A3 - Polynomials PDF

Polynomials:
Basic Operations and Factoring

Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics
Lecture 3
Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)
Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring
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Outline
Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
Multiplication of Polynomials
Division of Polynomials
Factoring
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
Factoring Trinomials
Factoring By Grouping
Completing the Square
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An algebraic expression is any combination of variables and constants
involving a finite number of basic operations.
3x2 5yz 3
2x + 7y
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3x2 5yz 3
2x + 7y
A polynomial is an algebraic expression that is a sum of constants
and/or constants multiplied by variables raised to nonnegative integer
exponents.
5x3 2x4 y 2 + y 3
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3x2 5yz 3
2x + 7y
A polynomial is an algebraic expression that is a sum of constants
and/or constants multiplied by variables raised to nonnegative integer
exponents.
5x3 2x4 y 2 + y 3
Each addend in a polynomial is called a term of the polynomial. The
constant in a term is called its constant coefficient.
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The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

degree.
5x2 y
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
The degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of all its
terms.
Example
Degree
5
0
Constant
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
terms.
Example
Degree
5
0
Constant
2x 5
1
Linear
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
terms.
Example
Degree
5
0
Constant
2x 5
1
Linear
3 + 6x2 2x
2
Quadratic
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
terms.
Example
Degree
5
0
Constant
2x 5
1
Linear
3 + 6x2 2x
2
Quadratic
4x3 5y 2
3
Cubic
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degree.
5x2 y : degree 3
terms.
Example
Degree
5
0
Constant
2x 5
1
Linear
3 + 6x2 2x
2
Quadratic
4x3 5y 2
3
Cubic
3
2
4
2x y 6x + 12y
5
5th Degree Polynomial
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Like terms are terms that differ only in their constant coefficients.
5x2 y, 3yx2
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5x2 y, 3yx2
To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.
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5x2 y, 3yx2

Examples:
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5x2 y, 3yx2

Examples:
1. (4x3 7x2 + 2x 4) + (8x2 + 3x 7)
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5x2 y, 3yx2

Examples:
1. (4x3 7x2 + 2x 4) + (8x2 + 3x 7)
= 4x3 + (7x2 + 8x2 ) + (2x + 3x) + ((4) + (7))
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5x2 y, 3yx2

Examples:
1. (4x3 7x2 + 2x 4) + (8x2 + 3x 7)
= 4x3 + (7x2 + 8x2 ) + (2x + 3x) + ((4) + (7))
= 4x3 + x2 + 5x 11
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(After combining like terms)

Number of Terms
Polynomial
Example
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Number of Terms
Polynomial
Example
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Number of Terms
1
Polynomial
monomial
Example
7x2
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Number of Terms
1
2
Polynomial
monomial
binomial
Example
7x2
9x4 + x3
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Number of Terms
1
2
3
Polynomial
monomial
binomial
trinomial
Example
7x2
9x4 + x3
17y 2 + 11y 60
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To multiply polynomials, apply the distributivity of over + :
a(b + c) = ab + ac, and the laws of exponents.
Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
3. 12y + {[2(x 3y) 3(3x + 4y)] + 15x}
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
3. 12y + {[2(x 3y) 3(3x + 4y)] + 15x}
= 12y + {[2x 6y 9x 12y] + 15x}
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
3. 12y + {[2(x 3y) 3(3x + 4y)] + 15x}
= 12y + {[2x 6y 9x 12y] + 15x}
= 12y + {7x 18y + 15x}
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
3. 12y + {[2(x 3y) 3(3x + 4y)] + 15x}
= 12y + {[2x 6y 9x 12y] + 15x}
= 12y + {7x 18y + 15x}
= 12y + 8x 18y
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Examples:
2. 8y 3y[4 2(y 1)]
= 8y 3y[4 2y + 2]
= 8y 12y + 6y 2 6y
= 6y 2 10y
3. 12y + {[2(x 3y) 3(3x + 4y)] + 15x}
=
=
=
=
12y + {[2x 6y 9x 12y] + 15x}

12y + {7x 18y + 15x}
12y + 8x 18y
8x 6y
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
6x2 4x + 1
3x2 5x + 4
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
6x2 4x + 1
3x2 5x + 4
24x2 16x + 4
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
6x2 4x + 1
3x2 5x + 4
24x2 16x + 4
3
30x + 20x2 5x
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
6x2 4x + 1
3x2 5x + 4
24x2 16x + 4
3
30x + 20x2 5x
+ 18x4 + 12x3 3x2
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Example:
(6x2 4x + 1)(4 5x 3x2 )
6x2 4x + 1
3x2 5x + 4
24x2 16x + 4
3
30x + 20x2 5x
+ 18x4 + 12x3 3x2
18x4 18x3 + 41x2 21x + 4
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Special Products
Product of a Sum and a Difference

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
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Special Products

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
... is a Difference of Two Squares
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Special Products

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
Example:
(9a2 + b)(9a2 b)
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Special Products

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
Example:
(9a2 + b)(9a2 b) = (9a2 )2 (b)2
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Special Products

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
Example:
(9a2 + b)(9a2 b) = (9a2 )2 (b)2
= 81a4 b2
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Special Products
Square of a Binomial
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
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Special Products
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
... is a Perfect Square Trinomial.
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Special Products
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
Example:
(2a2 1)2
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Special Products
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
Example:
(2a2 1)2 = (2a2 )2 2 2a2 1 + (1)2
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Special Products
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
Example:
(2a2 1)2 = (2a2 )2 2 2a2 1 + (1)2
= 4a4 4a2 + 1
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Special Products
Product of Binomials I
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
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Special Products
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
Example:
(y 9)(y + 8)
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Special Products
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
Example:
(y 9)(y + 8) = (y)2 + ((9) + 8)y + (9) 8
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Special Products
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
Example:
(y 9)(y + 8) = (y)2 + ((9) + 8)y + (9) 8
= y 2 y 72
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Special Products
Product of Binomials II
(ax + b)(cx + d) = acx2 + (ad + bc)x + bd
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Special Products
Examples:
(3x + 5)(2x + 1)
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Special Products
Examples:
(3x + 5)(2x + 1) = (3 2)x2 + (3 1 + 5 2)x + 5 1
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Special Products
Examples:
(3x + 5)(2x + 1) = (3 2)x2 + (3 1 + 5 2)x + 5 1
= 6x2 + 13x + 5
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Special Products
Cube of a Binomial
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
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Special Products
Cube of a Binomial
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
Example:
(a 2)3
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Special Products
Cube of a Binomial
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
Example:
(a 2)3 = (a)3 3 (a)2 2 + 3 a (2)2 (2)3
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Special Products
Cube of a Binomial
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
Example:
(a 2)3 = (a)3 3 (a)2 2 + 3 a (2)2 (2)3
= a3 6a2 + 12a 8
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Special Products
Sum of Two Cubes

(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 + y 3
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Special Products
Sum of Two Cubes

(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 + y 3
Example: (2a2 + 3b)(4a4 6a2 b + 9b2 )
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Special Products
Sum of Two Cubes

(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 + y 3
Example: (2a2 + 3b)(4a4 6a2 b + 9b2 )
= (2a2 + 3b)((2a2 )2 2a2 3b + (3b)2 )
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Special Products
Sum of Two Cubes

(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 + y 3
Example: (2a2 + 3b)(4a4 6a2 b + 9b2 )
= (2a2 + 3b)((2a2 )2 2a2 3b + (3b)2 )
= (2a2 )3 + (3b)3
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Special Products
Sum of Two Cubes

(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 + y 3
Example: (2a2 + 3b)(4a4 6a2 b + 9b2 )
= (2a2 + 3b)((2a2 )2 2a2 3b + (3b)2 )
= (2a2 )3 + (3b)3
= 8a6 + 27b3
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Special Products
Difference of Two Cubes

(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
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Special Products

(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
Example: (x 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )
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Special Products

(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
Example: (x 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )
= (x 2y)((x)2 + (x)(2y) + (2y)2 )
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Special Products

(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
Example: (x 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )
= (x 2y)((x)2 + (x)(2y) + (2y)2 )
= (x)3 + (2y)3
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Special Products

(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
Example: (x 2y)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 )
= (x 2y)((x)2 + (x)(2y) + (2y)2 )
= (x)3 + (2y)3
= x3 + 8y 3
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Special Products
(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
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Special Products
(x + y)(x y) = x2 y 2
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
(x y)(x2 xy + y 2 ) = x3 y 3
DO NOT distribute exponents over a SUM: (x + y)n 6= xn + y n
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Monomial Divisor
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, use
the laws of exponents to simplify.
a+b
a b
= + . Then, apply
d
d d
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Monomial Divisor
a+b
a b
= + . Then, apply
d
d d
Example: (6x3 y 2 + 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2 ) (3x2 y 2 )
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Monomial Divisor
a+b
a b
= + . Then, apply
d
d d

6x3 y 2 + 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2
3x2 y 2
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Monomial Divisor
a+b
a b
= + . Then, apply
d
d d

6x3 y 2 + 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2
3x2 y 2
6x3 y 2 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2

+
2 2
3x2 y 2
3x2 y 2
3x y
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Monomial Divisor
a+b
a b
= + . Then, apply
d
d d

6x3 y 2 + 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2
3x2 y 2
6x3 y 2 12x2 y 3 9x2 y 2

+
2 2
3x2 y 2
3x2 y 2
3x y
= 2x + 4y 3
=
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
2x + 20
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x 1
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
2x + 20
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x 1
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
2x + 20
2x + 3
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3)
2x2 3x 1
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
2x + 20
2x + 3
23
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Long Division
Example:
(4x3 12x + 20) (2x + 3) = 2x2 3x 1 +
23
2x + 3
2x2 3x 1
2x + 3
4x3
11x + 20
4x3 6x2
6x2 11x
6x2 + 9x
2x + 20
2x + 3
23
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Factoring
- similar to prime factorization of integers

- breaking down polynomials into components that cannot be reduced
further
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Factoring
A polynomial with integer coefficients is said to be

prime if its polynomial factors having integer coefficients are 1, -1,
itself and its negative
factored completely (or in completely factored form) if it is expressed
as a product of prime polynomials.
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Common Monomial Factor
ax + ay = a(x + y)
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2 (3y 2 7x4 )
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2 (3y 2 7x4 )
x(x + 1)2 (x + 1)(3x + 4)
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2 (3y 2 7x4 )
x(x + 1)2 (x + 1)(3x + 4) = (x + 1)
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2 (3y 2 7x4 )
x(x + 1)2 (x + 1)(3x + 4) = (x + 1)[x(x + 1) (3x + 4)]
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ax + ay = a(x + y)
Examples:
1
6x5 y 4 14x9 y 2 = 2x5 y 2 (3y 2 7x4 )
x(x + 1)2 (x + 1)(3x + 4) = (x + 1)[x(x + 1) (3x + 4)]

= (x + 1)[x2 2x 4]
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Difference of Two Squares
x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2 = (2a + b)(2a b)
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2 = (2a + b)(2a b)
16m4 n12
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2 = (2a + b)(2a b)
16m4 n12 = (4m2 )2 (n6 )2
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2 = (2a + b)(2a b)
16m4 n12 = (4m2 )2 (n6 )2

= (4m2 + n6 )(4m2 n6 )
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x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Examples:
1
4a2 b2 = (2a)2 (b)2 = (2a + b)(2a b)
16m4 n12 = (4m2 )2 (n6 )2

= (4m2 + n6 )(4m2 n6 )
= (4m2 + n6 )(2m + n3 )(2m n3 )
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Perfect Square Trinomial
x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2 = (2a)2 + 2 2a b + b2
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2 = (2a)2 + 2 2a b + b2

= (2a + b)2
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2 = (2a)2 + 2 2a b + b2

= (2a + b)2
2
121m4 44m2 n4 + 4n8
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2 = (2a)2 + 2 2a b + b2

= (2a + b)2
2
121m4 44m2 n4 + 4n8 = (11m2 )2 2 11m2 2n4 + (2n4 )2
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x2 2xy + y 2 = (x y)2
Examples:
1
4a2 + 4ab + b2 = (2a)2 + 2 2a b + b2

= (2a + b)2
2
121m4 44m2 n4 + 4n8 = (11m2 )2 2 11m2 2n4 + (2n4 )2

= (11m2 2n4 )2
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Factoring Polynomials

x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)(z 2 5z + 25)
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)(z 2 5z + 25)
27 64m3
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)(z 2 5z + 25)
27 64m3 = (3)3 (4m)3
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)(z 2 5z + 25)
27 64m3 = (3)3 (4m)3
= (3 m)
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x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
Examples:
z 3 + 125 = (z)3 + (5)3
= (z + 5)(z 2 5z + 25)
27 64m3 = (3)3 (4m)3
= (3 m)(9 + 12m + 16m2 )
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
Key: If possible, find a and b such that
ab = s
a+b=r
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3)x + 2 3
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3)x + 2 3
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3)x + 2 3
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
x2 3x 40
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3)x + 2 3
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
x2 3x 40 = x2 + [(8) + 5]x + (8) 5
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Trinomials: Case 1
x2 + rx + s
ab = s
a+b=r
Then, x2 + rx + s = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b)
Examples:
x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + (2 + 3)x + 2 3
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
x2 3x 40 = x2 + [(8) + 5]x + (8) 5
= (x 8)(x + 5)
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
Key: If possible, find a, b, c, d such that
ac = r
bd = m
s = (ad + bc)
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
ac = r
bd = m
s = (ad + bc)
Then, rx2 + sx + m = acx2 + (ad + bc)x + bd

= (ax + b)(cx + d)
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
ac = r
bd = m
s = (ad + bc)

= (ax + b)(cx + d)
Example:
3x2 + 8x + 4
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
ac = r
bd = m
s = (ad + bc)

= (ax + b)(cx + d)
Example:
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 3 1x2 + (3 2 + 2 1)x + 2 2
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Trinomials: Case 2
rx2 + sx + m
ac = r
bd = m
s = (ad + bc)

= (ax + b)(cx + d)
Example:
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 3 1x2 + (3 2 + 2 1)x + 2 2
= (3x + 2)(x + 2)
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Factoring by Grouping
It may be possible to group terms in such a way that each group has a
common factor.
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common factor.
Examples:
ax + bx ay by = x(a + b)
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common factor.
Examples:
ax + bx ay by = x(a + b) y(a + b)
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
xy 3 + 2y 2 xy 2
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
xy 3 + 2y 2 xy 2 = y 2 (xy + 2)
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
xy 3 + 2y 2 xy 2 = y 2 (xy + 2) (xy + 2)
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
xy 3 + 2y 2 xy 2 = y 2 (xy + 2) (xy + 2)
= (y 2 1)(xy + 2)
Lec 3
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common factor.
Examples:
= (x y)(a + b)
xy 3 + 2y 2 xy 2 = y 2 (xy + 2) (xy + 2)
= (y 2 1)(xy + 2)
= (y + 1)(y 1)(xy + 2)
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Add and subtract a Perfect Square term to obtain a difference of a Perfect
Square Trinomial and a Perfect Square. This will then result in a
Difference of Two Squares.
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Example:
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Example:
x4 + 4y 4 =
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Example:
x4 + 4y 4 = x4 + 4y 4 + 4x2 y 2 4x2 y 2
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Example:
x4 + 4y 4 = x4 + 4y 4 + 4x2 y 2 4x2 y 2
= (x4 + 4x2 y 2 + 4y 4 ) 4x2 y 2
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Example:
x4 + 4y 4 = x4 + 4y 4 + 4x2 y 2 4x2 y 2
= (x4 + 4x2 y 2 + 4y 4 ) 4x2 y 2
= (x2 + 2y 2 )2 (2xy)2
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Example:
x4 + 4y 4 =
=
=
=
x4 + 4y 4 + 4x2 y 2 4x2 y 2
(x4 + 4x2 y 2 + 4y 4 ) 4x2 y 2
(x2 + 2y 2 )2 (2xy)2
(x2 + 2y 2 2xy)(x2 + 2y 2 + 2xy)
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Illustration: Factor x4 5x2 + 4.
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x4 5x2 + 4
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
= (x 2)2 x2
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
= (x 2)2 x2
= (x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
= (x 2)2 x2
= (x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
Lec 3
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x4 5x2 + 4 = x4 4x2 + 4 x2
= (x 2)2 x2
= (x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
Lec 3
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x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)

= (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)
Lec 3
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1. Completing the Square
x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)

= (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
2. Think of this as a trinomial

x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)
Lec 3
29 / 30

x4 5x2 + 4 =
=
=
=
x4 4x2 + 4 x2
(x 2)2 x2
(x2 + x 2)(x2 x 2)
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)(x + 1)
2. Think of this as a trinomial

x4 5x2 + 4 = (x2 4)(x2 1)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)
Both methods lead to the same factored form!
Lec 3
29 / 30
Exercises:
1
Perform the following operations:

1
2
3
4
5
x2 +{2x3 [3xy (4xy +7x2 )]}

4x2 y(5x 3xy + 7y)
(2x + y)(x + 3y)
(n3 + m2 )(n3 m2 )
(2 r2 )(4 + 2r2 + r4 )
(3x + x2 )(9x2 3x3 + x4 )
(14a3 b3 c3 + 35a2 b4 c3 ) 7ab3 c3
(x5 2x4 + 3x3 2x2 + 2x)

(x2 2x + 2)
Factor the following completely:

1
2
3
4
5
16x2 9y 2
a2 b3 c4 a3 b4 c5 + 2a2 b4 c4
x2 (x2 1) 9(x2 1)
1 + 8x9
8x2 14x 15
6
7
8
9
10
x4 + 64
x4 y 8 3x2 y 4 + 1
3b2 + 2ab + 2ac + 3bc
64n6 16n3 + 1
a6 27r3 a4 3a2 r 9r2
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30 / 30

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Polynomials:

Basic Operations and Factoring

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials

The sum of the exponents of the variables in a term is called its

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring

Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials

To add or subtract polynomials, combine like terms.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics)

Polynomials: Basic Operations and Factoring