Revision module class XII - Physics Atoms And Nuclei 1 and 2 marks Questions 2% NCERT QUESTIONS a1 Ans, Q2 Ans. ‘Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of each statement : (@) The size of the atom in Thomson's model Is .. the atomic size in Rutherford’s ‘model (much greater thanino different from/much less than). (®) In the ground state of ........... electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in... ‘electrons always experience anet force (Thomson modeV/Rutherford model). (©) A classical atom based on .. is doomed to collapse (Thomson modeVRutherford model). (@) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in .. «(Thomson mode/Rutherford model). (@) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in (Rutherford modeVboth the models) (a) No different from (The size of atom in both models is of the order of 10~'® mn), (b) Thomsen model, Rutherford model. (©) Rutherford model (In Rutherford model electrons radiate energy, s0 the radius ofa circular orbit ‘of electrons goes on decreasing and finally an electron hits the nucleus and so the atom collapses). (@) Thomson model, Rutherford model. (©) Both models. ‘The radius of innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom is §-3% 10 =2and n=3 orbits ? ‘The radii of Bohr’s orbits are given by eoh?n? vm. What are the radit ofFor ground state n=1,7) =5:3 x10" = o-() nem eacsnio (given) 212107 253x107" 24-7710"? m 3. Answer the following questions, which help you to understand the difference between ‘Thomson's model and Rutherford’s model better (@) Is the average angle of deflection of a-particles by a thin gold foil predicted by Thomson's model much less, about the same or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford's model ? () Is the probability of backward scattering (Le, scattering of a-particles at angles greater than 90°) predicted by Thomson's model much less, about the same or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford's model ? (©) Keeping other factors fixed itis found experimentally that for small thickness, the number of a-partices scattered at moderate angles is proportional tot. ‘What clue does this linear dependence on t provide ? (@ In which model is it completely wrong to Ignore multiple scattering for the calculation of average angle of scattering of a-partices by & thin foil ? ‘Ans. (a) Average deflection of a-partcles is about the same in both models. (©) Probability of backward scatring of a-partcles predicted by Thomson model is mmsch less in ‘Thomson model. (© It predicts thet te scatering of o-panicles is due to single colision of a-partile with the nucleus of tom. As the number of target atoms increases linearly with increase of thickness, so the nember of panicles seaticred increases with the rumberof atoms and henve increases linearly with thickness @ In Thomson model, a single collision causes very litle deflection. The observed scauering angle can be explained only if we consider multiple scatering, so itis completely wrong to ignore multiple scattering in Thomson's model (On the other hand in Rutherford model most of scattering is due ta single collision because the whole positive charge is assumed to be concentrzed in a small nucleus, hence mulkiple scatering effects can be ignored to first approximation Q.4, Find the nuctear reactions for Forn=3, 5-074 (© decay of 32§Ra 0) aedecay of 28 Pu (iil) B”-decay of j} P (CBSE AI 2010) (iv) B” decay of 753 Bi () B*sdecay of YC (00 8* decay of Te (vi Electron capture of #22 xe So) Ra —> “Rn + she c 2Gru —> Yu + titeQs. Qo. Ans ai Rp» Ess +0 oy Wai —> ros ie +9 o YC —> Wet ve ev “ re —+ Mo + yeP+¥ wn xe je? —o Mev ‘When energies of electron emitted in beta decay were first measured, it was found that inthe decay of seme species, the electrons coming out had varying energles, the energy varied from zero to a maximum. Initially the researchers felt that energy was not conserved in beta decay. If energy was conserved, they argued that, the electrons should have ficed energy, a¢ do the alpha particle in alpha decay. Can you explain why the argument is not true ? Energy Is conserved in fideeay. In fact the energy of beta particles varies from zero to a maximum value (K yay). The reason is that in beta decay a beta particle (electron) isnot emitted alone but an antineitrino also accompanies it according to law dx Aye 4d t a “Te tal energy shared ty tetaptictes and aneurin the every free DetNEEN Ki tad acta bm parle egy i cared by anne. ‘Are the equation of nuclear reaclons ‘balanced’ a the sense a chemical equatln (eg, 2ify + 0p 21,0) i? I ot In what sense are they balanced on both sides? ‘Actomiclconbjentonrcrcy ahs te oigial cembieation of enn 90 «chica eons Talaeced in the sene thatthe numberof wos of ech elemeat i the same on Both sides of the eqvaion. Ina avlerresctontheclemene sally undergo traemataion. Ths the number of toms ofeach clement i nt neces conserved i a nicer rection, Ina rclear reaction the numberof jvotons and the umber of euros ate tlh separately conserved ‘However in high energy reactions this condition may be violated, however we may say that in clear eaton theta charge aed the ol baryon amber are the same on both the ses. Give reasens for: (© Lighter element ae betiermaderatrs fora nuclear reactor than heavier elements (0) Ba sativa wromiam rotcer; hoay welt fpfeved dere Uo ernary wate (© Cadlara rods are provided laa ratio, (@ Very high temperatures as these obiained In the ltesor of the sua are requiced for fhslon reatlon to take place (©) A moderne slows down fas neurons released in niclear reactor. The basic prccpl of fobs i ht tho erry tancar itm collin cn maxi whan he coliig prslas tive equal masses. As ihr elements have mas close to that of rears, lighter elements are beter moderators than beaver elements. (nay wate has hydrogen mili (} FD which have geste absoion eptire for sero s0 extra water wil aos muon re than loving than onthe ther hand the easy hydrogenQB Sol, Qo. rmclei(f have alge abortion capture fr neato, 0 hey shar energy with meson and neutrons are slowed down, (© Car ha high abecrption cape for euto; 0 cadmium rods ae used to abo entra twotors so toclear faion te moar rscir i cle feo cadmium woe ay called contrlrode. (@ taneclear ion to poshively charge met fie toga. When tw positively charged mace come near each cher ofse tether, STO electotate rputve force ats between thm. To ‘overcome this repulsive force extremely high temperature of the order of 10° K are required. This inay be calulted as folove: aa etaionettoment h ner : = ney r 3 so? SE aagor 2 => Tx1-67x10° K ‘The temperature in the interior of sun is about 2x 107 K. ‘Therefore. for nuclear fusion high temperatures of the order of those obtained in the interior of sun ered ‘free proton cannot decay into n+ e* +, because sich deny isnot energetically alloned. ‘Yet we observe in nature }decay with positron emission. How do we understand the emission of positrons from nuclei ? The equation of deeny of free prion poonee™ +vis mot allowed. As free proton is less than the mass of neutron, the decay of free proton into neutron is not énergecally posible Tn the nucleus the protons and neutons ae bound by strong atvacvenulear fores: so they behave diferent. sige the nucleus, not only invita proton but the whole nucleus undergoes approprae change and te cecty i energecally alowed. Koop Av ee vy eg. is emgeicaly alone For the 8” (positron) emission from a nucleus, there is another competing process known as elcciroa capture electron from Inner obit say, the K-stell is captured bythe nucleus and ode frey Show that ifB* emission is energetically allowed, electron capture is necessarily allowed but ‘ot vice-versa. Consider the 1wo competing processes Positron emission = Sx —o pfr eet tye and Electron capture, Co KAY eve 01 =Imy (3X) -my (p42 mle CConvening nuclear masses into stomge masses Q =[A(2X) — 2m, — tg 1 Y) —Z 1) mh =lm(2X)- (gf) -2m Je?Q =Lmy (BX) +m, —y (g FV? bmx) ~ 2m, +m, bg AY) ~(Z -1) mae =pn(4X) -mty fre ‘This means that Q, >0 implies Q; >0; but Q2 >0 does not necessarily imply Q; >0. Thus if 6 ‘emission is energetically allowed, election capture is necessarily allowed, but noc vie-versa, 20 Very Short Answer Questions 1 Marke Previous Years’ Questions Q 1. Among alpha, bein and gamma radiations, which get affected by electric field ? [CBSE A12008) ‘Ans. Alpha and bets radiations ae charged, so they are affected by lestre fil 0:2. What will be the rato of radil of two nucle of mace numbers Ay and A. : (CASE 1905, 1953) Ans, Radius of ruckus R = Ry"? Q.3. Compare the radit of two nucle with mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively. iis [c8se 2008,2000) R (#1) -G) 5 Q.4. What is the nuclear radjys of Fe if that of 7'Al Is 3-6 fermi ? [CBSE A12008) Ans. Ans. Nuclear radius, R= RoA = Real? For A.A #27, =3-6 fermi for Fed Ree (Ate) sy? Ra ba) “a7 s 5‘ S, Rye =2 Ryy = £536 fermi = 6.0 fermt eg ee Q.5. Assuming the nuclei to be spherical in shape, how does the surface area of a nucleus of mass ‘number A, compare with that of a nucleus of mass number A, ? (CBSE Al 20080) ‘Ans, Ridius of fucleus of mass number Rm BoA"? — where Ro =1-2%10"!5 m=consiant ‘Surface area of nucleus, $ =4n8? « A? (AY (A)? SR) lar Q.6 What Is the ratio of nuclear densities of the two nuctel having mass numbers in the ratio 1 [CBSE 1998) ‘Ams, Nuclear dersity is independent of mass number so ratio of nuclear densiies is 1: T Q.7, What happens to the neutron to proton ratio after the emission of a-particle ? [eBse 1904) ‘Ans. Neutron to pro‘on ratio increases after the emission of acpartice,Qe Ans. Qa. Ans. Qo. Ans. Qu Ans. Qn Ans. Qn ans. Qe Sol, Qs. Ans. Q.16. Ans Qu. Ans. ‘Ans ‘Two nuclei have mass number in the ratlo of 2 : S. What Is the ratio of thelr nuclear densiles? [eBse 2009} Nuclear density is independent of mass number, 90 ratio of nuclear densities is 1: 1. ‘Which has greater ionising particle : « particle or Ppyarticle 2 [cBse 1990) cexparicles has greater ionising power than f-paricle. ‘What is the difference between an electron and a f-particle ? [CBSE 19990) [particles are simply very fast moving etecwons. The specific charge of electron 1s higher than that of Bpanicle. ‘Why do a-partictes have high ionising power ? [CBSE 1998) ca-panicles are Seaver, they move slowly so poses large momentum. Duet this property they ‘come in contact with large number of pails; s0 they posess high fonsing powcr. ‘A nucleus of mass number A, masa mass defect im Give the formula forthe binding nergy per nucleon, ofthis nucleus, {CBSE 20046] oul binding energy _ Ste BE. per nucleon, 8, =————“E 2 = SS i ‘Number of nucleons A wwerec is the sped of light in vacuum ‘The binding energy per nucleon ofthe two mucciA and B are MeV and #2 MeV. Which of the two nucle is tore stable. [CBSE 1999), ‘The nucleus (2) haveg Kg binding enrgy 4s mare sabe. Four mucid of an element fuse together (9 form a heavier mucleus. Ifthe process is accompanied by release of energy, which of the two the parent of the daughter nucleus would have a higher binding energy/nucleon 2 (CBSE Sample Paper] ‘The daugher nucleus will have higher Binding nergy per rackon, Name the reaction responsible for nergy prduction in the sun. cose 1994) Pasion rection ‘Write a typical nuctea recon la which a large ammount of energy srleased inthe proces of sucear fio [CBSE 2000) Nuclear fasion reaction is Bus jn —> Moa + Bxr + a¢hm) + 200Mev Write any one equation representing nuclear fusion reaction. Equation of fusion reaction 1H aH —— 1H +H! +4-0Mev Give the mass number and atomic number of clinens on the right hand side ofthe decay proces. BP Ru—> Pow He josas anna “The complete equation representing mass number and atomic numbers give below Bru —> BP0+ se For Pootiun 2 84,4 =216 Fo Hai o-parice) ZSome Additional Important Questions a Ans. Qn Ans. 3 Ans, Qt Ans. Qs. Ane Ans. Qn Qs. Ans, 0.9. Ans, Qo. Ain. ‘A tucleus has atomic number 11 and mass number 24, State the nusmber of electrons, protons and neutrons in the nucleus. lecirons do ot exist in the nucleus the numberof electrons in nuctens = zero Here Zatan2s ‘Number of protons in nucleus =Z =11 [Number of neurons tn nucleus, W =A ~Z 24~11=13 ‘Write the names and formulae of the three isotopes of hydrogen. Protium (;H" , Deuierium (,H? ), Tritium (;H?) What are called the two atoms whose nuclei contain same rumber of nucleons, but different number of protons and neutrons ? ‘The atoms having same mass number (A) but different atomic nuriber(Z) are called Isobars. Hence the two atoms are isotars. What €0 471 aud 171 represent ? “The atoms having the same atomic number (Z) but different mass number (A) Hence, 17C¥ and 71°” represent wo isowpes of chlorine. Select the pairs of isotones from the folowing nucle, aaMe™, H?, ate*, y,Na™ © 8 and Het (0) 12g and 8a? Select the pairs of isobars and isotones from the folowing nucle No, yaMa™, .No™, yee hobs: Mg, Na Taotones | y1Na™, yoNe® Select the pairs ofisobars and isetones from the following, 6c, wt, Ni, gol® Iuobare : «CM and 7 Isotones : gC! and 40" ‘Why are neutrons better particles than protons for bombarding atomic nuclei ? Neuron is neutrel, so it can easily penetrate into the nucleus, while proton is positively charged and soit is repelled by nuclear-proions, Out of o,Band radiations, which is not affected by clectric field’? ‘radiation is neural: hence itis net affected by electric fel tive mule. Name the electromagnetic radiation emitted by rai ‘pradiation is electromagnetic= Short Answer Questions Previous Years’ Questions Q 1 The trajectories, traced by different particles, in Geiger-Marsden experiment were observed as shown in the figure. (a) What names are given to the symbols *b* and “0 shown here. 4 (by What can we say about the valves of b 2 for (i) @=0° Gi) 67 radians. i—4— (CBSE 20080) Targetnoctus ‘Ans. (a) The symtol °b" represents impact parameter and “@' represen the seattering angle. (b) When 6 =0% the impart parameter will be maximum and represert the atomic size. (6) When 0 =x radians the impact parameter ‘6 will be minimum and represent the nuclear size. 2. Define ionisation energy. What is Its value for bydrogen atom? (e8se A 2010) Ans, The minimum energy required to remove sn electron from atom to infinitely for away iecalled the ionisation energy. The ionisation energy for hydrogen atom is 13-6 eV. Q3. Define half-life of a radioactive sample. Which of the following radiations + a-rays, Prays and rays Ware similar to X-rays (li) travel with the greatest speed (iv) are similar in nature to cathode rays [eBse 2000) ‘Ans. Halfilife: The halflife of a radioactive sample is defined ss the time in which the mass of sample is left one half of the original mass. ) are easily absorbed by matter © prays are similar to X-rays (i) aoraysare easily absorbed by matter rays travel with greatest speed Gv) Brraysare similar to cathode rays Q.4. Define the term ‘Activity’ of a radioactive substance. State its SI unit. Give a plot of activity of a radiouctve species versus time. (Case Ai 2009) Two different radioactive elements with half lives 7, and 7 have Ny and N'3 (undecayed) atoms respectively present at a given instant. Determine the ratio oftheir activites at this instant (CBSE Sample Paper) re Sol, The activity of a radioactive element at any instant is ‘equal to is rate of decay at that instant 8.1 unit of activity is becquerel (€ | disinegration/second). The plot is shown in ig sii a(nQs. Ans. Ans. dog. T “Activity R 6: RM For two elemenis 10. Ans. Qin Ans. an Sol, on ae volume Seda Sapp 4nRO dawga Sen 8 qe gee Density of nucteas, py = Clearly nuclear density py is independent of mass number A. A radio nuclide sample has Ng nucle at =. Ite number of undecayed nuclel get reduced to Ne ai et. What does the term sand for ? Write in terms of the tne interval ‘7 tn é Which half of the original nuraber of nucle of this radio nuclide would have got decayed, (CBSE 2008C) 1s the mean ife time of radio nuclide Tis the half-life period of radio nuclide, the relation is tell ke, Mean life petiod = 1-44 x Half life period Explain with example, whether the neutron-proton ratio in a nucleus increases or decreases dut to Bdecay. {CBSE Al 2009) In decay a neutron is converted into a proton, so the neutron-prton rato decreaes Equation of decay is 2X4 zi" + pha soTh™ 5 Pa 4 _ p20 ‘Neutron wo protan ratio before decay 234-90 _14t 0 90 ‘Neutron to proton ratio afer decay 34-91 143 a 8 Préccay decreases. With the help of ait example, explain how the neutron to proton ratio changes ducing a-deeay of « mucus. [ese 2006) Let us take the example of a-decay of 735 U The decay scheme is Blu —s Bm + fe corgi 8 Neutron to proton ratio before acdecay = Pa Yon Neutron proten ratio after adecay =224=20 = 4 ‘This shows thatthe neutron to proton ratio increases during a-decay of a nucleas.Qn Ans. Qu. Ans. Qs. Ane. Q16. Ans. Qa Distinguish between lsotopes and isobars. Give one example for each of the spectes. ICBSE At 2008), Isotopes Isobars ‘The nuclides having the same atomic number Z| The nuclides having the same atomic mast (A) but different aiomic masses (A) are called |but different atomic numbers (Z) are called soups ‘anes Bxamples: {H 7H, {H Examples: }H, 3He ‘Cup the flving sclera cave ater o(latomne oop a TD woken Bete Hed Hawi c {case a 20040} (0 teotones + "Hg and "au (sme number of reurons A ~Z) i Isotopes : $C, '$C (same atomic nimber Z = 6 but diffrent mass numbers) (ip teobars : 3 Heand } (cme mas number A= 3 but dfferentatmie numbers) In a radiactve decay as follows jn sy dy ‘The mass number and atomic number of A; are 176 and 71 respectively, what are the mass tumbers tnd atomic numbers ef Ay and A: Which ofthese elements are Bobars [CBSE Al 1999) “Th reaction may be exprestd as 2X4 eZ aaYh + yeh av allt + ate! a cr (Ay) Given 2-3 71 Z=74ndZ 173 AloA~4=1762> 4 =180 ‘Thus mass numbers of Ay and A are 180each “The atomic numbersof A andA ate 73 and 74 respectively. ‘Theelenents A and Ay ae sobre. A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decay according to following scheme : AB Ay Ey 24 Ag ty “The mass number and alomle number of A ere 180 and 72 respectively. What are thee munbert for Ay. e8se ar 2c020} “The decay scheme may completely be representa 3s AMO GA) By AI 8s al? 1 gall? Clearly, mass uber ofA, is 172 and aomic number 168 A radioactive Sotope D decays acording to sequence psp, > Dy If the mass number of atomic number of D2 arc 176 and 71 respectively, find the mass number and atomic number of D. Amongst D,D; and D3 do we have any isobars or Isotopes ? [CBSE Al 1998)Ans. Qs. ans. Qa. “The dey scheme may be eres a 208 of! 2 308 Ginen 2~2=7and A ~5 =176 = 3 and A ‘The mass number of D is 181 and stomic number 73, Clearly D and D, are isotopes. re given two nuclides X7 and y¥4 (0 Are hey isotopes ofthe same element? Why 7 (i) Which one of the two is likely to be more stable ? [CBSE 1999) (0 Te two mtges are ¥sctopes oF the same element becais they have the same Z (Gi) The tuclide 3 is more stable because it has less neutron to proton rat You Derive the relation V, = ge"™ for radioactive decay. fotiae tense; 840; on Use basic law of radioactive decay to show that radioactive nucle follow an exponential decay law. [ease 20040] oR Stet law af radiative dos. IFNy he number of rlocve nace se bi te gin ut the elton to eters the number N pest ata submegien ne-Draw a plot of ar fineton of de 1686 209) Radiative dey Lave Teen of dey of rallocve miele dey proprio i the rater of endecayed mello tht ie. Mew a a a or aN, where Ais the decay constant. ‘Suppose initially the number of atoms in radioactive element is Ng and W the number of atoms after time «. According to Rutherford and Soddy law a a cM AW where hindi = Won " Imegrat log, N=-M eC a where Cis «constant of integration IfNo fs initial number of radioactive muck, then atr =0, =NQ: so loge No =0+C>C=log, No ‘Substituting this equation in(1), we getQ2. Ans. Qu. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans, Ans. Explatn why & the energy distribution of Prays continuous. [68S 1999, 1993] During fedecay, a neutron is convered into a proton withthe emission of a Ppartcle with an antineurino on! > ip! + B49 “The energy producedin this decay is shared by -patce end antineatrno;thereforeP-prtcles may have varying amount of energy starting from zero 0 acetain maximum valve. In a nuclear reactor give the function of the () moderator I) control rods (I) coolant (v) heavy water Th the reaction Mp. Mo + Wresdhe ‘what are the valies of @ and b, [eBse 20020} @) A moderator slows down the fast moving neutrons to convert them to thermal reutors. Gi) Contot rods absorb excess neutrons to control the chain reaction. Coolant transfers heat from the core of reactor to suroundings. ) Heavy water in areactorisused as amodertr and coolant. By conservation of mass number 23 By conservation of eharte 14 b 431 b= 92 1 = 043620056 ‘Why Is the heavy water used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor ? (CBSE 2008, 08, 01] ‘The basic principle of mechanics is that momentum transfer is maximum when the mass of colliding particle and target particle are equal. Heavy water has negligible absorption cross-section for neutrons and its mass is small; so heavy water molecules do not absorb fast neutorns; but simply slow them. Drow raph shoving the vain of octal turgy betwen «pir radeon at Aeicporaon Toate therein a wich be 4 owcar frets) aac, pase. | (ease ast, 207, cSt 200) Part AB represents repulsive force and Part BCD 0 remo sate fre.Some Additions Qn Ans. Q2 Ans. Qs Ans. ‘Numba ol prencies| erunt energy Kiwis anergy son ot pparices 2 () Energy eve agra 1) Energy dotrbuton of panies ‘The energy spectrum off particles is continuous because an antineutrino is simultaneously emitted in-decay; the total energy released in B-decay is shared by particle and the antineutrino so that ‘momentum of system may remain conserved. Important Questions Some atomic nuclei have the following structures : M8p+8e — i) $p+9n i) 18+ 22a Gy 20p+ 200 ‘Out of these select the isotopes and isobars. Isotopes possess same atomic number (Z) or same nub of protons and so isotopes are (i) and (i. Isobars possess same number of nucleons but diferent number of protons. In (i) and (iv) the ‘number of nucleons are 40 each (iy and (iv) are isobar. Why do all electrons during beta-decay not have the same energy ? Radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon. particle is an electron emited from nucleus; but electrons do not exist inside the nucleus. particle isan electron formed due to decay ofa neuron {no a proton. In this process an antixeutrino is also emiited. The process-equation is on! —+ qi! + 10° +7 ‘The energy emitted is shared by particle (_,€”) and the antineutrno (@) to conserve energy and ‘momentum principles: This energy is chared in all prepomions with exch other; hence B particles “emitted do not possess the same energy: actully they possess continuous range of energy stating, from zero toa certain maximum valuecalled end point energy. In the reaction 2X4 —>a +, give the atomic number and mass number of ¥. a parle ~ 2 Het ‘Given reaction may be expressed as 2X* —+ gHet + 22y*4 ‘atomic numberof ¥ is Z—2 and mass number of ¥is A —4 A radioactive nucleus having mass number A and atomic number Z undergoes a frdecay, ‘then an a-decay and finally ay-decay. What will be the atomic number, nurmber of neutrons ‘and protons in the final nucleus?Ans. Ans. Q6. Ans. a7 Ans. Qk ‘The processes in succession may be expressed as 2X4 —> riven ied oe (decay) 2e1¥* —> 2yPAn4 + gHiet (a-decay) zt — (r-decay) ‘ce. final product P has atomle number Z land mass number A ~4 Number of protons in P=Z-1 Number of neutrons in ? =(A~4) ~(Z ~ State Bohe's postulate for the ‘permitted orbits’ for the electron in a hydrogen atom. ‘Use this postulate to prove that the circumference of the nth permitted orbit for the electron can ‘contain’ exactly n wave lengths of the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron in that orit, (CBSE Sample Paper) ( Bohr’s Postulate of Permitted Orbits is only those circular orbits are permited for electron in i casei which angular momentum of electron ic an integral multiple of ie, 8 ple of 5 h morn: A) (i) From de-Broglie hypothesis; wavelength associated with electron h i o Ao mont @ Susbitutng this value in equstion (I), we get Wn = Qar= nr Le, circumference (S =2nr) of nth permitted orbit for the electron can coniain exacily n wavelength of de-Broglie wavelength associated with electron in that orbit. Which is the best moderator in a nuclear reactor and why ? “The best moderator in a nuclear reactor is heavy water because it is available in huge quantity in the form of aliquid and its mass is nearest to the mass ofa neutron. [According tothe principle of| ‘mechanics for maximum momentum transfer, the mess of incident particle must be equal to the ‘mass of target patie}. IT both the number of protons and number of neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice-versa) in a nuclear reaction ? In fact the number of protors and number of neutrons are same before and aftr x clear reaction, bat the binding energies of nuclei present before and after a nuclear reaction ate different. This difference is called the mass defect. This mass defect appears as energy of reaction. In thic sense a nuclear reaction is an example of mass-energy interconversion. ‘What is obtained by fusion of two deuterons ? m (JH®)or an isotope of helium (3 He? )is obtained with By fasion of two deuterons either release of energy. The reactions areQ4 Ans. For Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum, we take ny =1 Hence the permitted values of 2 cat be Beanies 22MA 10h 970 OK 3/4 8/9" 15/16 = 1293.34, 1091A, 1034.64, Ragin eis W haga eam waka my ie (taking my =2. 34. 210A 9704 970k 70k 3736" 316" Bini "14 =0984, 517334, 46194, Hence 2=8244, 11204, 25044, 61004, of the given lines, cannot belong to the hydrogen atom spectrum. Prove that the instantaneous rate of change of the activity of a radioactive substance ts inversely proportional tthe square ofits half hie. [OBSE Sample Paper] Actviy of a radionetive substance ol) Rate of change of act =A =-2N as 40982 Ti 1 . a -(22) N a (Tha Inaamaneous activity, Se 4 Tir Explain how radioactive nuclei can emit f-particles even though atomic nuclei do not contain: these particles Hence explain why the mass numberof radioactive nuclide doesnot change during decay. (CBSE 20026} Radiosctive muclel do not contale eectom (panies), bu Pepacls se formed due 10 corvesion of & nettn into a proton according to equation pele 2p 48 ptt ein The Bpanicle so formed is emitted at once. In this process one neuton is converted ilo one proton 30 tht the aumber of nucleons inthe nuclets remains unckange; hence mass numberof the nucle does not change during a decay. ‘Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would be followed by ‘nuclear winter’, What would cause nuclear winter ? [CBSE Al1999; CBSE 1995]a6. Ans. Ans. Q.10. Ans. Qu “The radioactive radiaons emived from radioactive substances afer the nuclear war will arg inthe amosphere and obstctdhesolr radiations w come on cath, This wil cause the nuclear wine. ‘The mass of feparticls is higher than the mass of electrons obtained by other means, whereas fpartices are also electrons, why ? “The speed of particles i very high while sped of electrons obtained by other means is small hence the mass of particles according to Einstein's equation is higher than ordinary electron mass mg. State whether the following statement Is true oF fase = “particles are those electrons which are orbiting around the nucleus.” “The statement is false; because fpartices are emited from nucleus due 10 disintegration of a ‘eutton ino a proton according to equation on! Hh + og +o Which i easier to remove: orbital electron from an atom ora nucteon froma nucieus 7 Wis easier to emove an orbital elecuon fom an atom. The reasons the binding energy of omits clecton isa few electron-volts while tat of nucleon in a nucleus is quite large (realy 8 MeV). ‘This means thatthe removal of an orbital electron requires few electron volt energy while the removal of @ nucleon ‘um a nucleus requires nearly 8 MeV energy. A general impression exists that mass-energy Inlerconversion takes place in nuclear reactions and never in chemical reactions. This ls strictly speaking, incorrect. Explain. Mass-energy interconversion actually takes place in all reactions ~ chemical and nuclear. But ina chemical reaction the effec is about 10° times less than that ina nuclear reaction. Hence, in a chemical reacion the changes in masses of intial reactants and final products are so smal that they cannot be observed. State the processes taking place in the following situations: (© When a slow neutron goes sufficiently close to a U2 nuceus. (i) When a neutron goes sulficiently core () When a slow neuron approacies aU? nucleus, te fision of U* imo lighter nucle tes ace withthe emission of 2 or 3 neutions and enormous eneray (j) Fusion of neutron an proton to form deuteron “Thus, the rst one Neutrons can be slowed down even by ordinary water which has hydrogen nuclei (, 11") having mass equal to almost that of neutron. Then why heavy hydrogen is used for this purpose in a reactor. Proten. ‘nuclear fission process and the second one is nuclear fusion process.‘Ams. Hydrogen nuclei in ordinary water has greater absorption capture for neutrons i.c., hydrogen nuclei (;H!) have the tendency (0 absorb neurons rather than to slow dhem. The equation is 1H" + on! — HP +7. On the other hand heavy hydrogen nuclei have negligible absorption capture for neutrons; they slow them, sharing energy from them. *0 Long Answer Questions 5 Marks QL. Draw a schematic arrangement of GeigerMarsden experiment for studying a-particle scattering by a thin foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the seattered ‘ccparticles, how this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus. (CBSE 2010) OR Describe-Geiger Marsden experiment. What are its observations and conclusions ? ‘Ans At the suggestion of Rutherford, in 1911, H. Geiger, and E. Marsden performed an important experiment called Geiger. Marsden experiment (or Rutherford's scattering experiment, It consists of 1. Source of a-particles : The radioactive source polonium emits high energetic alpha (a—) particles. Therefore, polonium is used as a source of a-particles. This source is placed in an cesclosure containing a hole and a few slits Ay.Aa.... ete. are placed in front of the hole. This ‘arrangement provides a fine beam of a-particles. 2.Thin gold foll: It is a gold fol® of thickness nearly 10° © m. a-particles are scattered by this fil ‘The foil taken is thin to avoid multiple scattering of a-particles, ic, to ensure that a-particle be deflected by a single collision with a gold atom. 3. Scintillation counter : By this the umber of a-panicles scattered in a given direction may be ‘counted. The entire apparatus is placed in a vacuum chamber to prevent any energy loss of ‘exparicles duc to their collisions with air molecules. Method : When a-particle beam falls on gold foil the a-particles are scattered due to collision with {gold atoms. This scattering takes place in all possible directions. The number of o-particies ‘scattered in any direction is counted by scintillation counter. ‘Observations and Conclusions @) Most of a-panicles pass through the gold foil undeflected. This implies that "most part of the ‘zon is holtow." Gi) q-particles are scattered through all angles. Some a-particles (oesrly 1 in 2000), suffer scattering through angles more than 90°, while a still smaller number (nearly 1 in 8000) retrace their path, This implies that when fast_ moving positively charged ‘a-puticles come near gold-atom, then a few of them experience such a strong repulsive force that they tum back. Oa this basisa2 Ans. Rutherford concluded that whole of postive charge of atom is concentrated in a small cena core. called the nucleus ‘The distance of closest approach of «particle gives the estimate of nuclear size. IfZeis charge ‘of nucleus E, kinelic energy of a particle 2e charge on a-partcle the sizeof nucleus ryis given by 5 «Lee cr 2aet Feo ‘Calculations show thatthe size of nucless is ofthe order of10~* m, while size of atom is ofthe ‘order of10°" mn; therefore the sizeof rucleusis about “= = —t— times the sizeof atom. ir) © 1000) (ii) The negative charges (clecrons) do not influence the scattering process. This implies that nearly whole mass of atom is eoncentated in nucleus, Fig.) State the laws of radioactive decay. Deduce the relation NV = Nge~™. Sketch a graph to Iustrate radioactive decay. Define halite. [0BSE 1985) Rutherford snd Seddy's Lays of Radioactivity ‘Rutherford and Soddy in 2, studied sportancous disintegration of radioactive nucle, and on the basis of experimental observations they caret the fllowing Conclusion: (0 Rasioscvty isa nuclear phenomenon andcaanot be acrelerated or retardedby any physical or chemical proces. (i) The nace! of radioactive sutstances continue to decay spontaneously and randomly. Its not certain which neleus will desay at what time nthe process of disintegration a- er Bpaicles are emited slong with yays. Thus new radioactive elements are formed which have entirely ‘ew chemical and radioactive properties \Giy"The eof esirtegration depends upon the radiosctive element aed fora particular radiosctive element the rateof disinepraonis diretly popetcnal tothe number of urdecayed nucle (or ‘mass) ofthe sarple present. Derivation of Formula ‘Suppose initially the number of atoms in radioactive elements No and N the numberof atoms afer timer [Alter time et dN be the nunber of atoms which disintegrate ina shor interval dr, then rate of wit bs iso called ie atv ofthe ssanseenen, disimegrat ‘According to Rutherford-Soddy law wv a eNway @ £4) where n= is number of talf lives. ; 7. Relation between halflife (7) mean life (x) and disintegration constant (4) is 8 Displacement Laws : (i) For ecpartcie 2X* 9 22Yh "+ ate! (ii) Fer Bparticle 2X* —> 2.,¥* + 0947 ii) For yoray 2X" —+ 2x4 +7 9. Innuclear fission a heavy nucleus breaks into lighter nuclei. Nearly O-1% mass is converted into ‘erergy. In each fission of g2U™* with slow neutron 200 MeV energy is released. 10, Innuclear fusion two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus snd 07h mas is converted ito energy. > Numericals NCERT Numericais 1. Suppose you are given chance to repeat the alpha particle scattering experiment wsing & thin sheet ef slid hydrogen in place of gold fol (hydrogen i solid at temperature below 14K. What results do you expect 7 Solution Size of hydrogen nucleus =1-2. 10" --Bleaostatic potential energy of e-patcle st nuclear surface. 1200) 9,199, 2x (-6x10- %)? ae or 12x10" 9 25108 10-9 9% 1092x1010"? oy 12x10 12-4108 eV =2-4MeV ‘This is much ess than incident energy 5-5 MeV of a-particle; therefore a- particle wll penetrate the ‘nucleus and no scattering will be observed. Alter : The de Broglte wavelengt: of a-particle Is much less than inier-proion distance in solié hydrogen, so arparticle will move directly penetrating she nucleus. 2 A difference of 2-3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What Is the frequency of radiation emitied when the atom makes transition from the upper evel to the lower level. ‘Solution, According to Boly’s poswlaie £2 ~ 8 =hyFrequency of emitted radiation 2316x1079 6-63 x10" Js, The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is ~ 13-6 eV. What is the kinetic and potential 55x10" He ‘energies of the electron in this state ? i (CBSE A12010] Solutioa. Kineticenerey. pmo? = A) Potent energy, @ Tota eneray 2) Comparing equations (1), 2).(3). we have K=-€ andU=26 Given 13-6eV (inground state) Kinetic energy, 3:6eV Potential energy U =2x(-13-6 eV) =-27-2eV ‘A hydrogen atom initially inthe ground state absorbs a photon, which excites It to the level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon. he Solution. The energy levels of H-atom are given ty Ey =~" For given transition m Energy of absorbed photon a=, -6; =a A) 16 att o d= 6 ma9-72x10°° m 151-097 x10" Frequency,5. (a) Using the Behr's model, calculate the speed of electron in the hydrogen atom in m= 1,2 and 3 levels. (©) Calculate the orblual period in exch of these levels. Solution (a) The speed of electron in sable orbit of H-atom is Forn Forn=2, Forma, oy =O arco! avs CObviouly te speed of eesren gos on decreasing wit increasing * 2ne _2n(egh?a? fame?) (b) Time period T =="" = Sot "ONC ven v (e? /2eghn) 05h 4x (8-85 x10" !?)? «(6-63 10")? xn? 91x 10" ** x(1-6x10")* #153107 n° seconds Form Ty=153x107!% 5 Forn=2, Tz =1-53x107'x(2? =6:12x107" 5 Forn=3, Ty =1-53%@)?=13.77210" 6 6 A.12-1eV beam Is used fo bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelengths will be emitted ? ee ae seem) au Given AE =12-12V, Re =13-60V z “ ‘Abworpion| 124 eVa13-6ev[ 1-4 ny A da ‘The situation is shown in figure. e6ey— net‘The wavelengths emitted will corespond to transitions. 4 my 4 hy my. g —9 my and ng —> ng The wavclengths emitted are given by he ‘eae s pelt 6:6x10"™ x3x108 ae in ule 12.43 “AEineV % Fora; —>m, ms Forny — rm. 7 Fors —> na. 65421077 m=6542A Obtain the first Bob's radius and the ground state energy of a ‘muni’ hydrogen atom [Le an stom in which a negatively charged muon (j”) of mass about 207 m, orbits around a prodon)- Asim, =207me.wherem, is mass of electron hen? ght? 3 207mm. For ground state for muon, wehave gh? 207m,.e90 g of © S+ contain 6.023 107° atoms [Number of $1-90 atoms in 15 mg (=15 1073 g) walSX10™ 5 6.02310 =1-00x10° %0 Disinegraton ate, ey 1.00% 102° dt | 283-154 10" 85.10" Bq 15, Obiaia the approximate value of the radius of (a) 8 nucleus of $ He (b) a nucleus of FU (©) what isthe ratio of these radii? (Assume Rg =1-2x 107 m) * Solution. RoAY? 1.21078 AM (a) For {Hemuclews,A=4 s 29107 (4)"9 1-2 10-8 51-987 =1-9% 1 : Rite (Fo uA=28 Ry <1-2 1075 (238) "3 21-210" s Be FAN 24154 Re ? 6-197 7-4 1071S my Ratio 16. A source contains two phosphorus radionuclides BP (Ty: =14-3 days) and BP (Fpz =25-3days} Initially 10% ef the decay comes from JP, (Tz 25-3 days) how long one must walt until 99% do s0 2 Solution. Let radionuclides be represented as Py (Tp =143 days) and Fy (ya =25-3 days). Initial decay is 90% from P, and 10% from P,. With the passage of time amount of P will decrease fasterthan that of Pa. ‘Asrate of disintegration « N or mass M. Initial rao of F; to P2 is9. Let mass of P be 9x andhat of Py bex. Let alter days mass of P; become y and that of Py become 9. wy ' ingatitetoma-A-() ween natalie serait A) £ sey here 2)aL. © fey yet et C2 ogc! —y syne? + thet Atomic masses are given tobe: my = 1-0078254 Git?) = 2o1i02u mG HP) = 30160890 sm (4C!2) = 12-000000 m (Ne) = 19-992439 u m(gHe®) = 4.002603 u Take 1 =931 MeV Solution. i) Nuclear reaction is p+ iH? —> iH? + H?+Q Mass of LHS = ug, +0 () 19) =1-007825 + 3-016049 = 4.023874 0 Mass of RS =m (j H?) + m(,H?) =2-014102-+ 2-O14102 = 4: 028204 wu Q=ltey-+mp-- me: ~nip) in Rg) c? joule (nig 4 mg ~me mp) u}x931MeV 10,99) =f GH?) + (2 5931 MoV (4-023874~4-028204} 931 MeV =—0-00433 x 931 MeV.=~4-031 MeV [As Qin mogatve, encray must be supplied forthe reaction; hence the reaction is endothermic. {W) Nuclear reactions C1? + gC? = yyNe% + 2Het Q=m(gC?) + m(6C")} ~ ln yNe*) + m1(p He* 200000 + 12-000000) ~(19:992439 + 4002603) = 24-000000 ~23-998042 = 0.004958 u =0-004958 x 931 MeV. =4:616 MeV AAs Qis postive. theeneray will be liberated in the reaction, hence the reaction is exothermic. ‘A 1000 MW fission reactor consumes half of ls fuel in $-00 years. How much 785U did it contain initially 2 Assume that the renctor operates 80% of the time and that all exergy vescoie scot from hs Sesion of 75 kad Get Whe tlk ts conestnad” sly by Oe fission process. Energy generated per fission of *}3 U is 200 MeV. 1 23 Solution. Number of U235 atoms in 1 gram =31- x 610" fan 935 Energy generated por pam of 3 U= 31 6% 107 200% 1.6.10" Jp ‘Toul energy generated in 5 yeats with 80% time on o-Pr = 108 x80 5c3.154% ws 1002. Im Bohe's theory of hydrogen atom, calculate the energy of the photon emitted during & transition of the electron from the first excited state to the ground state. Write in which region of the electromagnetic spectrum this transition lies. Solution. The energy levels of hydrogen stom are given by For ground state 1 For first excited stave (1 Energy of photon emined v= By ~By =-3-4 ~(-13-6 eV =10.2eV As transition rom higher sat to =I ceresponds to Lyman series so the comesponding transition belongs to Lyman series. ‘The ground state energy of hydrogen atom fs ~13-6 eV @ Whatis the kinetic energy ofan electron inthe second excite state ? (Gi) Ifthe electron jumps to the ground state from the second excited state calculate the wavelength of te spectral line emited. Solution. The energy levels of H-atom are given by ec, Rie. B56 oy (i) For second excited state n=3 B8.y-BBey e-1stev a oF Kinetic energy of electron in ni sate is Ky 2-83 =+ 1510 Gi) The wavelength of emited radiation from second excited state (n =3)t0 grand stat (n= is penby Me gy - By =-1.51 eV 413-6 eV =12.00 eV s ae 662610 3108 12-09eV 12.09 1-6x 107 = 1-027 «1077 m= 102-7 om _———-osser 4. The energy level diagram of an element is AY an given alongside, Identify, by doing necessary 8] c| fnlcultons witch trandilon corresponds 10 aid tthe emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102-7 am, [CBSE 2008) lo tvGiven or nse Given days. is rated = Half tite, T=4 = 3 <1 day 1g is intial mass of radioactive material, then -() ing (2 omg =64 10, Calculate the bi {civen : m($8Ca)~39.962589 0846s w ing energy per nucleon $$Ca nucleus. sng (ons of & neutron) imp loves of 2 proton) = 1007825 u Lu = 931 MeV/c] Solution, Tol Binding energy of $a nucleus ~20np 20m, -1( $c) 20 1.007825 + 20% 1008665 ~39.962589 =0.36721 14 = 0.367211 931 MeV =341.87 MeV M87 Binding energy per nucle MeV/ nucleon =8:-55 MeV / nucleon 11, Calculate the energy released if U>*-nucleus emits an a-particle, oR Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction Aku + Byrn + jue +o Given Atomic mass of 7*5U = 238-0507942 1B. Atomic mass uf ™ Th = 234-04363 0 Atomic mass of alpha particle= 4.00260 u Lu -931.SMeVie? Is the decay spontancous, give reason. Solution. The process is hu > m+ fHe +2 (apni ‘The energy released My ~My ~Muede '38-05079 ~234-04303 ~4-00260)u xc? $0456 u) xe? Yes. the decay i spontancous (since Q is positive). it's sata 9 spi a Goel 2840 uh acy Wa eke 6c wea tar {his purpose to occur ? Given m(SyFe) =$8-934944 (Al) ~27-98191 0 1 u = 931 MeVie? Calculate the energy in MeV. Solution. {Fe micleus is most stuble: therefore, energy willbe needed forthe reaction to out “The reaction s mGBFa +O —> 27fap Ditterence of mass =24(27-9819))u -55:93494 0 0.028880 02885 931 MeV 26.68728 MeV ‘Would the energy be released or needed for the following D-T reaction : fn+ 3 — fies bn Energy needed, to occur ?os Given (in =2-016102 mH) = 3.016049 uw ‘mcd He) =4- 002003 w ‘m(4a)=1-008665 wand 1 Caleulate the energy in MeV. Solution. The given reaction is nuclear fusion reaction; so energy willbe released in the reaction. ine tH — fe + bo +0 p31 MeVie? Mass of nucle before fusion M, =m (PH) +m GH 014100 + 3-016049 =5-030151 0 Mass of nuclei after fusion My =m$Ht9 + m0 = 4.002603 +1-008665 011268 Mass defect (Am) =m — my =5-030151~5-011268 018803 Energy released, Q= 0-018863 x 931 MeV =17-56 MeV A nucleus #Ne undergoes reeny and becomes jn. Calculate the maximum kine coeray of electrons enited assuming that the daughter mceis and enieutlao erry negligible kinetic energy. amass of Ne #22: 994466 u amass of f}Na =22.989770u 1u=9315 MeV/c? Solution. The equation of Besay of Nes ne > finer en +9 Mass difference, Am=my (79Ne)— my (#!1Na) ~m,