Buss1

MadisonBuss
Mr.R.White
English12APPeriod2
20November2015
TheHistoryofFashion

Introduction
Fashiontrendsthroughouthistoryhaveshownusthatstylesdoevolve,buteventually
comebackaroundtorepeattheneverendingcyclethatweseetoday.Fashionisnotonlyapart
ofselfexpression,butcanbeusedasawaytoanalyzesocialstructuresandeventsofthetime
period.FormySeniorProject,Iwillbecompletingacoloringbookforbothchildrenandadults,
thatwillcontainvariouscostumesdesignsfromtheseeras.Ihavebeensurroundedbytheworld
offashionstartingataveryyoungage,andhavealwaysbeenpassionateabouthistoryand
design,soIdecidedtocombinethetwointomyproject.Inordertosatisfyeachofthemany
guidelinesoftheSeniorProject,IwillincorporatebothmyGraphicsandHumanitiesemphasis
throughmyanalysisandstudyofhistoricalfashions,alongwiththedesignsandlayoutsofthe
psychicalbookitself.Tostartoffthedesignprocess,Ineedfactualandtextualevidenceofwhat
thestylesofAncient,Middle,Classical,Modern,andsoonlookedlike.Tocontinuewiththe
humanitiesemphasis,Iwilldescribewhyeachdesignpresentedwaspopularforthetime,and
whattheymeantsociallyandhistorically.MovingontotheTechnicalArtsaspectoftheproject,I
willthensketchoutthesedesignsusingAdobeIllustrator,andfinallycreatetheprintedor
downloadableebookwithAdobeInDesign.TheregionsandtimeperiodsthatIwillbecovering

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inmyresearchincludeAncientGreece,AncientRome,AncientEgypt,MiddleAgesEurope,
RenaissanceEurope,andModernEurope(16501840).TheModernHistoryaspectwillbe
mentionedsolelyintheactualbookinordertoshowarelevantcomparisontobothchildrenand
adultsofthestylesofthe20thand21stcenturies.Eacheraandregionhaveuniquestylesonly
shownintheirculture,butmanyhavesimilarfabricsordesigns,showingunityamongstworld
fashionforthetime.

Research

AncientGreecebeganaround3000B.C.E.,andwasmadeupofthreeseparate,complex
societies:TheMinoans,TheMycenaeans,andtheGreeks.Howeveruniquetheywere,allthree
ofthemshowedthattheyusedclothingasadelineationofstatus,andnotjustdecoration
(FashionEncyclopedia).Theirclothingwasmadefromtwomajorfabrics:woolandlinen
(Robinson).Thewoolwaswovenfromextremelycoarse,anduncomfortablefabric,intovery
softandeasytodrapecloth.Thesefabricswerecolorfullydyed,andpaintedwithintricate
designs,asshownthroughsculpturesandpaintedvases(UniversityPressInc.).Amajor
misconceptionisthattheirclothingwasmostlywhite,duetosculpture,wheninreality,primary
coloredgarmentswereinabundance(Leventon).
Therewerefourbasicmalegarments,beginningwiththechiton,ortheunderdress
(Robinson).Itcouldbewornshortorlong,dependingonwearerspreference(Leventon).Itwas
normallymadeoflighterfabric,likethelinens,andwaspinnedattheshoulders.Atthewaist,it
wasgirdled.Thechitonwassometimesalsocalledapeplos(UniversityPressInc.).Avariation
oftheclassicchiton,istheDoricChiton,whichdrapescasuallyoverthebody,andhasasimple

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borderofstripes(Leventon).ThemaindifferencebetweenchitonstylesisfabricchoiceDoric
chitonsweremadeofwool,whileIonicchitonsweremadeoflinenorsilk,makingthemmuch
easiertomovearoundin(FashionEncyclopedia).TheIonicchiltonwasverypopularamong
musiciansandcharioteers(Robinson).Overthechiton,ahimationandthechlamyswereworn
(Leventon).Ahimationisadrapedcloaked,andthechlamysisashorterversion,butitispinned
closed(Leventon).Menwereoftendepictedaspartiallynude,asitwasasignofHeroism,anda
celebrationofthehumanbody.
Womensfashionwasverysimilartomensfashion,tunicsandmantleswerestaplesin
womensfashion(Leventon).WomenworealongerchiltoncalledtheGreekchilton(Robinson).
Theshortsleevedchitonwascalledapeplos,whichcouldbelayeredoverothergarments
(Leventon).Theywouldsometimesfastenthesleevelesstunicswithbroachesorpinstocreatea
drapedneckline(Robinson).Womensometimesworeasoftband,alsoknownasastrophion,
aroundhermidsection,tocinchinherwaistslightly(UniversityPressInc.).Thebeltswereworn
justunderthechesttocreateanempirewaistlinethebulgethencreatedatthestomachiscalled
akolpos(Leventon).Goddesses,athletes,huntressesandentertainersweredepictedaswearing
longpeplos,whilematronsworelongstyles(Leventon).Womencouldbeseenwearingshawls
overtheirchilton,alsocalledaepiblema(UniversityPressInc.).
th
AncientRomebeganduringthe8
centuryB.C.,andwasfoundedontheTiberRiver,

locatedinCentralItaly(HistoryChannel).Thereasonthesepeoplesettledherewasbecauseof
itsprimelocation,asitisanaturalbarrieracrossthelandroutewhichrunsupanddownthe
westcoastofcentralItaly,allowingforextensivetradingacrossallpartsoftheMediterranean,
Europe,Africa,andAsiathroughmaritimeandlandtraderoutes(HistoryWorld).Thesetrade

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routeshelpedconnectRomewithmanydifferentculturesandpeoples,thereforeinfluencingtheir
fashion.
AncientRomewasveryconcernedwithdenotingrankandstatus.Theyevenhad
sumptuarylaws,whichregulatedwhatclasscouldwearwhatcolororstyle(Fashion
Encyclopedia).Formen,thebasicgarmentformensfashionisthetunic,muchliketheGreek
menandwomenwore(Leventon).
Thetunicsweremadeoftwopiecesofwool,andweresewn
togetherattheshouldersandsidestocoverthekneesofthewearer(McManus).Theyoftenhad
sleevessewnin,unlikeGreektunics.Thismadethemlessdraped,andmoreformfitting
(Leventon).Thesegarmentswereusuallyadeepcrimsoncolor,whichtheRomanscalled
purple(McManus).
Therewasagreatdividebetweenthecommonersandthewealthy,where
wealthymenneversteppedfootoutsidetheirhomeswithoutatoga(FashionEncyclopedia).
Stripewidthmatteredtothem,wheresenatorswouldhavetunicswiththickstripes,andcommon
menwouldhavetunicswiththinstripes(McManus).Thetogaismostoftenassociatedwith
Romans.ItsymbolizedthepoweroftheEmpireaswellastheirhumanityandculture
(Leventon).Statesmenoftenworethepaludamentum,similartotheGreekchlamys.This
replacedthetogalateron,andrepresentedpowerandtitle(McManus).
Romanwomenwereveryconcernedaboutbeingseenasmodestandpure.Oncemarried,
womengaveupthetogaforthetunica,stola,andpalla(Leventon).Thestolawasalong,
sleevelesstunic,thathungfromtheshouldersbyshortstraps(McManus).Thisgarmentwastoo
difficulttowalkinduetothelonglength,soitwassometimesbroughtuptothewaistand
cinchedlikeabelt.Thebottomedgesofthestollahadeitherpurpleorcrimsonbordering
(Hanson).Lateron,marriedwomenwererequiredbylawtowearitasasignofmarriage.

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Womenwhocontinuedtoweartogaswereconsideredprostitutes(McManus).Thepallawasa
mantlethatwasdrapedoverthestola.Italsoservedasaveil(Leventon).Thepallawasdraped
overtheleftshoulder,whilebeingfedundertherightarm,andthenstrewnacrossthebodyto
createdraping,whichwastheneithercarriedontheleftarm,orthrownbackovertheshoulder
(McManus).AncientRomanchildrenwereamixofbothmenandwomensfashion.Bothgirls
andboysworethetogapraetextawithapurplestripeuntiltheymadeittotheageofwhichthey
couldgetmarried(Leventon).
AncientEgyptbeganinaround4000B.C.E,andprosperedforalmostfourthousand
yearsbeforebeingtakenoverbytheRomanEmpire(Brewer).Beforethesplit,Egyptwasoneof
themostpowerfulsocietiestoeverhaveexisted,withcomplexculturespertainingtostyleand
design(FashionEncyclopedia).SimilartoGreeceandRome,theAncientEgyptiansdrapedtheir
clothingacrossthebody,andcreatedfoldsinthefront(Dollinger).Thiswascausethebacktobe
shown,aswellasoutliningthefigure,dissimilartotheGreeksandRomans.Theirclothwas
wovenfromflaxseedandwasveryrough(Leventon).
AncientEgyptianmenworeverylittleclothing,andwhattheydidwearwasdependant
ontheirsocialclass(Robinson).Linenwasthemostcommonfabricforbothmenandwomen,
makingitsothatmostclothingwaswhiteoroffwhite,aslinenisverydifficulttodye.(Brewer).
Clothbegantobecoloredbetween1550ad1070B.C.(Leventon).Allmendonnedthe
wraproundskirt,whichwouldbetiedatthewaistwithasashorbelt(Brewer).Theskirts
lengthdependedontheeratheOldKingdomsawshortskirts,whitetheMiddleKingdom
preferedcalflength.IntheNewKingdom,themenusuallyworeapleatedgarmentinstead
(Dollinger).Menalsoworeakiltlikearticlecalledtheschenti,thatwasoriginallyonlywornby

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thePharaoh(Leventon).Egyptianwomenhadastandardoutfitofthesheathdress,whichwas
eitherstrapless,orhadtwothickstrapssuspendingit(Brewer).Thesedresseswereoftenmade
ofexpensive,transparentlinen(Dollinger).TheKalasiriswasawellknowngarment,that
wrappedaroundthebody,usuallyfromunderthechest,andwasmadeofsheerlinen(Robinson).
BeginningwiththefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,theEuropeanMiddleAgeswerea
timewiththeinvasionandmovementofpeoples,thatendedwiththebeginningofthe
Renaissance(HistoryWorld).Themovementofpeople,goods,andideasbeganintheearly
years,helpingmovefashiontrendsthroughoutthecontinent(FashionEncyclopedia).InEngland
duringthe15thCentury,menworehouppelandes,voluminousovergowns,thatwereeithershort
orlong(GettyCenterExhibitions).Thesegarmentshadlargesleevescalledbombardeorducal
sleeves,butsomehaditwherethefabricwasgatheredatthewrist(Leventon).Theseweremade
fromeitherwooltosilk,dependingonsocialclass(FashionEncyclopedia).Duringthethird
quarterofthecentury,menbeganwearingshortgowns,thathadnarrowingatthewaistand
fanningbelowit(GettyCenterExhibitions).Alongwiththisdress,theyworebaggyhose,that
weremadeofcloth(FashionPlateCollection).Inthelate15thcentury,menbeganwearingmore
extremefashionlikelowcutnecklines,hoodsandshortsleeves(Leventon).Theyalsowore
pourpoints,whicharefitted,paddedovershirts.Theselaterevolvedintothedoublet,avery
commongarment(FashionEncyclopedia).
Womenduringthistimealsoworehouppelandes,buttheirswerealwaysshort
(Leventon).Gownswerenowmuchmorefittedinthestomachareaandarms,withbillowing
skirts,ratherthanthebunchinginthestomachofthe14thcentury(FashionEncyclopedia).The
opensidedsurcoatbecameaceremonialdressduringthistimebutterflyheaddresseswere

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popularaswell(Leventon).Increasedwealthduringtheerameanttheuseofmoreexpensive
fabricslikevelvet,taffeta,andsilk(FashionEncyclopedia).TheEnglishwereknownfortheir
superbwool,anditfleecewasoneoftheirmajorexportsuntillocaldemandbecamesohighin
the15thcentury(Leventon).
Franceexperiencedgreatprosperityduringthe1300s,mainlybecauseofitsgreatruler,
KingPhilipIV,whocommandedvastarmies,andmadeFrancetherichestkingdominallof
Christendom(Knox).Royalty,noblesandcommonerswereeasilydenotedfromtheirfashion
choices(FashionEncyclopedia).TheFrencharistocracybecamemoreandmorepowerfulduring
thistime,withanincreaseinprivilege,astheeconomyremainedstrongregardlessofthewars
goingon(Knox).RoyalexamplesoffashionincludeQueenUltrogothe,whosestatueshowsa
loosetunicandbuckledbelt,andSt.Genevieve,whoisshownwearingamantleusedasaveil,
similartotheRomanpalla,whileChildebertIisshownwearingalongmantle,wornoveralong
sleevedtunic(Leventon).
Theworkingclasshadamuchdifferentstylethatwaspracticalfortheheavylaborand
dirtyworktheyperformed(FashionEncyclopedia).Menusuallywereseenwearinggarments
thatdidnotextendpasttheirknees,makingiteasyforthemtoworkandmovearound
(Leventon).Doublets,whichwerejacketswornovershirts,hoods,andstrawhatswerecommon
withworkingmen,whilemanyworelargebootscalledpoulainestocompletetheoutfit
(MedievalLifeandTimes).Womenworealongsleevedtunic,knownasakirtle,overa
chemise,andsometimestoppedwithanovergrownthatwasatleastanklelength(Leventon).
Theywereoftenseenwearingabroadbrimmedhat,alongwithalinenveil(Fashion

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Encyclopedia).Paddedgloveswerealsoworntoprotecthandswhilepruningorhedging,while
apronswerejustbeginningtobeusedbybothsexesatthistime(MedievalLifeandTimes).
NoblemenandNoblewomenweredistinguishablefromroyaltybythequalityoftheir
garments,whichwerestillnicerthantheworkingclass,butnotquitethestatusofKingsand/or
Queensclothing(FashionEncyclopedia).Menwereshowntowearluxuriousclothesandfurs,
thatwereconsideredinvogueatthetime(Leventon).Manyworehatsthatweremadeoffelt,
otterskin,goatskin,wool,orcotton(MedievalLifeandTimes).Womenworetheroberoyale,a
suitoffourtofivegarmentswornonlyonspecialoccasions,liketheopensidedsurcoat,which
showsagownunderneath(Leventon).Girdleswerestuddedanddonnedwithornateand
preciousstones(MedievalLifeandTimes).Manydressesfeaturedsleeveswithlongpiecesof
fabrichangingdownfromthem,calledtippets(Leventon).
TheRenaissancewasatimewhenEuropesawareincarnationofculture,arts,andoverall
learning,allofwhichwerelackinginsocietysincetheAncientRomansandGreeks(History
World).Duringthistime,Italywasmostprominentfortheirfashion(FashionEncyclopedia).
Somemenworelonggowns,whichwereextremelypopularfortheeldersthebeltcinchingthe
waistwaswornlowerinthefrontthaninthebacktoemphasizehisarchedback(Leventon).
Manydonnedshortandintricatemantles,alongwithbroadbrimmedhats,usuallycontaining
feathers(Robinson).Alongwiththisuniquefashion,theyoftenworetrunkhose,alsocalled
trousses,thatwereextremelypoofy(Hanson).Thesemenweremuchmoreflamboyantthan
foreigners,wearingbrightcolorsandrufflesoften(Leventon).Thesebrightcolorsandruffles
wereseeninthetechniqueofslashingandpuffing,whichwereslitsinthegarmentthatshowed
theclothunderneathittheclothwasoftenpulledthrough,givingapuffedappearance

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(Robinson).Interestingly,somemenwereevenmembersoftheCompaniesoftheStocking,
whereallmembersworestockingsthathadonelegdecoratedinapatternthatrepresentedtheir
company(Leventon).
The17thCenturyinWesternEuropewasknownasatimeofprosperitythroughout
Europe,characterizedbytheBaroquemovement,LouisXIVinFrance,andtheScientific
Revolution(FashionEncyclopedia).Duringthisperiod,menbegantowearthethreepiecesuit,
whichincludesacoatorjacket,vest,andpants(Leventon).Thesepants,orbreeches,wereno
longerbaggyandhardtomovein,butinsteadbecameslimmer,andmoreversatile(Fashion
Encyclopedia).Bytheendofthe1670s,thesesuitsbecamemuchmorefitted,aswellas
becomingflaredbelowthewaist,allthewhileremainingkneelength(Leventon).Thesestyles
wereofteninspiredbyFrance,wheretheFrenchKingLouisXIVwasconsideredtobe
extremelyfashionforward(HistoryWorld).NotonlydidLouissetthestyleoffashionand
architecture,butalsohelpedpushFranceintobecomingtheleadingproducerofluxuryitemsin
Europe,sellinggoodssuchassilk,lace,andbrocade(FashionEncyclopedia).
Towardstheendofthe17thcentury,womensclothingchangeddrastically(Robinson).
Nolongerweretheywearingtheextremelystiff,longwaisteddressedoftheearly1600s
instead,theydonnedthemantua,aonepieceddresswithanunbonedbodiceandalong,trained
skirtworncaught(Leventon).Theoriginalstyleswerecreatedinordertomakethewearers
profileextremelythin,emphasizingtheverticallines,causingthemtostandupstraighter,and
havealookthatwasoverallmorepoisedandstiff(FashionEncyclopedia).Themantuahowever
endedthis,startinginthe1680s,whenitwasconsideredaveryinformalandloosegown
(Leventon).

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WesternEuropeinthe18thcenturywasmarkedwithevenmorechangethanthatofthe
17thcentury,duetoboththeAmericanandFrenchRevolutions,pairedwiththeEnlightenment.
Themenofthiseralivedbytherulethatnooneshouldbeseenwiththeircollarsopen,orin
theirshirtsleeves(Leventon).Manywealthymenworewhitelinenpairedwithalacededged
tie,alongwithwaistcoatsandovercoats,whilebeneath,theyworekneebreechesmadeofsatin,
andsilkhoseheldatthekneewithgarters(FashionEncyclopedia).Itwasdifficulttotellwhen
aneventwasformal,duetothefacttheyalwayskepttheirjacketsandtieson,unliketoday,but
thewaytheydenotedbetweenformalandcasualwasthroughthetypesoffabricstheywore,
and/orhowornatethetrimmingswere(Leventon).Inthemid18thcentury,menbeganwearing
moreaccessiblegarments,suchastheflaredwaistcoatthathadbonedsupports,alongwith
breechesthatfitmuchmoretightlythantheydidfiftyyearsprior(FashionEncyclopedia).
Duringtheperiodbetween1780and1820,theclassictailoringformen,andtheoverallmens
fashionwasshiftedfromFrancetoEngland,mainlyduetotheEnlightenmentthoughtprocess,
whichdrewinteresttothecountryasawhole(Leventon).
Womensfashionduringthistimewasshowntohavemajorvarietyinstyles,threeof
thembeingthemantua,the
robelafranais
andthe
robel'anglaise
,translatingtotheFrench
dressandtheEnglishdress,respectively(Leventon).Amajorelementofthefashionatthetime
includeddilatedhips,achievedbypanniersalongwiththecorsetedwaist,thatwasindicated
throughthetrademarkcenterfrontdip,belowthewaistline(Cullen).The
robelafranais
was
stylizedasasackdress,whichbeganinthe1720sandlastedforfiftyyears.Thedresswasworn
overahoopskirtandhadadistinctivetriangularsilhouette(Leventon).Thesegownsfeatured
threequarterlengthsleeveswithruffledwhitelaceattheelbowcalled
engageantes
(Fashion

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Encyclopedia).Towardstheendofthecentury,womenbeganwearingthePolonaises,which
wereopenrobeswithskirtswasfittedwithinternalhookssoitcouldbedrawnintothreepuffs
(Leventon)Thismarkedthe
findesicle
orendofthecenturyknownasNeoclassicism
(Cullen).
IntheEarly19thcentury,almostallofEuropewasunitedunderNapoleonBonaparte,the
Frenchruleratthetime(HistoryWorld).Althoughlateroverthrown,hisideaofoverturningthe
oldpowersofEuropewereinspiring,andsoon,theIndustrialRevolutionbegan,creatingthe
wealthymiddleclass(FashionEncyclopedia).Fromthis,aneraofluxuryfornotjustthe
monarchybegan.Womensfashioninthebeginningofthecenturystillresembledthatofthe
previouserahighwaists,slenderlines,palecottons,andunadornedsurfacesof
Neoclassicism(Leventon).Whileinthe1810s,Brightcolorsandpatternslikepaisleybecame
verypopular,alongwithextremelylowslopingshouldersandbellshapedskirts(Victoriaand
AlbertMuseum).Theinventionofthesewingmachinemadeitmucheasierfordressestobe
produced,andmadetheturnaroundtimeforagarmentdesignmuchfaster(Fashion
Encyclopedia).Inthe1850smostdresseswereshowntohaveextremelydeepflouncesand
tiers,alongwiththeapplicationofembellishmentstomassproducedgarments(Victoriaand
AlbertMuseum).Thesedressesbeganbeingverylarge,andpuffy,andendedupbeingslimmer
andmoreflatteringintheendofthecentury,regardlessofthefactthatcorsetsbegantobe
cinchedtighterandtighter,andwereevengiventoyounggirlsbytheirmothersforpractice
(FashionEncyclopedia).
MensfashionforthistimewasdominatedmainlybyEngland,wherethestrivefor
elegancereliedsolelyonthecutandfitcombinedwithmutedcolors(Leventon).Stylishly

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dressedmen,alsoknownasdandies,replacedfancygarmentslikethewaistcoatwith
highcollaredshirts,simpleties,vests,trousers,anddark,somberjackets,creatingamore
polishedflare,ratherthanoneofflamboyance(FashionEncyclopedia).Theinventionofthetape
measureallowedforsuchfinetailoringtobedone,allowingatailortofitamansclothesmuch
closertohisbodythanbefore(Leventon).Anexampleoffittedclothesincludethefittedfrock
coat,whichwaslateroutcompetedformostpopularstylebythesackcoat,whichwasaloosely
fittedjacket,thathungaroundthethighs(VictoriaandAlbertMuseum).Thewaistseam
becameextremelypopularallthroughoutEurope,denotedEnglishstyleduringthe1820sthe
coatshadveryfittedsleeves,designedtoenlargethenaturalcurvesofthebody(Leventon).Two
lastingfashiontrendswereintroducedduringthiscenturythesturdyworkingpant,orbluejean,
andthecolorblacktoindicateformalattire(FashionEncyclopedia).

Application
TheextensiveresearchIconductedregardingthehistoryoffashionanddesignwillhelp
meincreatingmysketches,andultimatelymycoloringbook.Thefactsanddrawingsscattered
throughoutmysourceswillhelpmeaccuratelydrawthecostumes,whereasbeforeresearching,I
hadnopreciseinformationastowhatthesecostumesreallylookedlike,onlywhatIhaveseenin
varioushistorytextbooks,andinmovierenditions.Allofthesefactswillaidmeinavoidingany
problemsbygivingmeasolid,factbased,foundationtocreatethedesigns,aswellasthelayouts
foreachofthebookspages.Iwillcontinuetoresearchthevarioustimeperiods,aswellastheir
lifestyles,inordertosupplymyprojectwithasmuchinformationaspossible,whilekeepingit
accessibletobothadultsandchildren.Todothis,Iwillperiodicallyprintoutmybook,

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regardlessofhowmuchIhaveactuallycompleted,andpresentittovariouschildrenandadults,
toseetheirreactionsandcritiques.Comingfromabackgroundofworkingwithkidsatsummer
camp,aswellasbabysittingoften,Ihavemanyparentswhoarewillingtoletmeshowtheir
childrenmyproject,aswellashelpguidemethroughmakingitaschildfriendly,butstill
educational,ashumanlypossible.IwillalsocontinuetoworkwithmyadvancedGraphicDesign
ROPandAnnualcoursestomakesuremyspreadsandlayoutsfortheactualbookare
professionalandclean,havingbothmyinstructorandfellowartistcritiquemywork,andoffer
mesuggestionsastowhatIcanimproveon.Ifissuesariselikethebookbeingtoochallengingor
simpleformyaudience,IwilladjustwherenecessaryinordertomakemySeniorProjectas
professionalanduniqueaspossible.

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WorksCited
Brewer,Douglas,andEmilyTeeter."AncientEgyptianSocietyandFamilyLife."Fathom
Archive.TheUniversityofChicago,1999.Web.18Sept.2015.
Cullen,Oriole."EighteenthCenturyEuropeanDress."HeilbrunnTimelineofArtHistory.The
MetropolitanMuseumofArt,2000.Web.1Oct.2015.
"CultureandSociety."AncientGreece.UniversityPressInc.,n.d.Web.1Oct.2015.
Dollinger,Andr."Garments."PharaonicEgypt.ReshafimKibbutz,2000.Web.1Nov.2015.
"FashionintheMiddleAges."GettyCenterExhibitions.TheJ.PaulGettyMuseum.Web.6
Nov.2015.
"FashionPlateCollection."
UniversityofWashingtonDigitalCollections
.Universityof
Washington,2002.Web.18Sept.2015.
Hanson,Paige."RenaissanceClothingandSumptuaryLaws."
RenaissanceClothingand
SumptuaryLaws
.UniversityofMichiganDearborn,14Sept.2010.Web.18Sept.2015.
"HistoryofFashion."VictoriaandAlbertMuseum.VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,n.d.Web.1
Oct.2015.
"HistoryofRome."HistoryWorld.HistoryWorld,n.d.Web.1Nov.2015.
History.comStaff."AncientRome."History.com.A&ETelevisionNetworks,2009.Web.1
Nov.2015.
Knox,E.L.Skip."France."EuropeintheLateMiddleAges.BoiseStateUniversity.Web.2
Nov.2015.

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Leventon,Melissa.
WhatPeopleWoreWhen:ACompleteIllustratedHistoryofCostumefrom
AncienttimestotheNineteenthCenturyforEveryLevelofSociety
.NewYork:St.
Martin'sGriffin,2008.EbookandPrint.
McManus,Barbara."RomanClothing,PartI."
RomanClothing,PartI
.TheCollegeofNew
Rochelle,1Aug.2003.Web.18Sept.2015.
"NineteenthCenturyClothing."FashionEncyclopedia.AdvamegInc.,n.d.Web.1Oct.2015.
Robinson,Scott."CostumeHistory."
CostumeHistory
.CentralWashingtonUniversity,1May
2002.Web.18Sept.2015.