true (1), false (F) oF not Meated (NS) according (othe text. 1. Girates, mice wales and bats are some examples of mammals Stich dink mi ror her mother ike oer nem baby mamas, human babies have weak legs Miners sop caring for ir babies fewer ih ‘Alama have nine felngs ‘Aira can be dasied as meatssters or plan-esters afer ity become ‘A yoamg mamas dik it ‘When young mamas lum olive on heir own, the parents 0 Jonger say with ten. MA BBE 8, All mammals talents are innate D_ Choose the appropriate ¢efinition for each given word as used ext 1. completely (line 3) 4. survive (ine 19) a) entirely a) exist urgently ) emai alive ©) formally €)- continue doing or having ‘) partially a) grow 2, come out line 4) 5, sense line 20) a) notice a) touch ) disappear ) smell ©) disclose ©) Keel 4) emerge @) gentle 3. care for(lne 10) a) pay 1) look after ©) cary on @) earcice Ga10 Is UN 23 AMERICAN ALLIGATORS American aligitors are large reptiles with long tls, round noses, and thick, scaly skin bat live in the swamplands of the southeasem United Stale. ‘Alligators lie in warm, sunny places or float in pools of water during the Gay, At night tay bunt fish, frogs, snakes, umes, ras, and smaller alligators. ‘Although most types of reptiles are very quiet, alligators are noisy creatures Baby aligators make grunting sounds, and large males bellow Tike bulls. The now of thet roaring often fils the swamps. ‘Alligators perfeem many wsefl tasks in nature. The Roles they make for themselves underground ltr fill up with water and become ponds where fish, bide and oer animals ean Hive. Aligaters also help the balance of ature by eating turtles that would otherwise eat all the fish in the ‘swampland, Th the past, thossands of alligators were kiled by hunters who wanted their skins in order to make shoes, belts, purses, and suitases, Many Sramps were also drained (0 make room fer new towns and roads, Some ‘people even waned to keep baby alligators as ets, but few survived in aptvity All thes factor caused 9 decline in the numberof alligators, Lcily the replies are now protected and they are no longer in danger of ying out Choose the best allernative to complete each statement below, sceneding to the tet 1. Aligators spend their time A) iting ora animal to down and tear par ') Tlostingon the water silently waiting co swallow an animal ©) hnnting fish, frogs, sakes, turtles, rats nd smaller alligators during the day Floating in water an Iying in the sun daring the day and bunting ‘imal ight ) resting in waerall day D) 2, Alligators differ trom other types of reptiles, since A) ty make granting sounds B) they prefer moist weather ©) they are very noisy D) they have round noses B) they rou Tike lions 3. Lots of aligators were hunted A) by tourists 1) to ede thei number in urban areas ) to protect othr animals D) to tse thie skin in medical cures, B) for ther skins ort be kept a pelsDeep into Meaning Book One. Unit 23 1B -Mateh the words on the let with their meanings om the right. A. unferresaint or control 2 B. very wetland 3 = muke empty or dry « D. utter low, guttural sound 5 dicot, equilibrium 6. grunt F, become extinct 7. pond renain suspended in or on the surface of a lige {8% balance, the hind, rear part of an animal 9. drain 1.” boly of water smaller hana lake 10, capive J. otler covering ofan animal body C Indicate whether the statements below are true (1), false (F) oF not stated (NS) according to te text. Alligators alvays in the sun during the whole dy. Tet skin is used ty make shoes, els, purses ete Large alligators ea ile ones oftheir om species, Alligators imitate th roar of lions. . Fish and binds cat live in ponds which were once dug by alligators. Fish in swamplands could become extinct if alligators do not en tus, 7, Since swamps were drained to make way for new towns, the ‘numberof fish an ales has declined, D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the text 1. thick ine 2) 4. pet ine 18) 2) relatively great in 4) small and weak zoo animal depth ori extent ') Soft touch b) dene, concentrated ©) an animal kept for amusement ©) not iransparet or Mid ‘orcompanionship 4) abounding 4) farm animal 2 bunt dine 5) 5, decline line 19) a) seek a) refusal ) search for ) upward slope ©) chase and killfor foul ———_€)-forward @) catch @) reduction 3. otherwise (ine 13) 2) in other respects ) orebe unlikely @) inanather way a10 1s 20 UNI 24 Bats People generally think bats ace scary, but they aren't realy all that {tightening Bats are one ofthe very few ypes of marimals that ly. They have fur on their Fades, and their wings are made of two layers of skin called membrane, "be membrane stretches over the bats" arms and finger ‘bones, and is als joined to thei legs for additional strength, Because thei ‘wings are like hands which can easily change shape, bats can do amazing sctobatis in thea ‘When bats wan! to rest, they fold up thei wings lke an umbrella, cuck their heads inside, and hang. upside down by their foes. They usually live together with otherbats in eives,bams ates and even tes. ‘When a mother bat is ready to give bith, she tums the right way wp, hangs from her thumbs, and makes a net by tucking her tail membrane between her logs. The baby is bor in the et aod stays with its mother fora {eve days, hanging onto er fur when she is in ight. Bats rest inthe daytime and come out at night font, They find ther ‘vay round in the cark by squeaking as thoy ly. there i an object in thet path the squeaks make an echo which the bats can hear. Bats have very Tags, sensitive ear Some bats even Find their food by using dhe echoes. ats usualy eat small insets or rodents, Dut some prefer fut instead of, ‘meat, The well-known vampire ba from South America drinks the Blood of| himals for nourishment "At ight, vamate bats bi Because the bat moves 50 quit sleeping animals and tick up the blood. te animals generally don't even Wake up. Choose the test alternative to complete each statement below, according to the text 1, _Eetoes pley an important roe inthe life of bats because += A) they areintlligent creatures 1) cchocs lave a ow frequency (bats play withthe hep of echoes 1D) echoes help them to find their way and in finding the food B) echoes re good for thet oes 2. A wellknown feature ofthe vampire bat is its |A) ability find food wherever it goes 'B) drinking blood for food (©) playing games with oer bats 1D) huntingat night B) feeding other bas 13. Accordingto the passage, bats are animals A) which tighten people BB) that have the same diet as vampires () which can ear low frequency sounds DD) which cannot live i the dark ) which Fy during the dayDeep into Meaning Book One Unt B__ Mate the words onthe left with their meanings on the right. ae pepe bam AL frightening attic 1B. soft thin skin scary C. very surprising ham’ D. the art of balancing. something. or omebody membrane B. foldin rodents FF. building in which crop or animal food iskept scrobtios Grea tinder the oof amazing 1H. the shor frst digit ofthe hand hang on 1L small mammals ike mice squiels ee tuck J hold tightly to prevent from falling C Indicate whether the statements below are tre (T), false (F) oF mot stated (NS) according othe text. ‘The wings of bats consist of two layers of skin Bats can use thet vings like feet which ean change shape, Bats usually live incaves and use their wings ike an umbr ‘As soon asa baby bats bom. it stays with ts mother. Bats find their wayin the light by squeaking. Baby bts drink mi Echoes have an important roe in helping bats find thei way. Baan vampires we used vo detest unknown clrent in 2 il, PUPA Ree D Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used in the 1. streteh (line 4) 4. nourishment (lie 21) a) pull a) feeding 1) cover some area D) eating ©) continue forth 6) counting 1) squeere @) drinking 2. squeak (ine 16) 8. Hick up cline 22) a) seat a) suck silence link ) creak ©) sweep @) catch 4) digest 3. ecto (ine 17) a) noise ) repetition ©) vitation 4) reflection of sound $610 Is 20 UNIT 25 THE OZONE LAYER High above the eanh's atmosphere there satin vei inthe statosphere called the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the sun's destructive ultraviolet (UV) rs ‘This protective layer is being damaged by chemicals known as ) imp 6) strong 6) touch ® gumey ap 3. grab ine 20) 2) cause ) take ©) catch sates 79UN 35 THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF FIGHTING 10 1 2 2 ‘The adverse consequences of animal fights, besides the obvious risk of injury or death, include «considerable waste of precious encrsy and ime. ‘Many animal conflicts ar esolved without fll escalation, even though the animals concemed possss potentially lethal weapons. For this reason, ‘imal fighs used to be viewed as harmless tras of stength. But is now lear that, in cerain circumstances, and notwithstanding. defensive behaviour, weapons ae sed to injure and kill during animal fights. ‘One study of meuntin sheep during two rutting seasons found that small rams were telescoped by the force of dinect charges by larger ‘opponents, hom tips wer often broken, and a variety of ats, teary and tlses were commonly cured during fights. Almost 0 perceat of males istined serious injury during the study period. Figures for a range of ther species tell the same story ‘One particular fight tetween rutting male mountain sheep lasted more than 25 hours ime that he participants could potentially have spent doing Something else, soch as cing or mating, and eft both pateipans tahausted. More precise studies estimate that fighting can raise the ‘etibolic rte considetatly above hat of resting animals, Using an analogy from economics, these averse consequences are relered 10 As "cost OF fighting” Given such high cos, Fighting must have some benefits. Two general reasons why animals fight i: fighting serves to protect an animal or its Young agains! s iret threats and, nar eases, animals Fightin order (0 Bain exclusive or preferenal access to some valued resource. ‘The more ‘aluablo the resouco, the fiteer the fight ~ and the higher the benefit to the winner, Choose the est aernaive to complete each statement elon, according tothe txt. 1. Although animal fights used to be thought of as harmless tials ‘of strength, |) itis now pereived that they ae completely harmless B) they being soe benefits too ©) they may damage a litle bt but ar beneficial o both parties D) they must be yeevented by scientists the neat future B) it is now paceived that they ate Wemendously damaging processes 2. According to the passage, it was found during a study period tha |A) many other species avoided fighting BB) an animal's metabolic ate i higher when fighting ©) about half of he ania killed thir vals D) about haf of te males were injured erly B) both participate were exhausted because of high angesB c D 3. One reason why ani |A) wantt be the leader of their species B) want injure ober animals (©) wantto protect themselves and thee young D) ae adventurous when youne ) swantto charge smales opponents ss fight is because they “Match the vords onthe lett th their meanings onthe right 1. adverse A. amadult male sheep 2. toresolve B. capable of causing death 3 possess ©. ates 4 femal, D, fight, argument, disagreement about something 5. ial negative, not beneficial 6 rut {0 ind solution to a problem 7. consequeree val 18 opponent clear 9 conte own 0. vious J. an effect; result Indicate whether the statements below are true (1), false (F) or not stated (NS) according to the text. 1. Animal fights ate considered a halos tials af snnenh 2 Inna circumstances do animals injure and kill ach othe. 3. More than 50 percent of female deer injured cach other seriously according toa study 4. One particular ight lasted more than two days which made the parisipants exhausted 5. Aninals fight each other to gain power ins group. 6, According to the passage there are alot of reasons why animals fighteach other (Onemain eason of fighting isto gain access to resources 8, The most intense fies end only when one ofthe Fighters dies ‘Choose the appropriate definition for each given word as used inthe text 1. sustain ine 12) 8) believe something or somebody tobe dishonest ) delay 6) expetience or suffer 4) mainain, contin ESDeep into Meaning Beck One . Vit 35 2. participant (ine 15) a) audience sivas «)_anyone who takes pat in an activity {petson living in a community 3, exctusive (line 24) 8) not common, special and distinguished 1) ontinay 6) open tothe public 42) not including certain groups 1c (line 2) 8) agreeing o do somahing 1) mission or nity, permission todo something )_ speaking s language in disintive way 4) something that sey to do 5. benefit tine 25) ) advantage or improvement 1) kid and tolerant ©) person who opposes you 4) ood, grassland bee “Gilvender VayimiartOM yOog) | COCEEEOOEOEOCGECOECEEECECECECECE CECE EOEEEEEE OEEunr I ‘THE TRAGEDY OF THE AMAZON ‘Toe Amazon topical rin forest isthe largest inthe word, crossing nine Lain American counties — Brazil, Peru, Bevador, Colombia, Bolivis, Venezuela, Guiana, French Guiana and Surinam — and covering 5 aillion square klometes (550 milion hectares), an area nearly six times 5 the size of Turkey. It has an average annual rainfall of more than 100, lches andi he home ofiterally millions of species of plants and animals, any of them tnigue Io the tegion. One hectare of the Amazon rain forest ‘may bold as many a6 230 diferent specos of tees, compared tothe 10 or 15 species in an equivalent area of any oer rain forest, One repoet 10 estimated that “or typical 4-squate-mile area, approximately 750 species fof tees 125 of mammals, 400 of birds could be found. single we might be the habitat of moe than 400 insect species, and 80,000 plant species, ‘Some 30 million animal species inhabit the Amazon forest. or that reson the region constitutes 4 var, natural pharmacopoeia, 15. Plantar animal tissues obtained feom the rain forest are used In the production of chemicals of known potency. The ingredients forthe best Known drugs se extracted from the forest. So fr, less than one percent of the Amizon’s plant species have been studied for their pessible curative propenics. 20 The gion 38a whole is vial to the continuation of the work-ecologicl ‘order Ii an importa ctor inthe world's weather systems. Nearly ball ‘of the world's oxygen is released from ifs vegetation and approximately ‘seothinde of he world's freshwater stored in the Amon Basin. “Today, one of the most serious problems facing the intemational 25 community is the uneontolled. destuttion ofthis unique environment Deforestation ef the Amazon region is being done by al nie sates sharing fe gopion, thaigh Rravi, 50 percent of hoe tetry i lated in the ‘Amazon basin 8 the most ative. Over the last Ten years the scale of ‘estucton has Become waearble. There are no exact Figutes; the estimate 430 is a loss of 13,000 square Kilometres of forest annually. ‘The ‘otal destruction of the Bravlian. Amazon so fa amounts to 415,000 square Siometres, an arca about the size of faq. Pessimiss expect the Brazil ‘ain forest 1o ave been largely destroyed by the fist decades of the next Century, despite fallin the fate of dastroton 35 "na global perspective, the destruction ofthe earth's. fangs (for that is what dhe ain fests at) ruses ewo problems. Firat the increas in carbon dioxide emissions ito the atmosphere. Second, deforestation goes hand in Ihand ih the destruction of many species. Iti estimated that every day ‘one species becomes extinet. Ifthe Amazon rin forests vanish, more than 440. sion species an important pant ofthe world’s biological Variety, wil become extinet “The Bruin ae accused of consrting highways, Forming new living ‘quarters and svning in the area. In Tac, al the Latin American counties ‘wo share i leo share inthe destruction ofthe rain fest. The principal 45 excuse for the continuing destruction is widespread poverty even hunger, in the countries ofthat area. However iis temge that poverty arises in an area that has so much natural Weal ad beauty. ‘Gavender Vavnior 85Deep into Meaning @ ins ecto ect vord awed nthe tet A. average line 5) 4) a wide road with nees on bth sides ») scong dislike ©) level considered o be typical or usual 4) a stong deste 0 chain Wealth annual (ine 5) a) seasonal 1) destoying compleely 6) necessary olive 4) happening once evry year 3. habite (ine 12) 4) person who regully vist place 1) the actof living na building €) the natural surounding in which an animal or plant ives 48) something which aperson regulary does 4. constitute (ine 8) 2) form or make 1b) getinformation or avice ) Use in large amounis 2) judge the morality f your own actions ‘5. extract (line 17) 8) Find the componens Bb) remove oe take out ©) connector relate 48) asain by force oF teat or with difficulty 6. curative ine 18) 2) making wealthy by desirable ©) leading to ditferentrsults 44) able to cure or cause to get beter BD nacre wheter the semen bw are ae (1 fae) ering sage re te norman nie 1. The Amazon topical rainforest crosses all South American 2. ‘There are approxinutely 400 insect species inthe Amazon rain forest. 3. Plants from the rainforest are need fo the production of drugs and other medical sabstanees, 4. tis certain that any nats whole word 86 ——— Cdvender Fayaien problem inthe region will affect heeck Two ‘3. The Amazon rainforest is being. destroyed by all the Latin ‘Ametcan counties. 46. Neatly half ofthe world’s water i stored inthe Amazon. 7. Accoiding to the report, people will top destroying the forests in the fare 8. All th insect and animal species will move to other places with the destracton ofthe rainforest, 9, The estraction ofthe forest gives litle harm to animals. 10, The common excuses for destroying the Amazon rainforest are povery and famger. ‘Choose te :ternatve which best completes each statement below. According to the passag |A) ine Latin American counties are covered with forest, 'B) The Amazon's annual nfl! isthe biggest inthe world (©) one hectare of the Amazon ainoeest is more valuable than ten hectares of ther ain forests, 1D) Aigenina’s northern parts are covered with ainforests 1B) sce animals can only be found inthe Amazon 2. The Brazilian are ~~ destroying the rain forest because of various A) accused off construction projects B)_arested for consiiction projects ©) punished for mining activities D)_Secused of /eoresation activites E) punished for extinctions 3. One result of the destruction of the earths lungs is |A)_ decrease in carbon dioxide emissions 1) ar increas in oxygen emissions ©) decrease in cating the forest 1D) extinction of some animals inthe area EE) an inctease in the amount of harmful smog “The region ofthe rainforest AA) lato ars to colivate the land 'B) sony around the equator ©) isarich resource for mining ) isimportant or she world ecological order E) ll be protected by the international community ‘Giender Veron, 87Deep into Meaning 5. According to those who destroy the rainforest |A) they need the morey B) those forests are their property (©) poveny and hunger mse the destruction ofthe forest necessary D) the main reason to save the rainforest is because itis a ‘harmacopocia fo: the world 2B) they are elivating the land 6. Soar A) deforestation has teen done by all he states in Latin America B)_halfof th rainforest area hasbeen destroyed ©) only five percent the region's plant species hasbeen studied D)_wvorthinds of word’s fresh water has been supplied fon the region 1) shout 415, 000 square Kilometers of the Brazilian rainforest have been destroyed D) Find the meaning ofthe word and mateh twit its definition by seeing how iis used in two sentences, A. inhabit 4a) Thousands of anima. species used to inhabit Anatolia 1) This island isinbabied only by some bids 2 basin 3) Can you estimate the depth ofthe Kezlirmak basin? 1) Allrge amount of water rans through the Fat basin 3. release 4) Confidential inforntion shouldn't be released inthe mei, 1b) ‘The 200 kacperreessed the elephants rom their cages. 4. poverty 8) There isa poverty of new and origina ideas in this company. 1b) There are millions of people around the work! who ae suffering from poverty 5. total 8) The total loss of ifein the tran accident is estimated tbe 100. 1) Can you give me the total price for these books? 6 8) These old people are the representatives ofthe golden age of vanishing culture, 1b) The thief vanished anong the tres in «few seconds, 7. extinct 44) Many Indian wibes tecame extnet soon after the discovery of the New World by white men, 1b) These unique speciesare onthe threshold of extinction, 88. eseck Tao Vit 1 Deep into Meaning 8. deforestation 4) The deforestation ofthe Amazon rainforest ie another name for suicite 'b) Deforestation should be banned by srt laws in onder to protect, te ecosystem. 9. widespread 1). Thatpiece of infocmation isso widespread >) There is widespread expectation that 21% century will be a slob tine, 10. emission a) Using natural gas is one way of reducing carbon dioxide 'b)Emiksion of harmful gases by factories should be reduce, Write he comrect numberof word before each definition, sencing out a beam, noise, smell or gas . no langer existing the condition of being extremely poor 4. totieina place existing in many places or among many’ people fan aca of land from which streams run 1k the cestructon af forests by people 1h. tole go: 0 give freedom or fise movement to someone oF somthing 4. to dkappear ina sudden way {ithe amount obtained when several smaller amounts are added together E) Reterence ‘What do the following words from the text reer to? 1. them (ie De esa 2. their ise 192 cnc 3 is (line 23): 4 whose (ine 27) S.theearh’s lungs (ine 35) Sai 77UNIT 2 ee ‘THE MYSTERY OF MIGRATION Among the many mills of species inthe animal Kingdom, several hundred billion individuals are on the move at aby one time, performing Sone kind of migration ually, annul. These journeys are undertaken lyyal types of vertebrates. Why do they all move? 5” Most of the animals comiered typical migrants move horizontally on the earth's surface, offen commuting between breeding areas and winter ‘quarters. Some groups of grants cover vast distances: green se tues ‘hv up 4 3000 kr t lay ther eges: wandering desert locusts ant Nom ‘American monarch buterflivs migrate over distances of 4,000 kn. cords 10 for fish ase held by the coskeyed salmon (3.000-3500 kin), Lan living mammal are nt grea traveller, but marine mammals such ashe northern fur seal cover 5,00 to 7.006 ka. “The most formidable migratory performances are made by bins: They use every conceivable ard for breeding, Birds are capable of successtlly 15 crossing deserts like the Sahara, mountains Ike the Himalayas, ad all teams and extended ice Hels. Binds from Alaska or nrtheaster Siberia sch asthe golden plover or the gest knot are known to ly nonstop up fo the Havin sland or dow to New Zealand. These ontop lights range fom 4000 10 7,000 20) ilometer snd take an estinated 8010 100 hours Tithe Himalayan region, birds migrating fom Siberia to wintering seas ‘onthe Indian atbcontinen crost the world’s highest mountains. Sight ‘ecorings range up 9,50 metres. "Many of these sim feats ae almost unbelievable. How can migratory 25 animals keep on schedule on journeys a long as 30,000 kan? What cll them sshen fo takeoff or when to leave tropa Wwineriag areas 1 rein ‘neal on auutimon Aad wha Brings them within he same Cy {o remote Breeding areas yeu after year? “Twenty years ag, piysologists discovered that migratory bids, like 40) berating mammals ate eyuipped wih innate calendars. These biological Clocks produce aontal physiological and. behavioral rhythms as other biological clocks do sn the frm of day shyt The migratory urge # expressed in specific hormonal and metabolic states I is most obvious inthe body mass increase: the deposition of Et as 35. fuel load” before migration ‘The intemal calendar also provides innate ime programmes for the journey: Many studies, inching experiments with sot and long distance fnigraing binds and-manals, have shown that individuals are [hotammed to express migratory activity fora set amount of days, weeks 419 be months, for whatever tne i necessary fo cover the distance between the Tseng and the wintering areas. In combination with innate migratory diectons, migrating birds of mammals can possess heritable programs ‘which enable inexperienesd individuals to. "automaticaly" get to thet tisknow winter quaters 90ech Tao ait 2 Deep into Meaning @) ide sett fh word aed inthe ext. L undertake dine 3) 8) tohavea feling you ae hardly aware of 1) toate the station easy ©) tostartatask or job and accep esponsibility 4) tobe volved in an organized fraud vertebrate (line 4) 8) animals that ean beste with their ngs 1) anime that ean fy {©} smalleicular bones that form the backbone of animals 4) creatures with backbones formidable line 13) 8) impresve, considerable an frightening bb) ina paricular way or onder ©) ananged in a particular way 40) Someting with lasting influence feat line 24) 3)" diving 1b) impressive setion ©) Tyingat high speed 1) aitferent anima hibernate ine 30) 8) tospend the winter ina closed area 1b) tospeudthe winter ina state ike deep sep €} _tosleey for three months 4) toslee) uni spring comes internal (line 36) a) inside particular person, abject, or place 1) inside sEountry 6} withinthe boundaries of hibernating areas 4) imprisoned teamed express (line 39) 9) 10 show and explain someone's flings ox what he thinks about something 1) the way your fce looks, your mood ©) tohavea harmful effect on & person or thing 4) twhavean idea or facing, usually new one — og} ‘Savender VapnlanDeep into Meaning ook To Ua 2 B) indicate whether the statements below are true (1) or false (F) according tothe passage. Write (NS) if the information Is moi sated, 1. Birds ave the args! group of migratory animals 2. Marine mammals can cover distances upto 3,000 kilometres 3. As science progress, scientists Jeam more sbout the mysterious ‘ways of animals. 4. How migratory animals find thee destinations so acurtly i till mystery: 5. Migratory animals nd the way to ther destinations innately. 6. Young migratory simals, which have never migrated in their lives, have the ably to find their way” when migrating. 7. Bele mito, mas ei age anon of at a fe fon 8. Migratory animals may not find the sight dreetion at ght and on cloudy days 9, Migratory animals nave intemal calendars 10, Migratory birds change their internal calendars 1. The golden plover Mies approximately $000 kilometres without stoppi 12, An increase in the amount of fat in an animal i a sign of migration ©) Choose the sternative which best completes each statement below, Te leas efficient animal travellers are |A) cockeyed salmon: which migete 3.000» 3,500 km, B) bind lying over desens ©) the great knots, which are known fo fly nonstop up t0 the Hawaiian islands 1) land living tna that are Likely to eave es than birds and ‘marine mammals 2, What makes birds such outstanding travellers is that ~~ |A) they always know which route to follow BB) they areable to eos the deserts, mountains. and oceans (they have interna calendar hich tell them when to migrate 1) they can eross «000 km distance ina short perio of tine 3. According to physiologists one sig that a bird is going to agra AA) its inate calendar 1B) the coming wins a change in speefic hormonal and metabolie states ) the feeling of cold when the migration season comes eee gc eee Nomanooh Tao ait 2 Deep into Meaning 4. His siguicant that birds cross the Himalayan region because A) this gion has harsh weather conditions B) iteauses hardships in breathing ©) no animal ives inthe higher ranges D) itis tie highest regio in the wor ike hibernating mammals, have been A) fly lng distances ) What you are talking about sounds conceivable: we may cept your ie, 93Deep into Meaning 6. innate 2) He hasan innats sense of faimess and honesty. That is why everyone likes him 'b) Well have the Innate ability to lear, 7. possess {2} He is sad to possess magic powers. 1) [don’t like people who talk about the things they posses. 8. deposition 2)” Drinking too much milk can lead to calcium deposition in the blood - vessels 1b) Camels can survive very long without drinking because of their deposition of woke before a journey Definitions: Write the comect number of word before each definition 4 wall around in casual way relating tothe se orto the animals and plans living nthe sea to keep animals o plants fr the purpose of producing more of| them | capable of teing imagined, posible ‘6 the at or proces of depositing something present in an individual fom beth have, to travel long distance 1D) etree What he towing words om he et tert they (ine 4) their (ine 8) 1 2 3. They (ine 13) 4 Bs them (ine 27)UNIT 3 NATURE'S FURY ‘The ably to thinks what makes man differen fom othe living things, Thanks to this, tbe quality of life has changed erealy throushour history. Iie cena dha it will continue to change notably in the re Progres in technalogy and sence has given man contol over many 5 differnt things. By making canals, building artificial lakes and dams for ‘example, man tres (o govem nature. The use of feehnology ind science Sometimes fais to protect man from the destrictive forces of atte Untortnatly, millions of people in many pers of the world sce under the threat of earthquakes, hurricanes, voleanic eruptions a floss 10 Teday, most people have some information aboot volcanoes, why and how they erupt. Volcanoes ae hills or mountains with craters a the top. Hot rocks gas steam, and ash come through thse ruts, These come from inside the earth. Although maa has developed man usefl devices for differ puryoses, seismic. instruments cannot tell” when & volcanic 15. eruption is going ote place ‘People hive witnessed many volcanic eruplions. A very harmful one Ihappened at Krakatoa in Java in 1883. People who wer living a far as five thousand Kilometres frm the mountain heard the noise of this frightful disaster. More than twenty-five thovsind people died dering ths esption. 20 In adaition, many ships sank because of is effects on the sa in the Sund Stat, Enthyutkes are another type of eatasttophe occurring all over the world, At any time you may hear news about earthquakes wih 2 Tot of nergy and power or with sal tremors that ae seldom fe. Huge waves 25 in te ocean an be caused by a kind of underwater earthquake In deep ‘waters tis sonctimes hard tase the enormous waves bt when they rach took place inthe Nowth Pacific andthe effets ofthe waves were felt over three thousandhilometres away an Hawai The waves were Fourteen metres 40 high wen they hit the town of Hil. The number of deaths were recorded 6 hundred and seventy-three, The estimated damsge was about filly rllion pounds Find the deviation of each word as usd in the text. 1. notably ine 3) +a) sigiicanly b) shea leer ©) rien symbols (8) very important 2 Mod dine 9) a) deught by snes o in se) large amount of water covering an area 48) below the surface ofa liquid ‘Giender Yori 95Deep into Meaning 3. witness (line 16) 2) tocommit a crime ob) tasee an accident, disaster, ora crime ©) foolish or stupid 18) to-snvve orn give in toa power, force 4. catastrophe (ine 2) 4) an unexpected evet that causes great sufering or damage 1) a peron whois stable and dows not move. ©) layer overa person's eves 4) the speeding up of chemical action by adding a catalyst mor (ine 24) a) scandal 1) Vibetion of he ean surice ©) Ashaking of one's body or voice that eannot be controled 2) trembling sn shaking of a person B) indicate whether the staements below are true (T) or false (F) according tothe passage. Write (NS) ifthe information fs no stared. 1, Man’s ability to tink has contributed (0 the improvement of quality of ie on eath 2. People get many befits from today's technology 53. Thanks to technology, man ie alovays safe 44. Today's technology makes it posible to know when a volcanic eruption wil ake pce 5, In.one of the most harmfol volcanic disasters in Krakatoa neatly 20,000 people ded Gas, team ad ash come ut from the cater of vlesno. 1. ‘Today there san itstument which predicts when an earthquake ie going to take plac, 8, Earthquakes can alo take place under water 9, Some earthquakes form huge waves that can cause a lot of Same G9) neste best omg ett ow. a 4) hisoy 8 Peete nets 8 wee 96 D) other living things E) the ability to thine ‘Giosndar Vast:nies Deep into Meaning ‘What rakes it possible for man to control nature is AA) predicting earthquakes, humicanes, voleanic eruptions nd Feods 1B) progress in science and technology ) Stang enorgy by faiiating human socialization D) a general nowledge ofthe wor BB) the progress of ie in urban areas ‘The only thing that does not come out of the earth during a voleanie eruption is. a) laa B) ge ©) nd D) as B) stam One ofthe most deadly voleanic eruptions in histo A) was elt rom a hundeed kilometres avay B) happened at Krakatoa in 1883, ©) Ielto the death of hundreds of thousands of people 1D) caused the sinking of many ships Because of Stones B) wok place in Hawai In the volcanic eruption at Krakatoa AY everybody lost thei ives B) atleast rwentytive thousand people died (©) waves destroyed the town of ilo 1D) big hain of earthquakes started B) everybody died except one individual Barthquakes are considered as catastrophes because A) they have a ot of power and eneray 1B) thoosands of them are reported in a year (©) there was a very distros one in Krakatoa in 1883, DD) thre are ines onthe eath crust BB) they can cause alot of destruction Underwater earthquakes can be dangerous and harmful since they —- A) cause huge waves BB) change the formation of islands (©) _ctange the sais ofthe ozeans D) bppen ony in deep water B) avery hot 97Deep into Meaning 8, —-not a result ofthe underwater earthquake in 1946, 12 Tue Unit 3 |A). Fourteen meter-high waves were 1B) Ahundrod and seventy-three deaths were ©). Aprosimately fifty milion pounds of estimated damage was 1D). Effects tha ere fel uree thousand Kilomettes away Were 'B) Submesion of most of Hawai was 1B) Fed he meaning of the word and macht with dein by Sno dtc twosome 1. progress 28) Techoologcal_and scientific progress have made life more comfortable A great deal of progress is been made in finding a soltion to 2. erupt f8) Mount Pui has not erupted for many yeas, 1b) The city was evacuied while the voleano was erupting 3. dam 42) takes years al hed work to build a dam 1b) Dams are a preat source of energy for the production of lectiity 4. instrument 4) Crs and other mobr-vehicles have fnstruments which show by A chemistry labostory requires many Instruments for experiment Ahreat 8) The hostage told ll screts under the threat of death 1) Ai pollution sa rer hrea te heal ofthe ad and the youn. 6. enormous 8) "The enormous crowd before the ity hall wanted the government to increase wages bb) Now improvements in Biology make the plants grow at an enormous speed. ed the age ofthe new student tobe sixteen, 1) eis estimated that cid cain will alec the crop very badly 8. govern 4) Bron in the modern sor, some counties are sill governed by kings ) candidate fo prim minister has 1 have the ability to govern &ook Tao Uni Deep into Meaning 9. annoy 4) His father was annoyed when he insisted ongoing to the cinema Tate at night 'b) He annoyed the audience by making along speach before the aserds were given, al 4) Inthe huge building there was a(n) artificial pond in which 'b) Artificial lowers have been used forthe decoration Sf houses ‘an other bugs. Definitions: Write the comect numberof word before each defini ‘notmatral, made by humans 1 ama bul across the rver to Keep back water © tomule with authority {4 tl for doing a particular job fa waming that somebody ay hurt or kill you if you do not do ‘what he or she wants £,tocalelate the cost, price and size 18 toexplode and throw fire, break out 1h) Inovement forwards o towards achieving something iL tomake somebody very angry von large oF erat Reference ‘What do the following words from the text refer fo? A. this (ine 2) —_ 2 they (ine 11) 3 one line 16) & its tine 20) aaa 5 they (ine 27)UNIT 4 KING OF THE NIGHT Birds are not the only species that can ly. There is one type of manna 1 bal, Bats have a diferent flying ‘mechanism, They do not have feathers on their wings, Instead, their wit ste made of a special membrane. This membrane is suetche ftom the ba's 5 aumsto legs and is also present between is fingers. Tn the Breeding season, tts, ike other mammals, give birth 10 live young. They eare for their shal ones until they are self-uficiet. ter birt they feed them on their lk fora while, then the young bas stat 10 at natural food. This consists mainly of frie, nectar, isccts, sal 10. reptiles and blood, bathe diet changes according to the family ‘As a result oftheir undue characteristics bats fly only after th sunset. Although their eyes are not powerful they ate able 0 Find thet way through te darkness of the night. They have the unnatural ability to ly though harrow openings of caves, cimieys, among electric wies and tees, They 415 dothis without crashing int my small objects. Lazaro Spallancan worked together with Louis Turine © find out the seeret behind bas" perfect ‘maneuverability In their experiment they covered bas” cars and left thet eyes uncovered. It was observed tha the bats bumped into very Inge Visible objects and sometimes even each other, The experiment indicated 20 that bats use thet ears while lying. This means that some sounds in the atmosphere dveet thei Tigh after nghtal, An English sient irl did research on this n 1920, According to his study, bats make tse of the ulasonic sounds ifthe atmosphere either each tei pey oF torly somewhere. 25.” There are many dtfereat sounds in the atmosphere ba the human being can reeive oly some af ther. He or she cam bea an recapninn sds below 20,000 cycles per second, If sound, lke ultrasonic sound, are shove this unit —for example, between 20,000 and 30,000 cycles per Second— sme animals Hike cals and rats can ident dhem but the human 30 beingcan not Many animals communicate by ullrsonte sounds, The Whistle of a dog can be received and understond by other dogs. People can ‘ot identity them because these sounds ae beyond the range of human hearing. In another experimest, «small brown bat, Myotis 1. Lucfugus, was examined by G. W. Pierce and Donald R. Griffin in 1941, A special 35 seiting vas prepared with obsaces in i. Wires were hung and the bas ‘were made to fly dough then. In this manner the sient tested bat? ablliy to escape barriers on their ay. Inthe Mist test the litle bats Succeeded in ying through wites whose ditmcter as about $ mm. Inthe Second tet wires of 13 mm dameter wote used but this time most ofthe 40 bats failed inthe ih. For many years, ats have tracted the interest not only’ of scents but also film producers. They have beea the theme of many honor and ction films and stoves. In reality, bs live im groups in isolated places such as closed mines, old buildings, caves and are shy animals, They leave thet 45 ests ony alter disk fr food el hunting “These armless litle creates lve primarily at Carlsbad, New Mexico near the border betwen the United Stats and Mexico. Thousands of them filmed by tounsts a they ave their nesting place, Carlsbad Caverns (a ‘ational menumen), after nightfall. Most bats ae carn 50 except for the vampire bal. This class 10 Sinan Fornlarook Tao Ut & Deep into Meaning. subtropical America and feeds mainly on the blood of animals. It is $0 ‘SRT tha is oct rarely fess tha is being bien. Tis wrong to think {hat vampire bas Kil big animals Hike cate It snot the bat that kills the (GUUS but its small biter This bite Inter becomes infected by very stall 55 dangerous bacteria, When a bat i infected with rabies its certain that this ‘Gincace will pas on 0 afer animals and even to humans. This is sufficient for film directors and writers to produce lots of horror films and stries by exaggerating theca. Find the definition of each word as used inthe text. A, species ine 1) a) peppelike plant b)_butsice of our planet 1) aweapon consisting ofa long pole 42) plans or snimals of the same kind, having common ek 2, membrare ine 4) J thin, sof skinlike covering connecting parts of an animal or a ‘ogenble body bb) spies of information ofa request that you send to someone ©) atimaginary line from the North Pot to the South Pole {2} Sacre built in order t0 remind poople of » famous person or 3. reptile ine 10) sp al aterons or aktons you make ¥jmprove someting ‘b) changes and improvements in the ecosystem " ©) anata ving on ther sins eal odd nina sch ta saak, Dat ays ges 4. prey (line 23) 2) an ania thats hyoted and caten bya stonger one 1D) animal hat eats plants 1) thetlationship among groups of animals {the wtf finding apace to live 5, isolated line 43) 2) obtan a substance by separating it from other substances ib) sway from lage tows or dificult each 6) concerned wit habitats of animals 4) Keptin a covered place fs) mainly, chiefly 1) the mont wanted thing ©) extremely 48) wil the help ofa better oneDeep into Meaning ok Tue Vit 4 7. rabies dine 35) 4) a condition that makes cells weaker 1b) a machine progeimmed to move or perform certain tasks ‘automatically 6) aisease that can puss onto humans by the bite ofan animal 42) avira that ills animals having important eect 1) allectng the whole ©) enough forthe purpose 4) dying because of lek of air B) Indicate whether the statements below are true (F) or false (F) according tothe passage. Write (NS) Ifthe information is noi stated. 1. One class of birds, called bats, have a diferent fying mechanism from other bids, 2 When they are bom, young bats are fed on milk like other mamma, 3. A bts eas ate so powerful tat team flyin the dark night, 4 Inne experiment: ba's eyes were covered, Pollowing this, the bat crashed into obj in its way. 5. Ulasonic sounds cannot be received or understood by human boing. 6. Bats are the main characters of many horror films 2 Rats ive aanigue lit and build tir nests on giant Woes 8. Almos al bats are carnivorous animals 9, Yonipice hats are abt ill big animals, AY feed on nectar just fr the birth 'B) never drink blood ©) are fed on milk just ater the bith ) don't havea speci! membrane 2 The finding of Spallanzani and Jurine’s experiment was that AA) bats made use of some sounds in the atmosphere 0 find their vay inthe dark 1B) bats used thereyesin the morning (©) bats used ultrasonic sounds to catch their prey )_ some animals had winatural ability to fly 2022Deep into Meaning 3. According to H. Har ‘igh afte night. ‘help bas during their |) leerie waves special membranes ©) ltwonie sounds Dy theieabilities to escape 4, Man can't receive ultrasonic sounds because |A) nina communicate with those younds 1B). teyate beyond th range of his hearing {©} ultrasonic sounds have a low frequency DD). theyare above 10,000 eyces per seeond asin Pierce and Griffin's experiment |A)_coubin' passthrough th thinner wires 1B) paseddhvoug all the wires ©) werent able to escape the buries 1D) ala 0 passthrough the thicker wires 16, Vampire bats tive in A) England B) Morice ©) Carsbad 1) topical and sobropical America 77. ‘The thing tha ils big animals is |A) theloss of bod after being biten by the vampire bat 1B) verysmal animals (C)thesmall bite of the vampire bat which gets infected D) rabes 1D) ind he mening the word and match with ts dtaion by glo nueed ne seen 1. bump eto 4) The bas bumped into a ee because ofthe fogey weather 1} He bumped fino lamp post while Tooking atthe scene of the accident 2. recognine 1) Mow animals lke dogs recognize their owner by ther smell 1) Youtcan recognize him inthe distance from his way of walking, 1038Deep into Meaning To. Uae § 3. receive a) The goverment received a ot of complaints about the new TV program by She'received alter fom he friend inviting her othe village. 4. barrier 8) Passengers must show their ickets a the harrier before they get con the tain, : by Please, don't cross the barriers in case of danger. 5. theme a) The theme of this scusion is the danger of taffic accidents 1) The theme ofthe took srs obscure, 6. infected with a) Thowsand of peopein Central Alia are infected with cholera. >) Last summer, we were infected with various bacteria because we swam in dint wate 7. exaggerate a) There is no need toexaggerate the power of noclear energy. b) Don't exaggerate-se all know the things tht happened in the evening 8. research 1)” Research has shown that motivation is ey factor in sucess You sould have dane some marke research before buying the ea Definitions: Write the cotct numberof won before cach definition. topic subject, b. tocome into possesion of something ©. hit something by cident 4. contaminate witha disease producing substance © know again something that you have seen or heard Before f 4 detaled study of something inorder to get more informstion bout it make something seam more important x bigger than italy is something that prevents people geting fom ne place to ED) eterence What de toying words om hte tert 1. their Gine 3) 2 them — line 8) 3 this (line 15) 4 their tine21) 5. this unit (ine 28), 6 them dine 29) 7. this ets (line 0) Rit ine 32) 1°«———— ‘Givender Yay:unr 5 ZAHIR-UD-DIN MOHAMMED, NICKNAMED BABUR “The Mogu! Empire in India was founded in 1526 by Bubur, the oldest son of Umar Shaikh Mirz,ehiettain of Farghana. Babut was bom in 1489 Sn became king of Farghana atthe age of eleven when his father died. In the following eats, Babu had avery bad time, He faced more defeats than |5 SietoiesOn ane occasion, be left Farhan forthe conquest of Samarkand. [Aer several months of sege he was able to capture the city. His soldiers ‘Wanted to tansack the place, but Babur forbade any” such action. ‘Disappointed his army began to desert. Some ofthe nobles offered to help, but fora price He would not agree, lst Samarkand, and coming home he 10. Kod tate tad lost Parghana too, ois younger brother. I ssid that be ‘used to ery eat dea in those days. No wonder, ashe was ony fifteen at the time ‘Wounded and il, be was left 10 wander the desolate steppes, but nothing daunted him, For tee was no move than a guerilla chieftain, often 15 bealen, often onthe tn, lacking water, foo, horses. Vet this tger, as he ‘vas nicknamed, would bepin an empl that would last more than tree hundred year. ‘No mater how many defeats he faced, he never gave up. He decided 10 take Samarkand again and he dd, only to Tose it again, Bt this me things 20 weteentomely ba He wa alloted to Teave with whatever ws Flt of his lam. He had-no swords, o bows and arrows, no horses only clubs. That ral he hal. Wearing oly rags and relying on Gra he went back to his Fovtess at Ktujand, "Twill no," he told himself, “sit down and Took idly aout me because of one of two defeats.” 25 Balur was descended on his rother’s side from Jenghiz Khan, and on his father’ fro Tamurlane In him was a stange mixture ot the Mongols, the tous, adrentarous, cruel nomads of the steppes of Central Asia, and of the Timurds, a cultured as they were brave. He was Babu, the tiger, 3 fnan of extordinary charm as well as force. He had ambitions of an 430 empire and would sete fr nothing les. He set out again and yeconguered Farphana, then Kabul. and by 1519 he was ruler of Badakhsan, Bajaur, ‘Swat Kandahar and finally Samarkand, Without a blow, he was weleomed buck there bythe people dhmselves Tn 1319 he weote i his Babur Nama, “As it was alays in my heart 10 435 possess Hindustan, atlas these several countries, Bihar, Khush-Ab, Chins Ab and Chinat had once been held by the Turk (Timur, I pictured them as my owin ad as resolved to got them into iy hands, wheter peacefully orby force THe sel ont in 1525 to cross the mighty Indus for the conquest of 440 Hindustan, tat fabologs and perilous Land on» ich his ambition was se. ‘When he ded on 26 December 1530, he was Pasha of ni. =<<—— 105