j

j ya

j ya tuyh rf fhyij bghfhy vW Twyh. j njha

f W ekF ilgdtW f bjhikahdJ bjhfha MF.

vGjfhu, brhyfhu vw gFf j bkh yfzij TWtd. _whtjhf

mikJs bghUsfhu j Kndhf thaiy gl oJfhL
fhy fzhoahf sFwJ.

rf fhy, rf kUa fhy

rf fhy gy wj f njhd. thif, mua, ngh Kiw nghwt
iw TW 18 fS (vL bjhif, gJghL), mwbe Kja fUJfis TW
gbdL fS (gbz fzF) fhy njhd. UFw cy fwj
yhf fwJ.
uil fhafshd ygfhuK, knkfiy rf kUa fhy cUthditna.
it uL KgJ KgJ fhijfis bfhlJ. tifahY, ghtifahY xnw. x y
xwJ, kbwh mKjRu ClhLwJ. uLnk bgfis jiyfshf bfhlit.

gyt fhy

fhyij g af fhy vW rka kWky fhy vW TWt. irt,

itzt bgnahf jHf gntW jyfSF brW g ghlfis ghod.
ehakhf mWgJ _t iwt J ghoa g ghlf eahlh e
vgtuh bjhFfglJ. jF gU UKiw vW bga. J irt yakhf
fwJ. irt rka Futf jiyaha lij bgWgtf eht. UPhdrgjU,
UehfurU, rkfhyjtf. mtfSF mLJ Rju_ Rthf. fhyjh
glt khfthrf. Jngh itzt rka Mthf gUt. Mthf
ghoaUa ghl bjhFfSF ehyhu a ugj vW bga.
nrhH fhy

fha UtifahdJ, bgUfha, W fha, mw, bghU, g, L

vD ehF cW bghUS miktJ bgUfhakhF. it ehF mikahJ xnwh,
ynth FiwJ t mJ Wfha vdgL. joayfhu jid TWwJ. fhy
njha bgsj rka bjhlghd f knkfiy, Flynf, unrha, rhu fij.
rkz rka bjhlghd f tf jhk, ygfhu, tisahg . IWfha bgUfij, esbtgh , fguhkhaz nghw w f.
j cs yfz f ahgUfyU, ahgUfy, ahgUfyfhif,
neehj, eafbghU, joayfhu,wbghU btghkhiy nghwit
Fljfit.
fLf iwa mfuhia nghwnj fL MF. it br toyhdit.
fLf bghUSF ca gy bgafis, xU brhYF ca gy bghUfis, kf,
yF, gwit, ku, bro, bfho Kja ghFghLf s TWwd. it mfu tir
mikfgliy.
ehaf fhy
ugjf 96 vW TWt. ugj vwh eF flglJ vW bghU. vdnt
jh jid yaf vnwh. mjh J cyh fygf - gu is j
nghwit Fljfd.
Inuha fhy

3
JtK jG - ukhKt j vG y Ujfis brjt. gukhj
FU fij bjh} sf - njght nghw f vGat. lhl ..ngh - UFw,
ehyoah nghwtiw My bkh bgajt.
yhaK - jfh, ckWytU kjh rh _tU jg jiywJ
sFwd.
jfhy

fP bgUkf ghuah ekF bjh fij ehoFiHj vwh.

vdnt jh t nja fahf sdh. ghL wjhny itafij ghl
itjt.
ghujhr - ghoa gR r gtj rhu, u f ujh nghw
fha giljt. j Wfij , d , ehlf , ciueil nghw yaf ts
ailJsd.
1. vz; 2. ngah; 3. Kiw 4. gpwg;G 5. cUtk; 6. khj;jpiu 7. Kjdpiy 8. ,ilepiy 9
,Wjpepiy 10. Nghyp vd;gdthFk;.
gjtpay;
gjtpay; vOj;jjpfhuj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ayhFk;. vOj;Jf;fs; nrhy;yhFk; jd;ikia
,q;F tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

caw;W Gzhpay;
ed;D}yhhpd; fUj;Jg;gb nrhw;fs; epiynkhopahfTk; tUnkhopahfTk;
epd;W GzUk;. Gzh;r;rp Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp> my;topg; Gzh;r;rp vd ,U
tifg;gLk;.
nka;aPw;Wg; Gzhpay;
nka;naOj;Jf;fis ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l nrhw;fNshL caph; vOj;Jf;fisAk;>
caph;nka;vOj;Jf;fisAk; Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ milAk; Gzh;r;rp
tpjpfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,t;tpaypy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
cUG Gzhpay;
capnuOj;ijAk;> nka;naOj;ijAk; ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
epiynkhop> tUnkhopfNshL GzUk; ,yf;fzk; $Wtjh ,t;tpay; cUG Gzhpay;
vdg;gl;lJ.

ed;D}y; - nrhy; - fhz;bifAiu

ngaupay;
nrhy;ypd; nghJtpyf;fzk; : nrhy; ,d;dJ vd;gJ - %tif nkhopfs; - ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; - jpiz ghy;fSf;Fg; Gwdil - %d;wpdj;Jk; nrhy; jd;idAk; nghUisAk;
czu;j;Jjy; - %tplk; - tof;F ,d;dnjd;gJ - nra;As; ,d;dnjd;gJ - ntspg;gil Fwpg;G.
nrhy; ghFghL
nrhy;ypd; tiffs; - ,aw;nrhy; - jphpnrhy; - jpirr; nrhy; - tlnrhy;.
ngau;r;nrhy;
ngaupd; nghJtpyf;fzk; - cah;jpiz Mz;ghw;ngah; - cah;jpizg;
ngz;ghw;ngau; - cah;jpizg; gyu;ghw;ngau; - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; ngau; m/wpizg; gytpd;ghw; ngau; - m/wpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau; - ,Uepiyg;
nghJg;ngau; - Kjw; ngau; Kjypa ehd;fpidAk; tFj;jy; - jpizg; nghJg; ngau;
ghw;nghJthjy; - jd;ik Kd;dpiy glu;f;ifg; ngah;fs; - njhopw;ngaUf;Fk;
tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; ,lk; tFj;jy; - MFngau;.
Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wik tpsf;fk; - tiffs; - Ntw;Wikapd; ngaUk; KiwAk; - vOtha; cUG
kw;w cUGfis Vw;wy; - I Kjypa cUNgyhg; ngau;fs; - ngau; Ntw;Wik - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wik - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - Mwhk;
Ntw;Wik - jw;fpoik-gpwpjpd; fpoik - Vohk; Ntw;Wik - fz; Kjypa cUGfs; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik - tpspf;fg;gLk; ngah;fs; - nghJthfpa tpspAUG tpspAUgpw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp.
tpspAUGfSf;Fg; Gwdil - tpspAUNgyhg; ngau;fs; - Kjy; rpidj;
njhlu;gpd;fz; mt;tpuz;bYk; ,uz;lDUG thuhnjdy; - Kjy; rpidfspd; xw;Wik $Wjy;
- cUG kaf;fk; - rpy Ntw;WikAUGfs; nra;Asplj;Jj; jpupe;J tUjy; - vl;L
Ntw;Wikf;Fk; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;.
tpidapay;
tpidr;nrhy; njupepiy tpid - Fwpg;G tpid - tpidr; nrhw;fis tFj;jy;.

tpidKw;W
tpidKw;W tpsf;fk; - njupepiy tpidKw;W tpfw;gk; - Mz;ghw; glu;f;if
tpidKw;W - ngz;ghw; glu;f;if tpidKw;W - gyu;ghw; glu;f;if tpidKw;W xd;wd;ghw; glu;f;if tpidKw;W - gytpd;ghw; glu;f;if tpidKw;W - ,Ujpizg;
nghJtpid - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W - tpidAlDk; KbAk;
jd;ik tpidKw;Wf;fs; - csg;ghl;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W - Kd;dpiy xUik
tpidKw;W - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.

5
nganur;rk;
nganur;rk; tpsf;fk; - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; vr;rj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp.

tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk; tpsf;fk; - tpidnar;r tha;ghLfs; - tpidnar;rk; tpidKjy; nfhz;L
Kbjy; - mtw;wpw;Fg; Gwdil.
xopG
tpidf;Fwpg;G - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;W - ,Utif Kw;wpw;Fk; Gwdil.\
nghJtpay;
ghy; nghJik ePq;Fk; newp - ngau; tpidaplj;J <w;way; jphpjy; - cUGk;
tpidaPWk; vjpu;kiwapYk; jpupahik - cUGk; tpidAk; mLf;fp Kbjy; ,ilg;gpwtuy; - Kbf;FQ;nrhy; epw;Fkplk; - xUnkhop Ntnwhd;iw mikj;jy;-jpiz
ghy; ,lg; nghJik ePq;Fk; newp - vr;rq;fspd; KbT.
njhifepiyj; njhlu;nkhop
tohepiy - tOtikjp - tOf;fs; - jpizghy;fSld; tpdh tpilfs; tOthky; fhj;jy; jpiz tOtikjp - jpizghy; kuG tOtikjp -jpizghy; tOtikjp - ghypl tOtikjp - ,lk;
tOthkw; fhj;jy; - fhyk; - fhy tOtikjp - MWtiftpdh - vz;tif tpil - tpdh tpilfspd;
Kjy; rpid tOthik - kuG - kuG toh epiy - kuG toh epiyAk; tOtikjpAk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fspd; gpd; ,aw; ngau; tUjy; - Rl;Lg; ngau; tUkplk; - kuG toh
epiy - kuG tOtikjp - kuG tOthkw; fhj;jy; - kuG tOthkw; fhj;jYk; kuG
tOtikjpAk;.
nghUs;Nfhs
nghUs;Nfhspd; ngaUe;njhifAk; - ahw;WePu;g; nghUs;Nfhs; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; - epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; - g+l;Ltpw;
nghUs;Nfhs; - jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; - miskwp ghg;Gg; bghUs;Nfhs; nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; -mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
,ilapay;
,ilr; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; - ,ilr; nrhw; nghUs; - Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy; - vd> vd;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; - ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy; - Kw;Wk;ikf;F
va;jpa jd;ikNkw; rpwg;Gtpjp - vr;r Tk;ikf;fhtNjhu; tpjp - rpy vz;zpilr;
nrhw;fSf;fhtNjhu; ,yf;fzk; - rpy vz;zpilr; nrhw;fSf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp - vz;zpilr;
nrhw;fs; tpidnahLk; tUjy; - jpy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; - kd; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kw;nwd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; - kw;iw vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; - nfhy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; - XL>
nja;a vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; - me;jpy;> Mq;F vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; - mk;k vd;Dk;

6
,ilr;nrhy; - tpaq;Nfhs; mir - Kd;dpiy
mirr;nrhy;.

mirr;nrhy; - vy;yhtplj;Jk; tUk;

cupapay;
cupr; nrhy;ypd; nghJ tpyf;fzk; - gz;G ,d;d njd;gJ capu;g;nghUs; XuwpTapu; - <uwpTapu; - %twpTapu; - ehywpTapu; - IawpTapu; - capuy;yhj
nghUs; - Kd;djw;Fg; nghUs;fspd; Fzg; gz;G - ,U nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa
njhopw; gz;G - ,t;tjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; Gwdil - ,e;E}ypw;Fg; Gwdil.

ek;gpafg;nghUs;

bej

Kiy

kUj

ghiy

mfj;jpizapay;
mfg; nghUs; tif jpiz - ; iff;fpisapd; jd;ik - fUg;nghUs; - ehy;tifg;
Gzh;r;rp tpwypf;Fhpa nray; - fw;G - gphpjy; tif - Cly; - ghq;F - guj;ijah;f;F
chpa nray; - Njhopapd; chpik.

7
fstpay;
,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rp - td;Giw - njspT gphpTop kfpo;r;rp gphpTf; fyq;fy;
- ,le;jiyg;ghL - ghq;fw; $l;lk; - ghq;fp kjp cld;ghL - ghq;fpaw; $l;lk; gfw;Fwp - gfw;Fwp ,ilaPL - ,uTf; Fwp - ,ilaPL - tiujy; Ntl;if - tiuT flhjy; xUtopj;jzj;jy; - tiutpil itj;Jg; nghUs; tapw; gphpT.
tiutpay;
tiuT kypjy; - mwj;njhL epiy - cld; Nghf;F -fw;nghL Gzh;e;j ft;it - kPl;rp
- jd; kidtiujy; cld; Nghf;F ,ilaPL - tiujy;.
fw;gpay;
,y;tho;;f;if - guj;ijapw; gphpT - Xjw; gphpT fhtw; gphpT - J}jpw;
gphpT - Jiz tapw; gphpT - nghUs; tapw; gphpT - rpy gphpTfspd; nghJf;
fpstpfs;.
xopgpay;
jpizAk; iff;NfhSk; - $w;W - Nfl;Nghh; - ,lk; - fhyk; - gad; - Kd;dk; nka;g;ghL - vr;rk; - nghUs;tif - Jiw - cs;Siw ctkk; - ntspg;gil ctkk; - ,iwr;rpg;
nghUs; - mfg;Gwf; iff;fpis - mfg;nghUl; ngUe;jpiz - mfg;ghl;bDs; ghlg;
ngWk; jiyth;fs; - mfg;Gwg; ghl;L - jpiz kaf;fk;.

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
ntl;rpg;glyk;> fue;ijg;glyk;
ntl;rpj;jpiz ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; - Jiwfs;-19. ntl;rpautk; - tphpr;rp - nryT Nta; - Gwj;Jiw Ch;nfhiy> MNfhs;> g+rd;khw;W -Ruj;Ja;j;;jy; - jiyj;Njhw;wk; je;Jepiw> ghjPL - cz;lhl;L nfhil> Gydwp rpwg;G - gps;is tof;F - Jbepiy nfhw;witepiy - ntwpahl;L - nfhS -ntz;ghNthL tpsf;fk; mikjy;.
fue;ij - ntz;gh tpsf;fk; - fue;ijautk; - mjhpilr; nryT - Nghh;kiyjy; Gz;nzhL tUjy; - Nghh;f;fsj;J xopjy; njhlq;fp gps;isg;ngah;r;rptiu mikAk; 13
Jiwfs; nfhS> ntz;gh tpsf;fKld; mikjy;.
tQ;rpg;glyk;> fhQ;rpg;glyk;
tQ;rpj;jpiz ntz;gh> tpsf;fk;> Jiwfs; - 24 tQ;rpautk; - Filepiy - ths;epiy nfhw;wit epiy - 2 nfhw;w tQ;rp - nfhw;wts;is Kjyhfj; njhlq;fp - ngUQ;Nrhw;W
epiy - ey;ypir tQ;rp Kba cs;s Jiwfs; ;nfhS - ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; mikjy;.

8
fhQ;rpj;jpiz - tpsf;fk; - Jiwfs; - 21 fhQ;rpajph;T - jopQ;rp giltof;F ngUq;fhQ;.rp Kjy; - njhlhf;;fhQ;rp njhl;lfhQ;rp Kba nfhS ntz;gh - tpsf;fKld;
mikjy;.
behr;rpg;glyk;> copiQg;glyk;
nehr;rpj;jpiz - ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; - Jiwfs;-8 khDilg;ghrp Ch;r;nrU Kjy;
mopgiljhq;fy; - kfs; kWj;J nkhopjy; - ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; jUjy;.
copiQj;jpiz tpsf;fk; - ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; - Jiwfs;-21 Filehl;Nfhs; ths;ehl;Nfhs; - Kur copiQ Kjy; jpiwnfhz;L ngah;jy; mbg;gltpUj;jy; - njhifepiy
tiu - Jiwfs; - tpsf;fk;.
Jk;igj;jpiz - tpsf;fk; -23 Jk;igautk; - jhidkwk; - ahidkwk; - Fjpiukwk;
Kjy; ctif;fYo;r;rp - jd;id Ntl;ly; - njhifepiy nfhS - tpsf;fKld; mikjy;.
thifg;glyk;
thifj;jpiz - ntz;gh - tpsf;fk; - Jiwfs;-32 thifautk; - murthif Kurthif kwf;fstop Kjy; - nghUnshLGfwy; - mUnshL ePq;fy; - Jiwfs; - nfhS - tpsf;fNkhL
mikjy;.

ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif
ghapuk; - jw;rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; - cWg;gpay; :
1.
vOj;J (13) Fwpy; - neby; - caph; - Fw;wpaypfuk; - Fw;wpaYfuk; IfhuFWf;fk; - Ma;jk; - nka; - caph;nka; - ty;ypdk; - nky;ypdk; - ,ilapdk; msngil (capusngil> xw;wsngil).
2.
mir (2) - 1. Neuir2. epiuair
3.
rPh; - Xuirr;rPh; - <uirr;rPh; - %tirr;rPh; - nghJr;rPh;.
4.
jis (7) Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis - epiunahd;W Mrphpaj;jis - ,aw;rPh;
ntz;lis - ntz;rPh; ntz;lis - xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis - xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis - fypj;jis.
5.
mb (5) - Fwsb - rpe;jb - mstb - nebyb - fopnebyb.
njhil (43) (1) Nkhidj; njhil (8) - mbNkhidj; njhil - ,izNkhidj; njhil nghopg;G Nkhidj; njhil - x&cNkhidj; njhil - $io Nkhidj; njhil - Nkw;fJtha;
Nkhidj; njhil - fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhidj; njhil - Kw;W Nkhidj; njhil.
(2) ,iaGj; njhil (8) - mbapiaGj; njhil - ,izapiaGj; njhil nghopg;gpiaGj;
njhil - x&c ,iaGj; njhil - $iHia njhil -Nkw;fJthapiaGj; njhil fPo;f;fJthapiaGj; njhil - Kw;wpiaGj; njhil.
(3)vJifj; njhil (8) - mbnaJifj; njhil - ,iznaJifj; njhil - nkhopg;naJifj; njhil x&c vJifj; njhil - $io vJifj; njhil - Nkw;fJtha; vJifj; njhil - fPo;f;fJtha; vJifj; njhil Kw;nwJifj; njhil.
(4)
Kuz; njhil (8) - mbKuz; njhil - ,izKuz; njhil - nghopg;G Kuz;njhil x&c msngilj; njhil
gh> ghtpdKk; -ghTf;Fhpa mbAk; XirAk; - mb - ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa mb Mrphpag;ghtpw;Fhpa mb - fypg;gh - tQ;rpg;ghtw;Fhpa mb - Xir - 1) nrg;gy;
- Js;sy; - mfty; - J}q;fNyhir 2) mftNyhir - Ve;jpir> J}q;fpir - xOfpir 3)
Js;sNshir - Ve;jpir - mfty; - gphpe;jpir 4) J}q;fNyhir - Ve;jpir - mfty; gphpe;jpir gh - ntzgh - Mrphpag;gh - fypg;gh - tQ;rpg;gh ntz;ghTk; mjd;
,dKk; - Fws; - Nehpir - ,d;dpir - g/nwhil - Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; - ,d;dpirr;
rpejpay; - Fws; ntz;ghf;fspd; ,dk; - ntz; nre;Jiw - Fwl;lhopir - kw;iwa
ntz;ghf;fspd; ,dk; - ntz;lhopir - ntz;Liw - ntsptpUj;jk; Mrphpag;ghTk; mjd;
,dKk; - Nehpir - ,izf;Fws; - epiykz;lyk; - mbkwpkz;ly Mrphpag;gh
Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,dk; - jhopir - Jiw - tpUj;jk;.
fypg;gh - Nehpir xj;jhopir - mk;Nghjuq;f xj;jhopir - fypntz;gh - ntz;fypg;gh juT nfhr;rff; fypg;gh - jutpizf; nfhr;rff;fypg;gh - g/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh
- kaq;fpirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh - fypg;ghtpd; ,dk; - fypj;jhopir - fypj;Jiw fyptpUj;jk;.
tQ;rpg;gh> kUl;gh - tQ;rpg;gh - Fwsb - rpe;jb tQ;rpg;ghtpd; ,dk; tQ;rpj;jhopir - tQ;rpj;Jiw - tQ;rp tpUj;jk;-kUl;gh - Gwepiy tho;j;J - iff;fpis thAiw tho;j;J nrtpawpTW}c
xopgpay; - vOj;Jf;Fg; Gwdil - mbf;Fg; Gwdil NtWtifahd njil tpfw;gq;;fs;
vJifAk; NkhidAk; - juT jhopirfl;F mbtiuaiw-$d;-tpfhuk;tif Asp - tho;j;J - tir - tdg;G
- nghUs;Nfhs; - Fwpg;gpir - xg;G - tz;zk; - Gide;Jiu -mbapd;wp elg;gd.

10

11

jz;bayq;fhuk;
jd;ikazp> ctikazp
mzpayq;fhuk;
vd;gJ
ftpijapd;
nghJj;
jd;ikia;
El;gij;
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjhFk;. jd;ikazpapd; ,yf;fzk; - tiffs; - tiffis vLj;Jf;;fhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
%yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
ctikazp - ,yf;fzk; - ctikapd; tiffs; - gz;G ctik - njhopy; ctik - gad; ctik
Nghd;w tifia cjhuzg; ghly;fshy; tpsf;Fjy;.
cUtf mzp
ctikahfpa nghUisAk; ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUisAk; NtWghL ,y;yhJ jtph;j;J
,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd xUkpj;J ciug;gJ cUtf mzp - cUtf mzpapd; tif - cUtfk; gpw
mzpfSld; $b tUjy; - ctik cUtfq;fl;Fg; Gwdil Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
jPtf mzp> gpd;tUepiyazp> tpyf;F m.
jPtf mzpad; ,yf;fzk; - jPtf mzpapd; tiffs; - gd;dpuz;L tifahf
ciuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzg; ghly;fshy; tpsf;Fjy; jPtf mzp gpw mzpfSld; $b
tUjy;.
gpd;tU epiyazp - te;j nrhy;Ny jpUk;gTk; tupDk; my;yJ Kd;dh; nghUNs
thpDk; my;yJ Kd;dh; te;j nghUNs gpd;dh;j; jpUk;g te;jit jpUk;g te;jhYk; gpd;tU epiyazpahFk;. nrhw;gpd; tUepiy - nghUl;gpd; tUepiy - nrhw; nghUl;
gpd; tUepiy - ctikg; nghUl; gpd; tUepiy - nrhw;nghUl; gpd; tUepiy Kjypatw;iw rhd;Wg; ghly;fshy; tpsf;Fjy;.
tpyf;F mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - tpyf;fzpapd; tiffs; - tpyf;fzpapd; tif tphpj;jy; Kd;d tpyf;Fg; gpw mzpfSld; Nrh;e;J tUjiy ciuj;jy;.
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp
Ntw;Wikazp> tpghtid mzp> Xl;lzp> Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;gzpapd;
,yf;fzk; - Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;gzpapd; tif $wy; - Ntw;Wg; nghUs;
itg;gzpapd; vl;L tifahd ,ay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.
Ntw;Wikazpapd; ,yf;fzk; - $w;W Ntw;Wik - ,U nghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkk;cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik - Fwpg;ghy; te;j Ntw;Wikazpapd; tif - FzNtw;Wik - nghUs;
Ntw;Wik - rhjp Ntw;Wik - njhopy; Ntw;Wik - tpyf;fpay; Ntw;Wik - rpNyil
Ntw;Wik - Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzg; ghly;fshy; tpsf;Fjy;.
tpghtid mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - maw;fhuztpghtid - ,ay;G tpghtid tpidnajph;
kWj;Jg; nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ - nghJtifahw; fhuzk; tpyffpf; fhuzk; Gyg;gLj;JtJ tpghtid - Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;G vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
xl;lzapd; ,yf;fzk; - xl;lzpapd; tif - milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjy; mil nghJthf;fp NtWgl nkhopjy; - mil tutpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;
Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
mjpratzp> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wtzp> VJ tzp> El;gtzp> ,Nyrtzp> Ritazp
mjpratzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - mjpra mzpapd; tif - Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg;
ghly;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

12
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp ,yf;fzk; - ngah;nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ngauhj nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; - jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w myq;fhuk; ctk cUGfNshL
tUk; vd ciuj;jy; VJmzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - fhufVJ - fUj;jh fhuf VJ - nghUl; fhuf VJ fUkfhuf VJ - fUtpfhuf VJ - Qhgf VJ - mght VJ - mght VJtpd; tif - tpsf;Fjy;.
El;g mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - Fwpg;G El;gk; - njhopy; El;gk; - vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg;
ghly;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
,Nyr mzpapd; ,yf;fzk; - ,Nyr mzpapd; tif - Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jy; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzg; ghly;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
Ritazpapd; ,yf;fzk; - Ritazpapd; tif - tPuk; - mr;rk; - ,opg;G - tpag;G fhkk; - mtyk; - cUj;jpuk; (ntFsp) - eif Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
%yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;

bghfh Fiu

YghL

jgil

kyhl

fufhl

ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; vdwhy; vd;d ? - gpw ngah;tiffs; - jkpopy;

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW - E}y;fs; ,jo;fs; - fUj;juq;Ffs;.
fsg;gzp - tpsf;fk; - tif - fsg;gzpf;F Vw;w fhyk; - fsg;gzpapy; ftdpf;f
Ntz;bait - ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - Mly;fs; - $j;Jf;fs; - iftpidf; fiyfs;.
ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahly;fs; - tpisahl;bd; jd;ik - tPu tpisahl;L - nghOJ Nghf;F
tpisahl;L - ehl;Lg;Gw kUj;Jtk; - rpwg;Gfs; - %yq;fs; - kUj;Jtf; Fwpg;Gfs; - gof;f
tof;fq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; - Njhw;wk; - fhye;NjhWk; ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg;Gw .,yf;fpaq;fspy; ek;gpf;if - ek;gpf;if tiffs; - ehl;Lg;Gw topghLfs; ehl;Lg;Gwr; rkak; - ngz; Mz; Njtijfs; - topghl;L Kiwfs; - nja;t ek;gpf;if.
,yf;fpak; - ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; - jd;ik - tif - kdpjf; fijfs; - kpUff; fijfs; nja;tf; fijfs; - ke;jpuf; fijfs; - mikg;G - fijj; njhlf;fk;> KbT - fij $Wk; nra;jpfs; fijfNs gonkhopahjy; - ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; - jd;ikfs; - tiffs; - jhyhl;L tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs; - njhopw; ghly;fs; - nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs; - jpUkzg; ghly;fs;
- Ml;lg; ghly;fs; - rlq;Fg; ghly;fs; - nja;tg; ghly;fs; - ,wg;Gg; ghly;fs;.

13
fijg; ghly;fs; - tiffs; - Guhzf; fijg; ghly; - tuyhw;Wf; fijg; ghly; mikg;Gfs; - kuGfs;> ,ay;Gfs; - nghUz;ik.
tpLfijfs; - cyfpy; - ,e;jpahtpy; - jkpofj;jpy; - tpLfij tbtq;fs; - mikg;G jd;ik - nghUz;ik - tiffs; - tpLGjph; - tpL fzf;F tpLfij.
gonkhopfs; - jkpopy; gonkhopfs; - jd;ik> mikg;G - gonkhop fhl;Ltd Guhzq;fs; - Guhzf; fijfs; - Njhw;wk; - cyfg; Guhzf; fijfs; - ,e;jpa
Guhzf; fijfs; - jkpopy; Guhzq;fs; - Guhztpay; Ma;Tfs;.

jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

jkpof tuyhw;Wf;fhd mbg;gil Mjhuq;fs; - tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; rq;ffhyk; - gy;yth; fhyk; - ghz;bah;> Nrhohpd; NguuRf; fhyk; - kj;jpa fhyk; gpw;fhyk; - ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;. jkpofj;jpd; ,aw;if mikg;Gfs; - goe;jkpo;
ehl;bd; vy;iyfs; - kiyj; njhlh;fs; - MWfs; kiyfs; - gUtf;fhw;Wfs; - fly;Nfhs;fs; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;ija jkpofk; - Kjy; kf;fspdj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - GijnghUs;
Muha;r;rp KbTfs; - goq;fw;fhyk; - Gjpa fw;fhyk; - ngUq;fw; GijTf; fhyk;.
rpe;Jntsp mfo;thuha;r;rp - rpe;Jntsp ehfhpfj;Jf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fk; ,Ue;j
njhlh;G - gz;ilj; jkpohpd; may;ehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs; - tlehl;Lld; thzpfj; njhlh;G jkpo; tsh;j;j rq;fk; - Kjy;> ,il> filr; rq;fq;fs;.
rq;f ,yf;fpak; - vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; njhy;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhyk; - gjndz;fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fspd; fhyk; jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Njhd;wpa fhyk;.
gz;ilj; jkpohpd; tho;f;if - ,y;tho;f;if - czT - mzpfyd;fs; - ciwAs; - thzpfk;
- tpisahl;Lfs; - fiyfs; - fy;tp - Fyq;fs; - nkhop - murpay; - Ml;rpKiw - flTSk;
rkaKk; - murh; guk;giu - rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp - fsg;gpuh;fs;.

gy;yth;fs; - murpay; - fiyfs; - Nrhoh;fs; - ghz;bah;fs; - nfhq;F ehLk;

Nru ehLk; - FWepy kd;dh;fs; - Kj;jiuah;fs; - ,Uf;FNtsph; - rpw;wurh;fs;.
jkpofj;jpy; 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu r%f epiy - irt itzt
rkaq;fs; - fiyfs; - murpay; - Ml;rpKiw - Nrhog; Nguurpd; Njhw;wk;>
tsh;r;rp> tPo;r;rp.
Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; jkpohpd; rKjhak; - gilfs; - Ml;rpKiw - tyq;if> ,lq;iff;
Fyq;fs; - ngz;fs; - fiyfs; - Mil - mzpfyd;fs; - ek;gpf;iffs; - gof;ftof;fq;fs; klq;fs; - rkak; - ,yf;fpak;.

14

jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kfhy;

ghz;bahpd; Vw;wKk; tPo;r;rpAk; - kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;.
jkpofj;jpy; 13 Kjy; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu r%f epiy - INuhg;gpah; tuT fUehlf> ik#h;g; Nghh;fs; - ghisaf;fhuh; fpsh;r;rpfs;.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; murpaYk; jkpofj;jpd; r%f epiyAk; - NtY}h;f;fyfk; ehzaq;fs; - rpRf;nfhiy - cld;fl;il VWjy; - Fyg; g+ry;fs; - fy;tp> rkak;>
jkpopyf;fpak; - Muha;r;rp - jpt;tpa Qhd rig - ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;by; jkpofk; - Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; - Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;.

rq;f ,yf;fpak;

vLbjhif d vgij gH ghblhW

eid ey FWbjhif IFWW
xj gWgnjhF gghl
fwnjh VJ fnahL mfwbk
wj btL bjhif
vd ngRwJ. bjhif , gtif bghU gaJ. kd kw, kf
w, kf tHfK gHfK, mwbe, Iiz mUik, M Kiw, th be,
tsik, tuyhW TW, uhz br, ngh Kiw, g iy nghwit
fL.
KUF bghUehW ghuL Kiy
bgUF tskJiu fh kUa
nfhy beL ethil nfh Fgod
ghiy flhbjhL gJ
vw gHghl gJghL vit vgij czJwJ.
ew;wpiz 31 - 456 ghly;fs; - jiytp $w;Wg; ghly;fs; - 2 Njhop$w;Wg;
ghly;fs; - 9> jiytd; $w;Wg;ghly;fs;-3> guj;ijf;$w;W ghly; - 1 ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

15
FWe;njhif 51 - 65 ghly;fs;. Njhop$w;W ghly;fs; - 5> jiytp $w;W
ghly;fs; - 6> jiytd; $w;W ghly;fs; - 4 ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
mfehD}W 31-40 ghly;fs; - FwpQ;rpj;jpizg; ghly;fs; - 2> Ky;iyj; jpizg;
ghly; - 1> nea;jy;jpizg; ghly; -1> kUjj;jpizg; ghly;- 1 ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
GwehD}W xsitahh; ghly;fs; mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rpiag; ghba ghly;fs; 6> mtd; kfd; nghUl;nlopdpiag; ghba ghly; -1 kw;wth;fisg; ghba ghly;fs; 6 ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil KOtJk;> ghzd; tUfpd;w topapd; nfhLik - fhyj;jpd;
epiy -mtDld; tUfpd;w kfsph; epiy - tQ;rp> cwe;ij> kJiu Fwpg;Gfs; - VO
ts;sy;fspd; rpwg;Gk;> ey;ypaf;Nfhld; ngUikAk; - mtd;; ehl;bd; nea;jy;
epyj;jpYs;s vapw;gl;bdj;jpy; va;Jk; NgWfs; - Ky;iy
epyj;jpYs;s NtY}hpy; va;Jk; NgWfs; - kUjepyj;jpd; M%hpw;ngWtd ey;ypaf;Nfhldpd; muz;kidr; rpwg;G - mtidf; rhd;NwhNuj;Jk; Kiw - Nghh;
kw;wth; GfOk; Kiw - mhpitah; GfOk; Kiw - ghprpyh; GfOk; Kiw - mtdpd;
,Uj;jw;rpwg;G - ahopd; jd;ik - mt;ts;sy; ghprpyiug; ghul;Lk; rpwg;G ghprpy; ey;Fk; rpwg;G Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;fpf; $Wfpd;wJ.

fhg;gpaKk; rka ,yf;fpaKk;

,yf;fpa tuyhw;W Nehf;fpy; jkpo;f; fhg;gpa mwpKfk; - rpyg;gjpfhuf;
fhg;gpaj; Njhw;wk; - mjd; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if mikg;G - kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; milf;fy
fhijapd; ,lk; - Nfhtyidj; jd;Ndhp;y;yhj jiytdhf ,sq;Nfh cah;j;Jk; ghq;F - rkz
rkaf; nfhs;iffSs; xd;whfpa milf;fyg; nghUis MUaph; Nghy; Xk;Gk; jd;ik.
fk;guhkhazj; Njhw;wk; - jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L kugpw;Nfw;g jOty;
fhg;gpakha; thy;kPfp ,.uhkhazj;ijj; jkpo;r; #oYf;F Vw;g ,aw;wpa ghq;F fk;guhkhaz mikg;G - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; - jpUtb #l;L glyj;jpy; MjpNrl mtjhuj;
jd;ikf;F Vw;g cs;s ,yf;Ftdpd; rPw;wk; - gujdpd; gz;G - ,uhkdpd; md;gpd;
ntspg;ghL.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpak; , Ie;rpWfhg;gpak; vd;w kuG topj; njhFg;gpDs;
mikahJ gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l irt rka fhg;gpak; - 63
ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhw;W mwpKfk; - fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahhpd; tho;f;if - ,iwtNd
mk;ikNa vd mioj;J mUfkh;j;jpf; nfhz;l ghq;F.
itzt rka mwpKfk; - ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; - 12
Mo;thh;fs; mth; jk; ghRuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk; - nghpaho;thh; tho;f;if mtuJ jpU nkhopfs; mjpy; fz;zdpd; Nta;q;Foy; ,dpikiaf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jjhf mtu;
ghbAs;s \fz;zd; FoY}jy;| 10 ghRuq;fs;.
INuhg;gpah; tUiff;Fg; gpd; 18-19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ntFthfg; gutpa
fpUj;Jt ,];yhkpa rkak; - mit rhh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; - Gyth;fs; mwpKfk; mtw;Wy;
,d;wpaikahj
fpUj;Jt
fhg;gpakhfpa
Njk;ghtzp
mikg;G
tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;g; gilg;Gfs; Njk;ghtzpapy; tsd; rhh;e;j glyj;jpy; VR
fpUj;Jtpd; je;ijahfpa tsdhhpd; gpwg;G.
jhAkhdthpd; guhguf;fz;zpia
xj;j Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ghly;fspy;
xd;whfpa guhguf;fz;zpapy; rhfpG ,iwtdplk; Ntz;Lk; jd;ik - mth;
Fwpg;gpLk; ,];yhkpa rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;

16
,yf;fpa Ma;T - jpwdha;T - jpwdha;tpd; ,Utifg; gzp - jpwdha;T ,yf;fpak;
- ,yf;fpa kjpg;gPL - ,yf;fpaf; fiy.
,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfs; - ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpapd; gad; - czh;Tk; czh;r;rpAk; tlnkhopthzhpd; urKk; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; nka;g;ghLk; - mhp];lhl;by; $Wk;
mtyk; - ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfis kjpg;gPL nra;jy; - fw;gid - Kjdpiyf; fw;gid - ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fw;gid.
khdpl cz;ikfs; - ,yf;fpaj;jpy; elg;gpay; - fiyAk; tho;f;ifr; nra;jpfSk; elg;gpaYk; Fwpf;NfhSk; - tbtk; - tbtj;ij xl;ba tpjpfs; - tbt khw;wk; - Fwpg;G
nkhop - ctkg; Nghyp - ,iwr;rp-nrhw;nwhlh; ,lkhw;wk; - ,iz xg;G - eil xUikg;ghL - KOik - xOq;F - ,iaG - fiy fiyf;fhfNt.
ghl;L - ghl;bd; tpsf;fk; - ftpijg; gz;G - ftpij cUthFk; newp njhy;fhg;gpahpd; ghl;L ,yf;fzk; - ftpijf;Fk; Gjpdj;jpw;Fk; cs;s Ntw;Wik - ftpij
nkhop - ghl;Lk; mwptpaYk; - ftpij cz;ik - ftpijAk; tho;f;ifAk; - jd;Dzh;r;rpg;
ghly; - Gwepiyg; ghly; - fijg; ghly; - rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; - fhg;gpak; -- tPuAfKk;
jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fSk; - fhg;gpa tpjpfs; - jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngUik - ehlfk;
- ehlff; $Wfs; - tho;f;if cz;ikfs;.
Gjpdk; - njhlf;f fhyg; Gjpdq;fs; - ,Ugjhk; E{w;whz;bd; Gjpdq;fs; ehlfKk; GjpdKk; - Gjpdj;jpd; $Wfs; - rpwe;j Gjpdj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; - ,Utifg;
Gjpdq;fs; - gilg;G Kiw - Gjpdj;jpd; elg;gpay; - Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; - edNthilg;
Gjpdk;. rpWfij - rpWfijapd; tpsf;fk; - rpWfijAk; GjpdKk; - rpWfijapd; $Wfs; fl;Liu - fl;Liuf;Fhpa gz;Gfs; - ,f;fhyf; fl;Liufs; - ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs; - elg;gpay; ,aw;ifapay;- khh;f;rpaKk; ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;ifAk;- kdr;rhaypay;- ntspg;ghl;bay; - gbktpay; FwpaPl;bay; - mbkd ,ay;gpay;.

Clfj;jpy; nkhopapd; gad;ghL

fUj;Jg;Gyg;ghL - mwpKfk; - nrhy;tpsf;fk; Nkdhl;lhh; fUj;Jf;fs; fUj;Jg;Gyg;ghL tpsf;fk; - Nkilg; Ngr;R - kf;fs; njhlh;G - kf;fs; fUj;J fUj;Jg;gug;gy;.
fUj;Jg;Gyg;ghL> jpus;Gyg;ghL NtWghL fUj;Jg;Gyg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilf;
$Wfs; - nraw;ghL - gbepiyfs; - tiffs; - jd;ikfs; - fUj;Jg;Gyg;ghl;L Clfq;fs; fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghl;Lj; jilfs;.
kpd;dD Clfk; - nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; - mr;R tbtk; - njhiyNgrp - gbtj;
jfty; njhlh;G - thndhyp - fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp - xypgug;G - xspg;glk; jpiug;glk; - ,af;fg;;gl tsh;r;rp - njhiyf;fhl;rp - nraw;iff;Nfhs; - gpur;rhh; ghujp
kNrhjh - thndhypr; Nritapd; tiffs-;gz;giy xypgug;G - ntspehl;L xypgug;G ,izak; - fk;gp tlj; njhiyf;fhl;rp - rp.b.Nuhk; - mftp - ifNgrp - kpd;dQ;ry;.
,jopay; - fhfpj tuyhW - jkpo; mr;R - ,jopaypd; Njhw;wk; - ,jo;fs; ,jo;fspd; gzpfs; - gad;fs; - ,jo;fs; epd;W Nghtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; - ,jo; tiffs; jiyaq;fk; - jzpf;if Kiw.

17
nra;jp nra;jpf;Fhpa ,ay;Gfs; - nra;jp kjpg;Gfs; - nra;jpfspd; tiffs; nra;jp Kfthz;ikfs; - ,jopayhsUf;F chpa jFjpfs; - ,jd; nkhopeil - kWNjhd;p mr;R
- ];Nfdh; - rpw;wpjo;fs; - E}y; kjpg;Giu. tpsk;guk; - tpsk;guj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpf;Nfhs; - tpsk;gu Clfq;fs; - tpsk;gu tiffs;- tpsk;gu efy; jahhpj;jy; - tpsk;gu
thrfj;jpd; Kfikg;gFjpfs; - thrfk; vOJk; Kiw - tpsk;guf; nfhs;iffs; - tpsk;gu xOf;f
newpKiwfs; - rl;lq;fs; - Kfthz;ikfs; tpsk;guj;jpd; MW gf;fq;fs;.

nkhop tuyhW

nkhop mhpa fiy - Ngr;R nkhop - vOj;J nkhop> czh;r;rp nkhop> mwpT
nkhop> nray; nkhop Nghyr; nra;jy; - xg;Gikahf;fk; - %l ek;gpf;if - tof;fk; .
ehfhpfk; - xU nghUl; fpstpfs; - fld; thq;fy; - k&cxypj;jphpG - ,yf;fpa
nkhop nry;thf;F.
fpisnkhop - nghJnkhop - rpwg;G nkhop - FWnkhop - Foe;ij nkhop nkhopapd; Njhw;wk;.
nkhop epiyfs; - nkhop ,dq;fs; - Mhpa bkhopapdk;.
jpuhtpl nkhopapdk; - jkpo; - vOj;J vz;fs;

bkhop E}y;

xyptif - xypnkhopahjy; - rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - capnuhypfs; - FwpaPLfs; gpwg;Gk; Kaw;rpAk; - rpwg;gpay;Gfs; - capnuhyp ,iaG - nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fz E}yhh; ghFghL - ty;ypd> nky;ypd khWjy; - tlnkhop vOj;Jf;fs; Xhpdk;khjy;.
xypasT - khj;jpiu - xypaOj;jk; - gy mir Xuirahjy;; - xypair Kiw nrhw;fs; mikjypd; vspik mUik - Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; - gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fs; jkpopy; Gfy; - jkpopy; ePz;l nrhw;fs; kpFjy; - nrhy;ypd; jphpG nrhw;fspd; tbtk; FWfy; - fhuzk; - %tplg; ngah;fs; - vz;Zg; ngah;fs; - Nghyr;
nra;jy; - vOj;Jk; Ngr;Rk; - nkhopapd; gad; - mbr;nrhw;fs; - jpuhtpl
nkhopfspd; njspT - INuhg;gpa nkhopfsp;p; mbr;nrhw;fs; - ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ngah;> tpid NtWghL gFgj ,yf;fzk;.
ngah;r;nrhy; - nkhopapd; gFjpfs; - jpiz ghy; ghFghL - jpuhtpl
nkhopfspd; cah;T - cah; nrhw;fpstp - tOtikjp - Ntw;Wik - cUGfs; - Ntw;Wik
ghFghL - Ntw;Wik fzf;fw;wit - tlnkhopg; ghFghL - cUG Vw;Fk; Kiw - %tplg;
ngah; - ,lg; ngah; - Njhw;wk; - csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik - ,izg;G ,lg;ngah;.
vz;Zg; ngah;fs; - %tplg; ngah;fs; - mbr;nrhw;fs; - tpidr;nrhy; ,d;wpaikahj cWg;G - thf;fpaj;ij mikf;Fk; Mw;wy; - jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;
tpidr;nrhy; mikg;G - jpiz> ghy; czh;j;jy; - fhyapil epiyfs; - nganur;rk; - tpid
tif - jd;tpid - gpwtpid - gpwtpid tpFjpfs; - fhuzq;fs; - njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah; - Jiz tpidfs;.
Rl;L Kjypad - Rl;L tpdhg; ngah;fs; - jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xOq;F Kiw tpdh ngauilahf tUk; Rl;L tpdhf;fs; - tpdh milahf tUk; Rl;L tpdhf;fs; chpr;nrhy; - ,ilr;nrhy; - nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; - nrhy;ypd; njhlf;fg; nghUs; nrhw;gpwg;G Muha;r;rp - nrhw; nghUs; Muha;r;rp - tbtk; jphpjYk;> nghUs;
jphpjYk; - ,lf;fulf;fy; - FOf;Fwp - MF ngah; - cUtfk; - nrhw;nwhlh; - nrhw;fs;

18
mikAk; Kiw - nkhopf;F nkhop NtWgly; - rPd nkhop mbkf goq;Fbfspd;
nkhop - nrhy;ypyf;fzj; jpl;gk;.
gilg;gpyf;fpak;
rpWfij - ,yf;fpaKk; cUthf;fKk; ehlfk; - Xuq;f ehlfk; ,yf;fzKk; cUthf;fKk;.
ftpij - kuGf; ftpij> GJf;ftpij - gilg;ghw;wy;.
nkhopngah;;g;gpay;
nkhopngah;g;gpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; nkhop ngah;g;G tpsf;fk; tiuaiw - tuyhW - mwptpay; fy;tpr; #oy;fspy; nkhop ngah;g;gpd;
,d;wpaikahik - nkhop ngah;g;gpd; tiffs; - nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; - tphpthd KOikahd - RUf;fk; jUjy; - nkhop Mf;fk; nkhop ngah;g;gpd; rpf;fy;fs;.
nkhop ngah;g;gpd; nfhs;iffs; - Kuz;ghL jtph;j;jy; - vspik - njspT tpsf;fq;fs; - jd; takhf;fy; Nghd;wd.
fiyr; nrhw;fs; (gy Jiw) - Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fg; gapw;rp> tof;fpy;
gad;gLj;Jk; Mq;fpyg; gFjpfisj; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;jy; - gapw;rpfs;
jkpopypUe;J Mq;fpy Mf;fk; nra;jy;.
jf ga

g tuyhW nkyhik, jf - tiuaiw, gghL tiff, rKjhaF

ga gf, ma tuyhW, ga tuyhW, ggff ts, mrf
ggf t , jah nghwt nkyhik, rKjha njitaj cl
nkyhik mogil bef.
fbgh gaghL, mrf, ggf bjhlghd rlf, ck, gid
ck cika, mrf kW g rl nghwd.
g g, ggha jFf, bkhyik, Jiwyik, mRg
bjhlghd m mDgtK, Efnth ga bj, vGJgoid bj br
Kiw, Efnth nehF, tf nehF, vGJgo kL, vGJ goid
Uaikj, gytif jf totf, u, bl, uha, Mnlhth nghw, g Kiwf,
giu yf tifghL Kiw.
jf jah, mL tiff, mbrGjik, mL, milaik, tzKiw,
fbgh gaghL, fll brj, ed cf, mRgo Uj nghwd, jf
totikghf mogil bfhiff, Kiwf, jh mL tif, tz nghwd bj brj.
jf gid, gid iy, f za bfhiff, rij M, btpL K,
btpL rka, btpLF sguf, w gid thf, kiu, khy
muR yf Jiw, Wtdf a muR kj tsnkghL Jiw, gid ikaf, jf
ffh, VWk gid, bkhj gid, yiw gid, iygoa nghwd,

19
tu bry U fzFf, gW L Kiwf, fbgh gaghL, jffis ngQ
Kiwf.
gaf
1.
j ya, bkh Fj mKf
rffhy Kj jfhy tiuyhd yafis fj.
2.
bkhw kW bkhbga wid tsj
ntiyth
fU
khztfSF
tUtdt
g
jUj
Kjikahf bfhsgLwJ.
2.1. iH Fj
xWiH, vGJiH, bjhliH, xUik gik kaf, iz kaf, gh
kaf, lbga kaf nghwt VgL iHfis Fj ntWbkh brh
fyid Fj
2.2. sgu thrffis cUthFj
midF sguf njitgL fhyfl sgu thrffis cUthFt
gid mj.
2.3. nefhz
jf, thbdh, bjhiyfh nghw Clff wJiw tYefis nefhz
ngha gid tHFj.
2.4. Clf wdh
iugl, thbdh, bjhiyfh t xgughF ffis wdh
brJ Clfjh kfSF is eik ikfis s r_fF zit cUthFj.
2.5. foj vGJj
mYtyf fojf, cwKiw fojf Madt g jUj.

2.6. fiy brhyhf

My fiy brhfSF izahd jbrhfis cUthFt g mj.
2.7. ku bjhl cUthf
My ku bjhlfSF izahd j ku bjhlfis cUthFt g
mj.
2.8.jiyaf vGJj
jf jiyaf vGJtjfhd gaj.
2.9. Eh kiu tHFj
Ehf gytid MJ kiu tHf g mj.
2.10. bkhbga
g bkhbga
mYtyf foj bkhbga.
3.

jfhy muR gahs njfSF j bkh ya yfz gghL m

aikahjJ. vdnt, j ya tuyhid KGtJkhf mantoa NH fYh

20

4.

khztf midtUF njitahwJ.

vdnt, j ya tuyhW KGtJ f
fgLwJ.
cyfsha iy kj cikfis mJ bfhS njit VgLsjh j ya
kj cikf ffgLwd.

ntiythf:
Ma g
g Jiw
bkhbga Jiw
Clf Jiw (thbdh , bjhiyfh)
vGjhs ( fij, Wfij ,ehlf)
ngrhs
vbzg Vid vGbjg uL
fbzg thG cF