Laser

6.1
,
IV , Si Ge III V,
AIAs, GaAs, InAs
. , , ,
.
, ,

,
.
6.2
,
,

Evacuum

.
.
.
4p

4s
3s, 3p, 3d

( )

2s, 2p
1s

( )

6.1
.
n (n=1,2,3.). 6.1 : -

 ,
Coulomb .
Evacuum.

. , .

. ,
. Pauli
,
. ,
. . ,
( 6.1).
=0 K, , ,
. ,
.
6.2,
. Ec
. , -

vacuum
c

6.2 , g vacuum .
Ev. , Eg. , Eg = Ec - Ev .
6.3

 .
.
, , , .
,
. , ,
, . ,
:
Eg(T) = Eg(0) (T2)/(T+)

(6.1)

, .

Eg (eV)

6.3 .
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

GaAs
Si

Ge
0

200

400
600
800
()

1000

1200

6.3 Ge, Si GaAs .

6.4 ,
,

, .
.

. , , . , .
,
, .
.
. ,

 . , .
,
. , ,
, .
6.4.

Eg

Eg

()

()

()

Eg

()

6.4 .
() . () . ()
. () ,
.
() , . , , . , ,
( ). (),
. (),
(1eV), .
( ) ( )
.
6.5
,

Eg. ,
.
, hv > Eg
( 6.5). Eg ,
.
, , . -

 , . , h+,
,
, .
.
e +e , . , hv
> Eg , , .
, . . e-

Eg hv

hv > Eg

h+

e-

h+

()

()

6.5 () hv >Eg
. () SiSi, . ,
.
, GaAs InP, ,
, .
Si Ge .
6.6 ( k)
,

e j(t k X) , k .
= = , = = h/2 = 2,

= h. p p = = k .
m, , :
= p2/2m

(6.2)

(6.2) :

E = (=k)2 /2m

(6.3)

/ ( ) .
(6.3) .

E (eV)

( )
Ec
Eg
Ev

( )
-k

k=0

6.6 E - k
, (6.3) k. ,
. k = 0 , ,
.
6.6 - ( k).
c
,
. E k ,
.
, E
.
,
k. ,
.
,
. 6.7 Ge, Si GaAs. Ge Si
k,

 .
, ,

E (eV)

Ge

Si

GaAs

Ec
Ev

Ec
Ev

Eg

-k

()

-k

()

-k

()

6.7 Ge, Si GaAs.

,
( k),
. Ge Si
. ,
r ,
6.7.

,
.
, . ( ) . , GaP,
.
GaAs,
k GaAs , .
(LEDs, Laser)
.

6.7
( ), ,
. . , ,
. .
, (
, ). 6.8 , d a . , , -

c
d

a
v

v
()

6.8
.
() ()

()

.
, . ,
.
.
n-, p-.
n- (n > p), . p- (p > n), .
6.8

. D(E)

F(E, T) .
Fermi-Dirac
E,
.

E EF
F(E) = 1 + exp

k BT

(6.4)

kB Boltzmann, () F Fermi Fermi

(6.4)
Maxwell-Boltzmann.

F(E)
T=0K
1
6.9
Fermi Dirac Fermi
.

T2 > T1

1/2

T1
EF

T2
E

Fermi F 1/2. , Fermi

. ,
.
Fermi
, . , , F = 0 Fermi
.
6.9 Fermi Fermi, .

Fermi
. ,
.
( ). ,
, . 6.10 ,
Fermi .
, ,
. E, 1F(E).

F(Ec)

E
Ec
EF

Ec
EF

F(Ec)

Ev
F(E)

Ev
F(E)

1 1/2 0
()

[1 - F(Ev)]

1 1/2 0
()

E
Ec
EF
Ev

F(E)

1 1/2 0

6.10. Fermi :
()
() n
() p

()
D(E)
. :

D n (E) = M c

2 (E E c )1/2
(m *e ) 3/2
2
3
=

(6.5)

2 (E v E)1/2
(m *h ) 3/2
=3
2

(6.6)

D p (E) = M v

Mc, Mv
me*, mh*
Kg.
n , :

n=

F(E, T) D(E)dE

(6.7)

E = Ec

Fermi
Ec, F Ec
(
Maxwell-Boltzmann), :
(E E F )
n = N c exp c

k BT

(6.8)

,
Fermi (
v) ( ) p
:
(E - E v )
p = N v exp F

k BT

(6.9)

c, v (
) .
:

c = 2(2me* kBT/h2)3/2 Mc

(6.10)

v = 2(2mh* kBT/h2)3/2 Mv

(6.11)

. (6.10) (6.11)
, .
np Fermi :

np = N c N v e

Eg /k B T

(6.12)

g , g = Ec - Ev
n = p ni :

n i2 = N c N v e

Eg /k B T

ni

(6.13)

6.9 p-n
6.9.1
p-n,
6.11 p N n- d. , / n-/p-
/.
p-

n-

6.11 p-n.
p N

n Nd
-Wp 0 Wn

, . ,
. ,

6.9.2
. ,
( 6.12).

Ec
p-

EFp
Ev
()

n-

Ec
EFn
Ec

Ec
EFn

p-
n-

EFp

Ev
()

6.12 p-n. () ()
n- p-.
Fermi EFp EFn

, . , .
.

6.9.3

 , ,
p n , . n, ( ). , n p , . p
( ). , , ,
W0 = Wp + Wn .
, E0, / . / , E0
. /,
/, ( 6.13).
E0

()

-Wp

M
0

Wn

E(x)

()

E0

V(x)

V0

()

6.13
p-n

, p-n,
6.13. E(x) E0 .
V(x) p , V0 n. V0
.
:

V0 =

d
kT
ln
e
n2i

(6.14)

:
k = Boltzmann 1.3807x1023 J K-1
T =
n2i = np

6.9.4
p-n, V ( ),

V0 V .
, . ,
V0 +V.

6.9.5

c

0 + E

n
eV0

Fp
v

Fn

()

c
e(V0 +Vr )

Fp
v

Fn

()

0-E
c

e(V0 V)
Fn

Fp
v

6.14
p-n. () .
() . ()

()

6.9.6
6.14 p-n
. EFn EFp Fermi p n
, Fermi . n, ,
Ec EFn , n
. p, EFp Ev
. , EFn - EFp Ec Ev , , Ec Ev .

 , , n p, n . , Ec
EFn, . , p
Ev EFp.
() ,
( p) eV0 ( n),
eV0. , n Ec eV0 Ec
p. p
n .

6.9.7
p-n V,
, eV0
e(V0 V), n p ( 6.14). p, n . , p n ,
. , .
, V = Vr, p-n , V0
e(V0 +Vr),
6.14. ,
.