Chap 1. STC LTE - eNB Overview

Distribution
ED01
English
Jae ho, Lee

Customer Training Center
Contents
Intro
Network Architecture
Multiple Access
Frame Structure
Multiple Antenna Technique
LTE Evolution
Samsung Confidential Information. Official Commitment will be made in a formal form. Up to the best of Samsungs knowledge
Intro
LTE Definition and History

R99
Rel4
WCDMA
Rel5
HSDPA
Rel6
HSPA
Rel7
Rel8
Rel1
0
HSPA evolution
LTE
LTE-advanced
LTE Background
Demand for high-datarates
Reduced Latency
Enhancement of
UTRA & UTRAN
Improved system
capacity & coverage
Reduced cost
for the operator
<Source:
www.3gpp.org>
UTRA : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN: UTRA Radio Access Network
Requirements of LTE (1/2)
[Ref: TR 25.913]
Peak data rate

100 Mbps (DL) / 50 Mbps (UL)
Baseline: 20 MHz BW, 1TX & 2RX UE
Less than 50msec

Dormant
(Cell_PCH)
Active
(Cell_DCH)
Significantly reduced latency

Control-plane latency
Idle active : < 100 ms
dormant Active: < 50 ms
Less than 100msec

Camped-state
(idle)
User-plane latency : < 5 ms in unload condition for small IP packet
Significantly improved throughput & spectrum efficiency

2 ~ 4 times Release 6 HSPA
Spectrum flexibility
Scalable bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
Requirements of LTE (2/2)
[Ref: TR 25.913]
Mobility
Optimized for low mobile speed 0 ~ 15 km/h
15 ~ 120 km/h should be supported with high performance
Connection maintained at speeds 120 ~ 350 km/h (or even up to
500 km/h)
Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non3GPP systems

Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul
Efficient support of the various types of services, especially
from the PS-domain
Web-browsing, FTP, video-streaming, VoIP
LTE Standard Specifications

Free Download from http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/htmlinfo/36-series.htm
Specification index
TS 36.100 series
Description of contents
Equipment Requirements:
Terminals, Base stations, and Repeaters

Layer 1 (Physical layer):
TS 36.200 series
Physical channels, Modulation, Multiplexing, Channel

coding, etc.
Layers 2 and 3:
TS 36.300 series
Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, and Radio

Resource Control.
TS 36.400 series
TS 36.500 series
Network Signaling & Interfaces:

Architecture, S1, X2 Interfaces, etc.
UE equipment conformance testing
TD-LTE Fundamental
LTE FDD
A paired frequency band allocation
Uplink and downlink selected from different frequency bands
LTE TDD
Enables use of unpaired frequency bands
The same frequency band for UL and DL, divided in time
Channel Reciprocity
TD-LTE and LTE FDD Difference

solely a physical layer manifestation and therefore invisible to
higher layers
there are no operational differences between the two modes in the
system architecture.
FDD
TDD
E-UTRA Operating Band
FDD - frequency division duplex
TDD - time division duplex

HARQ and control signaling

HARQ ACK/NACK
For FDD, the acknowledgement of data received in sub-frame n is
transmitted in sub-frame n+4
For TDD, the acknowledgement obviously cannot be transmitted until
an uplink sub-frame occurs
Multiple UL ACK/NACK Transmission

For, DL heavy case, the reception of several downlink sub-frames may
need to be acknowledged in a single uplink sub-frame.
ACK/NACK Bundling
- Combines the acknowledgements in time domain from multiple
hybrid-ARQ processes
ACK/NACK Multiplexing
- Combines the acknowledgements in codeword domain from multiple
hybrid-ARQ processes.
10
Network Architecture
11
WiMAX + LTE Network Architecture
P-GW (HA)
WSM
LSM-C
ACR
Base Station
Smartphone
S-GW
Base Station
Mobile Phone
MME
Base Station
Embedded Laptop
Base Station
Dongle type
12
LTE Network Architecture II

Radio Network Controller
3G UMTS RNC:
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
LTE
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
eNB: evolved NodeB

MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
EPC
GGSN
MME
S-GW/P-GW
MME
S-GW/P-GW
S1
S1
SGSN
S1
S1
RNC
X2
RNC
eNB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
X2
X2
NodeB
E-UTRAN
eNB
eNB
* Source: 3GPP TS 36.300
Entity
Function
eNB
All radio interface functions, Resource allocation
MME
Manages mobility, UE identity, Security parameters
S-GW
Terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN
P-GW
Terminates the interface towards PDN, UE IP address allocation

13
Interface & Protocol Stack

User plane Protocol Stack
Application
IP
IP
Relay
Relay
PDCP
GTP-U
GTP-U
GTP-U
PDCP
GTP-U
RLC
RLC
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
MAC
MAC
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
L1
LTE-Uu
S1-U
UE
eNodeB
S5/S8
a
Serving GW
SGi
PDN GW
Control plane Protocol Stack

NAS
NAS
Relay
RRC
S1-AP
PDCP
RRC
PDCP
S1-AP
SCTP
RLC
RLC
IP
IP
MAC
MAC
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
UE
LTE-Uu
eNodeB
SCTP
S1-MME
MME
14
E-UTRAN & EPC functions

eNB
RRM: Radio Resource Management

RB: Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
NAS: Non-Access Stratum
EPS: Evolved Packet System
Inter Cell RRM

RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
S1MME
Idle State Mobility

Handling
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW
P-GW
RLC
MAC
S1-U
S1
PHY
Mobility
Anchoring
UE IP address
allocation
Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
Yellow boxes logical nodes

White boxes functional entities of the control plane
Blue boxes radio protocol layers
15
Multiple Access
16
LTE Key Parameters

Frequency
Range
UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands
Channel
Bandwidth,
1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz
1.4MHz
3MHz
5MHz
10MHz
15MHz
20MHz
6 RBs
15RBs
25RBs
50RBs
75RBs
100RBs
Modulation
scheme
Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)
Multiple Access
Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: SC-FDMA
MIMO
- Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base

station and handset)
- Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO
Peak Data rate
Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)
17
Brief Introduction of OFDMA
* Source: 3GPP TS25.892
Each sub-carrier carries a separate low-rate stream of data

Sub-carriers
Orthogonal frequencies & independently modulated
Symbol duration >> channel delay spread

Much less ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference)
A guard time is added to each symbol

Cyclic Prefix in LTE
18
Advantages & Disadvantages of OFDMA

Advantages
Scalable data rate
Simpler channel equalizer than CDMA
Robust against multipath fading by using CP
Dynamic resource allocation considering channel information
Maximize throughput
Disadvantages
High PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)
Sensitive to frequency offset and clock offset
Requires guard interval
Reduces throughput
19
CDMA & OFDM vs. OFDMA

CDMA vs. OFDMA
Attribute
CDMA
Transmission bandwidth
Symbol period
Separation of users
OFDMA
Full system bandwidth
Variable up to full system bandwidth

Very long :
Very short :
Defined by subcarrier spacing and
inverse of the system bandwidth
independent of system bandwidth
Orthogonal spreading codes
Frequency and time
OFDM vs. OFDMA

Freq.
Freq.
Time
Time
20
DL/UL Multiplexing
DL Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
No Inter Symbol and multipath interference
Frequency selective scheduling
Far improved MIMO performance
UL Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

No interference between intra cell users
Low PAPR (Peak to Average Ratio)

IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform
DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Freq.
Freq.
IDFT
IDFT
DFT
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Downlink OFDMA
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Uplink SC-FDMA
21
Brief Introduction of SC-FDMA

OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA
In OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one
specific symbol
In SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL
transmitted symbols
22
Frame Structure
23
LTE Frame Structure

Frame Structure Type 1: for FDD
Each radio frame is 10ms long and consists of 20 slots of length
0.5ms, numbered from 0 to 19
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
Frame Structure Type 2: for TDD

Special fields DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS in subframe #1 (always)
24
Frame Structure (TDD)
Special Sub-frame
DwPTS: used for downlink data transmission. (varied from three up
to twelve OFDM symbols)
GP: guard period for the downlink-to-uplink
Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within
the cell
selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account
two to ten OFDM symbols, sufficient for cell sizes up to and beyond 100 km.
25
Resource Grid & Cyclic Prefix

One DL slot (0.5 ms) Tslot
Slot #0
Slot #1
------
Slot #19
No. of
subcarrie
rs / RB
Configuration
RB
N sc
DL
OFDM symbols
N symb
Normal CP
DL
k N RB
N scRB 1
Resource block
DL
N symb
N scRB resource elements
N scRB subcarriers
UL
N RB
N scRB subcarriers
0.5 ms * 180 kHz
Resource element ( k , l )
DL
N symb
f 15 kHz
f 15 kHz
Extended CP
No. of
symbols/
RB
f 7.5 kHz
Configuration
7
12
6
24
CP length (s)
Normal CP
5.21 (for l=0)

4.69 (for l=1,2,,6)
Extended CP
16.67 for l=0,1,,5
Extended CP
( f 7.5 kHz )
33.33 for l=0,1,2
k 0
l0
l N
DL
symb
* Source : 3GPP TS 36.211
26
UL/DL Configuration
Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation

Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame
If maximally boosting UL capacity, then we can have 3 sub-frame for
UL and single sub-frame for DL per 5ms
UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast
via Broadcast Channel (BCH)
27
Special Sub-frame Configuration
28
Synchronization Channel
Primary Synchronizing Signal(PSS)
Using non-coherent detection, estimate 5msec timing and physicallayer identity(Cell ID Group)
Channel estimation information for SSS
Secondary Synchronizing Signal(SSS)

Physical-layer identity(Cell ID) is obtained
Radio-frame timing(10msec) identification
10ms frame
FDD
Subframe
#0
#1
#2
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
Slot #10
#9
5 Reserved
System
Bandwidth
Slot #0
#3
31 subcarriers
DC
31 subcarriers
Secondary
synchronization
signal
Primary
synchronization
signal
5 Reserved
Symbol :5th 6th
29
Synchronization Channel (FDD vs TDD)

FDD
TDD
30
Multiple Antenna Technique
31
Multiplexing
DL Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA)
No Inter Symbol and multipath interference
Frequency selective scheduling
Far improved MIMO performance
Performance improvement vs. WCDMA
UL Single-Carrier FDMA(SC-FDMA)
No interference between intra cell users
Low PAPR(Peak to Average Radio
Simpler receiver implementation

Larger UL cell coverage than OFDMA
IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform

DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Freq.
Freq.
IDFT
IDFT
DFT
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Downlink OFDMA
S0 S1 S2 S10 S11
Uplink SC-FDMA
32
DL MIMO
Supports 2X2, 4X2, 4X4 MIMOs, rank-r transmission, where
r=1,2,3,4
Precoding Operation
Codebook-based precoding
- Channel sensitive precoding based on UEs PMI feedback
Large-delay CDD based Open-loop precoding

- Large delay CDD for robust communications against channel variation
PMI: Precoding Matrix Information
CDD: Cyclic Delay Diversity
h11
h11
Precoder
hNM
data
streams
CDD
h1M
Receiver
Precoder
data
streams
h1M
hNM
Receiver
hN 1
hN 1
Precoder feedback
W3
Closed-Loop MIMO
Open-Loop MIMO
33
UL MIMO
Antenna selection diversity
Multi-user MIMO
h11
UE
hN 1
UE
eNodeB
UE
Allocate the same resource blocks to

Multiple UEs
Improves spectrum efficiency
eNodeB
h1M
hNM
Selection of better link antenna

(with single TX RF at the UE)
Improves link performance
34
LTE Feature Introduction
35
Standard QoS Classes

Scheduler supports the standardized QoS class indicators (QCIs)
QCI
Priority
PDB
PELR
100 ms
10-2
Conversational Voice
150 ms
10-3
Conversational Video (Live Streaming)
50 ms
10-3
Real Time Gaming
300 ms
10-6
Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)
100 ms
10-6
IMS Signalling
300 ms
10-6
Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, email, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
100 ms
10-3
Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive Gaming
300 ms
10-6
Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, email, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Resource Type
GBR
Non-GBR
QCI: QoS Class Identifier

PELR: Packet Error Loss Rate
Example Services
operator-specified class
PDB: Packet Delay Budget b/w UE and PGW (Soft upper bound) (3GPP TS23.203)
GBR: Guaranteed Bit Rate
36
SON Feature Overview

Rollout of the LTE leads to
Rapidly expanding number of Base Stations (new sites)
Parallel operation of 2G, 3G and LTE
Much higher complexity in network infrastructure and network
management (Operation & Maintenance)
Self-Organizing Network(SON) aims to configure and optimize the

LTE network automatically by
37
UE Category
LTE UE category data rates
Category
DL
10
50
100
150
300
UL
25
50
50
75
LTE UE category modulation formats supported

Category
DL
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL
QPSK, 16QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
LTE UE category modulation formats supported

Category
2Rx diversity
2x2 MIMO
4x4 MIMO
Assumed in performance requirements across all LTE UE categories

Not supported
Not supported
Mandatory
Mandatory
38
LTE Evolution
39
3GPP Work Plan for IMT-Advanced

3GPP LTE stabilized on March 2009
Schedule of study/work item for LTE-Advanced
Early submission: Sep.2008
LTE-Advanced complete technical submission: Jun.2009
Release of Specification of LTE-Advanced: around 1Q 2011
3GPP Target of LTE-Advanced

Better performance than IMT-Advanced requirements
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
3GPP RAN
Study Item
ITU-R WP5D
Work Item
Proposals
Evaluation
Consensus
Specification
40
Key Technologies for LTE-Advanced

Peak Data Rate improvement
Support for large bandwidths (up to 100Mhz)
- Aggregation of contiguous/non-contiguous carriers)
DL MIMO enhancement
- Further performance improvement for 4X4 MIMO(LTE baseline 2X2)
- 8X8 MIMO is also considered
UL SU-MIMO support
- Introduce 2X4 or even 4X4 MIMO (LTE baseline 1X2)
Sector/cell throughput improvement

Advanced DL MU-MIMO with 8 Tx antenna
Multi-stream dedicated beamforming
Cell edge performance improvement

Relay-coverage extension
eICIC for deployments of heterogeneous networks
41
eICIC
Interference coordination for non-CA based heterogeneous
network (HetNet)
Time domain coordination
- Extend Rel 8/9 backhaul coordination for macro and pico deployments
Power control
- Femto eNB power reduction to avoid interference to macro UE
enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
42
Relay for Coverage Extension
BS Coverage
Area
Reason for Relay

Coverage Extension
Throughput/capacity gain
BS
MS
RS Coverage
Area
MS
Benefits of Relay vs. Pico eNB
MS
Lower cost no fiber backhaul

Flexibility
RS
MS
MS
43
Thank You!

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Jae ho, Lee

LTE Definition and History

Requirements of LTE (1/2)

Peak data rate

Less than 50msec

Significantly reduced latency

Less than 100msec

User-plane latency : < 5 ms in unload condition for small IP packet

Significantly improved throughput & spectrum efficiency

Requirements of LTE (2/2)

Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non3GPP systems

LTE Standard Specifications

Terminals, Base stations, and Repeaters

Physical channels, Modulation, Multiplexing, Channel

Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, and Radio

Network Signaling & Interfaces:

TD-LTE and LTE FDD Difference

E-UTRA Operating Band

FDD - frequency division duplex

TDD - time division duplex

HARQ and control signaling

Multiple UL ACK/NACK Transmission

WiMAX + LTE Network Architecture

LTE Network Architecture II

GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

eNB: evolved NodeB

All radio interface functions, Resource allocation

Manages mobility, UE identity, Security parameters

Terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN

Terminates the interface towards PDN, UE IP address allocation

Interface & Protocol Stack

Control plane Protocol Stack

E-UTRAN & EPC functions

RRM: Radio Resource Management

Inter Cell RRM

Idle State Mobility

Yellow boxes logical nodes

LTE Key Parameters

UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

- Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base

Peak Data rate

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

Brief Introduction of OFDMA

* Source: 3GPP TS25.892

Each sub-carrier carries a separate low-rate stream of data

Symbol duration >> channel delay spread

A guard time is added to each symbol

Advantages & Disadvantages of OFDMA

CDMA & OFDM vs. OFDMA

Full system bandwidth

Variable up to full system bandwidth

Defined by subcarrier spacing and

inverse of the system bandwidth

independent of system bandwidth

Orthogonal spreading codes

Frequency and time

OFDM vs. OFDMA

Far improved MIMO performance

UL Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

Low PAPR (Peak to Average Ratio)

Brief Introduction of SC-FDMA