PLANT NAMES To the annoyance of gardeners and landscape pro- fessionals, botanists ~ or, more correctly, taxonomists ~ appear to keep on changing plant names, or burdening plants with unfeasibly long ones. Scientific accuracy is. important, but sometimes compromises have to be made. In this book, I have largely followed one of the most widely respected naming authorities, that of Britain's Royal Horticultural Society, but in order to avoid confusion please note the following Some taxonomically correct names are unfeasibly Jong for use in diagrams, tables or for marketing pur- poses. In this book I have shortened the following: * Calamagrostis Karl Foerster’ is Calamagrostis xacu- tiflora Karl Foerster’ + Molinia ‘Edith Dudseus’, M. ‘Heidebraut’ and M. ‘Moothexe’areall Molinia caerulea subsp. caerulea vari- eties. + Molinia “Transparent! is M. caerulea subsp. arundi- nacea ‘Transparent’, the arundinacea types being con- siderably taller. Taxonomists do change plant namesas partofan on- going process of tidying up or as new knowledge be- comesavailable. Iethen takesa long time for those in the garden and landscape businesses to catch up, and in some cases changes may not be accepted everywhere, Here I clarify my use of some disputed or changing names. ‘Aconogonon ‘Johanniswolke’ is whats called Persi- caria polymorpha in the English-speaking world. [bow to the taxonomists on the genus name, but since the phar originated as a hybrid ar the nursery of Hans Simon, it seems appropriate to use his cultivar name (it refers to the ascent of John the Baptist), which is accept- ed in Germany. Asperula odorata is Galium odoratum. The genus Aster has been reorganized following recent DNA-based evidence. I stick to the old names as, the new onesare not yet that familiar outside the botan- ical community. New names here follow the United States Department of Agriculture and Missouri Botanic Gardens: Aster cordifolius is now Symphyotrichum cordifolium. Aster divaricatus is now Eurybia divaricatus. Aster ericoides is now Symphyotrichum ericoides. ‘Aster laevis is now Symphyotrichum laeve. “Aster lateriflorus ‘Horizontalis’ is now Symphy- otrichum lateriflorum ‘Horizontalis’. ‘Aster novae-angliae is now Symphyotrichum novae- angliae. ‘Aster oblongifolius ‘October Skies’ is now Symphy- otrichum oblongifolium ‘October Skies’. ‘Aster umbellatus is now Doellingeria umbellata. “Aster xherveyi ‘Twilight’ (A. macrophyllus) is now Eurybia xherveyi ‘Twilight’ (E. macrophylla). Aster ageratoides, Aster xfrikartitand Aster tartari- cus stay the same. Baptisia alba subsp. macrophylla is what used to be Baptisia leucantha. Cimicifuga we include as part of Actaea, although this makes little sense to us gardeners! It is also not yet accepted everywhere, DNA analysis has reorganized Eupatorium as well: Eupatorium rugosum is now Ageratina rugosus. Eupatorium maculatum is now Eupatoriadelphus maculatus. Limonium latifolium is now L. platyphyllum. The larger Sedum species are sometimes now re- garded as Hylotelephium. The small fluffy grass which went under several names, usually Stipa tenuissima, and involved more than one species getting confused, is uw Nassella tenuissima. For those interested in keeping up with names the fol- lowing websites are very useful (even if they do not agree with each other): For plants in cultivation in the UK: bep://apps.rhs.org.uk/thsplantfinder/ For US natives and species naturalized in the USA’ hep://plants.usda.gov /jawa/METRIC AND US EQUIVALENTS Ee: millmeter = 0.04inch ‘square meter = 10.8 square feet or 1.2 square yards | _teentimeter = ot inch thectare = 25acres meter = 39-4inches or 1. yards 1gram = 0.04 ounce tkilometer = 0.6 mile ster = 338 fluid ounces vc = 3387 FURTHER READING Isee this bookas very much resting on foundations built by our two previous books: Designing with Plants (Tim- ber Press, 1999) and Planting Design: Gardens in Time and Space (Timber Press, 2005),s well as amonograph, Landscapes in Landscapes, for which I wrote the text (Monacelli Press/Thames & Hudson, 2011). Among colleagues mentioned in this book, Nigel Dunnettand James Hitchmough havean edited volume aimed at those in the landscape and environment man- agement world, The Dynamic Landscape: Design, Ecol- ‘ogy and Management of Naturalistic Urban Planting (Gpon Press, 2004). These two have personal research, websites which are of interest: www.nigeldunnett.info www.landscape dept shefac.uk/james Roy Diblik has written Roy Diblik’s Small Perennial Gardens: The Know Maintenance Approach (American Nurseryman Pub. Co., 2008) and is (at the time of writ- ing) working ona book for Timber Press. Possibly to the chagrin of the British, it is German practitioners who have written most: about planting de- sign, and who have raised it to the status of a true disci pline. Wolfgang Borchardt’s Pflanzenkompositionen: Die Kunst der Pflanzenverwendung (Ulmer Verlag. 1998) is.a classic text, underpinning much work on the structuring of planting; the division of plants into theme plants, solitary plants, etc., was originally his, but articulated more fully by the following authors. More radical, in English, anda key book for understanding the whole idea of planting communities is Richard Hansen and Friedrich Stahl’s Perennials and their Garden Habi- tats (Cambridge University Press, 1993). Most recentis magisterial textbook on planting design by Norbert Kiihn, Neve Staudenverwendung (Ulmer Verlag, 2011). The work on plant performance here has drawn or my unpublished doctoral thesis, ‘An Investigation inte the Performance of Species in Ecologically Based Orna- mental Herbaceous Vegetation, with Particular Refer ence to Competition in Productive Environments (University of Sheffield, 2009), and a further study “Evaluating the Long-term Performance of Ornamental Herbaceous Plants using a Questionnaire-based Practi tioner Survey’ (2010), as part ofa European Union fundes program: Interreg IVb Making Places Profitable ~ Publis and Private Open Spaces (MP4) (not yet published) This, along with a number of ‘easy reading’ versions, i available from my personal website, which also has link toa number of other studies and sources of information on plant performance: www.noelkingsbury.com. For the BUGS project (Biodiversity in Urban Gar dens) mentioned in chapter one, see www bugs roup shef.ac.uk. ‘The two books mentioned in the conchusiom a Nature's Keepers: The New Science of Neteare Mame ment, by Stephen Budiansky (Free Press, 1995) 20Rambunetious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild ‘World by Emma Marris (Bloomsbury, 2011) Tam often asked for reference works on perennials ‘Until | write my own, almost certainly in collaboration with colleagues, the most comprehensive is the Royal Horticultural Society’s Encyclopedia of Perennials, Dorling Kindersley, 2006), although this sof limited use for professionals. The bes snline source of information is from Missouri Botanic Gardens: www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ gardens. gardening/your-garden/plant-finderaspx. edited by Graham Rice (1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a book like this involves seeking advice from colleagues - the collective knowledge is always greater than the individual. Both of us particularly rely on Cass ian Schmidt in Germany and Roy Diblikin the USA for their opinions and experiences in growing and manag- ing perennials. Rick Darke is also someone whose opin- ion we seek and respect, putting gardens and designed landscapes into a wider ecological context. We would like to acknowledge the wisdom of the following, inno particular order: Yuko Tanabe, Tracy DiSabato Aust, ‘Wolfram Kircher, Neil Diboll, Martin Hughes-Jones, Colleen Lockovitch, Jennifer Davit, Neil Lucas, Jacque- line van der Kloet and Dagmar Hillova. ‘We would like to thank other colleagues who have Jetus write about their work in chapter five: HeinerLuz, Petra Pelz, Nigel Dunnett, James Hlitchmough and Dan Pearson. ‘This particular project has been a challenge, and ‘we have relied on passing drafts around to colleagues to reassure us that what we are doing makes sense, anc ‘even more importantly to tell us when we are not ‘Thank you to Daniela Coray and John Marder, to Elliot and Susan Forsyth for your comments and reassurance Particular thanks to Catherine Lucas for her ability t spot word repetition and to Amalia Robredo for he comments on the intelligibility of some of the plans ‘Thank you to Ye Hang for being a third member of th team in picture selection, in drawing the diagrams an for working to get our books published in China. We would like to show our appreciation to Ann ‘Mumford and other staff at Timber Press, and to ou agentand facilitator, Héléne Lesger, whose cheerful an efficient competence we both greatly admire. Finally, t our wives, Anja Oudolf and Jo Eliot, for their continu: Joveand support during this projectand throughor carer Anle shosvtaleysnleondantsapply ofa cheese and coffee are also a nPHOTO CREDITS All photographs and planting plans by Piet Oudolf except the following Sheila Brady: 226 Imogen Checketts: 42-43 Rick Darke: 14-15 Roy Diblik: 198, 207T Nigel Dunnett: 8,11 Joanna Fawcett: 88-89, 91TR ‘Ye Hang; illustrations on 122-127 Walter Herfst: 40, 44-45, 67B, 107 James Hitchmough: 227, 229 ‘Andrea Jones/Garden Exposures: 223, 56-57, 223, 242, 238-239 Noel Kingsbury: 27,72, 133T, 184, 185, 200T, 222 Heiner Luz Landschaftsarchitekt BDLA DWB: 220-221 Philip Ottendorfer: 193 Dan Pearson: 204-205, Petra Pelz: 224-225 Julie-Amadéa Pluriel: illustrations on 188, 228 Amalia Robredo: 18 Cassian Schmidt, Bettina Jaugstetter: 16-17, 30-31, 152-153, 154-155, 156-157, 200B, 208-209, 210, 212-213, 218, 234-235Page numbers in italic type refer to photographs or their captions A caena 106, 244-5 ‘canthus 125 spinous 244-5,245 Acer m anseum 94,177 pseudoplatanus 240 Achillea 167,188 “Coronation Gold! 212-3, 234-5 flipendalina 222,294~5 fipendutina ‘Parker's Variety” 101 “Inca Gold’ 207 milleflium 244-5 “Terracotta! 212-3 Achyrolnesatureoides 18 Aconitum "25,189,244-5 carmichaeli Barker's Variety’ no "Spark's Variety’ 96-7 Aconogonon 126 ‘Johanniswolke’ 126,203, 231,244-5 Actaea 150,244-5 pachypoda 244-5 simplex‘James Compton’ 167,189 Adiantum pedatum 101,106, 18, 68-9, 269 Acsculus parviflora 80,8 Agapanthus 229, 230, 244-5 inapertus 230 Agastache “Blue Fortune’ 60-2, 9,101 “Blue Wonder’ 20 foeniclum 107,108 nepetoides 38-9 peaaerrianstoy Alea 178,185 Alchemila 125, 244-5 pips 219, mollis 82 allelopathic species 101 Allium angulosum ‘Summer Beauty’ 206 ‘tropurpureum 208 carinatum spp. pulchellum 192 xybida ‘Hadspen Abundance’ 102-3, 44.231 ~cybrida K@nigin Charlotte! 231 >ylnida Prine Heinsch’ 231 ybrida ‘Robustiesima! 0 >clipsiensis 142-3 rnemorosa 140,144, 45 Angelica gigas 6-7, 67, 94 annals 46,145 154-5, 178,182 Anthericum ramosum 201 ‘Aquilegia 124, 82,191 ‘vulgaris 182,184, 16, 210,244-5 Aralia 244-5 Artemisia 137 lactifora 125, 244-5 ludovcana v0, 245 ludoviana‘Latiloba' 244-5 ludoviana'Siver Queen’ 218 pontica 64-5 “Powis Castle’ 223 Arts and Crafts movement 35, 45-7 AAnuncus "26 dioieus 246-7 ‘Horatio’ 96-7, 247 0, 147 170-4 divaricatus 202,218, 246-7 ericoides 246-7 xfrikartii 245-7 >xfrikarti‘Ménch’ 94 xherveyi Twilight” 136, 246-7, 247 laevis 156-7, 219, 245-7 lateiforus'Horizontals’ 246-7, 247 linosyris 20 novae-angliac 246 7 rovae-angliae ‘Violeta’ 38-9, 124-5 novi-belgii 188 novi-belgi‘Purple Dome’ 11 coblongifoliusRaydon’s Favorite’ 70-1 ‘October Skies’ 93, 96, 246-7 patens 152-3 puniceus 238-9 schreberi 214 tataricus 246-7 tatarius Jindal’ 96-7, tumbellatus 10, 246-7 Astilbe 147 chinensis 246-7 chinensis var tacqueti‘Purpurlanze’ 41-3, 3 ‘Visions in Pink! 79,110. Astiloides 123, tabularis 246-7 Astrantia 82,124 major 63, 248-9 ‘major‘Roma’ 87 ‘Athyrium niponicum ‘Metallicum’ 268-9 autumn 150-1, 160 plant combinations 169-72 avenues 40, 2-3, 247 B bacteria 12 Ballota pseudodictamnus 222,223 ae 114,150, 182, 189 27,183,189, 248-9, 24 aoa ea ‘ustralis 126,204-5,248-9 leucanthBetula nigra ‘Heritage’ 102 Bexhill-on-Sea Promenade 222-3 biennials 145,178,191 biodiversity 9,19, 27,33, 240 food webs 75 native and exotic plants 73,75, 240 Biodiversity in Urban Gardens (BUGS) 75 biofitration 12 block planting 26, 26,27, 28,29, 46, 63, 79-80, 83,151, 154-5 color 136, drifts 29,79, 86, 90, 9,92, 93 with matrix planting 105-6 providing structure 46-7, 47 repetition 90 softening 33 See also group planting Boltonia asteroides 248-9 latisquama 219, 220-1 Bouteloua curtipendula 67,115, 264-5 Brady, Sheila 226 British Isles 73,75 Briza media 102-3, 264-5, 265 Brunnera 82 macrophylla 125,248-9, 249 macrophylla ‘jack Frost’ 167 Budiansky, Stephen 237,240 bulbs 139-40, 47-9 Buphthalmum salicfollum 248-9 Burle Marx, Roberto 29,75,79, 236 burning 230,237 Bury Court, Hampshire 51, 52-3, 551100 0-1, 62-3, 80, ic Colamagrosts acutifora ‘Karl Foerster’ 48-9, 52-3, 84-5, 99, 10, 127,160,173 203,231,236, 264-5, 265 brachytricha 101, 109, 0, 5,168, 264-5 Colamintha 99,126 rnepeta subsp nepeta 92,108, 248-9 nepeta subsp. nepetides 193 calculating plant numbers 17-8 Calendula ofcnals 178 Calithoe bushi 200 Calluna vulgaris 78 Camessia 140 cusick 162,09 Campanula glomerata 108, 248-9 latifolia 125,200, 248-9 persiifoia 248-9 poscharskyana 248-9 rotundifolia 2m trachelium 234, 248-9 CCordamine pratensis 37 Corex 99,127,148 bromaides 106, 264-5 digitata The Beatles’ 21 dipsacea 264-5 eburnea 141 flacca 266-7 humilis a1 muskingumensis 264-5 pendula 21 pensylvanica 106, testacea 230) arlina acauls subsp. simplex 2m Cedruslibani 88-9 CCenolophium denudatum 51 Centaurea 126 montana 248-9 Cephalaria 124 gigantea 248-9 Geratostigma plumbaginoides 248-9 CChaerophyllum hirsutum ‘Roseum 248- 249 chamomile 38- change 26 Chasmanthium latifolium 62, 266-7 Chatto, Beth 55, 82 Chelone obliqua 248-9 Chionodoxa 140 Chrysanthemum 150 CChrysopogon grylus 234-5 Cimicfuga racemosa var cordifolia 202 Girsium 124 Clematis herackefola 248-9, 249 integriflia 248-9, 249 climate change 63, 64-5 66 clonal and non-clonal plants 178,182, 182, 186-7, 186, 88-92 closed nutrient cycles 99 coherence 26-7 Colehicum 140 color 41,121,132 block planting 36 ‘combining plants 131-2 complementary colors 136,163 contrast 136-7, 56 spring 139 combining plants 32,724, 30 jo per cent rule 132 auturnn 169-72 color 131-2 repeating combinations 131 spring 162-3 structure 132-3 266-7 236 coppicing 80, 8,112 Cordyline 63 Coreopsis lanceolata 208-9 tripters 250-1, 25 vertillata 101,106, 250-1 vertllata ‘Golden Showers’ 206 \erticilata‘Grandiflora’ 218 Cornus 11 ousa 94 Conjlus 11 avellana 80 Cotinuscogaygra 8, cottage gardens 36 County Cork garden 55 Crambe cordifolia 104-5, 250-251 Crocosmia 123, 250-1 Crocus 140 speciosus 144 CSR model 176-7 cultivars 66 Cynara 124 D daffodil 139-40 dahlia 46 Dalea purpurea 106 Darke, Ric, Carre Furnace, Pittsburgh 15 Darmera 123 peltata 102-3, 250-1 Delphinium 189, 250-1 density 50,78,227,236-7 Deschampsia §2-3, 55,107, 198 15,173 187 ‘cesptosa 5}, 99, 106, 128-9, 131 13,161 163,164,158, 172,188, 266-7 cespitosa'Goldschleler’ 107,109, cespitosa ‘Goldtau! 28, 92, 94, 102-3, 16¢ 167 design contexts 41,46 Desmodium canadense 250-1 Deutzia 147 Dianthus corthusianorum 34,3045, 11.2 Diasciaintegerima 229,230 Diblik, Roy 18-9, 203,206, 207 Dicentra formosa 142-3 145 Dictamnus albus 1Bdrainage schemes 1, 41~3 Drakensberg South African community 229, 230 Dream Park, Enkbping drifts 29,79, 86, 90,91, 92,93 drought-tolerant plantings 126 Dryopteris 268-9 Dunnett, Nigel 8, 1,37, 50, 226,23, 237, 240. Dyffryn Femant, Pembrokeshire 72 dynamic planting 36-7, 40, 63,237 E Echinacea 110, 150,182, 250-1 pallida 27, 30-1, 178, 227 pparadoxa 30-1,208-9 purpurea 54,74, 92 101 12,12, 165,178, 237 purpurea Alba’ 218 purpurea ‘Fatal Atraction’ 110,193,251 purpurea Rubinstern’ 110 purpurea ‘Sundawn’ 218, purpurea ‘Sunrise! 218 purpurea ‘Vintage Wine’ 105 purpurea ‘Virgin’ 104-5 ‘Rubinglow’ 87,206 tennesseensis'Racky Top’ 200 Echinops 124,165, 250-1 bannaticus 131, 165 ritro 251 ritro‘Veitch’s Blue’ 164 ‘Taplow Blue’ 104-5 Echium vulgare 14-5 ecologically appropriate planting 5173; 237,240 Elymus hystrix 266-7 emergents 123-4, 158-9, 160, 161,227 emerging markets 13 ephemerals 178 Epimedium 99,106,123, 250-1 Ggrandiflorum ‘Lilafee’ 94 ‘xperralchicum ‘Frohneiten’ 94 Eragrostis, curvula 267 spectabilis 10,207, 265-7, 267 Eranthis hyemalis 214 Eremurus 147 ‘Moneymaker’ 224-5 Eryngium 100, 124, 150 alpinum 104-5 bourgatii 100, 223, 250-1 aigaateum 1701.19 Xtripartitum 250-1 yyuccifolium 54,91 136, 250-1, 251 Eschscholza californica 210 Eucalyptus 63 Eucomis bicolor 230 Eupatorium 123,125, 176 ‘altissima ‘Chocolate’ y6~7, 192-3 fistulosum 51 76 hrysopifolium 70-1 ‘maculatum 172, 250-1 ‘maculatum ‘Atropurpureum’ 168 maculatum ‘Gateway’ 20-!, 10 ‘maculatum ‘Purple Bush’ 94 ‘maculatum ‘Riesenschirm’ 10, 38-9, 68-9, 87,190 ‘maculatum ‘Snowball’ 194-5 perfoliatur 250-1 rrugosum 25 Euphorbia 82,125,126 ‘amygdaluides 106, 252-3 characias 252-3 ‘yparissas 32,101,108, 126-7, 183, 186-7, 189,196, 252-3, griffith 186, 187, 252-3, 253 Griffith ‘Dixter’ 238 Griffith Fireglow’ 202 palustris 126, 252-3, ppolychroma 126, 252-3, schilling 125, 252-3, 253 seguieriana subsp. niciana 64=5 exotics 73,75,240 E Fallopia japonica 140 Festuca mairei 16-7, 104-5, 107, 108,164, 266-7, 267, Flipendula 125, 252-3 camtschatica 238-9 magnifica 110 rubra 133 rubra‘Venusta! 253 filer plants 122,132, 146-7 Fish, Margery 36,236 flooding 91 Foerster, Karl 82 foliage 167,228 formal garden features 35 formal planting 36, 46-7 neo-formality 46-7, 47,48-9 G Golanthus 140 Galum odoratum 167 Galtnia candicans 229,230 Gaura indheimeri 252-3 ‘Siskiyou Pink’ 54 genetic diversity 66,228, Gentiana asclepiadea 252-3 crucata 201 ‘makinei 252-3 makinoi‘Marcha’ 226 geophytes 140,210 Geranium 43, 1,123, 124,125, 146-7, 187 asphodeloides 125 ‘Dilys’ 133 endress 25, 78,183, 106,196,200 rodosum 106, 352-3 cxonianum ‘Claridge Druce’ 94 phaeum 125, & pratense 252-3 psilostemon 967,186, 252-3 renardii 25 sanguineum 106, 25,189, 252-3 sanguineum ‘Album’ 210 soboliferum 106, 252-3 ‘Sue Crig’ 102-3,144 sylvaticum 124, 184,196, 252-3, 253 walicianurm 106, 252-3 wlassovianum 219, 252-3 German Perennial Nursery Association 210 Gilleia trifoliata 204-5, 254-5, 255 Glacial Park linots 27 Gladiolus paplioRuby’ 229, 230 g10sse5 10, 10,25, 27, 38-9, 55,133 architecture 127 block planting 47, 47,50 cespitose 99, 100, 102, 127,188,197 mat 127 as matrix plants 52-3, 78, 82-3, 86,90, 91,98, 99-102, 106 native planting schemes 74 natural environments 78 naturalism 50 ‘ernamental 46 repeat planting 137 summer 166,168 turf 99,127 grassland 26-7,27 layering 1 green roofs 810-1, Lurie Garden, Ci Sedum 33 sustainable urban drainage schemes (SUDS) 11-2 Grime, J. Philip 176 Grindeia orientalis 18 ‘ground cover 41, 46, 50, 62,75, 100,122 group planting 83, 86,87, 88-9, 90 mixed groups 86 repetition 90, 93 See also block planting guerrilla spreaders 186-7 Gypsophila paniculata 254-5 770-1, 252- 4 habitats, wildlife 9 Hakonechloa mocra 94,106, 23%, 266-7, 267 Hamamelis xintermedia ‘Pala’ 94 ‘Orange Peel’ 94 ‘Hansen, Richard 27, 80 Haphlocarpa scaposa 230 Hebe 97 hedges $8, Boa, x6 Heintich Axel m0 Helio 52-3. 5-5 BASMone a Rauchtopas’ 21 Rubinawerg’ 54 birt, alicifolius 0, 224 Helichrysum aureum 230 Hellopsis 154 Helleborus 123, 46, 254~5 foetidus 162 hhybridus 142 Hemerocallis 123, 254—5 Happy Returns’ 206 Joan Senior’ 231 herbaceous borders 150 Hermannshof, Weinheim 16-7, 30-1 154-5, Heterotheca camporum var. glandulisimum 3 Heuchera” 99, 100-1, 106,133, 254-5 villosa 254-5 villosa ‘Brownies’ 94 xxyivestris‘Mainacht’ 59 sylvestris ‘Rhapsody in Blue’ 163 >yivestris'RUgen! 59 verticilata 260-1 Sandvik Tools, Warwickshire 11 Sanguisorba 124,160,260-1 ‘Bury Court’ 68-9 rmenzesi 34 officinalis 166, 219 officinalis ‘Purpurea’ 231 ‘Tanna’ 130 tenuifolia ‘Alba’ 96-7, 202 ‘Thunderstorm’ 134-5 Soponara lempergii 260-1 ‘Max Frei’ 106 Saxifraga 100, 106 Scabiosa caucasica 260-1 japonica var. alpina 34 scale 59, 62 ‘Scampston Hall, Yorkshire $5, 55-7 scatter plants 8, 83, 84-5, repetition 87 Schizachyrium scoparium 106, 256-7 “The Blues’ 67 ‘Schmidt, Cassian 99, 200 Scilla 149 peruviana 147 siberica 214 ‘Scrophulariaceae 37 ‘Scutellaria incana 130, 260-1 seasonal theme planting 13.2189 106, 126 Sen eet green roofs 33 "Herbstfeude! 235-5 Matrona’ 28, 104=5 Red Cault 28 Spectabile 26,188, 260-4 {elephium 100, 326,188,196, 260-1 telephium subsp, maximum 21 telephium Sunkissed 107,108, 165, seed-derived plantings 227-8, 237 seed mies 33, 47,210-22 seedheads 42-3,50, 6,67, 160,166 self-seeding plants 63, 66, 191-2, 296 Selinum walichianum 260-1, 261 Senecio crasilorus 18 Serpentine Gallery planting 44-5 Sesleri 106,17, 266-7 auturnalis 28, 6-5, 86,92, 10,145 218 nitida 87, 96 setting plants out 119 Shade Pearl mix 210 Sheffield School 226-31, 237 shrubs See woody plants Sidalea 260-1 oregana 34 signature planting 5155 Silene ica 145 Silphium 123, 262-3 lacniatum 160,227 Silver Summer mix 21,206,210, 29-3 295 Sissinghurst 35, site-specific planting 33 ‘Skirholmen Park, Stockholm 167 Srilacna racemosa 214 Smyrium perflatum 45,147 snow 373 Solidago 125, 154-5, 160,187,262-3 conadensis 36 ‘Goldenmosa’ 136 luteus Lemore’ 68-9 rugosa 182,263 Solidaster 262-3 Sorghastrum nutans 110, 268-9 Spodiopogon sibiricus 268-9, 269, spontaneity, designed 35~40,50 spontaneous vegetation 10,123, 145.32, fs 38-9, 59, 336, 240 ‘Sporcbolus heteroepis 20-1, 51 59,74, 98 ‘99, 104-5, 106,10, 195127154172, 182, 197,207, 368-9 spring 139-46 damp areas 162 perennial borders v62 plant combinations 162-3 byzantina 106, 223, 262-3,269 macrantha 262-3 offcinals 34, 75190, Mi 106, 173 2 cficinalis Humenelo’ 86, 199.207 recta 1 Stab, Fredsich 80gigantea 28,55, 62-1, 8, 10,160, 26 269 pennata 20 pulcherrima 64-5, 268-9 ‘street trees 12 lighting conditions 137-8 structure plants 27,41, 46-7, 4780, 84-5, 22,52, ‘seventy per cent rule 132, StuartSmith, Tom 5 Sullivan Arch Garden, Chicago 198, 207 summer 467,150 foliage 167 gasses 156,158 plant combinations 164-8 seedheads 166 sustainability 9, 62-3, 6, 73,75 ‘sustainable urban drainage schemes (SUDS) 3,1 ales 3,0541-3 ‘Sweden, James van 79, 222,226 ‘snimming pools, natural 2 caucascum 77 “Rubrum’ 262-3 delavayi‘Albuin’ 93, 96 flavum 262-3 Jucidum 262-3 pubescens 262-3 fochebnunianum 97,810, 262~3,263 theme plants 218 Themeda triandra 229,230 Thermopsis 263-3, Thymus praecox 211 Tiarlla 262-3 wherryi 145,263 ‘Tokachi Millennium Forest 202-3, 204-5 toplary 35, 36,51 Trachystemon 123 transparency 160 ‘Trentham, Staffordshire 86-90, 87, 88-3, 91 Ticyrts 150, 262-3 formosona 96,167 Tiflium ppannonicum 262-3 pratense 25 rubens 262-3 Talium 140 sessile 144 Titonia drakensbergensis 230 Trollus 262-3 europaeus 91 Tulipa 140 "FurElise’ 206 “Orange Toronto’ 206 wilson 162 Typha latifolia 78 v urban landscape design 10 Uvularia grandiffora 142-3 perfoliata 145 Verbascum 19,123,124, 19h agg lechtlin 37 Iychnitis 163, 164 nigrum 124 speciosum 16~7 Verbena bonariensis 160,175, 16a, 1g hastata 52-4, 191 Verbesina alternifolia 264-5, 265 Vernonia 125, 264-5 noveboracensis 67 Veronica austrinca 264-5 ‘Eveline’ 3, Ingifola 16-7, 219, 264-5 rostrata 21 q spicata 264-5 teucrium ‘Knallblas’ 210 Veronicastrum 150,576, 266-5 Vitginicum 28,101, 158-3, 639, a 188, 265 virginicum ‘Album’ 37 3 Virginicum ‘Erica’ 96 virginicum ‘Fascination’ £7, 62-3. =x Viburnum xthytidophylcides Ale Victorian bedding schemes €2 Vinca minor ‘Gertrude Jey 2 Viola 145 Volatile Organic Compounds w Walser, Urs 226 wasteland habitats 12,19, 25 water management 1-2