Thongke II - Phan Tich So Lieu Dinh Luong

I HC Y T CNG CNG
B MN THNG K TIN HC
THNG K II
PHN TCH S LIU NH LNG
H NI, 2004
MC LC
MC TIU CA KHO HC .................................................................................................................. 4
CHNG 1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU NH LNG ........................... 5
1.1. Mc tiu ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu .......................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Cu hi nghin cu............................................................................................................................. 7
1.4. Cc thit k nghin cu nh lng c bn ........................................................................................ 8
1.5. Cc thnh phn ca thit k c nh hng ti vic phn tch kt qu .............................................. 10
1.5.1. n v quan st......................................................................................................................... 11
1.5.2. Phng php chn mu............................................................................................................ 11
1.5.3. Cc bin u ra ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.5.4. Bng kim cc thng tin gip bn chun b cho phn tch thng k.................................... 12
CHNG 2: QUN L S LIU........................................................................................................... 14
2.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2. B s liu mu.................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3. X l thng tin nghin cu cho phn tch nh lng ...................................................................... 15
2.3.1. X l v nhp s liu ................................................................................................................ 15
2.3.2. Nhp s liu.............................................................................................................................. 20
2.3.3. Lm sch s liu ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.4. Cc v d v lm sch s liu ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1. S dng SPSS lm sch s liu ............................................................................................ 27
2.4.2. S dng SPSS qun l s liu .............................................................................................. 42
2.5. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................................. 46
CHNG 3: PHN TCH THNG K M T................................................................................... 47
3.1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................................................... 47
3.2. Tin trnh ca k hoch phn tch..................................................................................................... 47
3.3. Cc cu hi nghin cu t b s liu mu........................................................................................ 49
3.4. K hoch phn tch ca b s liu mu - thng k m t ................................................................. 50
3.5. Phn tch m t cho mt bin ........................................................................................................... 53
3.5.1. Mt bin danh mc ................................................................................................................... 53
3.5.2. Mt bin lin tc....................................................................................................................... 57
3.6. Tm tt cc mi lin quan ................................................................................................................ 64
3.6.1. Lin quan gia bin danh mc vi bin danh mc ................................................................... 64
3.6.2. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc.................................................... 66
3.6.3. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc vi mt bin lin tc ...................................................... 70
3.7. Vit kt qu ca phn tch m t ...................................................................................................... 74
CHNG 4. K HOCH PHN TCH S LIU- THNG K SUY LUN ................................... 80
4.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................................... 80
4.2. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................................................... 80
4.3. Qu trnh lp k hoch phn tch s liu .......................................................................................... 80
4.4. Gi thuyt thng k .......................................................................................................................... 81
4.5. S dng kim nh no? .................................................................................................................. 81
4.6 S dng SPSS kim nh gi thuyt ............................................................................................. 82
4.6.1. So snh mt gi tr trung bnh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr qun th.......................... 83
4.6.2. So snh trung bnh ca hai nhm ............................................................................................. 85
4.6.3. So snh gi tr trung bnh nhiu hn hai nhm ....................................................................... 89
4.6.4. So snh o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh cc trung bnh.................................. 95
4.6.5. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh trung v...................................... 98
4.6.6. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - cc t l ................................................ 101
4.6.7. So snh trung v ca hai nhm .............................................................................................. 105
4.6.8. So snh trung v ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm ................................................................... 109
4.6.9. Khng nhm - khi tt c cc bin trong mi lin h l lin tc v chun.............................. 112
4.6.10. Khng nhm Khi c hai bin trong mi quan h l lin tc v c phn b chun ............. 115
4.6.11. Khng phn nhm- c hai bin lin tc nhng khng c phn b chun............................. 118
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4.6.12. So snh mt t l mu vi mt t l qun th hay t l l thuyt........................................... 121

4.6.13. So snh t l ca hai nhm ................................................................................................... 124
4.6.14. So snh t l ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm........................................................................ 129
4.6.15. Mi lin quan ca kt qu phn loi vi bin lin tc.......................................................... 131
4.7. Trnh by kt qu ca cc phn tch suy lun................................................................................. 131
4.8. Gi nh.......................................................................................................................................... 133
4.8.1. S c lp ca cc n v quan st ........................................................................................ 134
4.8.2. Phn b chun........................................................................................................................ 134
4.8.3. Tnh ng nht ca phng sai cc nhm so snh.............................................................. 137
4.8.4. Cng tuyn.............................................................................................................................. 140
4.8.5. Gi tr k vng ln............................................................................................................. 141
4.8.5. Kt lun .................................................................................................................................. 145
CHNG 5: TNH C MU ................................................................................................................ 146
5.1. Mc tiu ......................................................................................................................................... 146
5.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh tin cy ca kt qu ........................................................................ 146
5.2.1. ngha thng k v ngha ng cnh................................................................................... 146
5.2.2. S bin thin trong o lng .................................................................................................. 147
5.2.3 Sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II ............................................................................................... 148
5.2.4. Cc mi quan h tng h...................................................................................................... 149
5.3. Nhng iu kin cn thit tnh c mu...................................................................................... 149
5.4. Tnh c mu.................................................................................................................................... 150
5.4.1. Nhng v d v s dng SSize................................................................................................. 151
5.4.2. nh hng ca thit k nghin cu n c mu..................................................................... 163
CHNG 6: NHIU V S IU CHNH ....................................................................................... 169
6.1. Gii thiu........................................................................................................................................ 169
6.2. Mc tiu ......................................................................................................................................... 169
6.3. Nhiu .............................................................................................................................................. 169
6.3.1. nh ngha nhiu .................................................................................................................... 169
6.3.2. Khng ch nhiu khi thit k nghin cu. ............................................................................... 170
6.3.3. Khng ch nhiu khi phn tch s liu.................................................................................... 171
6.3.4. Bi tp v d............................................................................................................................ 171
6.4 Kt lun ........................................................................................................................................... 176
Cho mng cc bn n vi Thng k y t II_ Phn tch s liu Cng nh tiu ca

kho hc cp, kho hc ny s tng kt li cc thng k c bn m bn c hc
trong Thng K y t II, v kho hc ny cng cung cp cho cc bn cch ng dng
cc loi kim nh thng k khc nhau vo b s liu iu tra thc. Bn s c hc
cch thc hin phn tch s liu bng phn mm SPSS cng nh cch m bn phin
gii s liu v vit bo co phn tch s liu im chnh ca kho hc ny l pht trin k
nng thng k thc hnh. Gio trnh ny cng tm tt ni dung cc bi ging v cung cp
cho cc bn v d tham kho.
Mc d kho hc ny chi lm 6 phn ring bit c bn, nhng nhng g bn hc s
c lin kt li vi nhau, cc khi nim ca cc chng trc s cn tht hiu cc
khi nim ca cc chng sau. Mi bi hc s bt u vi mt dnah sch cc yu cu ca
bi hc, l m t nhng g m bn cn mong mun l mnh hon thnh. Bn nn
tham kho v t c mc tiu khi bn hon thnh bi hc.
MC TIU CA KHO HC
Sau khi kt thc kho hc, sinh vin s c kh nng p dng cc k

nng phn tch s liu ph hp vi cch thit k nghin cu v qu
trnh phn tch s liu:
1. Chn kim nh thng k ph hp cho cc loi cu hi nghin
cu nghin cu khc nhau.
2. Phin gii c cc kt qu u ra ca phn mm thng k v
chun b vit bo co cho kt qu phn tch s liu ca chng ta.
3. S dng phn mm SPSS thc hin phn tch s liu
4. S dng phn mm SSize tnh c mu cho cc loi cu hi
nghin cu khc nhau
CHNG 1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP

NGHIN CU NH LNG
1.1. Mc tiu
phn tch tt mt b s liu bn cn hiu c thit k ca nghin cu
Thng ip ny s xuyn sut ton b mn hc ny. Bn s khng th c c cc kt
qu phn tch s liu ng nu nh bn khng hiu r v cu hi nghin cu, hoc khng nm
c cc s liu c thu thp nh th no. Nhng chin lc c dng c c nhng
s liu cn thit c gi l thit k nghin cu, s khng c mt phn tch thng k ng n
no c th thc hin c nu nh bn khng nm chc thit k nghin cu tin hnh.
Chng 1 s cung cp cho bn mt cch tm tt nhng khi nim quan trng cn thit cho vic
phn tch s liu sau ny, l:
Cc gi thuyt chnh xc (nh ngha ca cc bin c lp, bin ph thuc v o lng

ca cc bin )
Loi thit k ( l nghin cu thc nghim hay nghin cu quan st)
nh ngha n v quan st v cc quan st (vd. s ph thuc trong d liu)
Xc nh cc ngun sai s (nhiu, v cc sai s do chn mu)
Ai s l ngi s dng cc bo co ca bn (bo co khoa hc hay bo co dnh cho
nhng i tng ngi c khc)
1.2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu

Nghin cu thng c tin hnh do nhng nhn thc hin c ca chng ta (hoc mc
hiu bit ca chng ta) v mt vn no (i khi c gi l s thc) c cho l
khng ng hoc cha y . Mt nh nghin cu thng a ra mt gi thuyt rng c mt
quan im dng nh c th c coi l ng n hn v chnh l mc ch cho vic thu
thp s liu chng minh gi thuyt . Nu nhng s liu thu thp c n nhp vi gi
thuyt ca nh nghin cu mi a ra th c ngha l nh nghin cu ng khi nghi ng s
thc trc kia. Vy nghin cu l mt qu trnh thu thp cc bng chng ng h hoc
bc b mt quan im no . Quan im ca nh nghin cu chnh l i thuyt (alternative
hypothesis) v s thc bit chnh l gi thuyt khng (thng c gi tt l gi thuyt null hypothesis). Bng chng chnh l cc d liu, v vic khng nh hay bc b s thc
chnh l cc kim nh thng k. Bc b s thc hin thi cng c ngha l chp nhn s
thc mi do nh nghin cu a ra (chnh l i thuyt).
Mc nh ca nghin cu l thu thp cc thng tin chnh xc nht c th vi ngun lc
hin c, vi mc tiu cung cp cc bng chng chnh xc tr li cu hi ca nh nghin cu.
Thit k nghin cu ging nh l mt bi tp qun l, n bao gm vic lp k hoch cho qu
trnh thu thp thng tin sao cho tit kim ngun lc (thi gian, ti chnh v nhn lc). Qu trnh
nghin cu bao gm ba bc chnh:
1. Thit k nghin cu
2. Thu thp s liu

3. Phn tch v phin gii s liu
Gio trnh ny tp trung vo giai on s 3, tuy nhin vic phn tch thng k s khng
th tin hnh c nu thiu cc kin thc v hai giai on u.
Phn ln cc cu hi nghin cu s tp trung vo nh gi s khc bit gia cc nhm
hoc s khc nhau qua thi gian trn mt nhm. Chng ta s quan tm n s bin thin gia
cc nhm hoc qua cc giai on thi gian. Cng nhiu ngun bin thin khc nhau ca cc
thng tin thu thp c th cng c nhiu cch gii thch kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta. Mt
phng php nghin cu tt lin quan n vic kim sot c cc ngun bin thin c th c.
Hai ngun bin thin chnh ca s liu l s bin thin gia cc c th v s bin thin do vic
o lng. Do chng ta khng th kim sot hon ton thc t khi tin hnh nghin cu do vy
vic chng ta cng rt c th c nhng sai st (trong vic chn sai i tng nghin cu, trong
vic o lng cc ch s cn thit, v.v.) Bt k mt li no chng ta mc phi u nh hng
n nhng mc sai lch kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta. Ngoi ra, nhng kt qu nghin
cu chng ta c c trong ngy hm nay c th khc vi cc kt qu nghin cu ca nhng
ngy khc do vic mt i tng nghin cu rt c th s a ra nhng cu tr li khc nhau
nhng thi im khc nhau vi cng mt cu hi. Mc ch ca mt nghin cu tt l c gng
gim ti a cc ngun c th gy sai s. Bin php chnh l kim sot nhiu ngun sai s nht
c th c (ngoi nhng bin thin ca cc c th m chng ta kh c th kim sot c).
C hai loi sai s: sai s ngu nhin (random error) v sai s h thng (systematic
error, hay bias). Sai s ngu nhin c th c nh ngha l mt thnh phn khng th d
on c. Sai s h thng l sai s do o lng dn ti cc kt qu nghin cu c s sai lch
mt cch c h thng. Thng thng, khi o lng mt c tnh hay tnh cht, chng ta c th
khng gp sai s h thng mt cch tng th nhng li c nhng sai s ngu nhin khc nhau
trong cc nhm nh, hoc trn mt s i tng nghin cu nht nh.
Sai s o lng mt cch h thng c coi l nghim trng hn l cc sai s ngu
nhin. Sai s ngu nhin dn ti s thiu chnh xc, v thng thng c ngha l s khc bit
gia cc nhm c th b m nht i hoc bin mt. Sai s h thng nghim trng, tri li, c
th lm cho s khc bit gia cc nhm b lch lc v kt lun ca nghin cu c th hon ton
b sai lch. Do vy, kt qu s l khng chnh xc (inaccurate) v khng c gi tr (invalid).
Sau y l mt vi ngun sai s h thng ca nghin cu, c bit l mt s ngun bin
thin quan trng (sai s tim tng) c th nh hng n nghin cu sc khe l :
1. Sai s la chn (selection bias): sai s ny dn n vic cc nhm c chn la
khng i din c cho nhm ngi m chng ta nghin cu. iu ny s
lm lch lc s phin gii kt qu ca chng ta (tnh khi qut ho
generalisability).
2. Nhiu (confounding): sai s ny xut hin khi so snh cc nhm vi cc c tnh
khc nhau. Mt bin nhiu in hnh thng c nhc n l tui. Nghin
cu thc nghim thng phn cc i tng mt cch ngu nhin vo trong
cc nhm khc nhau, cho nn trnh c nhiu (v cc c tnh s tng
ng trong tt c cc nhm)
3. Sai s thng tin (information bias): Khi cc o c dng khc nhau cc
nhm so snh. V d: iu tra vin c th hi cc cu hi mt cch k
lng c ch nh i vi nhng ngi b nhim HIV hn l vi nhng
ngi khng b nhim HIV khi h bit v tnh trng nhim HIV ca cc i
tng.
C rt nhiu ngun sai s khc nhau trong nghin cu, tuy nhin nhng loi sai s
chnh trn y cn c bit n khi phin gii cc kt qu nghin cu ca bn. L ngi phn
tch s liu, cng vic ca bn l xc nh v nu c th, ch ra ln ca cc ngun sai s
cng nhiu cng tt trong phm vi s liu cho php.
1.3. Cu hi nghin cu
Cc cu hi nghin cu thng thng c pht biu mt cch rt khi qut, v kh c
th tin hnh phn tch thng k c cho n khi c phn tch thnh cc gi thuyt khoa
hc c th kim nh c. Ch nghin cu c th rt rng, chng hn sc kho ca cng
nhn nh my ng gch, t hng trm cu hi nghin cu c th c t ra (v d c s
khc nhau v sc kho ng h hp ca nhm th lm m v nhm th lm b phn l
hay khng?). y l mt cu hi nghin cu chi tit, ch xem xt mt vn c th l tnh
trng h h hp ca cng nhn nh my ng gch - vy cn vn sc kho tm thn (sang
chn tinh thn, trm cm) hay cc vn khc nh: tim mch? Vic chn cu hi nghin
cu trong khun kh mt vn ln hon ton ph thuc vo s u tin ca nh nghin cu.
nh ngha ca cu hi nghin cu cn c tin hnh cn thn trc khi thit k
nghin cu c th c xc nh c th. Cu hi nghin cu cn c chuyn sang dng cc
gi thuyt khoa hc. N bao gm vic xc nh cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc s c o
lng nh th no? V lm th no phin gii mi quan h ca chng.
Trong v d trn, bin ph thuc l tnh trng h h hp. Nh vy vn cn qu rng,
liu c th l dung tch th ra gng sc o bng lt (FEV1) hay l tin s cu bnh vim ph
qun (c mc hay khng mc), hay l mt vn g khc. Nh vy, c rt nhiu cch chn
v nh nghin cu s phi quyt nh ci g l ph hp nht i vi ni dung nghin cu
(chng hn nh FEV1 - mt bin lin tc). Mc d vy, liu mt ln o FEV1 l hay l
ngi cng nhn phi c theo di trong mt vi ngy hay c th l mt nm? Kin thc v
bin ph thuc v v tin cy ca php o trn thc t, v hn na nhng hiu bit v sinh l
hc ca cc nguy c gy bnh v ng h hp, s gip chng ta a ra cu tr li cho vn
ny.
Bin c lp l loi cng nhn (lm vic m v trong l nung) - trong trng hp ny
l mt bin phn loi rt r rng. Phn ln cc nghin cu nh lng thng c s so snh, c
th l gia hai hay nhiu nhm hoc so snh qua thi gian trn cng mt nhm hay kt hp
nhiu so snh. Trong trng hp ny chng ta s chn so snh FEV1 gia hai nhm ti mt
thi im.
Gi thuyt khoa hc, theo thng l, thng c vit thnh hai mnh , gi thuyt
khng v i thuyt. i thuyt l nhng g m nh nghin cu thc s tin hay mong i l s
ng, da trn kt qu nghin cu s tm ra, gi thuyt th hin s trung trung tnh hoc mt
kt qu i lp. Trong v d trn:
Gi thuyt: (cn c gi l H0): FEV1 hai nhm cng nhn t l v cng nhn lm ti m
l ging nhau .
i thuyt: (cn c gi l H1): FEV1 khc nhau trong hai nhm cng nhn.
y cn gi l kim nh hai pha. Tuy nhin, gi thuyt khoa hc cng c th c t
ra theo mt cch khc, nu nh nghin cu tin chc rng ngi cng nhn lm vic trong l
nung s c nhiu nguy c b mc cc bnh v ng h hp hn so vi cng nhn lm cc

cng vic khai thc, vn chuyn ti m:
H0:
FEV1 nhm cng nhn ti l nung l bng hoc tt hn so vi cng nhn ti

m.
H1:
FEV1 ca nhm th l km hn so vi nhm th ti m.
y cn gi l kim nh mt pha. Tuy nhin, thng thng ngi ta hay dng kim
nh hai pha hn mc d nghi ngh v hng ca php so snh. Kim nh hai pha
thng an ton hn v cho php nh nghin cu a ra kt qu thng k theo c hai hng
(k c khi thu c nhng kt qu khng mong i).
Tt c cc nghin cu nh lng tp trung vo vic thu thp thng tin bc b H0
(mc d chng ta lm nghin cu v cho rng H1 l ng). Kt lun cui cng ca chng ta
thng s c vit sao cho th hin r iu ny, v d
Khng bng chng bc b H0, nh vy, trong nghin cu ny chng ta kt lun
l bnh h hp khng lin quan n loi cng vic ca cng nhn trong nh my gch
Hoc
C bng chng bc b H0, nh vy chng ta kt lun l nghin cu ny cho thy
vn bnh ng h hp c lin quan n khu vc lm vic ca cng nhn trong nh my
gch. Nhng cng nhn lm vic trong khu l c nguy c suy gim chc nng h hp nhiu
hn cng nhn lm vic trong khu m khai thc.
1.4. Cc thit k nghin cu nh lng c bn

C hng lot cc thit k nghin cu cho php lm gim thiu ngun sai s ngu nhin
v h thng trong nghin cu. Hai loi thit k nh lng c bn l thc nghim v quan st
(khng thc nghim). Thit k nghin cu thc nghim l dng thit k c i chng v do vy
c coi l l tng. Loi thit k ny c t nguy c xy ra s sai lch trong kt qu nht. Tuy
nhin, do s lng i chng cn thit v qui trnh kim sot nghin cu, loi thit k ny
thng to ra mt bi cnh nghin cu mang tnh nhn to r rt, t phn nh c thc ti.
iu ny i khi lm cho dng nghin cu ny hon ton khng ph hp, hoc thm ch vi
phm cc qui nh v o c vi mt s dng cu hi nghin cu c th.
C 3 c tnh chnh phn bit thit k nghin cu thc nghim, l:
C can thip, trong cc i tng nghin cu c yu cu tham gia thc hin cc

kim tra/hnh vi/cc hot ng no m trong iu kin thc t cuc sng h cha
chc phi lm.
C mt nhm i chng, l nhm i tng nghin cu khng nhn c s can thip

ni trn.
C s phn b ngu nhin: cc i tng c phn vo cc nhm khc nhau: nhm

can thip hay nhm i chng. Hay ni cch khc, bt c mt i tng no cng c
mt c hi bng nhau c chn vo mt trong hai nhm.
Ba c im trn lm tng ti a kh nng tt c cc c tnh ca i tng (v d nh tui, c

im dn s, tin s v bnh, v.v.) l tng ng nhau cc nhm, v v th gim thiu c
cc sai s do bin nhiu.
Cc nghin cu thc nghim t kh thi hn nhng loi thit k khc v v th nhng

loi thit k nghin cu t cht ch hn thng c la chn. t cht ch hn ng ngha
vi vic kh nng dn ti sai s ln hn. Di y lit k cc loi thit k nghin cu t loi
c kim sot tt nht (nghin cu thc nghim) cho ti kim sot km nht (nghin cu m
t) thng c s dng trong cc nghin cu y t cng cng:
THC NGHIM
GI THC NGHIM (cn gi l bn thc nghim quasi-experimental)
Nghin cu nh gi sau can thip (Post test)
Nghin cu nh gi trc / sau can thip (Pre-Post test)
TNG QUAN
Thun tp (Cohort)
Bnh - Chng (Case-Control)
Ct ngang (Cross-sectional)
M T
M t nhiu trng hp (Case-series)
M t trng hp (Case-study)
Trn thc t, khi thit k nghin cu c can thip nhng li khng c s phn b ngu
nhin hoc khng c nhm chng th c gi l thit k nghin cu gi thc nghim (hoc
bn thc nghim).
Tt nhin, cht lng nghin cu s b gim khi thiu i cc c im ca thit k thc
nghim, ch yu l nguy c xut hin sai s do s khng cn bng gia cc c tnh ca cc
nhm. Vic thiu nhm chng c th lm gim kh nng phn tch cc mi quan h nhn qu,
v chng ta mt i kh nng xc nh cc hiu qu ca can thip hay khng nh nhng kt qu
l vt khi phm vi nhng thay i t nhin c th xy ra. Tuy nhin do vic gim s
kim sot cht ch trong thit k, thit k gi thc nghim kh linh hot v thng c s
dng nhiu trong thc t. Chng ta cn lu khi phin gii kt qu ca nghin cu gi thc
nghim, c bit khi chng c dng rt ph bin trong cc nghin cu v sc kho.
Tip theo trong danh sch phn loi cht lng thit k l cc nghin cu khng thc
nghim. Cc thit k ny khng thc hin cc can thip hay phn b ngu nhin i tng
nghin cu vo tng nhm, chng da trn c s duy nht l quan st nhng g hay s xy
ra. Trong mt s tnh hung, mt s thit k kiu ny cng c th c nhm chng nhng khng
cho php thc hin cc can thip. Nhng nghin cu thuc dng do khng c c s kim
sot cht ch, thng c khuynh hng d mc cc sai s.
Cc thit k nghin cu quan st gm hai dng c bn l tng quan v m t.
Nghin cu m t c thit k m t tm tt cc vt hin tng, v thng thng
cc mi quan h gia nhng bin s trong dng nghin cu ny t khi c nhn mnh. V d,
ngi ta c th thit k mt nghin cu xc nh t l ngi trong mt cng ng s dng
chm cu cha au. Nghin cu m t thng thng c thit k cung cp nhng thng
tin c bn v l dng thit k d sinh ra sai s nht (ch yu l sai s chn v nhiu).
Nghin cu tng quan a ra cc mi lin quan gia bin c lp v bin ph thuc,
thng thng, sinh ra cc gi thuyt. V d, c im ngh nghip no c nh hng n
vic hi lng vi ngh nghip? lm iu ny chng ta s thu thp s liu lin quan n ngh
nghip, nh s gi lm vic, lng, mi trng lm vic v xem xt mi lin h ca chng
vi mt thang im v s hi lng v ngh nghip. Chng ta c th khng thu c mt nhn
nh chnh xc l liu lng c bao nhiu v mi trng lm vic nh th no th quyt nh

mc hi lng v cng vic nhng nghin cu tng quan ca chng ta s c th xc nh
nhng c tnh ngh nghip no c th lin quan n s hi lng v ngh nghip v to tin
cho cc nghin cu thc nghim v vn ny (chng hn, liu nhng ngi c chn ngu
nhin vo nhm nhn c can thip nng cao k nng lm vic nhm c im hi lng cao
hn nhng ngi lm nhm cng vic khc hay khng?) Nghin cu thc nghim c can thip
c th cung cp bng chng v nguyn nhn trc tip cho s hi lng v cng vic hn l
nghin cu tng quan. Tuy nhin, nghin cu thc nghim ch c th tin hnh vi mt hay
mt s rt t bi cnh ni lm vic, v i hi phi c s kim sot cht ch, trong khi nghin
cu tng quan - v ch n thun l mt nghin cu quan st - c th xem xt rt nhiu yu t
cng mt lc.
C mt s dng thit k nghin cu quan st c th trong tng loi nghin cu tng
quan hay nghin cu m t. Sau y l cc thit k nghin cu thng thng nht:
Nghin cu tng quan trong y t cng cng bao gm iu tra ct ngang, nghin
cu bnh chng v nghin cu thun tp. Nghin cu ct ngang in hnh thng c thc
hin di dng mt cuc iu tra v a ra mt bc tranh ti mt thi im v mt s vn
sc kho hay cc yu t nguy c lin quan n vn . Tng iu tra dn s l mt v d v
nghin cu ct ngang. Nghin cu thun tp l mt nghin cu trong cc thnh vin c
theo di qua mt thi gian v ngi ta m s xut hin ca mt s s kin (thng thng l
cc trng hp bnh mi). Cc i tng trong nghin cu thun tp c chn t mt b
phn cc c th c cng mt c im chung no (v d tt c nhng ngi sng ti cng
mt vng a l ti thi im bt u nghin cu, hc cng mt trng, lm cng mt khu
cng nghip). Nghin cu thun tp l mt nghin cu dc, lin quan n vic tin hnh cc
php o lng lp i lp li theo thi gian.
Mt thit k nghin cu bnh chng thu thp s liu theo phng php hi cu,
ngc vi nghin cu thun tp. Trong nghin cu bnh chng, chng ta xc nh cc trng
hp bnh trc tin, ri thu thp s liu lin quan ti nhng c tnh ca i tng trong
khong thi gian trc khi bnh xy ra. Chng ta cng lm tng t vi nhm i chng,
nhng ngi khng b bnh nhng cng c nhng c im nht nh tng t nh cc trng
hp bnh. V vy, c hai nhm c chn vo nghin cu. Thit k nghin cu ny rt thng
dng khi cn nghin cu cc s kin hay cc bnh him (trong khi nu lm nghin cu thun
tp th c th chng ta s phi tin hnh trong nhiu nm mi c th c c thm ch ch mt
s nh cc s kin).
l ba loi thit k nghin cu c bn thng c dng trong nghin cu YTCC,
tuy nhin cn c rt nhiu cc thit k nghin cu nh lng khc. Khi nim quan trng nht
m chng ta cn nh l vi cc thit k nghin cu khc nhau th kh nng gp phi sai s
cng s khc nhau, v iu ny cn c lu ti khi phn tch.
1.5. Cc thnh phn ca thit k c nh hng ti vic phn tch kt qu

Vi quan im ca ngi phn tch s liu, mt s vn thit k ng vai tr quan
trng trong khu phn tch. Di y l mt s vn bn cn xem xt ti khi tin hnh phn
tch thng k, bt k vic phn tch n gin ti mc no. Phn 1.5.4. s tm tt thnh mt
bng kim cn thit khi phn tch.
10
1.5.1. n v quan st
Mt c im quan trng th hin s khc nhau gia cc loi thit k l s khc bit
gia n v quan st v cc quan st trong mt nghin cu. Mt n v quan st l mt thnh
phn (v d nh ngi, ng vt, cy, vng a l, v.v.) c nghin cu. Nu chng ta ch thu
thp s liu mt ln cho mi n v quan st th s cc quan st s bng vi s n v quan st.
Tuy nhin, trong cc nghin cu c nhiu php o lng c tin hnh lp li trn cng mt
n v quan st th s cc quan st s nhiu hn s n v quan st. Trong phn tch s liu, s
cc n v quan st l rt quan trng v l nhn t nh hng ti cc php tnh ton. Mt
nghin cu nghe c th rt n xt v phng din lng s liu thu thp c khi c tt c l
40 quan st nhng li khng n xt v mt thng k nu chng ta bit thm rng trong nghin
cu ngi ta thu thp ti 20 quan st trn mi i tng nghin cu, v vn vn ch c tt
c l 2 i tng nghin cu.
Cc thit k nghin cu thu thp s liu nhiu ln trn cng mt ngi c gi l
nghin cu o lng lp li hoc thit k trn cng mt i tng (within-subject). Cc
thit k thu thp s liu 1 ln trn mi i tng nhng so snh cc i tng khng lin quan
vi nhau c gi l thit k gia cc i tng (between-subject). Mt s loi thit k c
th c c hai thnh phn, v d: mt b cu hi c hi trc v sau khi tin hnh mt can
thip gio dc, trong mt nhm i tng c nhn c can thip gio dc cn nhm kia th
khng. Trong v d ny, s so snh thay i gia trc v sau ca c hai nhm chnh l so snh
trn cng i tng, cn s so snh gia nhm khng qua can thip v nhm c nhn c can
thip l so snh gia cc i tng.
Cc cng thc thng k cho php phn tch phng sai ca tng thnh phn (gia cc
i tng v trn cng i tng). V th, nu chng ta b qua thc t l mt s quan st ca
chng ta bt ngun t thit k trn cng i tng th cc php tnh v sai s chun v khong
tin cy s khng chnh xc.
1.5.2. Phng php chn mu
Mt vn thit k khc c nh hng ti vic tm tt v phn tch kt qu l cc i
tng c chn vo nghin cu nh th no? Mt mu c th c chn t mt tp hp
(qun th) theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cch chn l tng nht l chn mu ngu nhin n
(random sample), trong phi xc nh mt danh sch cc i tng ph hp (khung mu) v
s dng bng s ngu nhin chn mt mu t khung mu. Nu c tin hnh ng, mu
chn theo cch ny thng s i din cho qun th v rt khch quan. Nh , ngi nghin
cu khng th c c hi quyt nh i tng ny thch hp hn i tng khc (chng hn,
v h d tip cn hn, hay v h sn lng tr li cu hi phng vn hn). Vic ny m bo cho
tt c cc i tng c mt c hi c chn vo mu nghin cu nh nhau, v l im
mu cht ca phng php ly mu ngu nhin n.
C nhiu bin th ca phng php ly mu ngu nhin n gip vt qua nhng
hn ch v hu cn khi tin hnh nghin cu. Mu ngu nhin phn tng c s dng
bo m s cn bng v c mu trong cc phn nhm m chng ta quan tm. V d: Mt mu
ngu nhin n gm cc ng b hoc b m sng c thn c th s c nhiu ph n hn nam
gii. Nu nh trong nghin cu ny, chng ta c bit quan tm n vic c c mu phn
tch v cc ng b c thn, chng ta nn phn tng khung mu ca chng ta thnh hai nhm
nam v n v trong mi tng (cn gi nhm) chng ta chn ngu nhin s cc i tng nam
gii v n gii bng nhau. Chn nh th, chng ta c mt mu trong nam gii c chn
vt t l (over-representation) v s c mu khi phn tch ring nam gii. Khi cn tng
11
hp s liu cho c hai gii, chng ta s gii quyt vic ny bng cc th thut thng k (chng
hn nh t trng s - weight) v nam v n c chn vi cc xc sut khc nhau.
Thng thng, rt t khi chng ta c th ly mu theo phng php ngu nhin n, c
bit l trong cc iu tra qun th. Ngi ta thng phi dng mt s cch chn mu phc tp
hn: chn mu cm (cluster sampling), chn mu nhiu giai on (multi-stage sampling).
Chn mu cm thng c s dng nghin cu cc nhm i tng phn b theo tng
cm mt cch t nhin (v d nh ngi dn sng thnh tng lng, hc sinh trong tng
trng, hay khu vc). Khi , mt mu ngu nhin cc lng, trng, ... c chn, v sau
tt c cc thnh vin ti tng a bn c chn vo trong mu nghin cu, hoc mt s
thnh vin c chn da trn nguyn tc ngu nhin.
Ly mu phc tp c phn cm s a thm s ph thuc vo trong b s liu nh
trng hp mt i tng cung cp nhiu quan st m t trong phn 1.5.1. V th, cc php
tnh phng sai s phi c hiu chnh trc khi c th a ra sai s chun v khong tin cy
mt cch chnh xc. Nu chng ta b qua yu t thit k nghin cu c s dng cc th thut
ly mu phc tp v coi nh nghin cu s dng mu ngu nhin n th sai s chun v
khong tin cy tnh c s khng chnh xc.
1.5.3. Cc bin u ra
Nh bn s thy nhng phn tip theo, cc loi bin s trong cu hi nghin cu s
nh hng rt ln n s la chn phng php phn tch thng k. Mc d c rt nhiu loi
bin khc nhau, cho mc ch phn tch, chng ta han ton c th n gin ha chng thnh 2
loi l bin lin tc v bin phn loi. Lin tc y bao gm cc bin lin tc thc s v
bin s dng thang o khong (interval). Trong khi bin phn loi bao gm bin nh thc
(dichotomous), nh danh (nominal), v bin th bc (ordinal). Bin s s dng l lin tc hay
phn loi s quyt nh cch chng ta tm tt s liu (trung bnh hay t l phn trm), hoc
cch chng ta la chn kim nh thng k. Trong cc phn sau y, bn s thy r vai tr ca
tng loi bin m bn s phn tch.
1.5.4. Bng kim cc thng tin gip bn chun b cho phn tch thng k.
Thit k nghin cu s quyt nh phng php thu thp s liu v ri iu ny s nh
hng ti cc loi bin s dnh cho khu phn tch. Khi chun b tin hnh phn tch mt b s
liu bn nn bt u bng vic thu thp v tr li cc thng tin v thit k nghin cu nh
sau:
1. Cu hi nghin cu l g? Thng thng c nhiu hn mt cu hi nghin cu. C
gng chuyn cu hi nghin cu thnh gi thuyt khoa hc c th kim nh c (gi
thuyt khng v i thuyt). Cc bc sau y s gip bn lm iu :
2. l thit k nghin cu thc nghim hay quan st ?
3. n v quan st l g?
4. Cc n v quan st c ly mu theo phng php ngu nhin n hay cc phng
php mu phc tp hn?
5. Cc php o lng c c lp li (theo thi gian) hay c lin quan vi nhau (chng
hn trn cng mt v tr, hay mt ngi) khng?
6. u ra ca nghin cu l g? thng thng c nhiu hn mt u ra
12
7. Bin u ra l bin lin tc hay bin phn loi?

8. Nhng nhm no c so snh? c th so snh khc bit ca cc nhm i tng
nghin cu khc nhau hoc so snh s khc bit ca cng mt nhm qua cc mc thi
gian khc nhau.
Phn tch thng k thch hp cho mt b s liu ph thuc vo cc cu tr li cho
nhng cu hi trn. Cc bi hc tip theo s cung cp cc cng c thng k hoc nhng cch
tip cn phn tch tnh ton cho cc tnh hung khc nhau. Mc ch ca chng trnh ny
hng dn bn l nhn ra s khc nhau, la chn v p dng cc k thut thng k c bn ph
hp phin gii cc kt qu phn tch.
13
CHNG 2: QUN L S LIU

2.1. Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
1. Hiu c qu trnh chun b mt b s liu nghin cu nhp liu.
2. Hiu c l do c bn, cc nguyn tc lin quan, ca vic m ho s liu v
nh ngha m ca mt b s liu.
3. Xc nh v xy dng mt k hoch lm sch s liu.
4. Nhn bit c cc chin lc khc nhau cho vic m bo tnh ton vn ca
b s liu.
Trc khi phn tch s liu, iu cn thit l bn m s liu thu thp di dng
s ph hp cho my tnh phn tch. Sau khi c m, chng ta s nhp s liu vo
my tnh, tt nht l nhp trc tip vo mt phn mm thng k. Trc khi vic phn
tch c th bt u, s liu cn phi c kim tra v tnh chnh xc v y . Phn ny
lin quan vi cc vn chun b v sng lc s liu trc khi phn tch. Trn thc t,
phn ln thi gian phn tch s liu l dnh cho vic chun b s liu. iu ny lin
quan n vic m hoa s liu, nhp s liu v kim tra tht cn thn b s liu trc khi
phn tch. Chun b s liu l bc c bn m bo rng phn tch ca bn l chnh
xc v i din cho s liu bn thu thp. Khng nn nh gi thp tm quan trng ca
bc ny, cng nh s lng thi gian lin quan n vic t c tnh ton vn ca b
s liu
2.2. B s liu mu
Phn ny gii thiu cho bn khi nim v qun l s liu, v gii thiu mt b s
liu trch ra t Nghin cu Chn thng trn ton quc nm 20011, b s liu ny s
c dng trong sut quyn sch v kho hc ny. Ch nghin cu l:
Trong s nhng ngi b chn thng giao thng nm 2001, nhng tc ng no
ca chn thng n cht lng cuc sng ca h?
S liu c thu thp nm 2001. Nghin cu ny l mt nghin cu m t ct
ngang trn mt mu i din ton quc vi qun th nghin cu l ton b ngi dn
Vit Nam. Mu nghin cu da trn cch chn mu ngu nghin n v b cu hi t
in dnh cho bt k trng hp chn thng no trong mt nm trc thi im nghin
cu, trng hp chn thng l cc nn nhn b chn thng m phi ngh hc hoc ngh
1
B s liu s dng trong chng trnh ging dy c rt ra t nghin cu chn thng trn ton quc do H Y t
cng cng phi hp cng 8 trng H v Vin Y tin hnh. B s liu dng ging dy y c chnh sa
mt phn so vi b s liu gc vi mc ch ph hp vi ni dung ca bi hc.
14
vic t nht l mt ngy. Nghin cu ny thu thp s liu mc v t vong ca nhiu loi
chn thng khc nhau, tuy nhin cun sch ny ch s dng cc s liu lin quan n
cc trng hp chn thng giao thng. Cc bin dn s-x hi (tui, gii, vng, trnh
hc vn, ngh nghip) v cc chi tit v chn thng giao thng (loi phng tin giao
thng c lin quan), hu qu ca chn thng (v tr chn thng, s ngy nm vin)
cng c thu thp. Cc i tng nghin cu c hi v t nh gi v cht lng
cuc sng trc v sau chn thng. Lng gi v cht lng cuc sng da trn thang
im 100, bt u t 0 (cht lng cuc sng khng th thp hn) n 100 (cht lng
cuc sng khng th cao hn c).
Cc i tng nghin cu c gn mt m xc nh, v s khng c c hi
lin kt cc b cu hi vi cc c nhn sau khi b cu hi c thu thp xong.
2.3. X l thng tin nghin cu cho phn tch nh lng

2.3.1. X l v nhp s liu
2.3.1.1. M ho s liu.
Mc ch ca vic m ho s liu l chuyn i thng tin nghin cu thu thp

thnh dng thch hp cho vic phn tch trn my tnh. Thng th bn s s dng mt
b cu hi hoc biu mu thu thp s liu khc nhau thu thp s liu. a ra c
nhng kt lun t nghin cu ca mnh, bn s phi tm tt cc kt qu ca cuc iu tra.
Hu ht cc nghin cu u lin quan n mt s lng ln cc i tng tham gia, cc
thng tin t b cu hi v cc phiu iu tra nn c nhp vo cc phn mm thng k
(nh EpiInfo hay SPSS) cho tt c cc s liu thu thp c lu tr v x l mt
cch thun tin.
Phn mm thng k thng c dng bng tnh v s liu phi c nhp vo cc
bng tnh ny. Mt bng tnh l mt nh ngha tng i v thc cht n l phn hin
th trn mn hnh vi nhng ng k trong . Cc ch s v cc k t c th c
nh my trong tng . Khc vi nhng phn mm bng tnh thng dng nh EXCEL,
cc phn mm phn tch thng k thng c nhng gii hn cht ch hn trong vic
nhp liu vo nhng ny. Trong hu ht cc tp s liu, thng tin cho tng i
tng/quan st c nhp trn mt hng ca bng tnh. Cc ct ca bng tnh tng ng
vi cc cu hi trong b cu hi/cng c thu thp s liu. Mt cu tr li ca mt i
tng c m trn mt ca bng tnh (v d mt = mt cu tr li v tt c cc cu
tr li cho mt cu hi nm trn mt hng hc di ct tng ng). Cc cu tr li nn
c m ho bng s cng nhiu cng tt v ta nn hn ch vic dng m bng cc k t.
V d:
15
Mu phiu trong b s liu c dng nh sau:

iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia nm 2003
M h: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Vng : __________________________________
Ngy phng vn: _________________________
Thng tin v ngi tr li
1. Anh/ch bao nhiu tui (tnh trn nm)?
____________________________
2. Anh/ch l nam hay n (khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?
Nam
3. Anh/ch sng u? (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)

Thnh ph
Nng thn
4. Anh/ch hc n lp my (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

Khng i hc
Tiu hc
Di THCS
Trn THCS
Hc ngh
i hc
Trn i hc
Tr nh
5. Anh/ch lm ngh g (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

Lm rung
CBCNVC
Bun bn nh
Lm ch
Hc sinh
Ngh th cng
Ngh hu
Mt sc
Tht nghip
Tr nh
Other
Thng tin v chn thng

6. Khi chn thng xy ra anh/ch l (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp):
Ngi li xe
Hnh khch
Ngi i b
Khc
16
7. Loi phng tin no lin quan n chn thng ca anh/ch (Khoanh vo la

chn ph hp)?
Xe t
Xe my
Xe p
Ngi i b Khc
8. Anh/ch b chn thng nng nht u (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

u/ct sng
Thn mnh
Tay/chn
9. Anh/ch c phi vo vin v chn thng ny khng? (Khoanh vo la chn ph

hp)?
C
Khng
10. Nu c, anh/ch phi nm vin bao nhiu ngy?

____________________________________
Thng tin v cht lng cuc sng
11. Vi thang im t 0 (khng th thp hn) n 100 (khng th cao hn), anh/ch
c lng cht lng cuc sng qua sc kho ca anh/ch trc chn thng l bao
nhiu?
________________________________________________
12. Hin nay anh/ch c lng cht lng cuc sng qua sc kho ca anh/ch l
bao nhiu?
________________________________________________
Bng s liu c dng nh sau:

h_id
Region
(Vung)
10111001
10121003
72012051
Age
(Tuoi)
01
02
03
36
28
47
Gender
(Gioi)
1
2
1
...
education
qol_bel
(Hoc van)
(Clcuocsong)
3
8
1
34
71
63
Lu rng trong khi tn ct c th l bt k tn g bn mun, hu ht cc phn

mm thng k quy nh cht ch v di v dng. ph hp, hy dng du gch di
_ vo tn bin di hn 8 k t, khng khong trng gia cc t (v d h_id thay
cho household id), v khng bao gi bt u bng mt con s (cho d k t s c th
17
dng bt k v tr no khc trong tn ct). Nu bn thit k b cu hi mt cch ng

n, hu ht cc bn cu hi s d dng c th c m bng ch s.
Mc d bn ch c s dng tn ct khng nhiu hn 8 k t, hu ht cc phn
mm thng k bao gm c SPSS u cho php bn gn nhn cho tn ct. Nhn ny c
th di bao nhiu tu theo bn mun v s xut hin thay vo tn ct trong phn kt qu
ca SPSS. V d bn c th t tn ct biu th cho tui l age nhng bn mun nh
rng bn ni v tui tnh theo nm dng lch hn l theo thng hoc nm m lch.
Bn c th gn mt nhn cho ct tn chng hn Tui dng lch, n s xut hin trong
phn kt qu khi bn s dng bin ny. Gn nhn cho tn ct l mt thi quen tt c
th d dng xc nh bin no bn ang s dng - c bit nu bn c hai bin vi tn
tng t hoc o lng nhng iu tng t.
2.3.1.2. Bng m s liu
M s cho tng cu tr li nn c ghi li chi tit trong bng m s liu.

Bng m s liu
Ct
h_id
M t
M h
Gi tr m v ngha
Chy t 10111001- 82436071
region
a im
1 = Ty Bc
2 = ng Bc
3 = Lu vc sng Hng
4 = Bc Trung b
5 = Ven bin min Trung
6 = Cao Nguyn trung b
7 = ng Nam
8 = Lu vc sng M Kng
ageround
Tui tnh theo nm
0 65
sex
Gii tnh
1 = Nam
2 = N
u_r
Ni c tr
0 = Thnh ph
1 = Nng thn
educatio
Cp hc cao nht
1 = M ch
2 = Tiu hc
3 = Cp II
4 = Cp III
5 = Hc ngh
18
6 = i hc
7 = Sau i hc
8 = Tr nh
99 = Khng tr li
occupati
Ngh nghip
trantype
Loi phng tin giao thng -1 = Khng tr li

s dng khi xy ra CT
1 = t
2 = xe p
3 = xe my
4 = Ngi i b
5 = khc
pedestrn
Nn nhn l ngi i b?
-1 = khng tr li
0 = khng
1 = c
worst
V tr ca chn thng
nng nht
-1 = khng tr li
1 = u/ct sng
2 = thn mnh
3 = tay chn
hospital
Nn nhn c nm vin?
-1 = khng tr li
0 = khng
1 = c
q9
S ngy nm vin
Gi tr t 1-200
. = khng nm vin
1 = lm rung/ry
2 = CBCNVC
3 = Bun bn nh
4 = Bun bn ln (lm ch)
5 = sinh vin
6 = tr di 6 tui
7 = Ngh th cng
8 = Ngh hu
9 = khng c kh nng lm vic
10 = Tht nghip
11 = Khc
99 = khng tr li
19
qol_bef
Cht lng cuc sng

trc chn thng
Gi tr t 0 - 100
qol_aft
Cht lng cuc sng

sau chn thng
Gi tr t 0 - 100
Bao gi cng vy, bn s nhn c nhng phiu phng vn m c nhng cu

hi khng c tr li. Trong v d trn, m cho bin hospital khi khng c cu tr
li l -1. l cch tt nht ph hp trong bng m ho ca bn, nhng bn nn thng
xuyn kim tra nhng gi tr c s dng thay th cc thng tin b mt. V d s
liu b mt bin occupati c m l 99. Mt s cu hi thm ch s khng c hi
vi mt s i tng. V d, trong phiu iu tra trn chng ta ch hi Anh/ch phi
nm vin bao nhiu ngy? vi nhng trng hp i tng phi nm vin. Nhng
ngi ny c th c m l mt s liu nhng s khng thy s khc nhau gia h v
nhng ngi c c hi nhng khng tr li. gii quyt vn ny cc i tng
khng c hi c m l ., k hiu ny ch ra rng i tng ny khng ph hp
vi cu hi.
Cc vn khc ny sinh khi mt i tng tr li nhiu hn mt la chn (v d
vi cu hi Anh/ch lm ngh g 3. Tiu thng 4. Cng chc 5.Sinh vin ..., trong
i tng c th tr li c 3 v 5). Trong mt vi trng hp, c th l quan trng
nu chng ta bit rng i tng phng vn l bun bn nh v chng ta khng cn bit
h cng ang l sinh vin, v th trng hp ny nn chn cu tr li xc ng nht. Nu
thy c hai ngh nghip u quan trng, dng gii php to hai ct trong bng m ho
ph hp vi trng hp ny. Ct u tin s c gi l EMPLOY1 v ct th hai s l
EMPLOY2 vi cc m 1 v 2 tng ng. Tt c cc trng hp khc m ch tr li mt
la chn th m vo EMPLOY1 v chn m khng c s liu trong EMPLOY2. Mt
gii php khc c th s dng l chng ta vn ch s dng mt ct EMPLOY v m thm
mt gi tr na 3. Bun bn nh, 4.Cng chc, 5. Sinh vin, v 6. Bun bn nh v
sinh vin ... Gii php u tin linh hot hn (v c a dng hn) nhng i hi nhiu
thi gian m ho hn v c th khng hiu qu.
2.3.2. Nhp s liu
Mt b cu hi hay mt biu mu s liu c m ho di dng s, chng cn
c nhp vo my tnh chun b cho phn tch s liu. Tr khi cc mu phiu c
thit k cho my tnh t qut, phn nhp s liu yu cu con ngi dng tay v mt
chuyn nhng thng tin, v th c th xy ra cc li nh my. C nhiu cch nhp s
liu m c th hn ch n mc thp nht cc li nh my.
Cch tt nht l to mt chng trnh nhp s liu s dng mt phn mm qun
l s liu v d nh Microsoft Access, chng trnh ny c nhng chc nng kim tra
s lp li ca cc m hiu hoc cc gi tr khng c ngha. Tuy nhin, s phc tp ny
cng khng trnh khi cc li nh my. hn ch mc thp nht sai lm ny, c
mt gi a ra l tt c s liu nn c nhp hai ln, mi ln l mt ngi khc nhau.
Bt k mt s khc nhau no gia hai bn s liu cng cn phi c lu v phi c
kim tra da trn bn s liu gc hoc nu c th i chiu vi i tng phng vn.
Nhp s liu hai ln do hai ngi c lp l l tng, n s lm hn ch ti a cc li khi
c v li nh my. V d, ch vit tay i khi khng d c, mt ngi c th c l
20
3, nhng ngi th hai c th c l 5. S khc nhau ny s c kim tra v m s

ng s c chn. Nhp s liu hai ln bi cng mt ngi cng c th pht hin ra li
nh my nhng khng pht hin c li c, cng mt ngi th gn nh vn c 3
l 3 trong c hai ln.
Nhp s liu hai ln tn nhiu thi gian v t tin. Rt kh thc hin trn thc t
v i khi khng cn thit nu chng trnh nhp s liu c vit v c nhiu chc
nng kim tra qu trnh nhp liu. Di y l cc chin lc nhp s liu cho bn la
chn, nhng cn bit rng kh nng mc cc li nh my tng ln khi danh sch ny i
xung. V th, bn s cn phi c k hoch kim tra cn thn hn trong phn lm sch s
liu.
(i)
Nhp ton b s liu hai ln bi hai ngi ring bit.
(ii)
Nhp ton b s liu hai ln do mt ngi thc hin,
(iii)
Nhp ton b s liu mt ln, sau chn ngu nhin n khong 20% b s
liu v nhp ln 2. Nu nhng s khc nhau l ti thiu, dng li. Nu khng
cn phi cn nhc (ii).
(iv)
Nhp ton b s liu 1 ln, chn ngu nhin n khong 20% b s liu, kim
tra li bng mt. Nu nhng s khc nhau l ti thiu, dng li. Nu khng
cn phi cn nhc (ii).
(v)
Nhp ton b s liu mt ln, khng kim tra hai ln. Khng c ngh g.
C rt nhiu cc chng trnh khc nhau nhp s liu, mt vi chng trnh rt

phc tp (v d ORACLE, SQL), cc chng trnh khc th t phc tp hn (v d
dBase, FoxPro, Access). Trong kha hc ny EpiInfo s c s dng nhp s
liu nh mt h thng phn mm min ph v d dng s dng. Nu bn c phn mm
khc m bn thng tho nh Microsoft Access hay FoxPro th cng c th s dng
c. Hy nh rng li cnh bo v cc li nh my a ra trn v cc bc lm sch
v qun l s liu lit k di s p dng cho bt k chng trnh nhp s liu no
bn s dng.
21
Xem b s liu trong SPSS

Mi ln bn chuyn s liu ca bn vo SPSS bn s thy s liu xut hin trong
Data Window. Window c hai phn, Data View v Variable View.
DATA WINDOW DATA VIEW
22
DATA WINDOW VARIABLE VIEW
gn nhn cho mt bin, m ca s s liu trong SPSS. Chn Variable view

gc di tri mn hnh. Bn s thy ton b cc tn ct (bin) t trn xung pha tri.
Vi tng tn bin bn c th a bt k nhn no bn mun dng vo ct Label bng
cch nhp chut ln thch hp v nhp nhn vo .
Bn cng nn gn nhn cho cc m s liu, vic lm ny c nhiu li ch, n c
tc dng to ra mt bng m in t ca b s liu. thm cc nhn vo m s liu bn
lm nh sau:
1. Vo Data Window Variable View
23
2. Chn bin bn mun gn nhn vo m s liu, chuyn chut n ct Values.

Nhp chut ln ny v mt hp nh mu xm s xut hin gc ny. Nhp
chut ln hp v mn hnh hin th mt hp nh tng t nh di y.
3. gn thm nhn cho tng gi tr, nhp gi tr vo hp Value, sau a nhn

bn mun cho vo trong hp Value Label. Nhp chut vo Add. Gi tr vi nhn
c gn s chuyn xung hp di v hai hp trn s trng cho php bn
nhp cc gi tr v nhn khc.
4. Sau khi bn a ton b cc nhn xung c hp di (nn nh l bao gm
c cc m cho s liu b mt), nhp chut vo OK. Cc nhn ca bn c gn
xong.
24
2.3.3. Lm sch s liu

a s liu t phiu phng vn vo phn mm my tnh c th l mt qu trnh
tn thi gian v bun t, d c li ca con ngi nhiu im trong sut qu trnh ny.
C rt nhiu kh nng chng ta s mc li trong qu trnh in phiu, m s liu v nhp
s liu vo my tnh.
C ba li chnh l:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Cc li v m s liu
Cc li v nhp s liu
Cc li v tnh nht qun (chc chn) ca s liu
m bo rng b s liu bn ang x l l chnh xc, bn cn phi hn ch

n mc ti a nhng sai st trong qu trnh chun b v nhp s liu.
Bc u tin kim tra s liu ca bn l bn lit k ton b cc gi tr ca tt
c cc bin trong b s liu (bng tn s). Vic lm ny gip bn c th quan st nu c
bt k li no v m s liu (v d nh m l 5 trong bin gii tnh v d trn trong khi
ch c m 1 v 2 l hp l theo nh b m s liu.) Cc gi tr khc thng c th c
lit k vi nhng m hiu tng ng v c th c kim tra li vi phiu gc. C th
cc gi tr ng nghi ny l ng vi s liu gc thu thp c (v d mt ch s p lc
ng mch cao khc thng), v th thay v s liu ng ng bn xc nh c mt
gi tr bt thng (outlier) trong b s liu ca bn. Cc gi tr bt thng c th c so
snh vi phiu gc kim tra xem chng c chnh xc khng, nu ng chng cng
phi c a vo trong bt k mt phn tch no mc d gi tr c v k quc.
Cc li m ho s liu (coding errors) lin quan n vic sai m ca i tng.
Trng m xc nh i tng l mt li ph bin. Cc li khc cn phi xem xt bao gm
c cc li m s liu. V d i tng tr li rt ng cho cu hi 1 (m 1) nhng li
c m l ng (m 2) trong bng s liu. Cch tt nht chc chn rng khng
c li m ho s liu l c v sa tp s liu t phiu gc. Tuy nhin, c v sa ch
thc hin c vi tp s liu nh. Vi nhng tp s liu ln, cc li m s liu thng
c kim tra bng cch nhp li ton b hoc chn ngu nhin t 10-20% trng hp
ca tp s liu khc v so snh cc kt qu gia bn s liu gc v bn s liu nhp
kim tra. Vic ny c gi l nhp kim tra (verification entry). l mt thnh phn
quan trng m bo tnh chn thc ca s liu cho d n c th l mt vic lm tn
km. Khng c vic nhp s liu no l hon ho, nhng nu c t hn 1 trong 1000 bn
ghi thng tin l khng chnh xc, th cng c th cho rng tc ng ca sai s nhp liu
ln cc phn tch l ti thiu.
Lu : Bn nn thng xuyn ghi chp li nhng quyt nh m ho s liu ca
bn. Chng ta s rt d qun cc nguyn tc dng m, v trong mt b s liu vic
thng nht m ho theo mt nguyn tc l rt quan trng. Nu bn khng ghi chp li cc
m dng th s c rt nhiu kh nng mc li hoc mu thun trong khu m ho s
liu.
Li nhp s liu (data entry errors) c th xy ra khi mt m b c sai khi nhp
s liu vo my tnh (c bn vit tay l 5 khi trn bn vit l 3) hoc li nh my (c
m l 6 nhng nh my l 5). Nhp kim tra c dng cha nhng li nhp liu.
L tng l c hai ngi c lp nhp s liu hai ln ring r.
25
Khi b s liu c nhp v lm sch nhng li nh my, cn c mt mc

lm sch s liu cao hn cn nhc- l kim tra tnh nht qun (consistency
checking). iu ny c ngha l nhng cu tr li khng nht qun cn c xc nh v
kim tra. Mt v d v cu tr li khng nht qun l vi phiu c m l nam nhng
li tr li l C cho cu hi bao gi mang thai cha?. Mt v d khc l ngy t
vong li trc ngy sinh hoc tr li THCS nh l bc hc cao nht ca trnh hc vn
nhng sau li m t v kho hc trnh h hon thnh. Tnh khng nht qun c
th l do cc li m ho s liu hoc nh my m khng b pht hin trong hai ln
kim tra (nu iu ny xy ra), hoc i tng phng vn trn thc t a ra nhng
cu tr li khng nht qun. Nguyn nhn cui cng ny yu cu phi lin lc vi i
tng phng vn xc nh li nhng iu ny thng l khng th thc hin c.
2.4. Cc v d v lm sch s liu

Trong cc chng 3 v 4 bn s c gii thiu v k hoch phn tch s liu.
Tuy nhin, mt k hoch c tnh quan trng trong vic qun l s liu l vic chun b s
liu sn sng cho phn tch. K hoch lm sch s liu ca bn phi khng phc tp. Bn
c th s dng bn k hoch sau cho lm sch s liu nh l mt bng kim, phn ny s
a bn n vic lm th no kim tra trong SPSS.
K hoch lm sch s liu
1. Xc nh cc s xc nh i tng (ID) trng nhau.
2. Kim tra cc gi tr bt thng (outliers) ca tt c cc bin lin tc (ngoi tr ngy
thng)
3. Kim tra cc m khng ph hp tt c cc bin danh mc (ngoi tr bin ID).
4. Kim tra ngy thng
5. Kim tra s gi tr b mt cho tng bin.
6. nh r nhng cu tr li khng nht qun, bn s kim tra v
Tui bng 0
Tui sai khc khi ly ngy sinh tr i ngy phng vn.
i tng c nm vin khi khng c chn thng
Khng c s ph hp gia trnh hc vn v ngh
Ngi i b c phn loi nh ngi li xe.
Tr nh li i hc
Tr em vi bc hc cao hn la tui
Lit k nhng c nhn c cu tr li khng nht qun.
Lu rng nhng s khng nht qun m bn chn kim tra s khc nhau gia cc b
s liu khc nhau, danh sch trn ch l mt v d. Bn l ngi duy nht c th xc
nh phm vi kim tra ph hp cho b s liu ca bn.
7. Nu c th hy i chiu tt c cc li vi phiu gc, bn s xc nh c cc li m
ho hoc nhp s liu m c th chnh sa c.
26
8. Nu khng c li khi m ho cng nh nhp s liu v cc i tng phng vn thc

s a ra cc cu tr li khng nht qun bn nn lin lc vi h xc nh li thng
tin. Tuy nhin iu ny thng l khng th thc hin c.
2.4.1. S dng SPSS lm sch s liu

2.4.1.1. Thc n hay Syntax?
SPSS l mt phn mm rt thun tin cho ngi s dng. C hai cch s dng
phn mm ny; cch th nht l dng thc n c trong Data Window. Chng 3 v 4
cho bn thy lm th no SPSS a ra nhng thng k m t v suy lun t thc n.
Hu ht cc lnh thng k m t v suy lun u thc n Analyse.
Bn s khng thy iu g din ra khi kch chut vo thc n lnh. SPSS i
nhng ch dn bn a ra t thc n thnh dng ngn ng ca SPSS v c gi l
Syntax. Cch th hai ra lnh cho SPSS l vit mt cch chnh xc nhng g bn mun
lm bng ngn ng ca chng trnh ny. N c vit trc tip vo Syntax Window
trong SPSS, Syntax c th c m bng lnh File /New /Syntax t thc n trong Data
Window. kim tra vic lm sch s liu, vit chnh xc nhng g bn mun SPSS
thc hin vo Syntax s d hn rt nhiu vic s dng lnh t thc n. Chng ny s
cung cp cho bn nhng c php (syntax) m bn cn thc hin cho tng kim tra v bn
c th vit trc tip ln Syntax Window. Chp li c php tht cn thn (bao gm c
khong trng, nt vch cho, du chm) v n cn c vit mt cch cc k chnh xc.
Ngoi vic nhanh chng, li ch chnh khc ca vic s dng c php l bn c
th lu li tt c nhng c php bn vit vo mt tp v bn c th s dng li tp ny
v thc hin y ht qu trnh lm sch s liu v cc phn tch nh thc hin trc y.
iu ny rt quan trng trong trng hp bn cn kim tra nhng g bn phn tch c
bit vi nhng thng tin mi c pht hin. Bn cng c th dng li cc c php ny
phn tch mt b s liu mi sau khi chnh sa cho ph hp, iu ny s tit kim
rt nhiu thi gian cho bn.
V d v dng Syntax Window c a ra di y. Bn nh my nhng cu
lnh ca bn, bi en cu lnh bn mun thc hin v n ln hnh mi tn trn thanh
cng c. Kt qu s xut hin trong Output Window nh hnh di y.
27
SYNTAX WINDOW
OUTPUT WINDOW
28
Mc d chng 3 v 4 s trnh by cho bn cch thc hin mt phn tch s dng

thc n, nhng bn c th thy rng s dng c php lnh s cho php bn thc hin
nhanh hn, hoc bn c th ghi li nhng g bn lm sau khi s dng thc n. SPSS
cho php bn dng thc n dc thc hin cc phn tch sau chuyn lnh thc hin
sang Syntax bng lnh Paste. Nn nh, bn cn nhn nt Paste thay v nhn nt OK.
Cc c php bn to ra khi dng thc n dc s xut hin trong Syntax Window. Kt
qu s khng xut hin cho n khi bn chy c php ny bng cch bi en n v nhn
ln mi tn nh m t trn. Qu trnh ny c m t di trong phn Kim tra
s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng.
2.4.1.2. Kim tra s liu trong SPSS
Kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng (ID)

Bn cn kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng. Mi i tng khc
nhau nn c mt s xc nh duy nht c th xc nh tng i tng. Nu s xc
nh i tng b trng nhau th bn cn phi kim tra xem c phi mt ngi b nhp
s liu hai ln hay khng, nu c th mt bn ghi s phi b loi b. Nu khng th h
thng nh s ca bn sai v thc s y l bn ghi ca hai ngi ring bit.
kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng, cch d dng nht l xem
tn s ca s xc nh. Tn s ca tt c cc s xc nh phi l 1, nu khng s xc nh
b trng nhau v bn nn quay li kim tra phiu phng vn.
S dng thc n
T thc n dc chn Analyse /Descriptive Statistics /Frequencies. Mt hp
thoi s xut hin nh hnh di y.
1. Chn bin bn cn, trong trng hp ny l h_id (m h gia nh),t danh sch
bin bn tri v chun vo trong Variable(s): hp bn phi bng cch nhp
chut ln mi tn.
2. m bo rng Display frequency tables c chn.
29
3. Nu bn nhp chut ln OK kt qu s xut hin trong Output Window nhng bn s

khng c bn ghi nhng g bn lm, v th nhp chut ln Paste. C php ca bn
s xut hin trong Syntax Window nh hnh di y
4. Bi en ca c php ny v nhp chut ln mi tn thanh cng c thc hin c

php. Kt qu s xut hin trong cc ca s ring r - Output Window. Bn c th
sa li cu lnh ny v thay h_id bng bt k tn bin no biu th bng s xc nh
v trc tip vit trn Syntax Window.
Kt qu
y l kt qu ca c php trn. Nh bn thy c mt s con s b trng v cn phi
c kim tra li.
30
Kim tra cc gi tr bt thng (outlier) ca bin lin tc

Kim tra cc gi tr nm ngoi ca bin lin tc l mt trong nhng kim tra quan
trng nht bn phi lm. Bn mun xc nh bt k mt gi tr tt cng no (c thp v
cao) trong b s liu ca mnh. Hu ht cc kim nh thng k c m t trong chng
3 v 4 rt d b nh hng bi s xut hin ca cc gi tr tt cng c bit nu chng ta
tin hnh cc kim nh gi tr trung bnh. Gi tr tt cng ny c th l hu qu ca li
nhp s liu nh 123 c nhp thay v 13, hoc chng cng c th l cc gi tr thc s.
Lit k cc i tng c gi tr tt cng bn c th quay tr li v kim tra phiu iu tra
xem gi tr c thc hay khng. Nu l gi tr thc bn s cn phi a n vo
trong phn tch ca mnh hoc gii thch cn thn ti sao bn li khng a n vo trong
phn tch (mc d iu ny c nh hng n tnh khi qut ho trong kt qu ca bn).
Nu khng, n c th c chnh sa trc qu trnh phn tch.
SPSS cho php bn kim tra tt c cc gi tr bt thng ca cc bin lin tc
cng mt ln s dng c php sau. Mi mt tn bin cn c a ra mt cch chnh xc
nh n xut hin trong b s liu. Cc tn bin ny c nhp tng tn mt v cch nhau
khong trng. C php ny nn c s dng kim tra tt c cc bin lin tc tr ngy
thng.
C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = ageround q9 qol_bef qol_aft/STA= MEAN STDDEV
MEDIAN MIN MAX SKEW KURT/HISTOGRAM.
C php ny yu cu cc tn s ca cc bin lin tc c a ra trong bng trn,

v cng yu cu v biu ct lin tc cho cc bin ny. Bn c th thay tn bin ( c
php trn tn bin l nhng ch nh) bng nhng tn bin khc t b s liu ca bn.
31
Kt qu
Frequencies
Statistics
Valid
Missing
Mean
Median
Std. Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Minimum
Maximum
age (rounded)
1721
0
29.83
28.00
15.245
.266
-.688
0
65
hospital_day
810
911
11.15
7.00
15.689
4.611
35.761
1
200
General
quality of life
before injury
1692
29
60.4054
60.0000
7.67448
.125
.123
37.00
88.00
general
quality of life
after injury
1693
28
54.6669
55.0000
9.99864
-.046
.059
20.00
88.00
Frequency Table
32
33
34
Histogram
age (rounded)
General quality of life before injury
300
500
400
200
300
200
Std. Dev = 15.24

Mean = 29.8
N = 1721.00
0
0.0
10.0
5.0
20.0
15.0
30.0
25.0
40.0
35.0
50.0
45.0
Frequency
Frequency
100
100
Mean = 60.4
60.0
55.0
Std. Dev = 7.67

N = 1692.00
0
35.0
65.0
45.0
40.0
age (rounded)
55.0
50.0
65.0
60.0
75.0
70.0
85.0
80.0
90.0
general quality of life after injury
hospital_day
400
600
500
300
400
200
300
Std. Dev = 15.69
100
Mean = 11.2
N = 810.00
0
0.0
40.0
20.0
80.0
60.0
120.0
100.0
160.0
140.0
hospital_day
200.0
180.0
Frequency
Frequency
200
100
Std. Dev = 10.00
Mean = 54.7
N = 1693.00
0
20.0
30.0
25.0
40.0
35.0
50.0
45.0
60.0
55.0
70.0
65.0
80.0
75.0
90.0
85.0
35
Kim tra nhng m khng ph hp cho cc bin danh mc

Bn cnh vic kim tra nhng gi tr bt thng, y cng l mt trong nhng
kim tra quan trng. Bn mun m bo rng khng c gi tr khng hp l no c
nhp, v d m 5 cho bin gii tnh khi m hp l ch l 1 hoc 2. iu ny s thc s
quan trng khi bn so snh cu tr li gia hai nhm Nam v N, SPSS s c gng v so
snh cu tr li gia 3 nhm, Nam, N v 5! V th kt qu ca bn s khng ng.
C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = region u_r sex occupati educatio trantype q41_e worst hospital.
C php ny yu cu cc tn s (s tuyt i v t l) ca cc bin danh mc.

Bn c th thay tn bin (trong c php trn tn bin l nhng k t nh) bng cc tn
bin khc trong b s liu ca bn.
Kt qu
Frequencies
Frequency Table
region - stratum
Valid
ne
Frequency
200
Percent
11.6
Valid Percent
11.6
Cumulative
Percent
11.6
nw
56
3.3
3.3
14.9
rr
200
11.6
11.6
26.5
nc
259
15.0
15.0
41.5
cc
152
8.8
8.8
50.4
ch
154
8.9
8.9
59.3
se
293
17.0
17.0
76.4
mr
407
23.6
23.6
100.0
1721
100.0
100.0
Percent
31.3
Valid Percent
31.3
Cumulative
Percent
31.3
100.0
Total
urban/rural
Valid
urban
Frequency
539
rural
1182
68.7
68.7
Total
1721
100.0
100.0
sex
36
Valid
male
female
Total
Frequency
1107
Percent
64.3
Valid Percent
64.3
Cumulative
Percent
64.3
100.0
614
35.7
35.7
1721
100.0
100.0
occupation
Valid
Missing
Frequency
546
Percent
31.7
Valid Percent
31.9
Cumulative
Percent
31.9
gov. off
217
12.6
12.7
44.6
petty tr
84
4.9
4.9
49.6
employer
39
2.3
2.3
51.8
studying
309
18.0
18.1
69.9
children
129
7.5
7.5
77.5
handicra
190
11.0
11.1
88.6
retired
69
4.0
4.0
92.6
poor hea
22
1.3
1.3
93.9
unemploy
66
3.8
3.9
97.8
other
38
2.2
2.2
100.0
Total
1709
99.3
100.0
12
.7
1721
100.0
farmer
System
Total
education
Valid
Percent
3.8
Valid Percent
3.9
primary
424
24.6
24.9
28.8
lower se
624
36.3
36.7
65.5
upper se
355
20.6
20.9
86.4
vocation
76
4.4
4.5
90.8
undergra
79
4.6
4.6
95.5
graduate
.2
.2
95.6
children
74
4.3
4.4
100.0
1701
98.8
100.0
20
1.2
1721
100.0
illitera
Total
Missing
Cumulative
Percent
Frequency
66
System
Total
3.9
37
Type of transportation in which victim travelling
Frequency
Valid
Missing
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
motorised
vehicle
Bicycle
68
4.0
4.5
4.5
332
19.3
21.8
26.2
Motorised bike
889
51.7
58.3
84.5
Pedestrian
168
9.8
11.0
95.5
Other
68
4.0
4.5
100.0
Total
1525
88.6
100.0
-1.00
196
11.4
1721
100.0
Total
Most severe injury
Valid
Missing
Cumulative
Percent
37.6
Frequency
624
Percent
36.3
Valid Percent
37.6
torso
379
22.0
22.8
60.5
limbs
656
38.1
39.5
100.0
Total
1659
96.4
100.0
-1.00
62
3.6
1721
100.0
head/spine
Total
Hospitalised due to injury
Valid
No
Frequency
911
Percent
52.9
Valid Percent
52.9
Cumulative
Percent
52.9
100.0
Yes
810
47.1
47.1
Total
1721
100.0
100.0
Kim tra ngy thng pht hin sai ngy thng

Bn ang tm nhng ngy thng khng hiu lc, v d ngy phng vn nm ngoi
thi gian thc hin nghin cu. Bn nn xc nh bt k mt gi tr ngy thng khng
ph hp no v i chiu vi phiu gc xc minh li. Trong trng hp di y bn
c th mun kim tra ngy 08/12/2001 l ngy phng vn khi thi gian phng vn t
thng 8 n thng 11. tm ra nhng i tng nghin cu c phng vn ngy
08/12/2001 bn khng cn thit phi tm trong b s liu ca mnh. Thay v lm nh vy
bn yu cu SPSS lit k nhng trng hp c ngy phng vn l 8/12/2001, khi c
danh sch nhng m phiu ny bn s d dng nhn ra chng. Phn th hai ca c php
yu cu SPSS thc hin vic ny.
C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = date.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (date = date.mdy(12,08,2001)).
LIST h_id date.
38
Kt qu
Frequencies
Statistics
date of interview
N
Valid
1796
Missing
10
date of interview
through to
Kim tra s lng thng tin b mt

iu quan trng l kim tra s lng nhng trng hp mt thng tin trong tng
bin. Cc i tng phng vn ch c trong phn tch nu h a ra nhng cu tr li c
gi tr m bn ang xem xt. V d bn c th c 1721 i tng trong b s liu ca bn
nhng thc t ch c 1504 ngi tr li cho cu hi v cht lng cuc sng, v th tt
c cc phn tch c lin quan n cht lng cuc sng ch c thc hin trn 1504
ngi ch khng phi 1721 ngi. Nu bn c qu nhiu trng hp b mt s liu th
bn nn nghi ng rng bn mc li thu thp s liu trong nghin cu, v d nhng
ngi nhn thy cht lng cuc sng ca h rt km th gn nh h s khng tr li cho
cu hi v cht lng cuc sng. Bn cn kim tra v tm ra nhng mi lin quan gia
tnh hp l v tnh khi qut trong nghin cu ca mnh. Khng c s nht qun trong
vic xc nh s liu mt bao nhiu l qu nhiu. Theo mt qui c th, nu s liu b
mt vi bt k bin no di 10% l chp nhn c. Nu bn b mt trn 10% bn nn
tham kho mt chuyn gia thng k xem lm th no i ph vi vn ny.
Nu bn nhn vo phn kt qu trn, c mt bng xut hin ngay t u ca bn
kt qu vi tiu Frequencies. Trong bng ny SPSS cho bn thy s lng thng tin b
mt cho tng bin. Nh bn thy cc bin ny c di 10% trng hp mt thng in,
39
ngoi tr s ngy nm vin c 911/1721 trng hp mt thng tin. Nn nh gii thch

kt qu ca bn tht cn thn. Ch c nhng ngi phi nm vin chng ta mi hi s
ngy nm vin, v th cc trng hp mt thng tin ny bao gm c nhng ngi tht s
khng tr li v nhng ngi khng c hi cu hi ny.
Kim tra tnh khng nht qun
Mc d vic kim tra nhng cu tr li khng nht qun l mt phn cn thit
trong vic lm sch s liu nhng khng c nguyn tc no cho vic xc nh nhng mi
lin quan ca cc cu hi bn s kim tra. Trong phm vi nghin cu ca mnh bn s c
mt d kin v nhng mi lin quan c th c gia cc cu tr li v nhng mi lin
quan no l khng th. Vi b s liu ca cuc iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia,
c mt s s khng nht qun m chng ta c th kim tra.
1. C ai khng b chn thng m li vo vin khng? (iu ny c th ng nhng
vn l hu ch khi i chiu li vi phiu gc)
2. C s kt hp khng c thc gia trnh hc vn v ngh nghip khng?
3. Nhng ngi i b c b phn loi vo nhm nhng ngi khch trn xe hay l
li xe khng?
4. C nhng a tr di 5 tui m i hc khng?
5. C nhng a tr t 6-9 tui m li hc cao hn tiu hc khng?
kim tra s khng nht qun bn cn yu cu SPSS tm ra bt k ai c s kt
hp ca nhng cu tr li bn nh, v d tui nh hn 6, trnh hc vn nhm 3
(THCS) v lit k cho bn.
Bn khng ch tm ra nhng ngi tr li bng vi mt gi tr no , m bn cng

c th dng SPSS tm ra nhng ngi tr li t hn, nhiu hn, hay khng bng...
Cc m bn dng l:
Variable EQ 0
Variable NE 0
Variable GT 0
Variable LT 0
Variable GE 0
Variable LE 0
Bng 0
Khng bng khng 0
Ln hn 0
Nh hn 0
Ln hn hoc bng 0
Nh hn hoc bng 0
Bn c th thay 0 bng bt k s no thch hp hoc dng mt bin to nn cc li

pht biu nh ngy sinh phai trc ngy t vong.
SELECT IF dob LT dod.
Bn c th kt hp cc cu lnh s dng t AND v OR to ra c php v d:

SELECT IF var1 LT 3 AND (var2 EQ 1 OR var3 EQ 1)
Lnh SELECT IF gii hn bt k lnh no theo sau ch thc hin trn mt tp h

con ca b s liu bn c. Bn c th lm nh vy cho bt k mt lnh no, v d:
IF gender EQ 2
40
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = var1

SPSS s cho bn tn s ca bin 1 (var1) vi nhng i tng m gii tnh c
m l 2.
Bn c th vit nhng cu nhc bn tng phn nm trong c php m khng phi l

cu lnh cho SPSS thc hin theo. SPSS bit khng phi l lnh n thc
hin bn cn bt u cu vi * v kt thc vi du . . SPSS s nhn ra rng bt
k cu no nh vy u khng phi l lnh
Di y l tt c cc c php cn kim tra 5 s khng nht qun c th xc nh

trong b liu.
C php
** CHECKING FOR INCONSISTENCIES.
** [1] did anyone with no body sites injured end up in hospital? Possible but worth checking.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (q9 GT 0 AND worst EQ -1).
FORMATS q9 worst (f3.0).
LIST h_id q9 worst.
** [2] are there improbable education-occupation combinations?.
* firstly, identify unlikely combinations.
CROSSTABS TABLES = educatio BY occupatio/cell = count.
* secondly, list out the individual records.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (educatio EQ 1 AND occupati EQ 2).
LIST h_id educatio occupatio ageround sex u_r.
** [3] Are there pedestrians classified as drivers or passengers in a vehicle?.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (trantype EQ 4 AND (q41_e eq 1 OR q41_e EQ 2)).
LIST h_id trantype q41_a q41_e.
** [4] Are there children up to 5 years of age with schooling?.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (ageround le 5 AND (educatio NE 1 AND educatio NE 8)).
LIST h_id ageround educatio.
** [5] Are there children between 6 and 9 years of age with more than primary schooling?.
TEMPORARY.
SELECT IF (ageround GE 6 AND ageround LE 9 AND educatio NE 2).
LIST h_id ageround educatio.
41
Kt qu
Kt qu c a ra di l cc kim tra [4] v [5]. Nu khng c i tng
no tr li khng nht qun phn kt qu s cho bn thy khng c trng hp no c
tm ra v c lit k trong v d th nht. Nu SPSS tm thy cc i tng c cu tr
li khng nht qun n s lit k ra cc m phiu cng nh thng tin khc m bn yu
cu v cho bn bit c bao nhiu trng hp nh vy, trong trng hp ny nhng a
tr tui t 6-9 m hc trn tiu hc c tm ra l 9.
List
Number of cases read: 0
Number of cases listed: 0
List
_
H_ID AGEROUND EDUCATIO

41012008
41123022
41132055
61732173
61831086
61832013
72113047
72132065
72132065
7
8
6
8
7
6
7
6
6
8
3
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Number of cases read: 9
Number of cases listed: 9
2.4.2. S dng SPSS qun l s liu

Cc kim tra lm sch s liu trn c thc hin trn cc bin c cu tr li
trc tip trn phiu phng vn. V d, phng tin giao thng c phn lm 5 loi l
da vo nhng tr li cho cu hi 7. iu g s xy ra nu chng ta quan tm n cc i
tng l ngi i b hay khng phi ngi i b hn l quan tm n loi xe m h s
dng. Chng ta cn phi c mt bin m ch c 2 phn loi ch khng phi l 5, iu ny
s d dng cho chng ta bit i tng c phi l ngi i b hay khng. Bn c th to
ra bin mi bng cch hp nht cc phn loi ca bin c. Thao tc ny l mt phn ca
qun l s liu. Phn ny s gip bn bit cch lm th no qun l s liu:
M li cc bin
Tnh ton cc bin mi.
Chn mt tp hp nh trong cc bn ghi s dng.
42
2.4.1
M ho li cc bin
M ho li mt bin danh mc
Trong phiu iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia cu 4 hi v trnh hc
vn, v cu 8 hi v v tr ca chn thng trm trng nht. Trong phn tch ca mnh
cc nh nghin cu khng mun c qu nhiu phn loi trnh hc vn v h ch quan
tm cc chn thng u/ct sng trong so snh vi cc v tr chn thng khc. H
mun to ra cc bin mi m c t phn loi hn. lm c iu ny h c th to nn
cc bin mi bng cch gp cc phn loi hin ti, v kt hp mt s phn loi vi nhau,
to ra mt bin trnh hc vn mi edgrp vi 4 loi, v mt bin chn thng u/ct
sng mi ch vi 2 loi.
C php
** Defining new variable edgrp by collapsing education.
COMPUTE edgrp=educatio.
RECODE edgrp (8=1) (1,2=2) (3,4=3) (5 thru 7=4) (else=-1).
VAR LABELS edgrp 'Education - grouped'.
VALUE LABELS edgrp 1 'Children' 2 'Less than secondary' 3 'Secondary' 4 'More than
secondary'.
MISSING VALUES edgrp (-1).
EXECUTE.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = educatio edgrp.
*defining new variable headspin (head or spinal injury) by collapsing worst (site of most severe
injury).
COMPUTE headspin=worst.
RECODE headspin (1=1) (2,3=0).
VAR LABELS headspin 'Injury to head or spine'.
VALUE LABELS headspin 0 Not injured at these sites 1 'Injured'.
MISSING VALUES headspin (-1).
EXECUTE.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = worst headspin.
Dng COMPUTE yu cu SPSS to ra bin mi m bn c th nhm li (khng

bao gi nhm bin gc v bn c th mt cc s liu hin c).
Dng RECODE cho SPSS bit nhm bin mi ny nh th no v d nh phn
loi ca bin c s chuyn sang cc phn loi ca bin mi nh th no.
Dng VAR LABELS: gn nhn cho bin mi bn c th bit n l bin g.
Dng VALUE LABELS: gn cc nhn cho m ca bin mi bn c th bit
cc m c ngha l g.
Dng MISSING VALUES: cho SPSS bit m cc gi tr b mt nh th no.
Dng cui cng FREQUENCIES: nn c chy kim tra rng m ca bin
mi thc hin ng. y khng phi l mt kim nh nhng i khi bn nn xem xt
k kim tra cc s phn loi ca bin mi l ng v phn b cc trng hp l n.
43
V d, bn ghi nh sau l ng:

Most severe injury
Valid
Frequency
62
Percent
3.6
Valid Percent
3.6
Cumulative
Percent
3.6
head/spine
624
36.3
36.3
39.9
torso
379
22.0
22.0
61.9
limbs
656
38.1
38.1
100.0
Total
1721
100.0
100.0
-1.00
Injury to head or spine
Frequency
Valid
Not injured at these

sites
Injured
Missing
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
1089
63.3
63.6
63.6
624
36.3
36.4
100.0
Total
1713
99.5
100.0
-1.00
.5
1721
100.0
Total
Phn loi mt bin lin tc

phn loi mt bin lin tc thay v nh r cc gi tr mi cho cc phn loi
hin ti bn s cn cho SPSS bit s sp xp ca bin lin tc tng ng vi cc phn
loi bn mun trong bin mi. V d, ca cht lng cuc sng thp (m l 0) c xc
nh l 50 hoc nh hn, vi 51 im hoc cao hn c xc nh l im tng xng
ca cht lng cuc sng cao (m l 1). Nu hai bin lin tc c th c gp li theo
mt cch ging ht nhau th bn c th thc hin trn c hai bin trong cng mt ln.
C php
*defining two new variables QoL before and QoL after both grouped.
freq var = qol_bef qol_aft/format=notable/sta=min max.
COMPUTE qolbefg = qol_bef.
COMPUTE qolaftg = qol_aft.
RECODE qolbefg qolaftg (0 thru 50=0) (51 thru 100=1).
VALUE LABELS qolbefg qolaftg 0 'Suboptimal QOL' 1 'Adequate QOL'.
Dng COMPUTE: cho SPSS bit to ra hai bin mi m bn c th nhm c (khng

bao gi nhm cc bin gc v bn c th b mt cc s liu hin c)
Dng RECODE: cho SPSS bit nhm bin mi ny nh th no.
Dng VALUE LABELS: gn cc nhn cho m ca bin mi cho php bn bit tng m
c ngha l g.
44
2.4.2 To bin mi
i khi bn mun tnh ton mt bin mi da trn cc bin hin c trong b s
liu. V d, chng ta cn bit s khc nhau gia im cht lng cuc sau chn thng
vi trc chn thng tng i tng. Chng ta c th tnh c bng tay nhng tnh
cho 1721 i tng s tn rt nhiu thi gian. Thay v tnh bng tay chng ta c th s
dng SPSS tnh ton s khc nhau ny v a cc gi tr vo bin mi. Trong v d ny
bin mi c gi l diff.
C php
*defining new variable difference in QoL after injury compared to before.
compute diff = qol_aft - qol_bef.
freq var = qol_bef qol_aft diff/sta=mean median min max/histogram.
Dng bt u bng COMPUTE: yu cu SPSS tnh mt bin mi.

Dng bt u bng FREQ: yu cu mt s thng k tm tt cho hai bin gc v
bin mi gip bn c th kim tra xem bin mi c c tnh ng khng.
2.4.3 Chn mt tp hp nh cc bn ghi
i khi bn ch mun xem mt nhm i tng no ch khng phi l tt c.
iu ny s ph thuc vo cu hi nghin cu ca bn l g. V d, nu bn vit bo co
cho mt t chc v sc kho ca tr em, bn c th ch mun xem xt nhng i tng
l tr em trong b s liu ca bn. Nu bn vit bo co v an ton xe bn c th ch cn
quan tm n nhng i tng chn thng khi i xe v loi tr nhng i tng i b
ra khi phn tch. Trong b s liu bin loi phng tin phn lm 5 loi: 1 = t; 2 = xe
p; 3 = xe my; 4 = ngi i b v 5 = khc. Bn cn chn nhng i tng m loi
phng tin khng bng 4, c ngha khng phi ngi i b. SPSS c th lc v chn
cc i tng m bn yu cu. lm c iu ny dng c php di. Nh s dng
phn th hai ca c php di loi b s lc ny v chn li tt c cc i tng
cho nhng phn tch v sau.
C php
* excluding pedestrians from just this analysis.
COMPUTE filter_$=(trantype ne 4).
VARIABLE LABEL filter_$ 'trantype ne 4 (FILTER)'.
VALUE LABELS filter_$ 0 'Not Selected' 1 'Selected'.
FORMAT filter_$ (f1.0).
FILTER BY filter_$.
EXECUTE .
* remember to select all cases again afterwards.
FILTER OFF.
USE ALL.
EXECUTE .
45
2.5. Tm tt
iu quan trng l phi dnh thi gian thch ng cho vic nhp s liu, m s
liu, lm sch s liu v qun l b s liu ca bn. Nu bn lm nhng vic ny tt bn
s tit kim c thi gian v cc vn ny sinh v sau khi bn bt u phn tch s
liu. Gi mt bn ghi chnh xc tt c nhng g bn lm trong phn ny bn c th
quay li kim tra bt k vn g xut hin sau ny. Mt cch tt gi cc bn ghi ny
l ghi li tt c cc c php m bn vit. cng l mt sng kin tt v bn c th
chnh sa n v tip tc dng cho nhng nghin cu tip theo. Mt khi s liu ca bn
c nhp v lm sch bn sn sng cho bc tip theo, l phn tch s liu. Hai
chng tip theo 3 v 4 s trnh by v qu trnh phn tch s liu.
46
CHNG 3: PHN TCH THNG K M T
Sau khi hc xong phn ny hc vin c kh nng:

1. La chn c cc thng k th thch hp cho vic m t cc loi bin s v mi
lin quan.
2. a ra cc l do ca s la chn
3. Hiu c cc gi nh lin quan n tng tm tt
4. S dng c phn mm SPSS phn tch thng k v v th.
3.1. Gii thiu

Phn tch s liu lin quan n vic tm tt v so snh cc s liu nh lng
tr li cc cu hi nghin cu m t cc o lng thay i nh th no v xc minh
mi c lin quan g gia cc bin. Trong cun phn Thng k sinh hc I, bn hc v
cc tip cn c bn tm tt thng k v kim nh gi thuyt. Chng ta c kh nhiu
kim nh thng k v mt s kim nh trong s c nhng c im kh l ging
nhau v i khi s tng ng ny dn n nhng s nhm ln ca chng ta.
Chng ta s s dng nhng kim nh no v vo lc no? Qu trnh la chn
kim nh thng k thch hp cho mt b s liu chnh l k hoch phn tch phn tch
ca bn. Vic c mt k hoch phn tch chi tit, r rng s gip bn tit kim rt nhiu
thi gian v trnh nhng sai st v sau ny.
Chng ny gii thiu cho bn nhng khi nim ca k hoch phn tch. Thi
im l tng a ra mt k hoch phn tch l trong giai on thit k nghin cu,
khi m nhm nghin cu ang lp k hoch o lng ci g, ai v khi no. Cc cu hi
nghin cu cn thit phi c tr li trong nghin cu v chng ta s khng th lp k
hoch phn tch s liu nu chng ta thiu cu hi nghin cu c a ra r rng. Nu
nghin cu ny l do bn thit k v t thu thp s liu th vic bit cu hi nghin cu l
mt vic n gin. Tuy nhin, i khi cu hi nghin cu khng c r rng lm khi
bn ch l mt thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu v bn khng phi l ngi lnh o
nhm. Trong trng hp ny, nu bn l ngi phn tch bn phi tho lun cu hi
nghin cu vi cc thnh vin khc ca nhm nghin cu.
3.2. Tin trnh ca k hoch phn tch

Phn tch thng k mt b s liu khng kh nu s liu c lm sch v
chun b thch ng cho vic phn tch (xem chng 2) v cc gi thuyt nghin cu
c xc nh mt cch r rng (xem chng 1). Phn kh khn ca phn tch s liu l
xc nh cu hi nghin cu mt cch r rng, phn cn li l vic chng ta lm theo mt
cng thc. Quyn sch ny v chng ny s cung cp cho bn mt cng thc cho
hu ht cc phn tch thng k c bn thng thng m bn s thc hin trong cc
nghin cu sc kho.
47
Bn nn chun b mt k hoch v nhng vic bn s lm th no tm tt v

phn tch b s liu. C rt nhiu cu hi bn cn c th c tr li gip bn chun b
k hoch ca mnh:
1. Cu hi nghin cu ch lin quan n m t s liu hay n yu cu kim nh gi
thuyt?
Nu ch m t s liu, tip tc theo cu hi 3 (i) di. Nu khng,
2. Nhng gi thuyt khoa hc no c bao hm trong cu hi nghin cu? Mt gi
thuyt kim nh bao gm c gi thuyt khng (H0) v i thuyt (H1). Nhng
bn s thy, thng bao gi cng c nhiu hn mt gi thuyt khoa hc t mt
cu hi nghin cu.
3. Cho tng mc ch m t hoc cc gi thuyt kim nh thc hin, hy:
(i)
LIT K CC BIN
Xc nh bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp
Xc nh loi bin (bin lin tc/khong chia hoc danh mc)
(ii)
TM TT CC BIN v CC MI LIN QUAN
S dng cc thng tin t (i), v chuyn n cc bng 3.1 v 3.2 (c m t

cui chng ny), chn xem bn s lm th no tm tt thng k hoc mi
lin quan gia hai bin v
a ra mt bng gi m t cc kt qu cho mi lin quan ny trong bo co

cui cng ca bn
Nu ch m t, th k hoch phn tch ca bn hon thnh. Nu khng, cho

mi gi thuyt c kim nh,
(iii)
CHN MT KIM NH THNG K
S dng cc bng 3.1 v 3.2, vi cc thng tin t (i) v (ii) trn, chn hu
ht cc kim nh thng k ph hp
Kim tra cc gi nh cho kim nh ny (xem phn 4.8) v
La chn cui cng kim nh da trn gi nh c c tho mn hay

khng.
(iv)
PHIN GII CC KT QU THU C
La chn mc ngha thng k s c dng kim nh gi thuyt,
Vit ra nhng g bn mun ni v cc kt qu trong bo co cui cng nh

th no nu ngi c bo co ca bn l ngi khng c chuyn mn su v
thng k (gi s rng bn hon thnh phn phn tch v tm thy kt qu c
ngha thng k)
Gp c vic a ra kim nh thng k no bn chn v l do ti sao
48
Phn cn li ca chng ny dnh cho nhng khi nim ca k hoch phn tch
gip bn thy mt phn tch bao gm nhiu kim nh thng k tr li cho mt cu
hi nghin cu. Chng ny cng m t cch s dng phn mm thng k SPSS thc
hin cc phn tch thng k thng thng m bn cn cho vic phn tch m t mt b s
liu.
3.3. Cc cu hi nghin cu t b s liu mu

Chng 2 gii thiu vi bn khi nim v qun l s liu v gii thiu mt b s liu
t Nghin cu chn thng giao thng quc gia. Bn s nh rng ch nghin cu l
Trong s nhng ngi b chn thng giao thng nm 2001, nhng tc ng no ca
chn thng c nh hng n cht lng cuc sng?
Nhm nghin cu chuyn ch nghin cu thnh nhng cu hi nghin cu c th:
Cung cp cc kt qu m t:
1. M t s lc yu t x hi-dn s (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip)
ca nhng i tng b chn thng giao thng.
2. M t s lc v tui v gii ca mu trong cc vng nghin cu.
3. M t im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng, v xem n c b nh hng ca
tui hay khng.
xc minh tnh i din ca mu nghin cu i vi qun th chung, t c th bit
kt qu nghin cu c khi qut c cho qun th hay khng.
4. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l tng t nh qun th chung, l
50 im.
Xc minh mi lin quan gia cc yu t x hi-dn s vi cht lng cuc sng trc
chn thng.
5. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau nam v n.
6. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau tt c cc vng
nghin cu.
7. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau tt c cc trnh hc
vn
Kim tra s thay i cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng :
8. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng giao thng l cao hn hoc khng
thay so vi trc chn thng.
49
9. H0: im QoL thp (im danh mc) l nh nhau trc v sau chn thng
Xc nh mi lin quan gia s ngy nm vin gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi
i xe.
10. H0: Trong s nhng ngi phi nm vin, s ngy nm vin trung bnh l tng t
nhau gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi i xe.
Loi tr nhng ngi i b, tm hiu mi lin quan gia s ngy nm vin vi loi
phng tin b tai nn.
11. H0: Loi tr nhng ngi i b, s ngy nm vin trung bnh l tng t nhau cc
nhm i tng s dng cc phng tin khc nhau.
Tm hiu mi lin quan gia cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng vi tui ca ngi
b chn thng hoc s ngy nm vin.
12. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng khng c mi lin quan vi s ngy
nm vin.
13. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng khng c mi lin quan vi tui ca
ngi b chn thng.
Nhm nghin cu quan tm n chn thng u/ct sng. Trong nm 1997, t l nn
nhn chn thng giao thng c tn thng u/ct sng l 37%. xc minh xem t
l ny nm 2001c thay i hay khng:
14. H0: T l cc nn nhn b chn thng gaio thng c tn thng u/ct sng l
37%.
C kin cho rng nhng ngi i b t c bo v hn nhng ngi i xe, nn c th
d b nhng chn thng nng c bit l u/ct sng.
15. H0: So vi nhng ngi b chn thng khi i xe, t l chn thng u/ct sng
nhng ngi i b l tng t hoc thp hn.
Nhm nghin cu cng mun cn nhc n s nhn thc v s khc nhau im di ca
QoL da trn mc chn thng, v c lng gi bng v tr chn thng c nh
hng ln nht.
16. H0: T l nn nhn nhn thc v im di ca QoL l tng t nhau khng k mc
chn thng, v c lng gi bng v tr chn thng c nh hng ln nht.
3.4. K hoch phn tch ca b s liu mu - thng k m t

Cc cu hi trn bao gm hai loi phn tch thng k: phn tch m t cho cu
hi 1 n 3 v thng k suy lun cho cc cu hi t 4 n 12.
50
Phn cn li ca chng ny s ni v k hoch phn tch bao gm cc phn tch

m t cho cc cu hi nghin cu t 1 n 3. K hoch phn tch cho cc gi thuyt c
nu ra trong cc cu hi nghin cu t 4 n 16 s c ni n chng 4.
Vic la chn tm tt phn tch ca mt bin hoc mt mi lin quan gia hai
bin b nh hng bi cc o lng ca bin ph thuc v dng so snh trong cun sch
ny c hai bng a ra s la chn v cch lm th no tm tt v phn tch b s
liu ca bn. Cc bng ny tm tt nhng hng quyt nh cho hu ht cc thng k m
t v cc kim nh thng k c bn ca cc bin lin tc v danh mc. bn hy dnh
thi gian xem xt ni dung ca cc bng ny v cn nhc xem chng c s dng nh
th no trong cc v d trong chng ny cng nh chng 4.
Bng 3.1 c dng chn cc tm tt v kim nh thng k phn tch bin
ph thuc lin tc/khong chia.
Bng 3.2 c dng chn cc tm tt v kim nh thng k phn tch bin
ph thuc danh mc.
Mt trong nhng gi nh cn phi c tho mn cho vic tm tt v phn tch
cc bin ph thuc lin tc bng gi tr trung bnh l phn b tn s ca bin phi l phn
b chun. Trong khi cn rt nhiu gi nh khc cng thng cn phi cn nhc cho cc
dng kim nh thng k khc nhau, gi nh ny phi c xem xt trc nhng phn
khc trong bng chn c mt tm tt thng k ph hp. Cc loi gi nh khc s
cn c cn nhc khi chn cc kim nh thng k cho kim nh gi thuyt, iu ny
s c ni n trong chng 4. Lm th no bit phn b c phi l phn b chun
hay khng c m t trong phn 4.8, mt phn dnh gii thch tt c cc gi nh bn
c th cn phi cn nhc.
Mt k hoch phn tch gi cho cu hi u tin trong 3 cu hi m t c
a ra di y:
K hoch phn tch - Thng k m t:
M t s lc yu t x hi-dn s (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip)
ca nhng i tng b chn thng giao thng.
Cc bin: Cu hi ny yu cu tm tt tt c 4 loi bin v yu t x hi-dn s.
Chng l cc loi khc nhau; gii tnh l bin nh phn, tui l bin lin tc; trnh hc
vn l bin th hng v ngh nghip l bin danh mc.
Tm tt: Theo bng 3.1 nu mt bin l bin danh mc th s lng v t l nn
c dng a ra mt tm tt bin ny di dng s, v biu ct s thch hp
biu din bin ny. Nu l bin lin tc th lng gi bng trung bnh v phn tn l
thch hp; gi tr trung bnh v lch chun nu phn b ca bin l phn b chun, nu
khng trung v v khong (gi tr cc tiu, gi tr cc i) l ph hp. Biu , biu
Box-and-Whisker s ph hp vi bt k mt bin lin tc no, k c c phn b chun
hay khng.
V th k hoch xut pht t
51
(i)
Tnh cc tn s, cc t l v cc biu ct cho bin gii tnh, trnh

d hc vn, ngh nghip.
(ii)
Kim tra xem tui c phn b chun hay khng
(iii)
Nu tui l phn b chun, th s dng gi tr trung bnh, lch

chun, biu Box-and-Whisker, nu khng
(iv)
Nu tui khng l phn b chun, s dng ga tr trung v, cc tiu,

cc i v biu Box-and Whisker.
M t s lc v gii tnh v tui ca mu trong vng.

Cu hi ny yu cu m t mi lin quan gia hai bin,
M t gii trong cc vng nghin cu

M t tui trong cc vng nghin cu
Cc bin: gii tnh v vng min u l bin danh mc v th yu cu cc thng k m t

cho bin danh mc bng cc mi lin quan danh mc.
Tui l bin lin tc v vng min l bin danh mc, bin ny yu cu cc thng k m
t.
Tm tt: Theo bng 3.2, nu nu mi lin quan gia hai bin danh mc th trnh by kt
qu bng bng c tn s v t l. Vi gii tnh theo vng, chng ta c th c bng nh
sau:
Bng Phn b gii tnh theo vng
Tn s
T l nam gii (%)
Vng
Ty Bc
ng Bc
ng bng sng Hng
Bc trung b
Duyn hi ven trung b
Ty nguyn
ng nam b
ng bng sng Mekong
L mt iu tt nu chng ta lun s lng cc i tng trong tng loi danh mc.

Bng trn cho ta thy s lng cc i tng trong tng vng theo gii tnh, yu cu cc
t l theo hng ngang khi chng ta mun c t l ca nam trong tng min theo nh bng
trn.
52
Bng 3.1 gi rng cc gi tr trung bnh v lch chun, c tm tt trong tng vng
l mt tm tt ph hp bng s cho mi lin quan gia tui trong cc vng. Bng c
dng sau:
Bng Phn b gii tnh theo vng
Tn s
T l nam gii (%)
Vng
Ty Bc
ng Bc
ng bng sng Hng
Bc trung b
Duyn hi ven trung b
Ty nguyn
ng nam b
ng bng sng Mekong
Cch ny yu cu cc gi tr trung bnh v cc lch chun v cng a ra biu boxand-whisker gii thch.
Mt m t v im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng v xem xt im ny c b
nh hng bi tui hay khng.
Cc bin: Cu hi ny cp n mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc, cht lng cuc
sng trc chn thng v tui.
Tm tt: T bng 3.1, hu ht cc tm tt bng biu ph hp ca mi lin quan ny l
biu chm im (scatter) v nu mi lin quan ny gn nh mt ng thng th h s
tng quan hu nh s ph hp tm tt di dng s. Nu hai bin l phn b chun h
s tng quan Pearsons la thch hp, nu khng nn s dng h s tng quan
Spearmans.
Thc hin mt k hoch phn tch
M t thng k b s liu c th dng di dng s hoc biu . Cc phn tip theo s
m t cho bn dng SPSS nh th no a ra hu ht cc dng thng thng ca tm
tt thng k. Chng c trnh by theo cch xc nh k hoch phn tch c lit k
trn cho cc cu hi m t b s liu mu.
3.5. Phn tch m t cho mt bin

3.5.1. Mt bin danh mc
3.5.1.1. Bng tn s
53
Cc bng tn s v biu ct ca tn sut v t l m t phn b cc gi tr ca mt

bin danh mc c c qua SPSS bng cch dng lnh sau:
Dng SPSS cung cp nhng thng tin bn cn v mt phn b tn s
T thc n dc chn: Analyse /Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies
1. T danh sch cc bin, chn bin sex (gii tnh), edgrp (trnh hc vn), v
occupati (ngh nghip) v chuyn chng vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut
ln phm mi tn
3.5.1.2 Biu ct
v biu ct biu din bng tn s, nhp chut ln Charts . Bn c th chn biu

ct biu din tn sut nhng tt hn l biu din di dng cc t l (cc tn s lin
quan).
54
SPSS s cho kt qu trong ca s kt qu.
Frequency Table
sex
Valid
male
female
Total
Frequency
1107
614
1721
Percent
64.3
35.7
100.0
Valid Percent
64.3
35.7
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
64.3
100.0
Education - grouped
Valid
Missing
Total
Children
Less than secondary
Secondary
More than secondary
Total
-1.00
Frequency
83
474
991
154
1702
19
1721
Percent
4.8
27.5
57.6
8.9
98.9
1.1
100.0
Valid Percent
4.9
27.8
58.2
9.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
4.9
32.7
91.0
100.0
55
occupation
Valid
Missing
Total
farmer
gov. off
petty tr
employer
studying
children
handicra
retired
poor hea
unemploy
other
Total
System
Frequency
546
217
84
39
309
129
190
69
22
66
38
1709
12
1721
Percent
31.7
12.6
4.9
2.3
18.0
7.5
11.0
4.0
1.3
3.8
2.2
99.3
.7
100.0
Valid Percent
31.9
12.7
4.9
2.3
18.1
7.5
11.1
4.0
1.3
3.9
2.2
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
31.9
44.6
49.6
51.8
69.9
77.5
88.6
92.6
93.9
97.8
100.0
Bar Chart
sex
70
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
male
female
sex
56
Education - grouped
70
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
Children
Secondary
Less than secondary
More than secondary
Education - grouped
occupation
40
30
20
Percent
10
0
farmer
gov. off
petty tr
studying
employer
handicra
children
poor hea
retired
other
unemploy
occupation
3.5.2. Mt bin lin tc

Dng bng tn s cho mt bin lin tc l khng ph hp, v c rt nhiu ga tr
c a vo bng. Cc tm tt thng k bng s, v d cc gi tr trung bnh v cc gi
tr trung v tng ng lng gi phn tn, s ph hp hn. V o lng lin tc lng
gi cho bin lin tc, biu ct lin tc ph hp hn l biu ct. Trong b s liu
mu, chng ta mun m t phn b ca tui trong mu nghin cu.
Phn b ca tui cn c nh gi l phn b chun (xem phn 4.8). V th bn
thc s cn phi c c hai gi tr trung bnh v trung v, cc thng k khc l c kh nng
quyt nh gi tr trung bnh hay gi tr trung v l thch hp!
3.5.2.1 Trung bnh v s phn tn: Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun.
57
Gi nh bin tui l phn b chun, v bn mun s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch

chun m t phn b ca bin ny.
Dng SPSS c nhng thng tin bn cn v gi tr trung bnh v lch chun.
1. T thc n dc chn Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies
2. T danh sch bin, chn bin age (tui) v chuyn vo hp Variable(s) bng
cch nhp chut ln biu tng
4. Nhp chut ln Statistics, chn Mean v Std deviation.
3.5.2.2 Biu ct lin
58
Trong cng mt kt qu bn c th yu cu v biu biu din s phn b v d biu

ct lin tc.
5. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, nhp chut ln Charts, chn
Histogram v Normal curve.
6. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v thc n chnh. V bn bit rng bng tn s cho

tui c rt nhiu phn loi, nhp chut ln nt Format, v trong thc n chn
Suppress.
7. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, nhp chut ln OK kt thc

lnh. Kt qu s xut hin trong mn hnh kt qu ca SPSS nh sau
Frequencies
59
Statistics
age (rounded)
N
Valid
Missing
1721
0
29.83
15.245
Mean
Std. Deviation
age (rounded)
300
200
Frequency
100
Std. Dev = 15.24
Mean = 29.8
N = 1721.00
0
0.0
10.0
5.0
20.0
15.0
30.0
25.0
40.0
35.0
50.0
45.0
60.0
55.0
65.0
age (rounded)
3.5.2.3 Trung bnh v s phn tn: Gi tr trung v v khong
Gi nh bin tui khng l phn b chun, v bn cn c gi tr trung v v mt s gi tr

lng gi phn tn m t phn b ca bin ny. o lng phn tn bao gm
nhng gi tr n gin l gi tr cc tiu v gi tr cc i ca phn b, hoc chnh thc
hn l khong (cc tiu-cc i) hoc la chn mt trong nhng nhm , thng l
nhm 2.5 v 97.5 cha 95% phn b. yu cu cc thng k ny bn thc hin cc
bc t 1 n 4 trong phn 3.4.2.1 trn sau thc hin tip:
Dng SPSS cung cp thng tinbn cn v gi tr trung v v phn tn thng k.
2.
Nhp chut ln Statistics, chn Median, Minimum, Maximum, v Range.
60
Nu bn mun chn nhm 2.5th v 97.5th , chn hp Percentiles, nhp s 2.5 vo

hp lin k, nhp chut ln Add, nhp s 97.5 vo hp ny v nhp chut ln
Add.
Nhp chut ln Continue/OK hon thnh lnh. Phn kt qu thng k ca SPSS a

ra nh sau:
61
Statistics
age (rounded)
N
Valid
Missing
Median
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Percentiles
2.5
97.5
1721
0
28.00
65
0
65
4.00
61.95
3.5.2.4 Biu Box-and-Whisker
Mt dng khc ca biu biu din bin lin tc l biu Box-and-Whisker, biu
ny ph hp vi c phn b chun v khng phi phn b chun.
Dng SPSS v biu BOX-and-WHISKER
1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Boxplot , chn Summaries of Separate
Variables/Define
2. T danh sch cc bin trong mn hnh tip theo, chn bin age (tui) v chuyn
vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln
3. Nhp chut ln OK kt thc lnh.
Kt qu trong SPSS c dng:
62
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
N=
1721
age (rounded)
63
3.6. Tm tt cc mi lin quan

3.6.1. Lin quan gia bin danh mc vi bin danh mc
M t v gii tnh ca mu nghin cu theo vng.
Gii tnh v vng du l cc bin danh mc, v th kt qu SPSS CROSSTABS s a
ra kt qu cn thit.
Dng SPSS cung cp gi tr trung bnh v lch chun
1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Descriptive Statistics /Crosstabs
2. T danh sch bin, chn bin region v chuyn vo hp Row(s) bng cch nhp
chut ln
3. Chn bin sex v chuyn vo hp Column(s).
4. Nhp chut ln nt Cells v chn nt Row yu cu a kt qu t l theo hng

(gii tnh theo vng).
64
5. Nhp chut ln Continue sau OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu trong SPSS c dng:
region - stratum * sex Crosstabulation
region stratum
ne
nw
rr
nc
cc
ch
se
mr
Total
Count
% within region - stratum
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
Count
sex
male
female
141
59
70.5%
29.5%
34
22
60.7%
39.3%
124
76
62.0%
38.0%
171
88
66.0%
34.0%
96
56
63.2%
36.8%
107
47
69.5%
30.5%
194
99
66.2%
33.8%
240
167
59.0%
41.0%
1107
614
64.3%
35.7%
Total
200
100.0%
56
100.0%
200
100.0%
259
100.0%
152
100.0%
154
100.0%
293
100.0%
407
100.0%
1721
100.0%
65
Bng ny khng ph hp trong bo co, v dng bng khng quen thuc vi ngi
c. Tuy nhin, trong bng ny c ton b cc thng tin cung cp cho cc bng khc
d c hn trong k hoch nghin cu.
3.6.2. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc
Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc c th c m t theo c hai
cch bng s v biu .
Hy cn nhc hai cch tip cn cho cu hi nghin cu th hai,
M t s lc tui ca mu nghin cu theo vng
3.6.2.1 Tm tt bng s
Tui l bin lin tc v vng l bin danh mc. C nhiu cch c gi tr trung bnh
(trung v) trong cc nhm ca bin khc. Cch ton din nht l:
Dng SPSS tnh gi tr trung bnh trong tng phn nhm.
1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Reports/Case Summaries
2. T danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v chuyn vo hp bin, sau
chn region v chuyn vo hp Grouping Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln
3. B nh du Display Cases bn khng mun iu ny.
66
4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, v bi en Mean v Standard Deviation, sau

chuyn chng qua hp Cell Statistics.
5. Nhp chut ln nt Continue, sau l nt OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu trong SPSS c dng nh hnh di y. Mt ln na bn thy, trong khi bng
ny khng ph hp trong cc bo co th bn c tt c cc thng tin cn thit c m
t trn.
Case Summaries
age (rounded)
region - stratum
ne
nw
rr
nc
cc
ch
se
mr
Total
N
200
56
200
259
152
154
293
407
1721
Mean
31.47
32.43
31.88
30.41
29.32
26.82
29.47
28.89
29.83
Std. Deviation
13.066
13.042
15.689
16.515
12.943
14.535
14.820
16.582
15.245
Dng SPSS cung cp gi tr trung v trong cc phn nhm.

67
c c gi tr trung v thay v gi tr trung bnh, lp li bc 1 n 3 trn, sau

4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, bi en Median, Minimum, Maximum, v Range,
ri chuyn vo hp Cell Statistics.
5. Nhp chut ln nt Continue, sau chn OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu trong SPSS c dng nh di y
Case Summaries
age (rounded)
region - stratum
ne
nw
rr
nc
cc
ch
se
mr
Total
N
200
56
200
259
152
154
293
407
1721
Median
31.00
32.00
31.00
29.00
28.00
26.00
27.00
24.00
28.00
Minimum
0
5
3
2
4
2
1
0
0
Maximum
65
59
64
65
61
65
63
65
65
Range
65
54
61
63
57
63
62
65
65
3.6.2.2 Tm tt bng biu Boxplot trong cc phn nhm
68
Dng SPSS v biu BOXPLOTS trong cc phn nhm

1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Boxplot , chn Simple, v Summaries for
Groups of Cases/Define
2. T danh sch cc bin trong mn hnh tip theo, chn bin ageround (tui) v
chuyn vo trong hp Boxes Represent bng cch nhp chut ln
3. T danh sch bin trogn mn hnh tip theo, chn bin region v chuyn vo hp
Category Axis bng cch nhp chut ln
4. Nhp chut ln OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu trong SPSS c dng sau:
69
70
60
50
40
30
age (rounded)
20
10
0
-10
N=
200
56
200
259
152
154
293
407
ne
nw
rr
nc
cc
ch
se
mr
region - stratum
3.6.3. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc vi mt bin lin tc

Mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc c th c tm tt di dng s nh l h s tng
quan hoc biu chm. Vi cu hi nghin cu th 3 trong b s liu mu,
M t cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng, v xem c s nh hng ca tui n
cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng hay khng.
Tui l mt bin lin tc v im cht lng cuc sng cng l bin lin tc. Nu c hai
bin u c phn b chun, th h s tng quan Pearsons l c gi tr, nu khng cn
phi s dng h s tng quan Spearmans.
3.6.3.1 Tm tt bng s - Cc h s tng quan
Dng SPSS tnh h s tng quan

1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Correlate/Bivariate
2. T danh sch bin, bi en bin ageround (tui) v region sau chuyn vo
hp bin bng cch nhp chut ln
70
3. H s Pearsons c mc nh trong SPSS, v th khng cn thay i tr khi bn

mun tnh h s Spearmans. Khng th yu cu c hai- k hoch phn tch ca
bn s gip bn la chn h s no l ph hp.
4. Nhp chut ln OK hon thnh lnh.
Kt qu trong SPSS cho h s tng quan Pearsons c dng sau:
Correlations
age (rounded)
General quality of
life before injury
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
age (rounded)
1
.
1721
.059*
.015
1692
General
quality of life
before injury
.059*
.015
1692
1
.
1692
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Yu cu h s Spearmans l kt qu ca bng tip theo:
71
Correlations
Spearman's rho
age (rounded)
General quality of
life before injury
Correlation Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
General
quality of life
before injury
age (rounded)
1.000
.065**
.
.007
1721
1692
.065**
1.000
.007
.
1692
1692
**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).
3.6.3.2 Tm tt bng biu - biu chm
yu cu v biu chm v mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc, u tin bn cn
nh r bin no nm trn trc X v bin no s nm trn trc Y. Trong v d ny, chng
ta thy cht lng cuc sng chu nh hng ca tui hp l hn l tui chu nh hng
ca cht lng cuc sng, v th tui s nm trn trc X v cht lng cuc sng nm
trn trc Y.
Dng SPSS v biu chm
1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Scatter/Simple
2. Nhp chut ln Define, sau t danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v
chuyn vo hp X-axis, sau chn bin qol_bef (im cht lng cuc sng
trc chn thng) v chuyn vo trong hp Y-axis bng cch nhp chut ln
72
3. Nhp chut ln Titles v kt qu mt tiu ph hp s xut hin trong biu

kt qu. and provide an appropriate title that will appear with the output graph.
4. Nhp chut ln Continue, sau l OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu trong SPSS c dng sau:
73
Influence of age on quality of life before injury

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
age (rounded)
3.7. Vit kt qu ca phn tch m t

Mt trong nhng phn tt nht ca k hoch phn tch pha trc trong phn tch
ca bn l mt s phn ca bo co cng c vit. Bn s c thng tin vit phn
phng php nghin cu, v kin c ch v phn kt qu s vit th no.
Trong v d mu, phn tip theo oc tm tt t k hoch phn tch v cc kt
qu t c t nhng phn tch m t trn. y l mt v d gi cho bn cch vit
kt qu t cc nghin cu tng t, nhng mi ngi u c phong cch ring ca mnh.
Bo co mu
Phng php thng k
Thng k m t c dng cho 3 mc tiu nghin cu u tin, nhng mc tiu m t s
lc cc yu t x hi-dn s ca cc i tng chn thng giao thng nm 2001 trong
mu nghin cu, xc nh s khc nhau v phn bgii tnh v tui gia cc vng v
xc minh c hay khng mi lin quan gia tui v cht lngcuc sng trc chn
thng.
V cc bin lin quan c cc loi khc nhau, mt lot cc phn tch thng k c
thc hin. Phn b ca tui c xc nh l phn b chun nn gi tr trung bnh v
lch chun c chn tm tt bin nytrong ton b qun th cho mc tiu u tin
v cho tng vng min cho mc tiu th hai. Tn xut v t l c dng tm tt bin
gii tnh, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip cho mc tiu u, v m t s khc nhau v tui
gia cc vng cho mc tiu th hai. V im cht lng cuc sng cng c xc nh l
phn b chun nn h s tng quan Pearsons c dng tm tt mi lin quan gia
tui v cht lng cuc sng cho mc tiu th ba
74
Lu rng phn phng php thng yu cu cng ngn cng tt, v trnh s
nhc li khi bn s dng cc tm tt v kim nh ging nhau trong nhiu ln. Nhng l
do gii thch ti sao li chn kim nh ny cng cn phi trnh by r rng (v l phn b
chun hay danh mc...).
Kt qu
Cc c im x hi-dn s
Mu nghin cu bao gm 1721 i tng chn thng giao thng nm 2001 c tui t
65tr xung. Gn 2/3 (1107, 64%) i tng l nam, tui trung bnh l 29.8 tui (
lch chun, sd = 15.2 tui). Hn mt na c trnh hc vn l THCS (991, 58%), 1/3
i tng c THV di THCS (5% l tr em cha n tui i hc), v 9% cn li c
trnh hc vn sau THSC. V ngh nghip, khong 1/3 (546) i tng lm rung, 1/5
cn ang i hc, v trn 10% i tng l CBCNVC hoc cng nhn th cng. Nhiu
nhm ngh nghip khc c t l nh, s liu c trnh by trong biu 3.1.
occupation
40
30
20
Percent
10
0
farmer
petty tr
gov. off
studying
employer
handicra
children
poor hea
retired
other
unemploy
occupation
Hnh 1. Phn b ngh nghip ca 1721 i tng chn thng giao thng di
65 tui nm 2001
Tiu c s dng phn nh mc tiu nghin cu u tin. Lu rng ch
c mt bin c m t trong biu ny. Gi cc biu m t khng d dng vit
bng cc t. Ngh nghip l mt bin phc tp, v th ch mt s ngh c biu th bng
t ng v nhng ngi c c cho php t tm hiu. Trnh hc vn, vi 4 phn loi
th d m t bng t ng hn.
75
Nhng s khc nhau v dn s gia cc vng

Khong 2/3 i tng nghin cu l nam gii. T l ny chy t 59% Vng chau th
sng Mkng ln 70% vng Ty Bc
Bng phn b gii tnh theo tng vng
Tui trung bnh ca mu nghin cu l 30 v tng t hu ht cc vng, mc d cc

i tng Caonguyn trung b c tui trung bnh tr hn (27 tui) th s ohn b
tui tt c cc vng l ging nhau.
70
60
50
40
30
age (rounded)
20
10
0
-10
N=
200
56
200
259
152
154
293
407
ne
nw
rr
nc
cc
ch
se
mr
region - stratum
Hnh . Phn b tui theo vng.

Tip theo phn ny, s pha trn cc thng tin ca bng v biu c vit,
mc d c hai kt qu c th c biu din di dng bng (nh k hoch ban u).
Biu d hp cung cp mt bc tranh r rng hn v s phn b ca tui trong tng vng,
so vi kt qu c gii thiu sn trong bng kt qu bng lch chun (bn c th
khng ng ).
76
Cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng

im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng l 60.4 ( lch chun l 7.7). Mi tng quan
gia im QoL trc chn thng v tui l khng ng k (Pearsons r = 0.06).
im trung bnh QoL trn c ly t nhng ch dn trong phn 3.4.2.1, nhng

n khng c trnh by chi tit trong chng ny. ch ra khng c s kt hp gia
tui v im QoL m cn biu din bng biu chm trong bo co l v ch.
77
Bng 3.1 Bng chn la cc kim nh thng k cho bin LIN TC (hoc KHONG CCH)
Bin u ra c phn b chun?
1a
C
So snh bao nhiu nhm?
2
1b
1c
Bin c lp
l bin lin
tc
So snh cc
bin vi gi
tr l thuyt
o lng
lp li trn
mt n v
H s tng
quan Pearson
Trung bnh,
lch chun
Trung bnh,
lch chun
Kim nh
tng quan
Kim nh t
cho mt mu
Khc bit
trung bnh,
v lch
chun ca s
khc bit
Kim nh t
ghp cp
Gi thuyt
khng
(H0)
H s tng
quan = 0
Trung bnh =
Gi tr l
thuyt
Gi thit
C mi quan
h tuynb tnh
gia hai bin
Bin u ra
c phn b
chun
Thng k
m t
Kim nh
3+
1a
Khng
So snh bao nhiu nhm?
1b
1c
2
3+
Bin u ra
l lin tc
So snh vi
gi tr l
thuyt
Hai o
lng lp
li trn mt
n v
Trung bnh,
lch chun
H s tng
quan
Spearman
Trung v,
khong
Khc bit ca
cc trung v,
khong ca s
khc bit
Trung v,
khong
Trung v,
khong
Kim nh t
khng ghp
cp
Phn tch phng

sai (ANOVA)
Kim nh
tng quan
Kim nh
Kruskal-Wallis
ANOVA
TB 1 = TB2
TB 1 = TB 2 = TB
3=
H s tng
quan = 0
Kim nh
du, hoc du
xp hgn
Wilcoxon
Khc bit gia
hai TV = 0
Kim nh
MannWhitney
Trung bnh
s khc bit
=0
TV 1 = TV 2
TV 1 = TV 2 =
TV 3 =
S khc bit
c phn b
chun
Bin u ra
co phn b
chun, c
phng sai
nh nhau
Bin u ra co
phn b chun, c
phng sai nh
nhau
C mi quan
h tuynb tnh
gia hai bin
Kim nh
du, hoc du
xp hgn
Wilcoxon
S khc bit
ca trung v
v gi tr l
thuyt= 0
Khng
Phng sai
nh nhau
Phng sai nh
nhau
Khng
a. Khng c nhm no, ch 1 bin lin tc

b. Khng c bin c lp, ch c cc gi tr thng k m t c so snh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr mong i
c. o lng lp li 2 ln trn cng mt i tng/n v/ngi
78
Bng 3.2 Bng chn la kim nh thng k cho bin PHN LOI
C bao nhiu loi trong bin u ra
2
So snh nh th no?
So snh t l
vi t l l
thuyt
Phn loi 2+
Lin tc
Phn loi
C phn b
chun
% hoc T
sut chnh
(OR)
Trung bnh,
lch chun ca
bin lin tc
trong tng loi
Khi bnh
phng mt
mu
Khi bnh
phng
Kim nh t
khng ghp
cp
Kim nh
Mann-Whitney
Gi thuyt
khng
(H0)
% 1 = gi tr l
thuyt
% l nh nhau
hoc OR=1
Trung bnh 1 =
Trung bnh 2
Trung v 1 =
Trung v 2
Gi nh
cc quan st
c lp
cc quan st
c lp
Bin c phn
b chun
Bin c phn
b chun,
phng sai
nh nhau
Thng k
m t
Kim nh
Lin tc
Phn loi
Kh ng C
phn b
chun
Trung v v
khong ca
bin lin tc
trong tng loi
3+
So snh nh th no?
Bin phn loi
lp li trn
cng gi tr
quan st
So snh mt
t l vi t l
l thuyt
Bin phn
loi, trn 2
loi
Bin lin tc,

khong chia
c phn b
chun
Bin lin tc,

khong chia
khng c
phn b
chun
Trung v,
khong ca
bin lin tc
trong tng loi
Bin phn loi

lp li trn
cng gi tr
quan st
% thng nht
h s kappa
ca s thng
nht v lch
chun ca n
Kim nh
McNemars
hoc kim nh
ngha cho h
s kappa
Trung bnh,
lC ca bin
lin tc trong
tng loi
Kim nh khi
bnh phng
mt mu
Kim nh Khi
bnh phng
Phn tch
phng sai
(ANOVA)
Kim nh
Kruskal-Wallis
Khng thng
nht trong cc
phn loi c
hai hng
Gi tr quan st
ca c phn
b ging nh
qun th l
thuyt
Hai bin quan

st l c lp
vi nhau
Cc trung bnh
l nh nhau
Cc trung v l
nh nhau
Khng thng
nht trong cc
phn loi c
hai hng
Cc quan st
c lp
Cc quan st
c lp
Cc quan st
c lp
Bin c phn
b chun
Bin c phn
b chun,
phng sai
nh nhau
Cc quan st
c lp
% thng nht
h s kappa
ca s thng
nht v lch
chun ca n
Kim nh
ngha cho gi
tr Kappa
odds ratio
79
CHNG 4. K HOCH PHN TCH S LIUTHNG K SUY LUN

4.1. Mc tiu
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sau khi hon thnh kha hc ny, bn c th :

Chn uc kim nh thng k ph hp so snh cc kiu d liu khc nhau
Hiu c l do c bn ng sau cc php tnh ton ca mi kim nh thng k
Hiu c cc gi nh lin quan n mi kim nh thng k
S dng c SPSS thc hin cc kim nh thng k
Phin gii c cc kt qu phn tch s liu cho mi loi kim nh.
4.2. Gii thiu

Chng ny m t mt cch c bn nht cc kim nh thng k thng hay
c s dng. Mc ch ca kha hc Thng k y t II ny l gip bn hiu c lm th
no chn c kim nh thng k ng vi cc iu kin ca thit k nghin cu,
phin gii v vit bo co kt qu tnh ton ca kim nh thng k. Kha hc ny khng
hng dn bn tnh ton tt c cc kim nh thng k, n ch cung cp cho bn cc khi
nim chung v cch lm th no phn tch s liu, cch chn ng loi kim nh
thng k, cch kim tra tnh xc thc ca cc kt qu phn tch , cch s dng
SPSS phn tch s liu v cch phin gii cc kt qu u ra ca kim nh thng
k. Bt c mt quyn sch thng k tt no cng cng c th cung cp cho bn cc
cng thc tnh nu bn quan tm n n mc d cc php tnh ny c thc hin bi
cc phn mm phn tch s liu. Trong chng ny, chng ti cng cung cp cho bn
mt bng lit k cc kim nh thng k v cc tnh hung khc nhau gip bn chn
la. Nu thit k nghin cu v cch thu thp s liu ca bn khng ph hp vi bt k
mt cch no trong bng, bn hy tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia thng k.
4.3. Qu trnh lp k hoch phn tch s liu

Phn tch thng k ca mt b s liu s khng kh nu s liu c lm sch
v chun b tt (xem bi 2), cc gi thuyt nghin cu c nh ngha r (xem bi 1).
Phn kh khn ca phn tch s liu l nh ngha cc cu hi phn tch, phn cn li
ch l mt qu trnh mang tnh cng thc v chng ta c th bt chc. Gio trnh v
kha hc ny s cung cp cho cc bn cng thc tin hnh phn tch thng k c
bn cho cc nghin cu.
Bn nn chun b mt k hoch lm th no tm tt v phn tch s liu. Sau
y l mt s cu hi m bn cn phi tr li gip bn chun b k hoch:
1. Cc gi thuyt khoa hc no c th kim nh c (gi thuyt thng k) m cu
hi nghin cu cp n. Mt gi thuyt c th kim nh c bao gm mt
mnh cho c gi thuyt khng (H0) v i thuyt (H1). Nh bn thy, thng
thng c nhiu hn mt gi thuyt thng k t mt cu hi nghin cu.
2. Vi mi gi thuyt thng k:
(i)
Lit k danh sch cc bin
80
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
nh ngha bin c lp v bin ph thuc.

Xc nh cc mc o lng ca cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc
(lin tc /khong hay phn loi)
M t cc mi lin quan
S dng cc thng tin t (i), chn cch m bn s tm tt mi quan h
gia hai bin (chng 3) v
Ch ra cc bng gi m t mi quan h ny trong bo co cui cng
ca bn
Chn kim nh thng k
S dng bng 4.1 v bng 4.2, cng vi cc thng tin t c (i) v (ii)
chn mt loi kim nh thng k ph hp nht
Kim tra li cc gi nh ca kim nh thng k (xem phn 4.8) v
Sau a ra la chn loi kim nh thng k nu cc gi nh
khng tho mn
Phin gii cc kt qu c ngha thng k
nh ra mc ngha thng k m bn s p dng kim nh gi
thuyt
Vit ra nhng g m bn mun vit / ni trong bo co cui cng ca
bn ti nhng ngi khng phi l nh thng k (ch ra l bn thc
hin v tm thy cc kt qu ny mt cch c ngha thng k)
Hy vit ra mt mnh nhng kim nh no m bn chn kim
nh thng k v ti sao ?
4.4. Gi thuyt thng k

Vic chn kim nh thng k s dng khi so snh d liu c quyt nh bi
loi bin v loi thit k nghin cu. Trong khi cc php tnh ton cho mi kim nh l
khc nhau th mi quan h gia chng l lun lun ging nhau. S liu c thu thp v
c tnh ra cc i lng thng k m t (trung bnh, trung v, t l). Cc i lng
c so snh tm tt cho mt b s liu gi thuyt trong gi thuyt khng c gi
nh l ng. T thng k m t v quan st c, cc i lng thng k khc cng
c tnh ton gi l gi tr kim nh (chng ta k hiu l T). l s khng thng
nht gia cc gi tr thng k quan st c v cc gi tr k vng (v d: s khc nhau
ca trung bnh quan st v trung bnh k vng), thng thng c chun ha thng qua
mt vi cch (chia cho mt vi gi tr no , chng hn nh l sai s chun) to ra
mt gi tr cui cng duy nht. Cc s liu bin thin, cng nh cc kim nh thng k,
ph thuc vo qu trnh chn mu. Thng th chng ta khng on trc c c nhn
no c chn vo mu trn qun th. Do chng ta khng th bit c T no l ph
hp nhng nhng nh thng k thc hin rt nhiu php tnh ton phc tp mang
li cho chng ta mt khong (khong iu kin) ca gi tr T c kh nng xy ra nu gi
thuyt khng ng. Nu T ri vo ngoi cng khong ca chng ta, th chng ta ch ra
rng gi thuyt khng khng ng v kt lun rng gi thuyt i l hp l (mc d
chng ta khng bao gi m bo c iu ).
4.5. S dng kim nh no?

81
Vic chn cc tm tt s liu thng k c ch nh bi thang ca bin

ph thuc, vic chn kim nh thng k c quy nh bi thang o ca bin ph thuc
v dng so snh. Trong gio trnh no c km theo hai bng cch chn loi kim nh
thng k ph hp. Bng s tm tt cch chn cc kim nh thng k mt cch n gin
nht cho bin ph thuc l lin tc v bin phn loi (bin u ra). Hy xem ni dung
ca bng v s dng bng lm v d sau y.
Bng 3.1 c s dng chn kim nh thng k cho phn tch bin ph thuc l
lin tc/phn loi
Bng 3.2 c s dng chn kim nh thng k phn tch cho bin ph thuc
dng phn loi
Trong kim nh thng k, nu bn c mt bin c lp c phn b chun bn c
th i theo nhnh C trong bng 3.1.9 (phn trang khng bi m). Cc kim nh
c bit nh l kim nh tham s (parametric test). Phn 4.8 s miu t s m t cho
bn bit mt bin co dng phn b chun hay khng. Nu bin ph thuc ca bn khng
c phn b chun th bn theo nhnh KHNG trong bng (phn c bi m), cc kim
nh y gi l kim nh phi tham s (non-parametric test).
Chng ta s c cng mt kt qu bt k chng ta s dng kim nh tham s hay phi
tham s khi bin u ra c phn b chun, tuy nhin kim nh tham s s mnh hn
trong vic a ra kt qu. iu quan trng na l chng ta CH s dng kim nh phi
tham s khi cc gi nh chun khng tha mn
Quay tr li bng 3.1. Cu hi tip theo m bn s gp phi l loi so snh m
bn quan tm trong gi thuyt. l nguyn nhn ti sao phi t gi thuyt thng k r
rng, v bn mun so snh ci g, tng ng bn cn xc nh c loi bin c lp l
g? Trong mt vi trng hp khng c bin c lp, v cu hi n gin l gi tr mu
ca chng ta c quan h g vi gi tr gi thuyt khc trong qun th hay khng. i khi
bin c lp c dng lin tc v khng c s so snh nhm. Ph bin nht, gi thuyt th
hin bin ph thuc khc bit nh th no gia cc nhm (hai hay nhiu hn) hoc s
khc bit theo thi gian trong cng mt nhm. Loi gi thuyt thng k ch ra ct no
trong bng m bn quan tm v iu ny s gip bn quyt nh chn loi kim nh ph
hp.
Bn c th tm thy tt c cc loi kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1 v 3.2 trong
bt k mt cun sch thng k c bn no. Ngoi ra gio trnh thng k y t I cng
cp n cc kim nh ny vi y cch tnh v cc v d minh ho. Mc ch ca
kha hc ny khng yu cu cc bn nh li cch tnh cc i lng thng k nhng bn
phi bit c cch chn loi kim nh thng k thch hp, cch dng SPSS tnh
cc kim nh thng k v lm th no phin gii kt qu thng k. Phn ln cc
phn mm phn tch s liu s a ra cc i lng thng k c bn v tnh ton cho cc
bn gi tr kim nh. Ngoi ra phn mm cng cho bn bit gi tr p v ngha thng
k. Bn s l ngi quyt nh vic a cc phng php tnh ton cng nh kt qu vo
bn bo co ca bn. Sau y l v d ca mi loi kim nh thng k v cc gi cho
bn khi phin gii kt qu. Phn cui ca chng ny s l mt v d v lm th no
vit kt qu t cc phn tch thng k.
4.6 S dng SPSS kim nh gi thuyt
82
4.6.1. So snh mt gi tr trung bnh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr qun th

LP K HOCH PHN TCH- MT TRUNG BNH
Gi thuyt u tin ca chng ta trong nghin cu iu tra tai nn giao thng quc gia l:
H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng ca cc nn nhn
cng ging nh trong qun th, im l 50.
K hoch phn tch (Analytic plan) c phc tho nh sau:
(i)
Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, bin c lp khng c. Chng
ta ch c mt nhm v l im cht lng cuc sng ca ton b, nh vy cu
hi l kt qu im cht lng cuc sng ca nghin cu ny c ging vi
trung bnh ca qun th khng? Chng ta khng c s liu quc gia ch bit l
trung bnh im ca ton b qun th l 50. Nh vy chng s so snh mu
ca chng ta vi mt gi tr khc hay mt gi tr qun th.
(ii)
im cht lng cuc sng l lin tc
(iii)
Bi v lin tc nn i lng chn tm tt s liu l trung bnh v s bin
thin. Nu bin c phn b chun th s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch
chun nu khng c phn b chun th dng gi tr trung v v khong.
(iv)
Cc kt qu ny khng cn thit phi c bng.
(v)
S dng bng 3.1, cu hi u tin l bin u ra (bin im cht lng cuc
sng) c phn b chun hay khng? Do trc khi chng ta chn loi kim
nh s dng, chng ta kim tra tnh chun theo thut ton phn 4.8. Nu
chun th ct u tin ca phn khng c bi m trong bng 3.1 ph hp,
nu khng th ct u tin ca phn bi m s ph hp. V kim nh t cho
mt gi tr trung bnh mu nu nh phn b chun hoc kim nh phi tham
s tng ng cho mt gi tr trung bnh mu- kim nh du xp hng
Wilcoxon khi phn b l khng chun.
(vi)
Cc gi nh cho kim nh t cho mt gi tr trung bnh bao gm tnh chun,
xem li k hoch trn, v cc n v quan st l c lp.
(vii) Cc n v quan st trong trng hp ny l ngi. Chng ta gi nh rng
cc n v quan st l c lp vi nhau tng i mt (ngha l: im cht
lng cuc sng ca ngi ny khng b nh hng bi im cht lng cuc
sng ca ngi khc). Yu cu ny l bt buc cho tt c cc kim nh thng
k trong kha hc ny. Nu bn thy c hai n v quan st khng c lp
(im cht lng cuc sng ca ngi ny b nh hng im cht lng
cuc sng ca ngi khc.) bn nn tham kho kin ca nh thng k.
(viii) Khi im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun, chng ta s s dng kim
nh tham s t cho mt gi tr trung bnh mu
(ix)
ngha thng k c xc nh theo quy c l ti mc p < 0.05, s dng
kim nh hai pha vi gi thuyt khng l c s khc bit gia trung bnh
mu v trung bnh ca quc gia.
Trong bo co bnn nn vit ra mt phng php gii tch bn chn kim nh
thng k nh th no v ti sao bn li chn nh vy. cho kim nh ca chng ta c th
vit l
V im cht lng cuc sng l bin lin tc vi phn b chun nn kim nh t
cho mt gi tr trung bnh c s dng kim nh gi thuyt, H0: trung bnh im
83
cht lng cuc sng ca cc nn nhn trc khi b chn thng cng ging nh qun
th l 50.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K Kim nh t mt mu
1. T menu chn: Analyse - Compare Means - One-Sample T Test. Bn s c mt
hp thoi dng sau.
2. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo bin m bn mun phn tch, c th l qol_bef
(Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn
thng), v chuyn n sang Test Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn ngang.
3. Vit gi tr m bn mun so snh vi trung bnh bin ca bn vo Test Value.
Trong trng hp ny gi tr so snh (kim nh) l im trung bnh cuc sng ca
qun th ngi Vit Nam ni chung l 50
4. Kch vo OK.
kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit- ca s kt qu c dng nh sau

KT QU
One-Sample Statistics
PHIN GII
84
Kim nh thng k c tnh. Gi tr trung bnh y l 58,0 c so snh

vi trung bnh qun th chung l 50. kim nh thng k l s kim tra kt qu 58,0 c
cao hn mt cch c nghi thng k hay khng?. Kim nh thng k, t= 42,8 v gi tr
p l 0,000 vi chnh xc l ba s 0 sau du phy (ct Sig. Column l gi tr p), dng
ngm nh ca spps l kim nh hai pha. Kt qu ny c ngha, theo quy c chung,
mt gi tr p nh hn hoc bng 0,05 c c th xem l im xc nh l c ngha
thng k. Lu rng, gi tr ny c chn mt cch tu . Bc t do cng rt quan
trng, v gi tr p tng ng vi t ca 42,8 s khc nhau ph thuc vo bc t do
Hy cng quyt nh cch tm tt s liu v phin gii kt qu phn tch thng
k. Kt qu ca bi phn tch phn kim nh thng k trong v d trn:
Khi xem xt cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng, c mt s khc bit c
ngha thng k ca trung bnh im cuc sng ca cc thnh vin tham gia so vi im
trung bnh c tnh da trn qun th ngi vit nam chung. (t1691 = 42.8, p <
0.001).trc khi b chn thng, cc nn nhn b chn thng giao thng c im cht
lng cuc sng cao hn (58.0 (se 0.2)so vi im ca quc gia(50).
Lu : theo quy c chung bc t do ca gi tr thng k t thng c vit theo
dng ch s di, v khng bao gi vit p = 0,000 mc d kt qu ca my tnh l nh
vy. S chnh xc hn nu bn vit kt qu c 3 ch s sau du phy v vit p < 0.001 k
c khi p = 0.000. Vic phin gii bng li nn cp n vic c ngha hay khng c
ngha thng k, kim nh t vi bc t do v gi tr p, nu tm thy s khc bit, bn nn
a vo mt cu ch ra hng ca s khc nhau . S tt hn na khi trnh by s liu
nu bn a ra gi tr ca khong tin cy 95% cho gi tr trung bnh qun th, hoc t
nht l sai s chun (S.E). Trung bnh mu l 58,0 ca chng ta l ch l c lng ca
trung bnh qun th v kt qu ny ch da trn mu iu tra ca nhng ngi b chn
thng giao thng trong khong thi gian nghin cu m thi.
Do cung cp khong tin cy, y l t 7.6 n 8.4, chng ta c th thm rng:
c lng tt nht cho s khc bit trung bnh gia nn nhn b chn thng giao thng
v ngi Vit nam chung l 8.0, v chng ta 95% tin chc s khc bit nm trong
khong t 7.6 ti 8.4. Kt lun ny s cung cp cho ngi c mt vi tng v tnh
chnh xc ca kt qu. K c khi s khc bit thc s ch l 7.6 th cng l s khc
bit c ngha. Nu, v d, khong tin cy ca chng ta l t 0.4 n 22.7 th kt qu s
km thuyt phc. Gi tr 8.0 ch l c lng tt nht rt ra t mu nghin cu ca chng
ta tuy nhin gi tr thc ca qun th c th thp ti 0.4 im v s khc bit ny l
khng nh k, chng ta nn bn lun v s thiu chnh xc ca kt qu ny trong phn
bn lun ca bo co.
4.6.2. So snh trung bnh ca hai nhm
K HOCH PHN TCH HAI TRUNG BNH
Xem xt gi thuyt sau y:

H0: im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng l nh nhau hai
nhm nam v n
K hoch phn tch bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:
M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng : lin tc
Bin c lp l gii tnh: phn loi, hai nhm.
85
M t mi lin quan
Mi quan h s c tm tt s dng trung bnh v s bin thin. Trung bnh v
lch chun nu bin c phn b chun, trung v v khong nu bin khng c phn
b chun
Bng gi
Trung bnh (mean)
lch chun (s.d.)
Nam
N
Cc kim nh c th dng
S dng bng 3.1 chng ta c nhng kim nh sau:
o Kim nh t khng ghp cp; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp,
phng sai ng nht v phn b chun.
o Kim nh Mann-Whitney; cc gi nh cc quan st c lp, phng
sai ng nht
Chn kim nh thng k cui cng
o Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn 4.8
o im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun, phng sai ng nht
c tha mn.
o Tin hnh vi kim nh t khng ghp cp
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php trong bo co ca bn, bn khng cn nu ton b k
hoch phn tch, tuy nhin bn cn phi ch ra loi kim nh thng k no bn chn v
mi quan h no bn kim tra. Phn cc phng php cho kim nh thng k ny bn
c th vit dng:
im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng c phn b chun, kim nh t
khng ghp cp hai pha c s dng so snh im trung bnh ca hai nhm nam v
n.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT THNG K- SO SNH
HAI TRUNG BNH
1. t menu chn : Analyse - Compare Means - Independent-Samples T Test. Bn s
c mt hp thoi dng sau.
2. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch. Trong
trng hp ny qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury), v chuyn n sang
Test Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn trn.
3. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng c ngha l
nhm m bn mun so snh, trong trng hp c th ny l Sex v chuyn chng
sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di.
86
4. By gi bn xc nh cc loi trong bin c lp cho SPSS hiu c bn i so

snh ci g ( c ngha l nam v n). lm iu , nh du vo bin c lp
(SEX) v kch vo Define Groups. Bn s thy mt hp thoi dng sau. Bn cn
ch ra cho SPSS l m g l nam, m g l n? lm c iu ny bn nhp m
cho nam (trong c s d liu c m l 1) vo trong hp Group 1 v m ca n
(trong c s d liu c m l 2) vo Group 2 sau kch Continue.
5. By gi kch OK.
Ca s u ra ca bn s xut hin trong mt ca s ring bit ca s kt qu - c dng
tng t nh sau.
KT QU
Group Statistics
87
PHIN GII
C 1089 nam v 603 n trong mu chn thng giao thng ca chng ta. im
trung bnh ca nam v n kh ging nhau 58,1 v 57,8 ; s khc bit v im cht lng
cuc sng gia nam v n l 0,3. S khc bit ny l khng ln chng ta cho rng
c s khc bit v trung bnh im ca nam v n. Liu kt qu ca kim nh thng k
c khng nh iu ny khng? Lu rng kt qu ca phn mm cung cp cho bn cc
php tnh ton cho hai tnh hung: th nht l gi s phng sai bng nhau, v th hai l
phng sai khng bng nhau. Bng 3.1 cho chng ta bit rng chng ta nn kim tra cc
gi nh v s ng nht ca phng sai ca gia cc nhm, iu ny s bn lun trong
phn 4.8. Tuy nhin kim nh t khng ghp cp cng vn c thc hin v cho chng
ta kt qu trn y.
Kim nh Levene phn u tin ca bng cn phi c phin gii ring bit
vi cc phn cn li ca bng bt u bt u t ct t. Kim nh Levene cho kt qu
khng c ngha (p = 0,195), do chng ta gi nh rng phng sai xp x bng
nhau, chng ta s dng kt qu kim nh t vi gi nh phng sai bng nhau. Nu
kim nh Levene c ngha (p < 0.05), th bc t do cn hiu chnh khi phin gii cho
kim nh t, s hiu chnh ny din ra i vi bc t do v n ko theo gi tr p cng thay
i.
Gp ton b cc kt qu pha trn, chng ta c th a vo trong bo co cc
thng tin sau:
Khi xem xt im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng, chng ta khng
c bng chng v s khc bit ca trung bnh cht lng cuc sng gia nam v n
(t1690 = 0.5, p = 0.486). Trung bnh s khc bit v im ca nam v n l 0,3 im vi
khong tin cy 95% l ( -0.5 n +1.0).
Bc t do ca kim nh ny l 1690 (kim nh t khng ghp cp) so vi bc t
do ca kim nh trc l 1691 (kim nh t cho mt mu) bi v trong trng hp ny
chng ta c lng cho hai gi tr trung bnh mu cn trong trng hp trc l c
lng cho mt gi tr trung bnh
88
4.6.3. So snh gi tr trung bnh nhiu hn hai nhm

LP K HOCH PHN TCH NHIU HN HAI NHM
By gi hy xt gi thuyt sau:
H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng ging nhau tt c
cc mc trnh hc vn.
Gi thuyt ny tng t nh nh gi thuyt hai nhm trn nhng by gi l so
snh nhiu hn hai nhm. Bn nn lp k hoch phn tch nh sau:
M t cc bin
o Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc
o Mt bin c lp l trnh hc vn: phn loi, 4 nhm
M t mi lin quan
Mi quan h s c tm tt l trung bnh i s v s phn tn: trung bnh (s.d)
nu bin c phn b chun, trung v (khong) nu bin khng c phn b chun
Bng gi
Trnh hc vn
Cn nh
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3 tr ln
im cht lng cuc sng

Trung bnh (mean) lch chun (sd)
Xc nh cc kim nh thng k c th dng

S dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1
o Kim nh ANOVA mt chiu, cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp,
phn b chun v phng sai ng nht.
o Kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis; cc gi nh l cc quan st c
lp v phng sai ng nht
Chn kim nh thng k
o Cc gi nh c kim tra theo phn 4.8
o im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun v tha mn phng sai
ng nht
o S dng kim nh ANOVA mt chiu
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn trong kim nh nn vit bo co c dng
im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng c chng minh l c
phn b chun nn chng ta c th s dng phn tch phng sai ANOVA hai pha so
snh trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng gia cc mc trnh hc vn (4 nhm).
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TRUNG BNH CA
NHIU HN HAI NHM
89
1. T menu chn : Analyse - Compare Means - One-Way ANOVA. Bn s c hp

thoi c dng sau
2. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch, trong
trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc
sng trc khi b chn thng), v chuyn n vo Dependent List bng cch kch
vo mi tn pha trn
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c ngha l
cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong trng hp ny l educatio, v chuyn n
sang Factor bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di.
4. c kt qu v thng k m t (im trung bnh ca cc nhm) v cho mi

kim nh thng k phng sai ng nht hy kch vo Options. Bn c hp
thoi dng nh sau, ch cn chn mc Descriptive v Homogeneity of
variance test. Sau Continue.
5. so snh tng cp bn cn kch vo Post Hoc.bn s c mt hp thoi dng

sau; bn c th chn bt c phng php so snh cp no. Tuy nhin chng ta
nn dng LSD nu bn c cc phng sai bng nhau v Dunnetts T3 nu cc
phng sai ca bn khng bng nhau, l cc kim nh an ton c th s
dng c, sau kch vo Continue.
90
6. By gi kch vo OK.
Kt qu u ra ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit . Ca s c dng nh sau:
Kt qu
Oneway
Descriptives
N
Mean
More than
secondary
Total
Std.
Error
Minimum
Maximum
83
63.8554
5.78925
.63545
62.5913
65.1195
50.00
76.00
469
55.3369
7.04667
.32538
54.6975
55.9763
34.00
75.00
987
58.1651
7.62869
.24282
57.6886
58.6417
36.00
85.00
153
61.8562
7.28320
.58881
60.6929
63.0195
45.00
80.00
1692
57.9941
7.68642
.18686
57.6276
58.3606
34.00
85.00
Children
Less than
secondary
Secondary
Std.
Deviation
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene
Statistic
3.900
Df1
3
df2
1688
Sig.
.009
ANOVA
91
Sum of
Squares
8473.986
Mean Square
2824.662
Within Groups
91431.955
1688
54.166
Total
99905.941
1691
Between Groups
df
F
52.148
Sig.
.000
Post Hoc Tests

Multiple
Comparisons
92
93
PHIN GII
Nhn vo kt qu ta thy im c xu hng tng ln cng vi s tng ln ca

trnh hc vn (trng bnh t 55 n 64). Kim nh phn tch phng sai thc cht l
c hai giai on. Bi v y so snh nhiu hn hai nhm nn giai on u l kim
nh ton b, xt gi thuyt sau y
H 0:
tt c bn trung bnh u bng nhau
H1:
c t nht mt trung bnh khc vi cc trung bnh cn li
Kim nh ANOVA c th tm tt nhau sau:
C bng chng ni rng c s khc bit im cht lng cuc sng gia cc trnh
hc vn (F3,1688 = 52,1, p < 0,001).
V giai on 1 ca kim nh c ngha thng k nn chng ta c th tin hnh
so snh tng cp trung bnh. Mt trong cc phng php l kim nh t m bn
c hc trn, ngoi ra chng ta c nhiu phng php khc kim nh tng cp
trung bnh. Kim nh LSD, da trn c bn ca kim nh t ghp cp v kim nh
Duncan vn hay c s dng trong cc nghin cu. Tuy nhin, chng yu cu gi thit
phng sai ng nht phi tho mn (xem phn 4.8). Nu gi nh khng tha mn th
dng kim nh Dunnetts T3
Bi v giai on u tin ca chng ta c ngha thng k nn chng ta k vng
c t nht mt cp so snh c ngha. Trong trng hp ny l kt qu u ra trn.
Cc gi nh phng sai ng nht khng tha mn (p =0,0009)nn chng ta nhn vo
kt qu kim nh Dunnetts T3 post-hoc. V bo co kt qu ca bn c th l nh sau:
Cc kt qu ch ra rng tt c cc cp so snh u c ngha thng k tng i
mt (p < 0.05). im trung bnh cuc sng tui cn nh c trung bnh cao hn cp 1
v cp 2 (Kim nh Dunnetts T3 vi p<0.001). cht lng cuc sng gim cc mc
trnh hc vn thp.
Mt tnh hung khc
Kim nh ANOVA c th c s dng kim nh s khc bit ca nhiu
nhm. Sau y l u ra t mt kim nh ANOVA cho gi thuyt sau:
H0: trung bnh i s ca im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng l
ging nhau tt c cc vng
94
Oneway
T phn m t chng ta thy rng im cht lng cuc sng cc cng c s

khc nhau rt t. Kt qu ca kim nh ANOVA ch ra rng s khc bit khng c
ngha thng k. Nh vy, phin gii kt qu ch ra rng khng c bng chng thng
k v mt mi lin quan nhng bn nn cung cp cc kt qu v bnh lun cho php
ngi c quyt nh liu c nn ch kt lun l c t nht mt trung bnh khc cc nhm
cn li khc. Mc d SPSS c kh nng tin hnh cho bn cc kim nh so snh tng
cp nh trong v d trn, nhng v kt qu ca kim nh ANOVA khng c ngha
thng k nn trong phn phin gii kt qu, bn KHNG nn ni v giai oan hai v b
qua c kt qu ca kim nh LSD v Dunnetts T3. Nu thng k F cho cho kt qu c
ngha thng k th kim nh s ng nht ca phng sai ch ra rng chng ta s s
dng kt qu ca kim nh LSD kt lun cho vic so snh tng cp.
Kt lun trong trng hp ny:
Khng bng chng ni rng trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng c s
khc bit gia cc cng sinh thi trong nghin cu ny (F7,1684 = 1,7, p = 0,116).
4.6.4. So snh o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh cc trung bnh
LP K HOCH PHN TCH CC TRUNG BNH LP LI
Xt gi thuyt sau:
H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng giao thng khng
thp hn trc khi chn thng giao thng.
Bn nn thc hin cc bc sau khi lp k hoch phn tch
95
M t cc bin
Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc, lp li theo thi gian
M t mi lin quan
Mi lin quan c th c tm tt nh l cc trung bnh v s phn tn: trung
bnh (s.d) nu bin c phn b chun , Trung v (khong) nu bin khng c phn b
chun
Bng gi
Trung bnh
(mean)
S bin thin(s.d.)
QoL trc khi chn thng

QoL sau khi chn thng
Xc nh cc loi kim nh c th dng
S dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.1
Kim nh t ghp cp, gi nh cc quan st c lp, s khc nhau c tnh chun
Kim nh dng du Wilcoxon; cc gi nh: cc quan st c lp
Chn la kim nh thng k cui cng
Cc gi nh c kim tra theo phn 4.8
S khc nhau v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau chn thng c phn b
chun, thc hin kim nh t ghp cp
Gi thuyt mong mun tm ra l im cht lng cuc sng c thp hn sau khi
b chn thng khng nn s dng kim nh mt pha
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn trong kim nh ny s c vit di dng
S khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau khi b chn thng
c kim tra l c phn b chun nn kim nh t ghp cp l ph hp so snh trung
bnh im qua thi gian. Do mong mun im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn
thng s cao hn so vi sau khi chn thng nn chng ta s dng kim nh mt pha.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT KIM NH T GHP CP
1. thc hin kim nh t ghp cp t thanh menu chn: Analyse - Compare

Means - Paired-Samples T Test. Bn s c mt hp thoi nh di y
2. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo cp bin th hin o hin nay v o lp
li. trong trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im
cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng) v qol_aft (Quality of Life score
after injury- im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng). Bn s thy
chng xut hin nh l bin 1 v bin 2 trong Current Selections.
96
3. By gi hy chuyn cp bin vo Paired Variables bng cch kch vo mi

tn. Bn s thy chng chuyn sang Paired Variables c lin kt vi nhau
bng du chm gch.
1. Kch OK.
Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit ca s kt qu. Kt qu
nh sau:
KT QA
97
T-Test
PHIN GII
u ra ca kim nh t c phin gii theo hng ca kim nh t khng ghp

cp ( xem phn 4.6.2). Bn c th vit cc kt qu ca bn c dng nh sau:
Trung bnh im gim 5,7 n v im theo thi gian( t 60,4 xung 54,7) vi khong tin
cy 95% l 5,4 n 6,0. kt qu ny c ngha thng k (t1691 = 38,2, p < 0,001).
Lu rng SPSS khng cung cp cho bn cc kt qu ca kim nh mt pha.
Bn s phi phin gii kim nh thng k t mt cch ph hp bng cch s dng cc
bng thng k xc nh mc ngha. Tham kho Thng k Y t I bit thm chi tit
v kim nh ny. y, gi tr p cho kim nh mt v hai pha l tng t nhau v gi
tr p < 0,001. Tuy nhin, mt iu rt quan trng l cn phi hiu chnh gi tr p m
SPSS cung cp nu bn mun kt lun cho kim nh mt pha.
4.6.5. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh trung v
LP K HOCH PHN TCH TRUNG BNH LP LI
Xt gi thuyt nh trn:
H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng ca cc nn nhn trc v sau khi b
chn thng giao thng khng khc nhau.
Cc bc trong lp k hoch phn tch:
Cc kim nh thng k c th dng l hai, mt kim nh tham s (kim nh t
ghp cp) v mt kim nh phi tham s (kim nh du xp dng Wilcoxon). Nu s
98
khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun th dng kim nh t ghp cp.
Tuy nhin, kt qu cng c gi tr tng ng nu bn dng kim nh du hng
Wilcoxon. V nu s khc bit KHNG c phn b chun th chng ta phi dng kim
nh du hng Wilcoxon.
Vit bo co phng php
Nu kim nh du xp hng Wilcoxon l kim nh ph hp th bo co phng
php s c dng:
Chng ta s dng kim nh Wilcoxon kim nh s thay i im cht lng
cuc sng qua thi gian do s khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau khi
chn thng khng c phn b chun.
S DNG SPPS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH DU XP
HNG
1. s dng SPSS tin hnh kim nh s khc bit im cht lng cuc sng trc
v sau khi b chn thng bn cn phi to ra mt bin mi. Bin mi c tnh t
im khc bit trc v sau chn thng cho mi ngi. lm iu ny, thc hin
theo cc bc trong bi 2 phn 2.5.2 v thao tc vi d liu. Tip theo, bn thc hin
cc bc nh bi 3 phn 3.6.2.1 thng k m t tnh trung v s khc bit nu nh
SPSS khng thc hin iu cho bn cc vic trn nh mt phn trong kt qu u
ra ca kim nh xp hng du Wilcoxon. Kt qu di y c to ra theo cch
c tm tt nh sau:
2. T thanh thc n, chy kim nh xp dng du: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests 2 Related Samples. Bn s c hp thoi dng sau.
3. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo cp bin th hin cc o lng lp li, trong
trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc
sng trc khi b chn thng) v qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury- im
cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng). Bn s thy chng xut hin nh l
bin 1 v bin 2 trong Current Selections.
4. By gi bn chuyn cc bin sang Paired Variables bng cch kch vo mi tn.
Bn s thy chng chuyn qua Paired Variables v c lin kt qua du chm
gch.
5. Hy chc chn rng la chn Wilcoxon c chn trong hp Test Type.
99
6. Kch OK.
Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit_ca s u ra. N s ging
nh u ra sau y:
KT QU
100
PHIN GII
Kt qu ca kim nh du xp hng Wilcoxon c phin gii ging nh kim

nh Mann-Whitney U (xem sau). Gp tt c cc kt qu chng ta s vit bo co nh
sau:
Chng ta c bng chng kt lun rng im cht lng cuc sng qua thi
gian c s khc bit c ngha thng k (Z = -28.9, n = 1692, p < 0.001). Trung v ca
s khc bit ca im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng thp hn 6 im so
vi im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng (khong t -26 n + 13)).
4.6.6. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - cc t l
LP K HOCH PHN TCH CC T L LP LI
Cc nh nghin cu cng xem xt gi thuyt sau:

H0: im cht lng cuc sng thp (im c phn loi) sau khi chn thng bng
vi im cht lng cuc sng thp trc khi b chn thng.
Bn nn theo cc bc lp k hoch phn tch s liu nh sau:
M t cc bin
Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng (c phn loi)- phn loi nh
thc; lp li qua thi gian
M t mi lin quan
101
Mi tng quan c tm tt nh s lng v cc t l.

Bng gi
S lng
T l
QoL trc khi b

chn thng
QoL sau khi chn
thng
S dng bng 3.2 khi bin ph thuc l nh danh, kim nh thng k l khi bnh
phng McNemar.
Quyt nh kim nh thng k cui cng
Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn ti 4.8.
Cc gi nh khng tha mn.
Thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng McNemar.
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny, bn nn vit bo co
c dng nh sau:
kim tra s khc nhau v t l ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp
(im<50) ca trc v sau khi chn thng chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh
phng McNemar. Nu chng ta mun kim tra liu im cht lng cuc sng trc
khi chn thng s cao hn sau khi b chn thng th chng ta s dng kim nh mt
pha.
DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K- KIM NH KHI BNH
PHNG McNEMAR
1. T menu chn: Analyse - Descriptive Statistics - Crosstabs. Bn s c mt hp
thoi nh sau.
2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin tng ng vi o lng ln mt, trong
trng ny l qolbefg (Quality of Life before injury im cht lng cuc sng
trc khi chn thng (c nhm)), v chuyn n sang Row(s) bng cch kch
vo du mi tn.
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun phn tch trong
trng hp ny l qolaftg (Quality of Life after injury im cht lng cuc sng sau
khi chn thng ( c nhm), v chuyn n sang Column(s) bng cch kch
vo mi tn.
102
4. hin th t l nhng ngi c cc loi im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn
thng trn im cht lng im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng hay
bn mun hin th t l HNG, sau kch Cells v c mt mi xun hin c dng
nh sau: nh du vo hp thoi. Chn Row trong hp thoi sau kch Continue.
5. yu cu SPSS tnh kim nh thng k Khi bnh phng McNemar, bn kch

Statistics v mt hp thoi mi dng sau s xut hin. Chn McNemar v sau
kch Continue.
103
6. By gi kch OK.
Ca s kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit ca s u ra. N c dng
nh sau:
u ra
PHIN GII
104
Trong nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng t chun trc khi chn
thng th c 28% c im cht lng cuc sng xung mc thp sau khi b chn
thng. C 8% nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp trc khi chn thng
nng ln mc t chun sau khi b chn thng. Kim nh thng k cho s thay i
ca cc o ca mt bin danh mc l kim nh liu c s thay i khc nhau qua thi
gian hay khng? C ngha l c phi l ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp hn sau
khi b chn thng nhiu hn nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng cao hn sau
khi chn thng? Mt kim nh thng k tng t c th c p dng cho trng hp
bin u ra c nhiu loi.
V mt thng k, phn b ca s tng ln hay gim i ca im cht lng cuc
sng l khc nhau nn bo co ca bn c th vit di dng:
28% nn nhn c im cht lng cuc sng y trc khi chn thng
gim i xung mc thp sau khi b chn thng. T l gim st im cht lng cuc
sng cao hn mt cch c ngha thng k so vi t l tng im cht lng cuc sng
(kim nh McNemar vi 2 bc t do, p<0.001).
4.6.7. So snh trung v ca hai nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI TRUNG V
Xt gi thuyt tip:
H0: trong nhng ngi nm vin th trung bnh ngy nm vin ca nhm nn
nhn i b v dng cc lai xe l nh nhau.
K hoch phn tch bao gm cc bc sau:
M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l s ngy nm vin, bin lin tc
Bin c lp l i b, bin phn loi v c hai nhm
M t mi lin quan
Mi lin quan c th c tm tt thng qua trung bnh v s bin thin: trung
bnh v lch chun nu bin c phn b chun; trung v v khong nu bin khng c
phn b chun.
Bng gi
im cht lng cuc sng
Trung bnh (mean)
S bin thin (s.d.)
i b
Khng i b
Xc nh kim nh thng k c th dng
S dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1 l
Kim nh t khng ghp cp, cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, phng sai
ng nht v phn b chun
105
Kim nh Mann-Whitney; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp v phng sai

ng nht
Quyt inh chn kim inh thng k cui cng
Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn 4.8
S ngy nm vin khng c phn b chun v tha mn phng sai ng nht
Thc hin kim nh thng k Mann-Whitney
Vit bo co phng php
Bo co bn c th vit nh sau:
bin ph thuc l s ngy nm vin c chng minh l khng c phn b chun
nn so snh trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi i b v b tai nn giao vi
nhng ngi khng i b chng ta s dng kim nh Mann-Whitney.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT HAI GI TR TRUNG V
1. u tin, bn mun c k qa v thng k m t cho mi nhm c ngha l trung

v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi i b th bn chn t thc n Analyse Reports - Case Summaries. Bn s c mt hp thoi ging nh sau.
2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch.
Trong trng hp ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin), v chuyn bin sang Test
Variable(s) bng kch vo mi tn pha trn.
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c
ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh) trong v d ny l pedestrn v chuyn
bin sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di.
4. Bi v trong trng hp ny bo co tm tt mt nhm khng mun chi tit n
cc thnh vin nn chn Display Cases.
106
5. By gi kch vo Statistics. Bn s nhn thy mt hp thoi c dng sau..

6. Chn cc i lng thng k m t m bn mun : trong v d chng ta chn cc
i lng sau Number of cases, Median, Minimum & Maximum,v chuyn ln
lt cc i lng vo Cell Statistics. By gi kch Continue.
7. By gi kch OK. Bn s nhn c c mt kt qu dng nh sau v bin ph

thuc c tm tt thnh cc nhm. Tuy nhin, bn cha thc hin kim nh
thng k xem liu cc nhm c thc s khc bit hay khng.
8. T thc n chn: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests - 2 Independent-Samples,
bn s c mt hp thoi nh di y:
9. nh du vo chn Mann-Whitney U trong phn Test Type chn kim
107
nh thng k.
10. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch,
trong v d ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin), v chuyn bin sang Test
Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn pha trn
11. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c
ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong v d ny l pedestrn v kch
vo mi tn pha di chuyn bin sang Grouping Variable.
12. By gi bn hy nh ngha cc loi ca bin c lp SPSS hiu c ci g

m bn mun so snh (c ngha l nhm no l nhm i b nhm no l nhm
th hin khng i b). lm c iu , bn nh du vo bin c lp
(pedestrn) v kch vo Define Groups. Bn s thy mt hp thoi hin ra c
dng sau.Bn cn phi ch ra cho SPSS bit m i b l g, ( y m ca nhm
i b l 1), m khng i b l g ( y d liu m nhm khng i b l 0) bng
cch nh m vo cc Group 1 v Group 2 tng ng. By gi kch vo
Continue.
13. By gi kch vo OK.

Kt qu u ra ca bn s xut hin trong mt ca s ring bit- ca s kt qu v c
dng nh sau:
KT QU
108
PHIN GII
Gp ton b kt qu phn tch thng k, bo co ca bn c th vit dng nh
sau:
Khi xem xt s ngy nm vin ca cc nn nhn, chng ta c bng chng
kt lun rng c s khc bit v trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi b tai nn
khi ang i b v khng i b (Z = -1.96, n = 751, p = 0.05). Trung v s ngy nm vin
ca nhng nn nhn i b thp hn hai ngy so vi nhng ngi khng i b.
4.6.8. So snh trung v ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH- TRUNG V CA BAI HAY NHIU HN BA NHM
Xt gi thuyt sau:
H0:
Trong nhng ngi khng i b, trung bnh s ngy nm vin ging nhau
tt c cc loi phng tin giao thng.
lp k hoch phn tch cho kim nh gi thuyt ny c dng nh sau:
Miu t cc bin:
bin ph thuc: s ngy nm vin; bin lin tc
bin c lp l loi tai nn, danh mc; 4 nhm
Tm tt cc mi lin quan
109
Mi lin quan c tm tt qua trung bnh v phng sai: trung bnh, lch
chun nu bin c phn b chun, trung v v khong nu bin khng c phn b chun.
Bng gi
s ngy nm vin
Loi tai nn giao thng Trung bnh (mean) bin thin (s.d.)
t
Xe p
Xe my
Khc
S dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.1 l:
Kim nh ANOVA mt chiu; cc gi nh: cc quan st c lp, phn b
chun v phng sai ng nht
Kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis; cc gi nh cc quan st c lp v
phng sai ng nht
cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8
s ngy nm vin khng c phn b chun v tho mnphng sai ng nht.
thc hin kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis .
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn c vit c dng sau; lu rng gi thuyt ny
ch xt vi nhng ngi chn thng giao thng khng i b cho nn trc khi phn tch
bn ch cn chn nhng trng hp khng i b trong b s liu ca bn ( xem phn
2.5.3 bit thm chi tit) v c cp phn ny trong cc phng php ca bn.
Do s ngy nm vin ca cc nn nhn khng c phn b chun nn so snh
trung v ca di s ngy nm vin ca 4 nhm ti nn giao thng (loi tr nhm
nhng ngi i b) chng ta s dng phn tch phng sai Kruskal-Wallis (hai pha).
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG KNHIU HN HAI TRUNG V
1. tnh trung v ca s ngy nm vin ca tng loi tai nn giao thng bn theo
cc bc c m t trong bi 3 phn3.6.2.1, nu SPSS khng cho bn kt qu
trong phn u ra ca kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis. Bn c th tnh
cc tm tt s liu theo cch sau:.
2. Chy kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis, t menu chn: Analyse Nonparametric Tests - K Independent Samples. Bn s c mt hp thoi nh
di y.
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch
trogn trng hp ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin) v chuyn bin sang Test
Variable List bng cch kch vo mi tn pha trn.
4. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng ( c
ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong v d ny l trantype v
chuyn bin sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha
di.
110
5. Hy kim tra l bn chn Kruskal-Wallis H trong hp Test Type cha?
6. Bn phi ch ra cho SPSS hiu c khong s liu ca bin ph thuc (nhm) c

th nhn, Trong v d ny l trantype B c m ho l t 1 n 5. lm c
iu ny, nh du vo trantype trong Grouping Variable v kch vo Define
Range. Bn s c mt hp thoi dng sau. Nhp gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
nht vo cc v kch Continue.
7. by gi kch OK.
Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qu c dng nh sau .
111
Kt qu
PHIN GII
Trong trng hp ny, S ngy nm vin ca cc loi tai nn giao thng c s

khc bit c ngha thng k. Chng ta c th vit bo co sau:
Trung v s ngy nm vin ca cc loi tai nn giao thng c s khc bit c
ngha thng k (Kruskal-Wallis test, n = 660, p = 0,003).
Kim nh Kruskal-Wallis tng ng vi gia on u tin ca phn tch
phng sai trn. Bn nn s dng cc kim nh Mann-Whitney thc hin kim
nh giai on 2 l kim tra tng cp v chy nhiu kim nh so snh mi cp
nhm. Xem phn s dng SPSS kim nh thng k hai gi tr trung v bit bit
chi tit v cch chy cc php so snh trong SPSS.
4.6.9. Khng nhm - khi tt c cc bin trong mi lin h l lin tc v chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH C HAI BIN LIN TC (C HAI IU L PHN B CHUN)
Xt gi thuyt thng k sau:

112
H0: Trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng c lin quan
n tui ca ngi b chn thng.
K hoch phn tch gi thuyt thng k ny s c dng nh sau:
M t cc bin
mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc
mt bin c lp tui (tnh bng n v l nm), lin tc
Tm tt mi lin quan
mi lin quan c th hin qua biu chm im xc nh hng
Xc nh cc loi kim nh thng k
Khi c nhiu gi tr (lin tc) chng ta khng s dng so snh nhm m thay vo
l m t mi quan h gia hai nhm. Mt cch dn gin nht tm tt mi quan h
thng qua mt gi tr duy nht l tnh h s tng quan.
S dng bng 3.1 ta c cc kim nh c th s dng c nh sau:
Tng quan Pearsons; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp v c hai bin u c
phn b chun
Tng quan hng Spearman; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp (mt hoc c
hai khng c phn b chun)
Cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8.
C bin im cht lng cuc sng v tui u c phn b chun; hai bin c mi
quan h tuyn tnh.
Thc hin vic tng quan Pearson (c k hiu l r).
Vit bo co phng php
Phn m t phng php bn c th vit nh sau:
V c hai bin im cht lng cuc sng v tui u c phn b chun nn
chng ta dng h s tng quan Pearson tm tt mi quan h gia hai bin.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TNG QUAN PEARSON
1. tm hiu mi quan h gia hai bin ny, bn v biu chm im ca hai

bin. Trong v d ny l qol_aft (im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn
thng) v ageround (tui tnh theo n v nm). Bn nn xem li chng 3
phn 3.6.3.2 bit cch dng SPSS v biu . Biu kt qu ca bn
c to ra theo cch sau y:.
2. T thanh thc n chn Analyse - Correlate - Bivariate tnh gi tr tng
quan Pearson. Bn s thy xut hin mt ca s nh di y.
3. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo tng bin m bn mun phn tch. Trong v
d ny l qol_aft (im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng) v ageround
(tui tnh bng nm), v chuyn hai bin sang Test Variable List cng mt
lc bng cch kch vo mi tn.
113
4. Kch vo Pearson trong phn Correlation Coefficients .
1. By gi kch OK.
Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qu v c dng nh sau.
KT QU
BIU
Scatterplot of quality of life and age

70
60
50
40
30
age (rounded)
20
10
0
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
114
CC TNG QUAN
PHIN GII
H s tng quan nm khong t 1 n +1, h s tng quan bng 0 c ngha

l khng c mi quan h gia hai bin; +1 c ngha l c mi quan h thun v cht
(thp im nht th tui thp nht, thp im th hai th tui thp th hai...., cao im
nht th tui cao nht) v 1c ngha l lin quan nghch v cht (tui thp nht th c
im cao nht , , tui cao nht th c im thp nht). Lu rng, cc h s tng
quan ch tm tt ln cho mi quan h tuyn tnh. Bt c mi mi quan h no khc
khng phi tuyn tnh th khng c dng cho nn nu r = 0 c ngha l khng c mi
lin quan g c hoc l mi lin quan no c dng phc tp hn quan h tuyn tnh.
Kt qu ca v d trn c th tm tt nh sau:
Mi tung quan gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng l
yu (Pearsons r = 0,24, n = 1693, p < 0,001).
Trong trng hp ny, lu rng, mc d gi tr p ch ra l mi quan h tuyn
tnh gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng c ngha thng k, nhng do h s tng
quan bng 0,24 nn c th ni rng mi quan h gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng
sau khi b chn thng l yu. Vic c ngha thng k trong trng hp ny c th l
do c mu ca nghin cu ln. y l mt v d cho chng ta thy rng trong nhiu
trng hp chng ta phi xt n c gi tr thng k ch khng ch da vo gi tr p
quyt nh kt qu ca kim nh gi thuyt. Mc d mt kim nh gi thuyt ch ra l
c ngha thng k nhng iu quan trng l khi phin gii kt qu y phi da vo
thc t ca nghin cu. Chng ta s tho lun vn ny su hn trong chng 5.
4.6.10. Khng nhm Khi c hai bin trong mi quan h l lin tc v c phn b
chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI BIN LIN TC - DNG CU HI KHC
Xt gi thuyt thng k t phn trn (hai bin lin tc v c phn b chun):

H0:Trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng khng lin quan n tui ca nn nhn
b chn thng
Mt cch tm tt mi quan h l s dng h s tng quan. Tuy nhin, trng
115
hp ch c th c lng c cho trng hp mi lin quan gia hai bin l tuyn

tnh. Trong mt vi trng hp chng ta c th ch ra trc tip mi quan h ny hay c
ngha l mt bin ph thuc vo bin kia. Trong trng hp , nu chng ta bit mi
quan h trong cc thnh phn s hu ch cho chng ta s c th d on c gi tr bin
ph thuc, trong v d ny l im cht lng cuc sng t cc gi tr a bit ca bin
c lp, trong v d ny l tui ca nn nhn. iu ny yu cu cc loi kim inh khc
nhau nh l hi quy tuyn tnh. Nu cu hi nghin cu l liu c th da vo bin c
lp d bo bin ph thuc th lp k hoch phn tch c dng:
M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc
Bin c lp l tui (tnh bng n v nm); bin lin tc
Tm tt mi lin quan
S dng biu chm im tm tt mi lin quan v xc nh hng, k vng
l c mi quan h tuyn tnh.
Xc nh cc kim nh thng k
V tt c cc gi tr l lin tc, nn hi quy tuyn tnh c th c s dng
Cc gi nh (c lp, ng nht, quan h tuyn tnh) c kim tra theo tng
phn nh trong phn 4.8
Trn biu chm im xut hin mi lin quan tuyn tnh chc chn rng khng
c mt mi quan h g phc tp hn mi quan h tuyn tnh. Thc hin php hi quy
tuyn tnh.
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn nn vit c dng sau:
Chng ta dng hi quy tuyn tnh miu t mi quan h gia im cht lng
cuc sng v tui
DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT - HI QUY TUYN TNH N GIN
Bn hy dng biu chm im th hin mi quan h gia hai bin trogn v

d ny l qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b
chn thng) v ageround (tui tnh theo nm. bn c th tham kho bi 3 phn 3.6.3.2
bit cch s dng SPSS v biu chm im.Biu khng c ch ra y.
chy hi quy tuyn tnh n gin, t thanh thc n bn chn Analyse Regression - Linear. Bn s thy mt hp thoi nh sau xut hin.
1. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc, trong v d ny l qol_aft
v chuyn bin sang Dependent bng cch s dng mi tn
2. Sau chn bin c lp, trong v d ny l ageround v dng mi tn
chuyn bin c lp sang Independent(s).
116
3. By gi kch vo Statistics. Bn s thy mt hp thoi sau. Nu bn mun SPSS

tnh khong tin cy cho h s hi quy, gi tr ny c s dng o mc
chnh xc ca php kim nh, bn chn Confidence intervals trong hp
Regression Coefficients. Sau kch Continue.
4. By gi kch OK.
u ra ca bn xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qa c dng nh sau
KT QU
Regression
117
PHIN GII
Kt qu trn c th c phin gii nh sau:

Cht lng cuc sng c mi lin quan ngha vi tui (F1,1691 = 99.9, p <
0.001). i vi mi mt tui tng ln im cht lng cuc sng s tng 0,16 n v
(khong tin cy 95% l 0,1; 0,19.). Tui l gii c 6% s bin thin ca im cht
lng cuc sng.
4.6.11. Khng phn nhm- c hai bin lin tc nhng khng c phn b chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI BIN LIN TC ( C HAI HOC T NHT MT BIN
KHNG C PHN B CHUN)
Xt gi thuyt thng k sau:

H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng khng lin quan
n s ngy nm vin ca bnh nhn.
118
k hoch phn tch cho kim nh gi thuyt thng k ny c dng nh sau:

M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, bin lin tc.
Bin c lp l s ngy nm vin, bin lin tc.
M t mi quan h
Dng biu chm im m t mi quan h gia hai bin xc nh hng.
Cc kim nh trong bng 3.1 c th dng l
Tng quan Pearson; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, mi quan h gia

hai bin l tuyn tnh v phn b ca hai bin l phn b chun.
Tng quan hng Spearman; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, mi quan

h gia hai bin l quan h tuyn tnh; mt hoc c hai bin khng c phn b
chun)
Chn loi kim nh thng k cui cng

cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8.
mc d im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun nhng s ngy nm
vin ca nn nhn li khng c phn b chun; mi quan h gia hai bin l
quan h tuyn tnh.
Thc hin kim nh tng quan hng Spearman.
Vit bo co phng php

Phn cc phng php ca bn s c vit dng nh sau:
Do s ngy nm vin ca nn nhn khng c phn b chun nn chng ta s
dng h s tng quan hng Spearman tm tt mi quan h gia im cht lng
cuc sng v s ngy nm vin .
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TNG QUAN SPEARMANS
1. Dng biu chm im m t mi quan h gi hai bin, trong v d ny l

qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury im cht lg cuc sng sau khi chn
thng) v q9 (s ngy nm vin). Bn nn tham kho bi 3 phn 3.6.3.2 bit
cch dng SPSS v biu .
2. tnh gi tr tng quan Spearmans, chn thc n Analyse - Correlate Bivariate. Bn s thy mt hp thoi dng sau:
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo mi bin m bn mun phn tch, trong v d
ny l qol_aft v q9 sau chuyn ng thi hai bin ny sang Test Variable
List bng cch kch vo du mi tn
4. Kim tra li l bn chn kim nh Spearman trong Correlation Coefficients.
119
5. By gi kch vo OK.
Kt qa ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qa v s c
dng nh sau:
KT QU
Graph
Scatterplot of length of hospital stay and quality of life after injury
300
200
hospital_day
100
-100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
120
PHIN GII
Tng quan Spearman s ging vi cc php tnh nh tng quan Pearson ngoi
tr vic chng ta s dng th hng ca s liu thay v bn thn s liu. Kt qu c
phin gii tng t nh phin gii kt qu ca tng quan Pearson. H s tng quan
nm trong khong t 1 n +1, vi +1 c ngha l mi quan h tng quan thun v
cht (tui thp nht th c im thp nht, tui thp th 2 nu im thp th 2, , tui
cao nht th c im cao nht), v 1 c ngha l mi quan h nghch v cht (nhm c
tui thp nht c im cao nht, , tui cao nht c im thp nht). r = 0 c ngha
khng c mt lin quan g hoc mt mi quan h g phc tp hn tuyn tnh.
Cho nn kt qu phn tch trn c th c phin gii dng nh sau:
S ngy nm vin quan h nghch vi im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn
thng (Spearmans r = 0,09, n = 802, p = 0,010).
Mc d, gi tr p ch ra c mt mi lin quan c ngha thng k gia s ngy
nm vin v im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng nhng do h s tng
quan ch l 0,09 nn mi quan h ny c th b qua c. Cc tnh ton bao gm trong
c h s tng quan Pearson v Spearman c nhy cao khi mu ln nn i khi mi
quan h rt yu (r rt gn 0) nhng vn c ngha thng k. y l mt v d in hnh
cho vic vic c ngha thng k nhng khng tho mn c ngha trong thc t .
4.6.12. So snh mt t l mu vi mt t l qun th hay t l l thuyt
LP K HOCH PHN TCH MT T L
Xt gi thuyt thng k sau.

H0: t l chn thng xng sng ct sng v u l 37%.
K hoch phn tch ca bn bao gm nhng bc sau:
M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l chn thng u v xng sng ct sng, nh thc
121
Khng c bin c lp ch l mt gi tr qun th
M t mi tng quan
nu bin ph thuc l danh mc, s m v th hin phn trm
khng cn bng tm tt.
s dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.2 l kim nh Khi bnh phng mt mu
cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8.
cc n v quan st c lp.
thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng mt mu
Vit bo co phng php
phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny c dng sau:
Chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng mt mu so snh t l chn
thng u/xng sng, ct sng trong nm 2001 v t l chn thng nm 1997.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG MT MU
1. T thanh thc n chn: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests - Chi-Square. Bn s c

mt hp thoi ging sau:
2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du bin m bn mun phn tch, trong v d ny l
headspin (chn thng xng sng/ct sng hoc u) v chuyn bin sang
Test Variable List bng cch kch vo mi tn.
3. By gi bn phi ch cho SPSS bit t l no m bn mong mun trn c s gi tr
qun th m bn mun s dng. thc hin iu ny bn phi a gi tr vo
Expected Values. Gi tr ny phi nh hn 1. Trong v d ny gi tr k vng l 0.37
ca tt c cc chn thng giao thng bao gm chn thng u v chn thng
xng sng ct sng. Cho nn, chng ta mong 0.63 tt c cc chn thng khng bao
gm chn thng u v chn thng ct sng.
4. Thm t l ny vo Expected Values, bn nhp s trong nh bn cnh vo t
Values, sau kch vo Add v gi tr ny s c chuyn sang ln pha di.
Lu : bn phi nhp t l k vng tng ng vi cc gi tr theo ng cc gi tr
c m. V d bin headspin c m l 0 nu khng b chn thng u/ct
sng; 1 nu chn thng u/ct sng . Do t l k vng phi uc nhp l 0.63 l
gi tr u tin v 0.37 l gi tr th hai. Nu bn nhp chng vo theo chiu ngc li th
bn s tin hnh kim nh gi thuyt sau:
H0: T l chn thng u/ct sng l 63%. iu ny s dn bn n mt kt lun sai.
122
5. Kch OK.
Kt qa bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit _ ca s kt qa. C dng ging nh sau
KT QU
PHIN GII
Kim nh Khi bnh phng mt mu (c bit l kim nh khi bnh phng

cho tnh ph hp) tnh ton s khc nhau gia gi tr quan st v gi tr k vng cho mi
trong bng v gia quyn theo gi tr k vng. Gi thng k l 0.623 v khng c
123
ngha thng k ti mc ngha 5% (p < 0.05). Cho nn, kt qu phn tch ny s c

trnh by nh sau:
T l chn thng u/ct sng xp x 36% trong nghin cu chn thng
giao thng nm 2001. T l ny cng tng t nh t l bo co chn thng giao thng
quc gia nm 1997, trong 37% chn thng u/ ct sng (21 = 0.2, p = 0.623).
Cng lu rng gi tr k vng ca cc ln hn 5. Cc gi nh cho kim nh
khi bnh phng ch chp nhn nu tt c gi tr k vng ca cc u ln hn 5 (ch ,
gi tr k vng ch khng phi gi tr quan st, v gi tr quan st c th nh ti khng).
iu ny cng khng phi lc no cng ng v trong thc t kim nh khi bnh phng
c th c gi tr khi gi tr k vng nhn gi tr nh ti mc bng 2 (vi mt iu l
khng c nhiu nh hn 5).
Kim nh khi bnh phng cho tnh ph hp cng c th p dng cho bin phn
loi m c nhiu hn hai loi. V d t l (t l phn trm) s nn nhn tai nn giao
thng m c im cht lng sau khi chn thng l km, trung bnh, v tt. Rt him
khi tm thy hai kt qu khc nhau ph thuc vo bin u ra c phn loi nh th
no, nh v d ny l im cht lng cuc sng. Cn phi bit rng tt c cc phn
tch ca bn s nhy cm vi cch m bn phn loi bin u ra. Bn phi nm r
cc cc phn loi trc khi bn bt u phn tch. S l khng ph hp nu nh bn c
gn tm ra mt im no to ra nng kh nng kim nh thng k c ngha. Do
vy bn nn nh ngha v nh ngha li cc phn loi trong k hoch phn tch ca
mnh.
4.6.13. So snh t l ca hai nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH SO SNH HAI T L
H0: T l chn thng u v ct sng ca nhm i xe tng ng vi nhm i b.

hoc t hn.
K hoch phn tch bao gm cc bc sau:
M t cc bin
mt bin ph thuc l chn thng u/ ct sng, nh phn
mt bin c lp l i b, nh phn
M t mi lin quan
Mi lin quan c tm tt theo dng s m v t l phn trm.
Bng gi
chn thng u/ ct sng

chn thng khng phi
u/ct sng
Tng
i b
n (%)
n (%)
Khng i b
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
s dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.2 l kim nh khi bnh phng
124

cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp c kim tra. thc hin kim nh khi
bnh phng.
Vit bo co phng php
phn cc phng php trong kim nh thng k ny s c dng nh sau:
chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng (mt pha) kim tra gi thuyt l
chn thng u hoc ct sng s xy ra nhiu nhng ngi i b hn l nhng
ngi s dng phng tin giao thng.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG
1. T thanh thc n chn : Analyse Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs. bn s

c hp thoi dng sau:
2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch. Trong
v d ny l headspin (chn thng u/ ct sng), v kch vo mi tn chuyn
bin sang Row(s) .
3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun phn tch, trong v
d ny l pedestrn (i b hoc khng i b), v kch vo mi tn chuyn sang
Column(s).
4. Nu hin thi t l phn trm ct nhng ngi i b m b chn thng u, bn kch

vo Cells v mt hp thoi mi xut hin dng nh sau. nh du vo ct v kch
Continue.
125
5. tnh kim nh khi bnh phng bng SPSS bn kch vo Statistics v mt hp

thoi mi s xut hin dng sau. chn Chi-square v kch tip vo Continue.
6. by gi kch OK.
Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s khc - ca s kt qu, nh sau.
KT QU
126
Thng thng chng ta s dng t sut chnh v khong tin cy phin gii kt
qu . Tuy nhin bn cng c th nh du vo Risk trong mn hnh chn cc gi tr
thng k cho c lng nguy c:
Bn s nhn c kt qu l :
127
Risk Estimate
Value
Odds Ratio for Injury
to head or spine (Not
injured at these sites
/ Injured)
For cohort Was victim
a pedestrian? = No
For cohort Was victim
a pedestrian? = Yes
N of Valid Cases
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
1.367
.988
1.889
1.036
.997
1.076
.758
.569
1.010
1525
PHIN GII
C khong 44% nhng ngi i b b chn thng u/ct sng so vi 37%

nhng ngi dng phng tin giao thng. T sut chnh ca chn thng u/ct sng
trong nhng ngi i b cao hn 1,37 ln so vi nhng ngi dng phng tin giao
thng (v s liu ny khng c thu thp qua nghin cu thun tp nn vic c s
dng hai nguy c khc l khng chnh xc) khong tin cy bao gm gia tr 1 ch ra rng
c lng ny l chnh xc:
iu ny ch ra rng c s khc bit gia cc loi nn nhn chn thng nhng
li khng ch ra c th l khc bit ci g?
Mi mt ln tnh gi tr kim nh khi bnh phng, bn c th c cc kt qu hi
khc nhau. iu ny do trong kim nh khi bnh phng gi tr p ch l gi tr xp x,
ngoi ra chng ta cn c kt qu ca mt vi phng php khc nh Likelihood,
Pearsons. Mt vi phn mm thng k c th tnh gi tr p chnh xc khi thch hp (kim
nh chnh xc Fishers, khng phi l mt kim nh khi bnh phng), mc d y l
mt php tnh i hi nhiu tnh ton. V nh vy, cc kim nh xp x khi bnh phng
l cn thit. Kt qu trn y cho php chng ta chn la mt trong 3 kim nh thng k
khc nhau v ng thi cng cho gi tr xc sut chnh xc.
Cng ging nh kim nh khi bnh phng cho mt mu chng ta cng phi ch
rng gi tr k vng ca phi ln hn 5. Mt kim nh khi bnh phng c gi tr l
tt c cc gi tr k vng ca phi ln hn 5 (lu : gi tr k vng ch khng phi gi
tr quan st, gi tr quan st c th bng khng). Tuy nhin quy c ny cng mang tnh
cht hi bo th, trn thc t kim nh khi bnh phng c th kim nh ng khi s
thm ch khi gi tr k vng ca mt no nhn gi tr nh bng 2 ( khng nhiu qu
cc trn c s nh hn 5). PSS s ch ra l c bt k mt no nh hn 5 nhng vn
thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng cho bn. Trong trng hp ny, khi phin gii kt
qu bn nn cn thn trnh a ra cc kt lun sai.
Kim nh khi bnh phng c trnh by nhiu nht trong cc ti liu thng k
l kim nh khi bnh phng Pearson. Tuy nhin, khi bng ch c 2 hng v 2 ct th
chng ta nn p dng hiu chnh lin tc cho cng thc Pearson. Nh vy kim nh
thng k chnh xc nht cho kt qu trn s l kim nh khi bnh phng c hiu chnh
lin tc. Kim nh thng k Linear-by-linear ch ph hp khi mt hoc c hai bin ca
chng ta l bin th bc v c t nht 3 loi. Trong trng hp ny my tnh c gi tr
thng k chnh xc cho nn chng ta c th chn gi tr ny. N cng tng ng vi
128
gi tr hiu chnh lin tc. Tuy nhin, phn ny tho lun v kim nh khi bnh phng
nn chng ta s chn gi tr kt qu ca hiu chnh lin tc a vo bo co:
C s khc bit gia t l chn thng u/ct sng nhng ngi i b so vi
nhng ngi dng phng tin giao thng. C 44% nhng ngi b chn thng
u/ct sng nhng ngi i b nhng ch c 37% nhng ngi b chn thng loi
ny khi dng phng tin giao thng. T sut chnh ch ra s khc nhau ca hai t l
ny l 1,37 (khong tin cy 95% 0,99 1,89). Mc d s khc nhau ny c ngha
trong y t cng cng nhng chng ta li khng bng chng kt lun rng s khc
nhau gia hai nhm l c ngha thng k (21 = 3,3, p = 0,070).
4.6.14. So snh t l ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH SO SNH T L NHIU HN HAI T L
H0: T l nhng ngi nhn c im cht lng cuc sng thp l ging nhau khng
k n mc chn thng, c o da trn v tr b chn thng nng nht khi va
chm.
K hoch phn tch bao gm cc phn sau:
M t cc bin
Bin ph thuc l im cht lng thp, nh phn
Bin c lp: v tr chn thng; phn loi ; 3 nhm
M t mi lin quan
T l phn trm v s lng l m t ca mi lin quan.
Bng gi
Xc nh cc loi kim nh thng k
s dng bng 3.2 chn kim nh thng k
Cc gi nh c kim tra nh tng phn 4.8.
Gi nh cc n v quan st c lp tho mn, thc hin kim nh khi bnh
phng
Vit bo co phng php
Phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny c th vit dng nh
sau:
Chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng (hai pha) so snh t l cc nn
nhn chn thng c im cht lng cuc sng thp qua cc mc chn thng. Cc
mc chn thng c o bng v tr chn thng.
129
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT KIM NH KHI

BNH PHNG
Thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng trong SPSS nh cc bc trong phn
4.1.13 S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT -KIM NH KHI BNH
PHNG c trnh by trn.
Kt qu
PHIN GII
Kim nh khi bnh phng so snh nhiu hn hai t l chnh l tnh ton so
snh ch c hai t l. Trong trng hp ny. S lng quan st v k vng rt ging nhau
v kim nh khng c ngha thng k mc 5%. Lu rng v bng ny khng phi
130
bng 2 x 2 nn khng c hiu chnh lin tc. Kt qu c th vit dng nh:

C tt c 66.4% nhng ngui c im cht lng cuc sng thp. Chng ta
khng c bng chng ch ra rng t l ny khc nhau theo v tr chn thng (22
= 2,1, p = 0,349).
Cc php tnh v phin gii cng tng t khi bin ph thuc c nhiu hn hai loi.
4.6.15. Mi lin quan ca kt qu phn loi vi bin lin tc
K hoch phn tch- bin phn loi: bin lin tc
Trong phn 4.1.2 v 4.1.3 chng ta xem xt cc gi thuyt gia mt bin ph

thuc lin tc v mt bin c lp phn loi. Nhng kim nh c s dng l:
Mi lin quan
Hai gi tr trung bnh
Hai gi tr trung v
Nhiu gi tr trung bnh
Nhiu gi tr trung v
Kim nh
t khng ghp cp
Mann-Whitney
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
Phn
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.3
4.6.3
Nu c mt bin ph thuc phn loi v mt bin c lp lin tc, nh mt trong

nhng dng trn nhng vi trt t o ngc c xem xt trong phn 4.6.2 v 4.6.3,
chng ta c th s dng cc kim nh ging nh vy xem xt mi lin quan ca
chng. Tt c cc kim nh thng k ny chng minh mt s kt hp (khng c hng).
Kt qu ca cc kim nh ny s ging nh cc phn trn v nn c gii thch chnh
xc theo cng mt cch. Tuy nhin khi phin gii kt qu bn cn phi nh u l bin
c lp v u l bin ph thuc.
4.7. Trnh by kt qu ca cc phn tch suy lun
Mt trong nhng gi tr ca vic vit bo co trong k hoch phn tch l chng
ta c th s dng chng trong bo co cui cng ca chng ta. Bn s c thng tin
vit phn phng php phn tch v nhng tng hay v nhng g s cp n trong
phn kt qu nghin cu.
Trong iu tra v chn thng giao thng ca quc gia, phn k hoch phn tch
v kt qu thu c ca cuc iu tra c trnh by tm tt di y. y l mt v d
gi cho bn cch vit mt bo co cho nhng phn tch tng t tuy nhin mi ngi
u s c nhng phong cch ring ca mnh.
Mt v d v vit bo co
Phng php phn tch
im ca cht lng cuc sng (QoL) trc thi im chn thng l phn b
chun v vy kim nh t mt mu c dng so snh gia qun th iu tra vi
qun th ngi Vit Nam ni chung v bin ny. Cc kim nh tham s da trn gi tr
trung bnh c dng chng minh nh hng ca cc yu t x hi-nhn khu hc
(tui, gii, a d, hc vn) ln cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng.
V s khc nhau gia im ca QoL trc chn thng v im ca QoL sau
131
chn thng c phn b chun nn kim nh t ghp cp c s dng nh gi s

thay i v cht lng ca cuc sng trc v sau chn thng. im QoL c phn
vo hai mc ( >=50); thp ( < 50) v kim nh 2 McNemar c s dng xc
nh s thay i QoL.
S ngy iu tr trong bnh vin khng phi l mt phn b chun, nh hng
ca loi phng tin s dng khi chn thng nh i b, hay i xe n thi gian nm
vin c nh gi bng kim nh phi tham s da trn cc trung v. Mi lin quan
gia s ngy nm vin v QoL c kt lun thng qua h s tng quan Spearman.
T l chn thng u/ct sng c so snh vi cc s liu nm 1997 v
nhng ngi i b c so snh vi nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khc
trong nghin cu bng kim nh 2 . Kim nh 2 cng c s dng xem liu c
phi im QoL khc nhau theo mc chn thng khi lng gi theo v tr chn
thng nng nht.
Ch rng phn phng php cn vit ngn gn v trnh s lp li khi s
dng tm tt tng t v kim nh nhiu ln trc . Nhng l do ti sao li dng
nhng kim nh chn cng cn phi ch r (v phn b chun hay l bin phn
loi ...)
Kt qu
Cht lng cuc sng
im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng ca cc i tng trong nghin cu
chn thng do giao thng quc gia l 58.0 ( lch chun 0.2) cao hn trung bnh ca
ton quc (50.0) s khc bit ny c ngha thng k (t1691 = 42.8, p < 0.001).
Cha thy c mi lin quan gia cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng c
lng gi bng im QoL vi gii tnh (t1690 = 0.5, p = 0.486) hay a d (F7,1684 = 1.7,
p = 0.116) trong nghin cu. Tuy nhin, nhm tr di 6 tui v nhng ngi c trnh
hc vn trung hc c cht lng cuc sng cao hn (im trung bnh tng ng l
64.0 v 62.0) mt cch c ngha thng k so vi nhng ngi c THV cp II hoc
di cp II (im trung bnh tng ng l 58.0 v 55.0)(F3,1688 = 52.1, p < 0.001).
c bng chng v s gim mt cch c ngha ca im trung bnh cht
lng cuc sng l 5.7 sau chn thng so vi vi trc chn thng (t 60.4 xung
54.7) vi khong tin cy 95% ca 5.4 n 6.0 (t1691 = 38.2, p < 0.001). Khng c
bng chng kt lun tui (Pearson's r = 0.24) cng nh thi gian iu tr ti bnh
vin (Spearman's r = 0.09) c mi tng quan cht ch vi cht lng cuc sng sau
chn thng.
Thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin
im trung v s ngy iu tr ti bnh vin ca nhng i tng i b l 5, t
hn 2 ngy so vi nhng i tng s dng cc phng tin khc (Z = -1.96, n = 751, p
= 0.05). Thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin cng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k
gia nhng ngi s dng cc loi phng tin giao thng khc nhau khi b tai nn
(Kruskal-Wallis test, n = 660, p = 0.003), im trung v cao nht (15 ngy) thuc nhm
i tng s dng xe my.
Chn thng u/ct sng
T l cc nn nhn tai nn giao thng b chn thng u/ct sng trong iu
tra nm 2001 l 36%, iu ny cho thy khng c bng chng v vic gim t l chn
thng u/ct sng so vi iu tra nm 1997 l 37% (21 = 0.2, p = 0.623). C 44%
132
cc nn nhn i b b chn u hoc ct sng trong khi t l ny nhm nn nhn s

dng cc phng tin khc ch l 37%, tuy nhin s khc bit ny khng c ngha
thng k vi mc = 0.05 (21 = 3.3, p = 0.070). Cha c bng chng v vic v tr
thng tch nh hng n cht lng cuc sng tng xng sau chn thng (> 50
im) (22 = 2.1, p = 0.349).
Nhng tiu c s dng phn nh nhng phn khc nhau m nhm
nghin cu quan tm. Cn lu rng c mt vi phn c phn tch ring bit c
gp li v mt vi phn phn tch li c m t theo mt trt t khc i c th mang
li mt cu chuyn nht qun hn cho ngi c. iu ny l hon ton thch hp, bn
ang vit mt bo co ch khng phi nht k! Trong bn bo co bn nn thng xuyn
nu ln ngha ca cc kim nh, v d cc trung bnh khc nhau nh th no, t l
nhm no l cao nht cng nh cc kim nh thng k dng v mc ngha ca
chng.
Bn co co v d ny l mt bn bo ch s dng cc t ng m t cc mi
lin quan, tuy nhin nu s khc nhau v cht lng cuc sng theo a d c ngha
thng k th bn c th trnh by theo dng bng phn b gi tr trung bnh theo a d
hoc biu . Trong trng hp ny bng nn a ra ngay trong phn kt qu m t ca
bo co v c th c tham kho trong phn vit v kt qu ca cc kim nh thng k.
Cn phi cn nhc c phn m t v phn suy lun trong kt qu nghin cu phi b
xung cho nhau v trnh s chng cho khng cn thit.
4.8. Gi nh
Tt c cc phn tm tt v cc kim nh thng k u c cc gi nh cn thit
v cc gi nh ny phi t c nu chng ta mun s dng cc kt qu thng k mt
cch chnh xc. S dng sai gi tr thng k hoc cc kim nh c th dn n nhng kt
lun sai lm. Trong mi trng hp, nu bn yu cu my tnh thc hin mt phn tch
thng k th n s thc hin ngay, k c khi kim nh hon ton khng c gi tr. L
mt ngi phn tch s liu, bn c trch nhim phi kim tra tt c cc gi nh lin
quan ti kim nh thng k v iu ny i khi cn thit bn phi c nhng phn tch
thm. Phn tip theo y s cung cp cho bn cch phn tch cn thit kim tra cho
hu ht cc gi nh thng thng cn thit cho cc kim nh thng k c trnh by
trong cun sch ny. Bng 4.1 v 4.2 s cho bn bit nhng gi nh no cn c cn
nhc khi bn chn cc kim nh thng k.
Nhng gi nh thng dng nht thng c nhm nh sau:
1. Vi tt c cc kim nh thng k
o S c lp ca cc n v quan st
2. Kim nh thng k lin quan vi cc bin ph thuc lin tc
o Phn b chun ca bin ph thuc
o Tnh ng nht ca cc bin trong nhm so snh ngang.
o Khng c bng chng v a cng tuyn
133
3. Kim nh thng k lin quan n bin ph thuc phn loi

o Gi tr k vng ln
4.8.1. S c lp ca cc n v quan st
Comment [pvc1]: Complete up to

here
Tt c cc kim nh thng k c bn trong ch ny yu cu gi nh v tnh

c lp ca cc n v quan st phi c tho mn. iu c ngha l gi tr mt bin
ph thuc ca mt i tng nghin cu khng chu nh hng ca gi tr ca i tng
khc. Vi nhng thit k nghin cu da trn cch ly mu ngu nhin n gi nh ny
thng c tho mn. i khi, cc i tng nghin cu c th bit nhau (v d trong
trng hp ly mu kiu snowball) hoc cc i tng nghin cu c th cng trong mt
gia nh, trng hc, lng, c quan.... dn n cc thnh vin trong cng cng gia
nh/trng hc... c nhiu c im ging nhau khi nh gi trong cm hn gia nhng
c nhn t nhng cm khc nhau. iu ny dn n nhng s ph thuc cho ca mt s
c im. Nhng kim nh thng k bn s hc trong chng trnh ny khng th i
ph vi nhng mc ph thuc khc nhau gia cc n v quan st, c nhiu kim
nh phc tp hn c th lm c iu ny.
quyt nh xem cc gi nh c tho mn khng, bn cn bit n cch ly
mu ca b s liu c thu thp. Hy ch nhng cu hi sau:
(i)
C bng chng no cho thy rng c s co cm ca cc c nhn trong mu
nghin cu, do c im t nhin ( gia nh, trng hc, lng xm) hoc
chng ta to ra (ly mu kiu snowball) khng?
Nu C, th gi nh v tnh c lp ca n v quan st c v khng tho mn
v cn phi c cch tip cn khc v trong trng hp ny bn nn tham kho kin
ca cc chuyn gia thng k.
Ch rng s co cm ca cc i tng quan st trong cng mt n v quan st
l chp nhn c - iu ny sy ra trong cc nghin cu o lng lp li. Ch c cc
n v quan st l phi c lp vi nhau.
4.8.2. Phn b chun
Mt trong nhng gi nh cn phi tho mn khi phn tch cc bin ph thuc
dng lin tc s dng gi tr trung bnh l phn b tn s ca bin c phi l phn b
chun khng.
Cu hi liu bin ph thuc c phn b tn s theo phn b chun hay khng c
th c chuyn thnh Chng ta s s dng trung bnh hay trung v c lng gi tr
thng k? Rt nhiu kim nh thng k yu cu gi nh ny phi c tho mn,
n gin vic tnh ton, nhiu ngi s s dng gi tr trung bnh thay cho trung v trong
vic c lng trung bnh. Gi tr trung bnh ch c th thay th cho gi tr trung v khi
gi nh v phn b chun c tho mn.
C nhng phn tch thng k s gip chng ta xc nh phn b tn s ca mu
c l phn b chun hay khng. V d, kim nh Kolmogorov-Smirnov c bit n l
mt kim nh tnh chun. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra mt phn b chun hon ho i khi
khng cn thit v chng ta cng ch cn kim tra phn b c xp x phn b chun
hay khng m thi. Nhng kim nh a ra trong bng 4.1 khng yu cu phi c phn
b chun hon ho, ch cn xp x phn b chun. V th thut ton sau y nh gi
134
liu gi nh v phn b chun ca bin ph thuc c c tho mn hay khng s c

dng nh gi tnh chun.
1. Tnh ton nhng gi tr sau t b s liu: Gi tr trung bnh, trung v, lch
chun, gi tr cc i, cc tiu, skewness, kurtosis, v biu ct lin tc. Dng cc
php tnh thng k tnh cc gi tr ny. Hy xem v d chng 3.
2. Nu bn c th tr li C cho tt c cc cu hi sau, bn c b s liu xp x
phn b chun.
i.
Gi tr trung bnh c nm trong 10% gi tr trung v khng?
ii.
Gi tr trung bnh 3sd c xp x gi tr cc i v cc tiu trong b s liu

khng?
iii.
H s skewness c nm trong 3 khng?
iv.
H s kurtosis c nm trong 3 khng?
v.
Biu ct lin tc c xut pht im thp, cao nht gia sau thp dn
v pha xa (khng cn thit phi theo ng hnh chung) khng?
(i)
Ngoi ra,
Nu ( v ch nu ) bin lin tc xut pht t gi tr 0 (y khng phi l gi
tr ph nh), th lch chun c t hn gi tr trung bnh khng?
Nu cu tr li l c cho tt c cc tiu chun trn th bin ny xp x phn b
chun.
Khi mt bin lin tc tun theo phn b chun, bn c th tnh ton v gi tr
trung tm v s phn tn ca bin theo trung bnh v lch chun. Nu khng phi l
phn b chun bn khng th s dng s trung bnh nhng c th s dng gi tr trung v
v cc tiu-cc i hoc nhng phn v khc m t s phn tn.
S dng SPSS c nhng thng tin cn cho nh gi phn b chun
Thc hin theo cc bc sau:
2. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies
3. T danh sch bin, chn bin qol_bef (Cht lng chung ca cuc sng trc
chn thng) v chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut ln biu tng
4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, bn s thy hp thoi tng t nh hnh di y.
nh du vo cc hp thng k bn cn mean, median, std. dev., skewness,
kurtosis, minimum, maximum sau nhp chut vo Continue.
135
5. Nhp chut vo nt Charts, chn Histogram, sau nhp chut vo Continue.

6. Nhp chut vo OK.
Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s Window nh trong phn kt qu di
y.
KT QU
136
T kt qu ny bn c th thy rng gi tr trung bnh nm trong 10% trung v.

Gi tr trung bnh 3sd tng ng l (58.0 3 x 7.69 = 35.0) v (58.0 + 3 x 7.69 = 81.0).
Chng rt gn vi cc gi tr cc tiu 34 v cc i 85. H s skewness v kurtosis tt,
chng nm trong khong chy t 3 and +3, biu ct lin tc gn ging hnh chung.
V th gi nh v phn b chun c chp nhn. Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun
s c s dng kt lun v bin ph thuc ny.
4.8.3. Tnh ng nht ca phng sai cc nhm so snh
C kim nh tham s v phi tham s m t trong quyn sch ny ch c gi tr
khi gi nh v s phn tn ca gi tr bin ph thuc gn ging nhau trong cc nhm so
snh ngang. V th gi nh ny cn c kim nh khi bn quan tm n cc gi thuyt
v cc bin ph thuc lin tc v bao hm t nht l hai nhm so snh.
Bn s so snh phng sai ca cc nhm so snh, v th s cn a ra lch
chun, s cc tiu v cc i ca bin ph thuc ring bit cho tng nhm. Nu s phn
tn thng k gia cc nhm so snh gn nh nhau th c s ng nht ca phng sai.
Mt s kim nh, nh kim nh mu c lp t, c sa i i ph vi vic
khng tho mn gi nh ny xem phn 4.8 c thm thng tin. Tuy nhin, trong hu
ht cc trng hp khc, nu bn khng th ch ra c tnh ng nht v phng sai
gia cc nhm so snh bn khng th s dng mt cch c hiu qu hu ht cc kim
nh tham s v phi tham s. i khi s dng phng php i bin chuyn i s
liu ca cc nhm so snh c cc gi tr phng sai ng nht v trong nhng trng
hp nh vy bn nn tham kho sch thng k hoc cc chuyn gia thng k.
V hnh thc, gi nh ny c kim nh mt cch t ng khi bn s dng
kim nh Levenes trc khi dng kim nh t khng ghp cp, nhng vi nhng kim
nh thng k khc m khng c kim nh t ng bn c th s dng kim nh F
cho phng sai ca hai nhm. Kim nh F dng kim nh cc gi thuyt m t s
137
ca cc phng sai l 1 (khng c s khc nhau). Tham kho thng k sinh y t I c

thm thng tin v kim nh F.
Khng ging nh gi nh v phn b chun phn 4.5.1.2, gi nh m ch cn
phn b xp x chun, tnh ng nht ca phng sai gia cc nhm so snh rt quan
trng. Cc kim nh thc hin rt nhy cm vi vic khng tho mn gi nh ny, bn
c th c nhng kt lun sai lm khi phn tch nu bn vi phm gi nh ny.
S dng SPSS nh gi tnh ng nht ca phng sai
Gi nh bn ngh n gi thuyt rng gi tr trung bnh im QoL khc nhau
theo loi phng tin giao thng c lin quan n chn thng. Bn c 5 nhm phng
tin giao thng: xe t, xe p, xe my, ngi i b, v loi phng tin khc. Trc ht
bn cn a ra cc gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca im QoL trong tng nhm
phng tin. lm c iu ny thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Reports Case Summaries
2. T danh sch bin, nhp chut vo bin qol_bef (cht lng chung ca cuc sng
trc khi chn thng) v chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu
tng
3. T danh sch bin, chn nhm bin, v d chn nhm education, trantype, v
chuyn vo hp nhm bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng
4. Kch chut vo Display cases, SPSS nh du mc nh, chuyn bin
nh du vo hp
5. Nhp chut vo nt Statistics, chuyn la chn Mean v Variance vo hp Cell

Statistics kch vo Continue/OK. Mn hnh s tng t nh hnh di y:
138
Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s nh qu di y.

Case Summaries
Type of transportation in
N
motorised vehicle
68
Bicycle
325
Motorised bike
885
Pedestrian
165
Other
67
Total
1510
Mean
59.0882
57.8769
58.2169
58.0909
57.0448
58.1172
Variance
66.470
62.880
60.014
56.912
51.498
60.159
Chng ta c th thy rng phng sai ca cc loi l gn ging nhau. T s thng

k F c tnh ton v trnh by r rng hn mt cht. Khng c t sut no c ngha
thng k vi mc p < 0.05.
Xe t so snh vi xe p
=
66.5/62.9 = 1.06
Xe my
=
66.5/60.0 = 1.10
Ngi i b
=
66.5/56.9 = 1.17
Loi khc
=
66.5/51.5 = 1.29
Xe p so snh vi xe my
=
62.9/60.0 = 1.05
Ngi i b
=
62.9/56.9 = 1.11
Loi khc
=
62.9/51.5 = 1.22
Xe my so snh vi ngi i b
=
60.0/56.9 = 1.05
Loi khc
=
60.0/51.5 = 1.17
Ngi i b so snh vi loi khc
56.9/51.5 =
1.10
139
Tng t nh cc kim nh thng k thng thng cho tnh chun, kim nh F

cng chu nh hng ca c mu, thm ch i khi vi t sut tng i nh (di 1.5)
cng c th c ngha thng k. Ch cn gi tr thng k F l 1.5 hoc nh hn, bn cng
c th cho l gi nh v tnh ng nht ca phng sai c tho mn.
4.8.4. Cng tuyn
Khi s dng kim nh thng k nh lng v mnh ca mi lin quan
gia hai bin, s c ln chng ta gp phi hai bin c mi lin quan rt cht ch n ni
t gi tr ca bin ny chng ta c th bit c gi tr ca bin kia. V d, s ngy ma
v s ngy nng trong mt thng c th dng d on cho nhng thng khc. Rt
him khi thy nng khi tri ang ma, v vy tng quan gia nng v ma l mt tng
quan nghch rt mnh. Khi cc mi tng quan gia hai bin mnh n mc 0.9 hoc cao
hn na bn nn xem xt xem liu hai bin ny trn thc t c cng lng gi cho mt
hin tng khng. Nu chng cng lng gi cho mt hin tng th chng ta sai khi
a chng vo cng mt phn tch thng k. Nu chng ta c phn tch chng th ta s
mc phi mt vn l s cng tuyn trong vic phn tch.
kim tra s cng tuyn, chng ta cn tnh ton mi tng quan gia hai bin
m ta nghi ng. Nu h s tng quan l 0.9 hoc cao hn, khng c tip tc dng c
hai bin trong phn tch ca bn. Hy chn mt trong hai bin , thng chn bin d
dng lng gi hn v tin hnh phn tch ch vi mt bin ny.
Lu rng vi nhng nghin cu o lng nhc li, bn s c nhng tng quan
cao hn gia nhng o lng nhc li ca cng mt bin c mt ngi o rt nhiu
ln. Nhng tng quan ny tng i c chp nhn trong nghin cu o lng nhc
li.
S dng SPSS nh gi tnh a tuyn tnh
Gi s rng bn ang nghi ng v kh nng c s cng tuyn gia tui v trnh
hc vn (trnh hc vn thng c tnh da vo s nm hc trng, tuy nhin
cng c th o lng bin ny bng mt n v khc v d l thi gian). Bn cn phi ch
ra mi tng quan ca tui v trnh hc vn. Tui l mt bin lin tc v trnh
hc vn l bin th hng vi cc gi tr nh Tr nh/m ch, Cp 1, Cp 2, Cp 3. H s
tng quan Spearmans l h s tng quan thch hp cho cc dng bin loi ny (xem
module 3). thc hin c iu ny trong chng trnh SPSS bn cn thc hin theo
nhng bc sau.
1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Correlate Bivariate
2. T danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v edgrp (trnh hc vn) v
chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng
3. Nhp chut vo Pearsons correlation ri chuyn bng cch nh du (SPSS chn
mc nh nhng gi tr ny khng ph hp), nhp chut ln Spearman chn
dng tng quan s c tnh.
140
4. Nhp chut vo OK hon thnh lnh.

Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s di y :
Correlations
Spearman's rho
age (rounded)
Education - grouped
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
age (rounded)
1.000
.
1721
.228**
.000
1702
Education grouped
.228**
.000
1702
1.000
.
1702
**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).
Trong trng hp ny, mc d c mi tng quan va phi gia tui v trnh

hc vn nhng hai bin ny r rng dng lng gi nhng c im khc nhau. Trong
khi nhng ngi tr nht nh tr em thng c trnh hc vn thp v s nm n
trng tng tng ng vi tui mt vi ngi trong qun th, trng hp cng tuyn
v mi tng quan cht ch sy ra khi cc c hi hc tp l ging nhau i vi tt c mi
ngi trong qun th. Trn thc t li khng nh vy, mt s ngi gi khng c trnh
hc vn cao nh nhng ngi khc, v th khng th c c mi tng quan cht
ch.
V h s tng quan nh hn 0.9, s cng tuyn tnh khng phi l mt vn
khi chng ta a hai bin ny vo trong cng mt phn tch.
4.8.5. Gi tr k vng ln
Khi xem xt mi lin quan gia cc bin phn loi, cc bng ngang biu din kt
qu ca tn s v t l v thng c phn tch vi vi dng ca kim nh 2 (xem
141
phn 4.6.13). Cc kim nh 2 tnh ton cc gi tr k vng trong bng vi gi nh l

gi thuyt khng (Ho) ng, cc gi tr k vng cn c s dng c lng v l s
liu tnh ton gi tr thng k. Mi kim nh 2 u gi nh l gi tr k vng ca
cc phi t 5 tr ln.
Lu , gi nh yu cu l cc gi tr k vng ln hn 5 ch khng phi l cc gi
tr quan st. Cc gi tr quan st ca bn c th rt thp thm ch bng 0.
Khi bn s dng SPSS tnh ton kim nh 2, chng trnh cng c th a ra
gi tr k vng trong kt qu. Tr khi bn yu cu a ra cc gi tr k vng, SPSS s ch
in phn di kt qu kim nh 2 nhng thng tin cho bn bit c bao nhiu khng
tho mn iu kin v gi tr k vng di 5.0. Dng tin ny xut hin trong hu ht cc
phn kt qu ca kim nh 2, v khi gi nh khng tho mn bn khng th dng
kim nh ny. Nu trng hp xy ra bn cn phi xem xt vic gp cc gi tr phn
loi lin k ca mt bin hoc c hai, nhng ch nn thc hin khi vic gp ny c
ngha vi mi lin quan m bn ang tm hiu. Sau khi gp cc gi tr phn loi bn thc
hin li kim nh 2 v xem xt xem gi nh c tho mn cha. i khi bn
gp rt nhiu cc gi tr phn loi nhng gi nh v tn s k vng vn khng th tho
mn. Nu tn s k vng trong bng nh nht l 2.0 hoc ln hn, bn c th gii thch
kt qu phn tch tuy nhin nn cp n vic ny. Nu tn s k vng di 2.0, bn
khng th s dng kt qu phn tch v ch c th dng cc thng k m t phin gii
s liu ny.
S dng SPSS nh gi ln ca gi tr k vng
Gi s rng bn ang tm hiu mi lin quan gia s lng v tr chn thng v
nn nhn i b khi b chn thng. Bn thc hin mt kim nh 2 kim nh gi
thuyt ny. Gi nh v gi tr k vng ln c kim nh sau khi bn tin hnh kim
nh 2 v thng tin ny c trnh by trong phn kt qu. Bn thc hin theo cc bc
sau
1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs
2. T danh sch bin, chn bin pedestrn (ngi i b) v chuyn vo hp Row(s)
bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng
3. T danh sch bin, chn bin sitesg (s lng v tr chn thng) v chuyn vo
hp Column(s) bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng
142
4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics v chn Chi Square .
5. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, kch vo nt Cells. SPSS sn

sng chn Observed. Bn phi chn Expected, v Column a ra bng gi
tr k vng v t l theo ct
143
6. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh.

7. Cui cng nhp chut ln nt OK kt thc lnh.
Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s Window nh trong phn kt qu di

y.
Was victim a pedestrian? * Number of sites injured - grouped Crosstabulation
0
Was victim a
pedestrian?
No
Yes
Total
Count
Expected Count
% within Number of
sites injured - grouped
Count
Expected Count
% within Number of
Count
Expected Count
% within Number of
Number of sites injured - grouped

1
2
3+
43
992
253
69
40.0
1002.8
250.0
64.1
Total
1357
1357.0
95.6%
88.0%
90.0%
95.8%
89.0%
2
5.0
135
124.2
28
31.0
3
7.9
168
168.0
4.4%
12.0%
10.0%
4.2%
11.0%
45
45.0
1127
1127.0
281
281.0
72
72.0
1525
1525.0
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
144
Chi-Square Tests
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value
6.811a
8.262
1.909
3
3
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
.078
.041
.167
df
1525
a. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 4.96.
Tn s quan st nh nht l 2. Tn s k vng nh nht l 4.96 theo nh thng

tin cui cng trn. iu ny cho thy gi nh v tn s k vng t 5.0 tr ln gn nh
tho mn. Kim nh 2 c th c gi tr s dng trong trng hp ny.
4.8.5. Kt lun
Nh bn thy, vic la chn phn tch thng k ph thuc vo rt nhiu cc
hiu bit chi tit v cu hi nghin cu, thit k nghin cu. Mt khi bn c mt tng
r rng v nhng g s cn trong bn bo co cui cng bn mi c th xy dng k
hoch cho phn tch s liu. Cng nh vic chun b cho nhiu vic, dnh nhiu thi gian
cho vic lp k hoch phn tch t khi mi bt u nghin cu s tit kim rt nhiu thi
gian cho bn khi phn tch sau ny.
145
CHNG 5: TNH C MU
5.1. Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng:
1.
2.
3.
Hiu c cch tip cn thng thng tnh ton c mu cn thit cho mt cu

hi nghin cu.
Hiu c nhng khi nim thit k nghin cu lm c s cn thit cho vic tnh
ton c mu.
Vit c cch tnh c mu cho mt cng hoc bo co nghin cu.
5.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh tin cy ca kt qu

5.2.1. ngha thng k v ngha ng cnh
Ngoi vic tng ti a kh nng cu hi nghin cu s c tr li mt cch
khng c sai s, mt mc ch chnh khc ca vic thit k nghin cu l m bo
khng lng ph ngun lc. Kha cnh ny c th da vo s lng mu trong nghin cu.
Tht v ch khi mu nghin cu l 1000 trong khi ch cn 100 l v tng t nghin
cu c th l khng c gi tr nu mu nghin cu ch l 10 ngi trong khi phi cn ti
100 ngi. Lm th no c th xc nh c mu l bao nhiu th ? Thc ra, ngha
ca t l g?
Mu nghin cu l khi kt qu nghin cu l ng tin cy v c chp nhn.
iu c ngha l nu kt qu a ra c th ch c s khc nhau gia hai nhm th
chng ta cn chc chn rng vic gii thch ny khng ging nh b nh hng n ca
nhng dao ng khi lng gi. Chng ta mong mun trnh c kt qu dng tnh hoc
m tnh gi.
Thng thng, mt kt qu s khng c cn nhc v a vo trong bo co tr
khi kt qu so snh t ti c ngha thng k, p < 0.05. Chng ta thng lm nghin
cu v tm ra mt s khc nhau m li khng c ngha hoc iu tri ngc, chng ta
c th tm thy mt kt qu khc nhau c ngha thng k nhng khng c ngha trong
thc t. iu ny c th l nh, s khc nhau khng c ngha thng k ca mt can
thip trn thc t c th c ngha y t cng cng ln nu s thay i nh tc ng
n ton b qun th . Ngc li, mt can thip c th dn n mt s khc bit ln c
ngha thng k cao nhng li khng thch hp nu n ch c th p dng cho mt s t
ngi trong qun th.
Gii thch v phn tch thng k nn da ch yu trn ngha ng cnh, khng
phi trn ngha thng k. iu ny thng khng c trnh by r trong cc sch
thng k. Gi tr p c th ch c s dng tuyn b v ngha trong khi thit k
nghin cu bao gm c tnh ton c mu cho mt gi thuyt c kim nh. Trong
phm vi c mu, mt kt lun m tnh gi l do c mu qu nh, v mt kt lun dng
tnh gi l do c mu qu ln (nn nh rng cn c cc nguyn nhn khc trong thit k,
nh sai s chn v sai s o lng cng c th l nguyn nhn dn n kt lun nghin
cu sai).
146
Qu trnh tnh ton c mu cho mt cng trnh nghin cu l chc chn rng
chng ta t c c mu ln da trn chng ta a ra kt lun v vn y t cng
cng, chng ta cng a ra nhng phin gii khc v s khc bit l c ngha thng k
hay khng.
iu u tin ca bt k mt tnh ton c mu no cng l nhng trnh by v kt
qu ca nghin cu ny c tm quan trng nh th no i vi sc kho cng ng. V
d, chng ta hy vng rng chin dch tuyn truyn tng cng sc kho s tng nhn
thc v chin lc phng chng HIV/AIDS ln 20% hoc hn na. Nu s ci thin ch
l 12%, n khng n tng tin hnh chin dch ny mt cch thng xuyn, s
thay i ny khng ln vi nhng chi ph ngun lc b ra. V th mc ch ca
chng ta l phi thit k nghin cu vi c mu ln c th pht hin s ci thin
tng 20% hoc hn na c ngha thng k. Chng ta s khng quan tm nhng s khc
bit nh hn 20% m khng c ngha thng k.
5.2.2. S bin thin trong o lng
S bin thin trong o lng l kt qu ca cc bin thin c th v tng nhm
nu chng ta so snh cc nhm. Vi s xut hin ca s bin thin ln trong o lng
gia cc c th, n s kh pht hin nhng s khc bit nh.
t hai khi nim trn (s khc bit ti thiu c th tm ra v s bin thin) vo
vi v d v cht lng cuc sng trong b s liu nghin cu ca chng ta, ta c th c
gi thuyt rng im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng l khc nhau gia nhm nn
nhn c thu nhp thp v nhm c thu nhp khng thp. S khc bit trung bnh l 5
hoc cao hn l mi quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu. Hy n gin ho v d ny, gi
nh rng ly mu gm 10 ngi trong mi nhm thu nhp (thp v khng thp). S
khc bit l 5 rt d dng nhn ra trong vic so snh tp hp th nht v tp hp th 2
ca cc kt qu:
im cht lng cuc sng ca 10 ngi trong hai nhm thu nhp
Thu nhp thp:
Thu nhp khng thp
31 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 40 41
36 36 38 39 39 40 42 44 45 46
im cht lng cuc sng khng thay i nhiu (chy trong khong 10 im) v
s khc bit trung bnh 5 l thuyt phc mc d hai nhm c s chng cho vn c s
thay i r rng, im cht lng cuc sng nhm thu nhp khng thp cao hn nhm
thu nhp thp
So snh vi mt v d m s khc bit c lng gi cao hn.
Thu nhp thp:
Thu nhp khng thp:
31 32 34 38 40 41 46 48 49 51
35 36 41 43 46 46 48 52 53 55
147
Trong trng hp ny, s khc bit trung bnh vn l 5, nhng kt qu khng

oc chp nhn v s khc nhau qu ln ca cc c th trong nhm (chy trong khong
20) v s chng cho gia hai nhm cng ln.
a ra s khc bit, mt c mu ln hn l cn thit tm ra s khc nhau
ng tin cy khi s khc bit tnh c cao hn.
Xem xt v d v nhm 20 ngi
Thu nhp thp:
31 32 33 33 34 35 36 38 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 51
Thu nhp khng thp: 39 41 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 56
Vi c mu ln hn, chng ta tin tng hn rng s khc nhau gia hai nhm l
tht s; s thay i gi tr cht lng cuc sng cao hn l nht qun hn v c da
trn s lng nhiu hn.
Vi thng k m t, chng ta thng mun a ra khong tin cy cho chnh
xc ca cc c lng thng k (trung bnh, t l, t sut chnh...). S khc bit cng
ln, c mu s cng phi ln a ra s trung bnh nh nhau vi chnh xc nh
nhau.
5.2.3 Sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II
K c khi c s khc nhau tht s tn ti trong hai mu i tng, chng ta vn
c thm mt vn na nh hng n tin cy ca cc kt qu. iu ny lin quan
n vic cc i tng trong mu m chng ta chn c i din cho ton b qun th
hay khng. Nu hai nhm i din c cho cc qun th ca chng th s khc bit
trn c th s c lp li (nu chng ta chn lp li nhiu ln th s khc bit vn s
tn ti). Nu hai nhm ny khng i din cho qun th, s khc bit trn c hoc
khng th phn nh ng s khc bit tht s trong hai qun th. V chng ta thng
khng lp li nghin cu, nn chng ta khng bit rng cc kt qu nghin cu ca
chng ta c phn nh chnh xc s tht hay l c mc phi sai lm. C hai loi sai lm
khi phin gii kt qu chng ta c th mc; sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II. Khi nim v
sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II l tng ng vi khi nim kt qu dng tnh gi v
m tnh gi trong kim nh lm sng.
Mu
Cc nhm khc nhau
Cc nhm nh nhau
S thc (qun th)

Cc nhm khc nhau Cc nhm nh nhau
U (dng tnh gi)
9
U (m tnh gi)
Nu chng ta a kt lun c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu v qun

th m mu i din cng c s khc bit ny, chng ta khng c sai lm
trong kt lun.
148
Nu chng ta ni rng khng c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu v

qun th m mu i din cng khng c s khc bit, chng ta cng
khng c sai lm trong kt lun.
Nu chng ta a ra s khc bit trong mu nghin cu nhng thc t

qun th m mu i din li khng c s khc bit ny, chng ta
phm phi sai lm loi I
Nu chng ta ni rng khng c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu,

nhng trn thc t qun th m mu i din li c s khc bit, chng ta
a phm phi sai lm loi II.
Sai lm loi I thng c cho l nghim trng hn sai lm loi II. V khi chng
ta ni rng c s khc bit nhng trn thc t kt lun ca chng ta c a ra t mt
mu ti cn t hi hn l a ra kt lun l khng c s khc bit. Kt lun ny v
bng pha trn c th c a vo phn kim nh gi thuyt:
H0: Thi gian hon thnh trung bnh gia hai nhm l nh nhau.
H1: Thi gian hon thnh trung bnh l khc nhau gia hai nhm.
Qun th
Mu
H1
H0
H1
U (Sai lm loi I)
H0
U ( Sai lm loi II)
Lc ca kim nh l phn b ca sai lm loi II. Nu sai lm loi II l 10%, lc

kim nh l 90%.
5.2.4. Cc mi quan h tng h
Mt c mu c coi l c th nh hn 10 ngi hoc ln hn 100000 ngi.
C mu ph thuc vo mc ch ca phn tch thng k l m t hay suy lun, nu l suy
lun th gi thuyt thng k c kim nh, v s khc nhau ti thiu c th nhn thy
l mi quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu, o lng ca bin ph thuc v phng sai.
C mu tng khi:
chnh xc yu cu ca c lng tng.
S khc nhau ti thiu c th nhn thy gim.
lch chun tng
Sai lm loi I hoc sai lm loi II gim
lng gi tr nn tinh vi hn (t lin tc tr thnh nh thc)
5.3. Nhng iu kin cn thit tnh c mu

Nhng gi trn y gip cho bn nm c cc cu phn cn thit cho vic tnh
c mu. Tuy nhin chng ta cng c nhng cng thc gip bn c lng c mu cn
thit cn bng c 3 yu t c th tc ng n tin cy ca kt qu nghin cu.
Trc khi bn s dng mt trong nhng cng thc bn cn phi xc nh r nghin
cu ca bn thuc loi nghin cu m t hay nghin cu phn tch.
149
Nu mc ch ca bn l nghin cu m t, bn s quan tm n nhng kt qu

c s chnh xc mc cao, v mc ch ca tnh ton c mu chc chn rng c
mu ca bn a ra nhng kt qu ny. Tt c nhng g bn cn lm l a ra mc
chnh xc cho cc tnh ton.
Tuy nhin, nu mc ch ca bn l kim nh gi thuyt (thng k suy lun) bn
s phi xc nh cc yu t sau trc khi tnh ton c mu:
(i)
c tng no v o lng bin thin ( lch chun) ca bin ph
thuc khng,
(ii)
c kh nng tm ra s khc bit nh nht gia hai nhm so snh,
(iii)
nu r mc ca sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II m bn chp nhn
trong nghin cu ca mnh.
Hu ht cc nh nghin cu cho php 5% sai lm loi I (bn cng cn
ch r bn mun kim nh mt pha hay hai pha), v 10 % sai lm
loi II.
iu ny c ngha rng bn c sn mt vi tng v kt qu nghin cu
ngay c khi bn cha thc hin nghin cu! Thng thng trong nhng ti liu c sn
hoc tin hnh nghin cu th im s cung cp cho bn mt s thng tin v lch
chun. Khng ai c th a ra c chun xc nh s khc bit nh nht m bn
mun tm ra v iu ny ph thuc vo tng nghin cu.
Kim nh thng k bn chn phn tch ph thuc vo kiu ca bin ph thuc
v hnh thc so snh (chng 4), vic la chn cng thc tnh c mu cng ph thuc
cc yu t trn. Trn thc t, cng thc tnh c mu da trn s bin i ton hc ca
cng thc kim nh thng k m chng c s dng trong sch ny. C nhng cng
thc khc nhau da trn dng bin ph thuc khc nhau (bin lin tc biu th bng s
trung bnh, bin phn loi biu th bng t l). Cng c nhng cng thc tnh c mu
khc nhau ph thuc vo loi thit k nghin cu (v d nghin cu ct ngang, nghin
cu o lng nhc li, so snh trc sau....).
Chng ny cp n vic tnh ton c mu s dng chng trnh phn mm
cho cc thit k nghin cu thc nghim v nghin cu s dng phng php thu thp
mu ngu nhin n. Loi thit k ny rt him khi c p dng trong nghin cu y t
cng cng ni m cc nghin cu quan st v ly mu cm thng hay c s dng
hn. Bt k mt thit k nghin cu phc tp no ( v d mu cm, mu phn tng, thiu
tnh ngu nhin) nn c lng tng c mu v c cp tm tt trong phn 5.4.2.2.
5.4. Tnh c mu
C mu cho rt nhiu loi thit k nghin cu v kim nh gi thuyt c th
c tnh trong phn mm SSize, y l mt phn mm min ph do T chc y t Th
gii pht trin. Phn mm ny cho php tnh ton c mu cho rt nhiu loi thit k
nghin cu v cc loi gi thuyt khc nhau. cung cp cho bn cch s dng phn
mm ny chng ti a ra 5 v d di y, hai v d da trn thng k m t v 3 v d
da trn thng k suy lun; mt v d cho gi thuyt v nghin cu o lng lp li
(trung bnh ghp cp), mt so snh gia hai trung bnh ca hai nhm khc nhau, v mt
l so snh hai t l. Nhng v d ny phn nh nhng cu hi t b s liu v chn
thng, nhng hy gi nh rng b s liu ny cha c thu thp.
150
Cng vi vic cho bn kt qu c mu tnh ton c, phn mm cng cung cp

cho bn cc cng thc tnh ton c dng.
5.4.1. Nhng v d v s dng SSize
1. Vo SSize v bn s thy mt mn hnh nh sau.
Nh bn thy, c rt nhiu kh nng tnh ton chn la, v ch c mt phn

ca cc la chn ny c trnh by tip trong cc mn hnh tip theo.
151
152
c th chn c ng cch tnh ton ph hp bn cn phi hiu r v k

hoch phn tch ca bn. Nu bn khng th vit c nhng m t chi tit hoc nhng
gi thuyt khoa hc cho cu hi nghin cu ca bn th bn s khng th la chn c
cch tnh ton ph hp gia rt nhiu la chn trn. Hy xem chng 3 v pht trin k
hoch phn tch.
Vi cc v d, hy gi nh rng nghin cu NTIS (National Tranpsportation
Injury Survey) vn giai on thit k, v cc nh nghin cu mun dm bo tnh tin
cy ca thng k m t, v c mu ph hp cho kim nh ba gi thuyt nghin cu
5.4.1.1 tin cy ca mt c lng trung bnh
Gi thuyt 4 chng 3 quan tm n c lng v cht lng cuc sng trc

chn thng. Thng k m t c a ra cho bin ny bao gm c khong tin cy
phn nh tin cy ca c lng trung bnh.
H0:im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng tng t nh qun th chung, l 50.
Da trn cc ti liu c sn v cng c lng gi cht lng cuc sng cho thy
mt qun th c trng c im QoL trung bnh l 50 v lch chun l 10. Cc nh
nghin cu kim nh v xc nh rng im cht lng cuc sng l phn b chun
(xem phn 4.8). Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng c lng im trung bnh ca
cht lng cuc sng t nghin cu NTIS c tin cy l +5 im (iu ny c ngha l
im trung bnh ca qun th nm trong khong tin cy 95% khng ln hn +5).
Theo phn 5.3 trn, h mong mun c lng trung bnh qun th l 50 vi
lch chun l 10 v tin cy l +5.
tnh c mu cn thit ta lm nh sau:
1. T thc n trn mn hnh 5.5.1, chn 7.1, nhp chut ln Estimate.
Mn hnh tip theo s hin th vi cc hp trng tr hp 1-. tin cy ca 95% y
l qui c v gi nh. Bn c th thay i nu cn thit.
153
2. a 5 vo tin cy tuyt i (Absolute precision required - d), tng ng

vi tin cy tng i l 10%, ( = 0.1 = 5/50). Sau khi cc s liu thch hp
c a vo hp c mu se c tnh t ng.
3. Phin bn SSize a ra v d khng t ng tnh c mu, n. Tuy nhin n a

ra cng thc tnh v chng ta c th tnh ton bng tay, n= (1.962 x 100)/25 = 16.
5.4.1.2 tin cy ca c lng t l
154
Gi thuyt 14 trong chng 3 quan tm n c lng t l ton b qun th

chn thng giao thng c cc chn thng u/chn thng ct sng, c c lng
khong 37% da vo cc nghin cu trc. Cc thng k m t c d tnh dng
m t bin ny bao gm khong tin cy phn nh tin cy ca c lng t l. tin
cy tuyt i yu cu l 10% v tng ng vi tin cy tng i l 10/37 = 27%.
H0:T l chn thng u v ct sng l 37%.
xc nh c mu, dng cng thc tin cy tuyt i.
1.
2.
T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 1.1, nhp chut ln nt Estimate

. Xut hin mt mn hnh vi nhng hp cn trng tr hp 1- box.
Nhp nhng s ph hp.
Nhp 0.37 cho t l P c lng trc ca qun th, v 0.10 cho d, tin cy
tuyt i yu cu.
155
3. C mu cn thit cho tin cy ny l 90 ngi.

xc nh c mu cn thit, s dng cng thc tin cy tng i:
1.
T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 1.2, nhp chut ln nt Estimate. Hin th
mt mn hnh vi nhng cn trng tr 1-. Nhp cc s liu nh di y.
156
2.
Nhp 0.37 cho t l c lng P ca qun th, v 0.27 cho , tin cy tng i
cn thit. C mu cn thit t tin cy ny l chnh xc nh tnh ton
trn vi tin cy tuyt i l 10%.
5.4.1.3 So snh hai trung bnh gia hai nhm
Gi thuyt 5 trong chng 3 c lin quan n vic so snh trung bnh gia hai
nhm, kim nh gi thuyt ny l kim nh rng khng c s khc bit v im cht
lng cuc sng trc chn thng gia hai nhm nam v n.
H 0:
im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng ca hai nhm nam v n l nh nhau.
Trong phm vi nghin cu ny, c gi nh rng im cht lng cuc sng l

phn b chun (da trn cng c l cc ti liu m t ca mt nghin cu) v phn b
ny trong qun th chung c trung bnh l 50 v lch chun l 10. Trong phn thit k
nghin cu, cc nh nghin cu khng bit rng cc qun th s dng loi phng tin
khc nhau khi chn thng c phn b nh nhau hay khng, nhng dng nh gi nh
ny c v xc thc. Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng h c ngun lc tng
xng tm ra s khc nhau c ngha thng k v im cht lng cuc sng l 5 hoc
cao hn gia hai gii nam v n. Trong k hoch nghin cu ca h quyt nh gi
thuyt ny s c kim nh bng kim nh t khng ghp cp nu s khc nhau trung
bnh gia nam v n bng 0 (iu ny xy ra khi gi thuyt H0 l ng). V vy, da trn
bng kim 5.4 cho tnh c mu, h cn
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Lng gi phng sai im cht lng cuc sng ca nam hoc niu ny c gi nh l phn nh lch chun qun th l 10.
S khc nhau nh nht m chng ta quan tm - s khc nhau l 5 im
gia nam v n c coi l s khc nhau ti thiu c th tm ra.
Nn nh rng kim nh so snh s khc nhau gia hai s trung bnh
s tnh ton s khc bit gia 2 trung bnh v so snh n vi gi tr 0.
Mc sai lm loi I c th mc phi thng c xc nh l 5%. l
kim nh hai pha v vic gim gi tr trong bt k nhm nam v n
u c quan tm. Sai lm loi II oc xc nh l 10%, lc kim
nh l 90%.
xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny chng ta lm nh sau:

1. T thc n nh mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 7.4b, nhp chut ln nt Estimate.
Hin th mn hnh nh sau
157
2.
a gi tr lch chun qun th l 10 vo, gi tr kim nh ca trung bnh

qun th l 0, v trung bnh qun th d o, chnh l s khc nhau mong i
gia trung hai nhm so snh (bng 5). SSize s t ng tnh phng sai qun th
v c mu.
158
3.
C mu cn thit cho tng nhm l 85 ngi tm ra s khc nhau gia nam v

n v im cht lng cuc sng l 5 hoc cao hn v lc kim nh l 90%.
5.4.1.4 So snh t l gia hai nhm
Gi thuyt 15 trong chng 3 cp n vic so snh hai t l ca hai nhm,

kim nh gi thuyt ny l khng c s khc nhau gia t l chn thng u/ct sng
gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khc khi b
chn thng.
H 0:
So vi nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khi b chn thng th
nhng ngi i b c t l chn thng u/ct sng l tng t hoc thp
hn.
Trong phn thit k ca nghin cu, cc nh nghin cu bit t nhng nghin

cu chn thng trc l c khong 35% nhng ngi b chn thng c tn thng
u/ct sng nu h s dng phng tin giao thng. Nhng h khng bit t l ny c
khc nhau gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi s dng phng tin hay khng. Cc
nh nghin cu mun m bo mu c lc pht hin ra s khc nhau gia cc t l
ny l 5% hoc cao hn (s khc nhau tuyt i 35% so vi 40%). iu ny tng
ng vi s khc nhau tng i l (5/35). Trong k hoch phn tch h quyt nh
kim nh gi thuyt bng kim nh 2 m s kim nh xem t l chung cho tt c
qun th c s dng cho tng nhm i tng chn thng i b v s dng phng tin
khng. V vy, da trn bng kim 5.4 cho tnh c mu, h cn :
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
Lng gi phng sai l khng cn thit v y l so snh hai t l

ch khng phi hai s trung bnh.
S khc bit nh nht - mt s khc bit 5% (tuyt i) gia chn
thng ca ngi i b v ngi s dng phng tin c coi l s
khc nhau ti thiu c th tm thy. Nu t l chn thng u/ct
sng trong s cc i tng chn thng i xe l 35% th c ngha
chng ta mong i t l ny nhm ngi i b t nht l 40%.
kim nh mt pha v cc nh nghin cu ch quan tm n t l chn
thng u/ct sng ngi i b c cao hn khng. Sai lm loi II
c xc nh l 10%, lc kim nh l 90%.
Xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny:

1.
T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 2.2a, nhp chut ln nt Estimate. Hin th
mt mn hnh nh sau
159
2.
Xc nh P1 l t l chn thng u/ct sng ca nhm s dng phng tin, v

th a 0.35 vo P1. P2 l t l t l chn thng u/ct sng ca ngi i b,
a 0.4 vo P2.
160
3. C mu cn thit cho tng nhm l 1604 tm ra s khc nhau v t l

chn thng u/ct sng gia hai nhm i b v i xe l 5% hoc cao
hn vi lc kim nh l 90%. Trn thc t vi trn 1700 ngi, nghin
cu NTIS khng tm ra s khc bit c ngha thng k gia hai nhm
ny.
5.4.1.5. o lng nhc li trong cng mt n v - Gi tr trung bnh
Gi thuyt 8 trong phn 3 cp n kim nh t ghp cp, kim nh gi thuyt

m khng c s thay i trong im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng vi trc
chn thng.
H0: im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng giao thng l cao hn hoc
khng thay i so vi trc chn thng.
Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng c lc tm ra s thay i c
ngha thng k v im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng l 5 hoc cao hn so vi
trc chn thng. Trong k hoch phn tch h quyt nh gi thuyt ny s c
kim nh bng tnh ton mt bin mi, s thay i ca im (trc - sau chn thng),
v th h s dng kim nh t ghp cp kim tra xem im thay i trung bnh ca
cht lng cuc sng c bng 0 khng (iu ny c ngha l gi thuyt H0 l ng). V
th da trn bng kim 5.4 cho tnh ton c mu, h cn:
(iii)
Lng ga phng sai ca mc im thay i- iu ny KHNG

GING nh lng gi phng sai ca im cht lng cuc sng
161
trc chn thng hay sau chn thng (im thay i l mt bin
khc). Cc nh nghin cu cn c vi tng v lch chun ca
im thay i l th no. iu ny thng rt kh d on, v thng
phi da trn cc ti liu nghin cu c sn. Trong trng hp nghin
cu NTIS, do khng tm c cc nghin cu/ti liu gip h quyt
nh gi tr ny, v v khng c thi gian thc hin mt nghin cu
th im nn h a ra mt gi nh l khng c mt c nhn no
trong qun th m s thay i li ln hn 20 im thm ch ngay c
trong trng hp chn thng trm trng nht. S dng gi nh ny
im thay i s chy t -20 n +20 v c phn b chun, lch
chun ca im thay i c c lng chia cho 6 (40/6) = 6.71
(iv)
S khc nhau nh nht c quan tm - im thay i c th tm ra l

5 im.
(v)

kim nh mt pha v cc nh nghin cu ch quan tm n s thy
i l lm gim cht lng cuc sng. Sai lm loi II oc xc nh l
10%, lc kim nh l 90%.
Xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny nh sau:

1. T mn hnh trong phn, chn 7.2a, nhp chut vo nt Estimate. Hin th mt mn
hnh nh sau.
1
Vi gi nh l phn b chun, do s c gn nh ton b cc gi tr quan st s nm trong khong
TB+3SD, vy khong t gi tr b nht ti ln nht s l 6 lch chun.
162
2.
Nhp s trung bnh qun th c lng trc (s khc nhau ti thiu mong i c
th tm ra) l 5, gi tr kim nh, l 0, v lch chun qun th l 6.7.
3.
Cc khc s c in (phng sai v c mu). C mu cn thit l 16 ngi

tm ra s thay i im cht lng cuc sng (trc- sau chn thng) l 5 im.
Hy nh rng chn lch chun l 6.7 ch l s suy on. Tng lch chun ln 10.0
c mu s tng ln 35. V th vi nhng gi thuyt c bit nh trong nghin cu NTIS
th cn mt ngun lc ln hn.
5.4.2. nh hng ca thit k nghin cu n c mu
Nhng s la chn bn c th tm ra s khc nhau nh nht, lch chun, sai
lm loi I v sai lm loi II s tc ng rt ln n c mu cui cng. Tuy nhin bn cn
nh rng, c mu th hin s lng ngi m bn cn thit phi thu thp s liu c,
trn thc t khng phi lc no i tng iu tra cng sn sng tr li cc cu hi hoc
bn s theo di c i tng trong sut thi gian nghin cu. V vy khi tnh c mu
bn cng nn tnh m n c nhng trng hp i tng khng p ng v t l i
tng b cuc. Vi nhng cch chn mu phc tp nh mu cm v nhu cu iu chnh
cc yu t nhiu trong phn tch thng k mc cao hn cng s yu cu c mu ln
hn nhng nghin cu thc nghim hoc chn mu ngu nhin n. Nhng nh hng
ca thit k nghin cu c trnh by tm tt di y.
5.4.2.1 Tc dng ca ng cong lc mu.
Nu bn ang xy dng k hoch thc hin mt nghin cu, bn cn chng minh

c mu ca bn l ph hp. Thng cc gi tr bn chn cho cc tnh ton c mu ch l
cc c on. chc chn bn ang chn c mu ph hp, bn nn tnh ton cho nhiu
trng hp v s dng nhiu gi tr cho s khc bit ti thiu c th tm thy v lch
chun. Bn th hin cc c mu tnh c trn mt th, c gi l ng cong lc
163
mu, da vo biu ny bn v i nghin cu s c nhng quyt nh chn c mu

no l c tnh kh thi nht.
V d, s dng nhng s liu ca nghin cu NTIS, ta c im trung bnh cht
lng cuc sng l 50 v lch chun l 5, ng cong kh nng cho so snh gia hai
s trung bnh trn c dng:
Sample size per group
Power curves for QOL differences between males and

females
(mean group 1 = 50, sd=10)
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80%
90%
38
40
42
44
46
52
54
56
58
60
62
Mean in group 2
ng cong ny cho chng ta thy cc c mu ti thiu cn thit cho tng nhm

khi gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca im cht lng cuc sng tng ng l 55 v
10 mt nhm. C th thy c trung bnh khc nhau tm c l 10 hoc hn (trung
bnh ca nhm 1 l 55 so vi nhm 2 l 65) th cn 21 ngi trong mt nhm lc
kim nh l 90% hoc cao hn na. So snh iu ny vi c mu 84 ngi trong mt
nhm s cho s khc nhau ca im QoL nh hn v bng 5 (55 n 60).
Lc kim nh mnh hn th c mu tng.

S khc nhau ti thiu c th thy c nh hn, c mu ln hn.
lch chun ln hn, c mu ln hn. Hy xem xt ng cong lc mu 90%
trn, lch chun ca im QoL l 15 hn l 10.
164
Power curves for QOL differences between males and

females
(mean group 1 = 50, power 90%)
325
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
sd=10
sd=15
38
40
42
44
46
52
54
56
58
60
62
Mean in group 2
C mu s ln hn khong hai ln khi bn ly lch chun l 15 so vi lch

chun l 10. Cc tnh ton c mu l rt nhy cm vi vic la chn lch chun, v th
mt iu quan trng l bn phi c nhng c s tt cho s la chn ca mnh. Nu bn
c lng lch chun thp hn thc t, bn c th lm gim kh nng kim nh
thng k ca bn (ngha l kt lun so snh ca bn s c nguy c l m tnh gi ln
hn).
Cc ng cong lc mu cho cc so snh t l rt khc vi nhng ng cong so
snh cc s trung bnh trn khi t l kim nh rt ln hoc rt nh. Khi cc t l ny gn
50%, ng cong kh nng c hnh dng tng t nh so snh cc s trung bnh. V d,
hy xem xt ng cong kh nng c mu cho so snh ca nhng ngi i b b chn
thng u/ct sng vi nhng ngi i xe.
165
Power curves for prevalence of head & spinal injury in pedestrian

versus vehicle accidents
(proportion group 1 = 35%, power=90%, one-tailed)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Proportion in group 2
Nhng im cn lu :
C mu cn thit a ra s khc bit v t l ln hn phn tch s khc bit v

trung bnh.
C mu cng tng khi tm kim s khc bit nh.
Khng nh ng cong lc mu khi so snh cc gi tr trung bnh, cc ng
cong ny khng i xng - C mu cn thit pht hin t l tng (35% ln
40% = +5%, mu hng) khng ging vi c mu pht hin t l gim vi mt
mc tng t (35% xung 30% = -5%, mu xanh).
Biu sau trnh by cc ng cong lc mu khi cc hin tng quan tm t

thng dng hn, khong 10%. Tnh khng i xng cng c th hin r trong trng
hp ny.
166
Power curves for prevalence of head & spinal injury in

pedestrian versus vehicle accidents
(proportion group 1 = 10%, power=90%, one-tailed)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Proportion in group 2
5.4.2.2 Cc yu t iu chnh s nh hng ca thit k.
Vi vic s dng cc thit k phc tp hn, c mu s cn phi ln hn t

c cng mt lc kim nh tm ra s khc nhau cn thit. Bt k thit k no phc tp
hn th nghim ngu nghin s dng phng php chn mu ngu nghin n cng s
cn n mt vi gi tr iu chnh c mu khi s dng phn mm SSize.
Gi tr mu ti thiu cn phi c cng thm mt gi tr no iu chnh
cc vn :
(i)
Nu cch ly mu cm hoc mu nhiu giai on c s dng, tng

c mu ln t 1.6 3.0 ln ph thuc vo tnh tng ng m bn
mong i (cho bin ph thuc) trong cm. V d, sc kho tm thn
ca hai a tr trong cng mt trng hc dng nh s khng c
mi tng quan nhiu nh l hai a tr t hai trng khc nhau.
Trng hc l mt bin cm, nhng sc kho tm thn ca tr chu
nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t bn ngoi hn l nhng yu t trong
trng hc. Nguc li, nu bin ph thuc l kt qu hc tp mn ton
th im ton ca hai a tr trong cng mt trng li c tng quan
ln hn im ca hai a tr hai trng khc nhau (nu vic ging
dy l yu t chnh quyt nh vic hc tp). Yu t hiu chnh s co
cm c bit n l gi tr hiu lc thit k, v gi tr ny s khc
nhau khi chng ta xem xt cc bin c lp khc nhau. Hiu lc thit
k cho cc bin ph thuc ca bn c th c cng b trong cc
nghin cu tng t trc y nhng nhn chung l rt kh tm c
v hu ht mi trng hp bn s phi t c on gi tr ny. Bn s
khng bit chc chn l hiu lc thit k mnh th no cho n khi
bn hon thnh nghin cu, trn thc t khi thiu thng tin v hiu
167
qu thit k cc nh nghin cu vn dng mt gi tr ngm nh bng

2.0.
(ii)
Hy cn nhc t l i tng trong mu ca bn s b cuc (nu bn

c mt thit k nghin cu dc). V d, hy tng c mu ca bn ln
1.2 nu bn ngh c th c 20% ngi b cuc trong nghin cu ca
bn.
(iii)
Nu thit k nghin cu ca bn khng phi l nghin cu thc

nghim, bn s phi iu chnh nhiu bng cch dng phng php
thng k phc tp hn (chng 6). Tng mu ln 1.2 p ng yu
cu ny.
(iv)
Cui cng, cn nhc n t l ngi tham gia/p ng bn s t

c. V d, nu bn mong mun t c 70% tham gia, bn s cn
tng mu ln 1.4 (= 100%/70%).
Bn c th thy c mu ti thiu l 50 cho tng nhm c th nhanh chng tr

thnh 202 cho mi nhm nu tt c cc yu t trn c ph hp!!!
Cn nhc cn thn nhng thit k c th c tc ng ln c mu, t cc gi
nh bn s dng vi mi cng thc ti nhng vn pht sinh m cn phi quan
tm n. Nhng gi y s cho bn mt s tng v c mu cn cho nghin
cu ca bn, tuy nhin nn tham kho kin chuyn gia thng k khi bn tnh c
mu trong trng hp cc thit k nghin cu phc tp.
168
CHNG 6: NHIU V S IU CHNH

6.1. Gii thiu
Hu ht cc nghin cu sc kho lin quan n cc lng gi quan st trn con
ngi trong mi trng sng t do, c t tc ng vo . iu ny dn n mt kh
nng ln v s khc bit gia cc c nhn che lp bt k s khc bit no do can thip
ca chng ta hoc s khc bit tht s gia cc nhm. Cc phn tch thng k cn phi
tnh m n nhng khc bit ny cng nhiu cng tt trc khi tm kim s khc bit
tht s m chng ta quan tm. Nhng khc bit phin phc ny c bit n nh l cc
tc ng nhiu.
6.2. Mc tiu
1. Chnh sa khi nim v nhiu v s phn nhnh trong phin gii kt qu.
2. Trnh by nhng kin thc v bo co c v s khc nhau gia phn tch th v
phn tch hiu chnh.
3. Hiu c cc nguyn tc v s hiu chnh mt gi tr thng k.
6.3. Nhiu
6.3.1. nh ngha nhiu
Nhiu trong nghin cu y t cng cng cn c ngha l c gii thch khc xen vo
trong kt qu nghin cu. iu ny c ngha l mi lin quan gia bin ph thuc v
bin c lp c th l tht nhng cng c th l c mt vi mi lin quan khc l nguyn
nhn ca kt qu ny. S c mt ca nhiu dn n nhng kt lun nghin cu sai, v vy
nhiu cn phi c khng ch.
V d, cc kt qu c th ch ra trnh hc vn c lin quan n cht lng cuc
sng sau chn thng, nhng trn thc t c th l tui mi thc s nh hng n cht
lng cuc sng. V c mi lin quan gia tui vi trnh hc vn, nn khi c mi lin
quan gia s tui ca mt ngi vi im QoL th dng nh cng c mi lin quan
gia trnh hc vn v QoL. Mi lin quan ca trnh hc vn v QoL c xem nh
b nhiu bi bin tui.
Nhng nh ngha dch t ca nhiu l c s mt cn bng ca cc c tnh trong
cc nhm so snh, v d mt nhm c biu hin c tnh c th ca mt ngi c so
snh vi ngi khc trong nhm hoc nhm khc.
169
nh ngha thng k ca nhiu l mt bin th ba c tng quan vi c bin ph

thuc v cc bin c lp m chng l mi quan tm hng u trong kim nh gi thuyt
ny.
Trong nghin cu y t cng cng, tui l mt bin nhiu c in, tt c cc iu
kin sc kho u chu nh hng ca tui tc, v rt nhiu bin c lp cng cng thay
i vi tui.
6.3.2. Khng ch nhiu khi thit k nghin cu.
Cc tc ng ca nhiu c th c khng ch trong khu thit k nghin cu v
phn tch s liu. Thit k nghin cu cn thn s cn nhc c cch tip cn cng nh
kh nng thc hin. Phn b ngu nhin v ghp cp l hai cch thng dng khng
ch nhiu mt cch ti a trong thit k nghin cu.
6.3.2.1. Phn b ngu nhin
Nh trnh by trong phn 1, thit k nghin cu thc nghim s dng khng

ch hu ht khi tr li mt cu hi nghin cu. Vi s phn b ngu nhin, cc nh
nghin cu lm ti a c hi phn b cc c tnh vo u trong cc nhm so snh.
Ch c duy nht mt iu khc bit gia cc nhm l c mt hay nhiu can thip c
tin hnh cho nhm . Bt k s khc bit no kt qu trong phn tch cng c th l
do can thip ch khng phi tc ng ca nhiu.
6.3.2.2. Ghp cp
C nhiu cu hi nghin cu trn thc t khng th tr li c khi s dng thit

k nghin cu thc nghim, v cn phi s dng n cc thit k nghin cu quan st.
Trong hu ht cc ti nghin cu, danh sch cc bin nhiu d kin thng c a
ra t trc khi lm nghin cu; qua vic xem xt cc nghin cu tin hnh trc y
trn thc a hoc nhng kin thc chuyn mn ca nhm nghin cu. Nu chng ta bit
rng mt hoc hai bin c nh hng n mi lin quan c nghin cu, th c th thit
k nghin cu s dng phng php ghp cp vi bin nhiu.
Ghp cp bao gm s bt buc mt nhm so snh c nhng c tnh tng t nh
nhm khc. V d, nu bin tui c cho l bin nhiu vi mi lin quan gia trnh
hc vn v cht lng cuc sng, th chng ta thit k mt nghin cu sao cho phn b
tui trong tt c cc nhm trnh hc vn l nh nhau. Nu chng ta ly mu theo
phng php ngu nhin n t qun th, chng ta c th chc rng s ngi tr tui
nhm trnh hc vn di THCS s nhiu hn nhm trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln.
Nu chng ta ghp cp cc nhm so snh, chng ta nn nhm theo phn b tui ca
nhm c trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln vi nhm di THCS vi mu l nhng
ngi tr hn trc. iu ny c bit n nh ghp cp theo tn sut, khi cc c tnh
ca nhm bt buc l phi tng t nhau.
Ghp cp cng c th c thc hin mc c th, thng thy trong thit k
nghin cu bnh-chng. V d, bnh ung th vm hng c khuynh hng gp qun th
nhng ngi ln tui v thng gp nam gii. m bo rng s phn b gii tnh
v tui l nh nhau, ghp cp c th c th chn ngu nhin mt chng cho mt trng
hp ung th t tp hp qun th chng vi tui v gii tnh tng t nh trng hp
bnh nghin cu.
Bng ghp cp, tn sut hoc c th, cc nh hng ca bin nhiu cng c
khng ch, v mi lin quan ca chng vi bin ph thuc c loi b (c nhm
170
chng v nhm bnh c phn b nh nhau v cc bin nhiu nn khng c nhiu nh cc

khi nim trn)
6.3.3. Khng ch nhiu khi phn tch s liu
Trong phn tch, c hai cch khng ch cc tc ng ca cc bin nhiu: phn
tch phn tng v m hnh hi quy a bin.
6.3.3.1 Phn tch phn tng
Phn tch phn tng trong giai on phn tch s cho ta kt qu tng ng vi
ghp cp trong thit k nghin cu. Phn tng c ngha tin hnh phn tch hai bin ph
thuc v bin c lp trong theo cc phn nhm ca bin nhiu. Bng cch phn tng v
xem xt trong phn nhm ca bin nhiu bn lm cho mi i tng trong tng phn
nhm c mi lin quan vi bin nhiu tng t nh nhau, v th bin ny khng cn l
bin nhiu na theo nh nh ngha trong phn 6.3.1.
6.3.3.2 M hnh hi quy a bin
Vi nhng phn tch n gin, cc phn tch phn tng thch hp hn trong vic
thm d nhiu. Tuy nhin, thng c rt nhiu bin nhiu cn phi khng ch, phn tch
phn tng rt nhanh chng tr nn n iu - khi c phi lp li s phn tch hai bin
trong rt, rt nhiu phn nhm. Mt cch nng cao hn khng ch a nhiu l s dng
m hnh hi quy a bn. M hnh ny dng m rng ca hi qui tuyn tnh n gin,
m hnh ny s dng nhiu hn mt bin c lp gii thch s thay i trong mt bin
ph thuc. Mc d cc m hnh a bin u c th lm c iu tng t (iu chnh a
nhiu), trn thc t c rt nhiu dng khc nhau ca m hnh a bin. Ging nh s la
chn ca kim nh thng k c bn trong phn 4, la chn m hnh a bin da trn
o ca bin ph thuc. Trong phn ny s ch cp n mt dng ca m hnh a bin
(hi qui a tuyn tnh), nhng nguyn l c th c khi qut ho cho tt c cc m
hnh khc. Ging nh mt phn tch phng sai c bn, chng phn chia s bin thin
ca bin ph thuc thnh cc bin thin thnh phn: nh hng ca nhm (bin c lp),
bin nhiu 1, bin nhiu 2, v..v. Kim sot cc nh hng ca nhiu cho php c mt
lng gi tinh hn v nh hng ca cc bin c lp, v s nh hng ny c coi
l cc c lng c hiu chnh. c lng m chng ta hay dng trc y vn thng
c gi l c lng hay c lng khng hiu chnh. c lng l thut ng
thng thng cho mt gi tr thng k c rt ra t phn tch nh trung bnh, t l, t
sut chnh, tng quan...
6.3.4. Bi tp v d
Hy xem xt mi lin quan trong v d phn 6.3.1 trn, mi lin quan gia QoL
sau chn thng v trnh hc vn c nghi ng l b nhiu bi bin tui. n
gin, chng ta hy xem xt trnh hc vn theo hai nhm (di THCS v bng hoc
trn THCS), v nhm tui theo 3 nhm (0-14, 15-49, v 50-100 tui). Cu hi nghin
cu l C mi lin quan g gia QoL sau chn thng v trnh hc vn?. Cu hi
ny c a ra di dng gi thuyt khoa hc
H0:
im trung bnh QoL sau chn thng l nh nhau khng kin quan n trnh
hc vn.
6.3.4.1 Phn tch khng hiu chnh
171
Phn tch u tin c trnh by l kim nh t so snh hai s trung bnh v im

QoL trong hai nhm trnh hc vn.
Group Statistics
general quality
of life after injury
Education group
less than secondary
secondary or more
Mean
51.6214
56.1402
552
1141
Std. Deviation
9.52386
9.89327
Std. Error
Mean
.40536
.29288
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
F
general quality
of life after injury
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
.729
t-test for Equality of Means
Sig.
.393
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-8.917
1691
.000
-4.5189
.50677
-5.51281
-3.52490
-9.036
1127.888
.000
-4.5189
.50010
-5.50008
-3.53762
100
711
694
1631
80
60
40
933
794
725
441
20
887
0
N=
552
1141
less than secondary
secondary or more
Education group
T cc kt qu m t v phn tch, cho thy s khc bit c ngha thng k v

im trung bnh QoL theo trnh hc vn (p < 0.001). im trung bnh QoL nhm c
trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln cao hn nhm di THCS l 4.5 im (95% khong tin
cy 3.5 n 5.5).
6.3.4.2 Tui c phi l bin nhiu khng?
nh ngha thng k v bin nhiu c chng minh l c cc mi lin quan gia

c bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp vi bin nhiu tim tng. V th chng ta cn tm
xem bin tui (nhiu tim tng) c lin quan vi (i) im QoL sau chn thng (bin ph
thuc) v (ii) trnh hc vn (bin c lp).
(i)
im QoL sau chn thng v nhm tui
172
QoL l bin lin tc v tui l bin phn nhm trong v d ny. V th tnh trung
bnh im QoL trong tng nhm tui.
Report
Age-group
0-14
15-49
50-100
Total
Mean
49.6981
55.2278
57.8191
54.6669
N
265
1229
199
1693
Std. Deviation
9.56751
9.88559
9.01051
9.99864
100
711
1631
832
660
80
694
641
1065
664
1176
60
40
795
429
1456
794
1382
725
441
20
887
0
N=
265
1229
199
0-14
15-49
50-100
Age-group
C khuynh hng tng im QoL khi tui tng. V th tui v QoL l c lin quan vi
nhau.
Lu : Khng thch hp s dng ngha thng k a ra kt lun v mt bin
c l nhiu hay khng. S dng ngha ng cnh trong trng hp ny.
(ii)
Trnh hc vn v nhm tui
C hai u l bin phn loi, v th bng ngu nhin c s dng

Education group * Age-group Crosstabulation
Education
group
less than secondary

secondary or more
Total
Count
% within Age-group
Count
% within Age-group
Count
% within Age-group
0-14
201
75.6%
65
24.4%
266
100.0%
Age-group
15-49
271
21.9%
966
78.1%
1237
100.0%
50-100
85
42.7%
114
57.3%
199
100.0%
Total
557
32.7%
1145
67.3%
1702
100.0%
173
T l cc i tng c trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln nhm tui 15-49 tui

cao hn c bn so vi hai nhm tui cn li, v ng nh mong i, t l ny nhm
tui di 15 thp hn nhm tui 50-100.
T (i) v (ii), chng ta xc minh c bin tui c lin quan n c bin ph
thuc v bin c lp, v th bin tui cn phi c xem nh l bin nhiu ca mi lin
quan ny v phi c iu chnh.
6.3.4.3 Thm d nhiu ca bin tui s dng phn tch phn tng
Phn tch phn tng s gip thm d bin tui gy nhiu n mi lin quan gia
im QoL v trnh hc vn nh th no. Nh mt phn tch lp li mi lin quan gia
hai bin trong phn nhm ca bin nhiu. Loi phn tch ny l khng th thc hin vi
cc bin nhiu l dng bin lin tc (v th phi dng nhm tui nh trong v d).
Report
Age-group
0-14
15-49
50-100
Total
Education group
less than secondary
secondary or more
Total
less than secondary
secondary or more
Total
less than secondary
secondary or more
Total
less than secondary
secondary or more
Total
Mean
49.0249
51.8125
49.6981
52.4023
56.0083
55.2278
55.3176
59.6842
57.8191
51.6214
56.1402
54.6669
N
201
64
265
266
963
1229
85
114
199
552
1141
1693
Std. Deviation
9.74651
8.71939
9.56751
9.26506
9.91376
9.88559
8.13021
9.21457
9.01051
9.52386
9.89327
9.99864
Nhn vo tt c cc dng tng trong bng trn, chng ta thy mi lin quan khng thch
ng ca phn 6.3.4.1; s khc nhau v im trung bnh QoL gia nhm trnh hc vn
di THCS v nhm t trn THCS l 4.5 im. Hy xem s khc nhau tng t
cc nhm tui khc nhau; s khc nhau l 2.8 im cho nhm tui 0 n 14, 3.6 im
cho nhm tui 15 n 49, v 4.3 im cho nhm tui 50 n 100.
y l tt c v s sp xp tng t, s khc bit l cao hoc thp hn 3 trong tng
trng hp, v vi phn ln mu u thp hn c lng khng thch ng l 4.5. V th
c lng khng hiu chnh c v nh l c lng qu vi s khc nhau thc s.
Bng phn tch phn tng, chng ta khng ch c nh hng ca bin tui (t nht l
vi mc nhm tui). c lng c gi tr hn v s khc nhau ca trung bnh gia hai
nhm trnh hc vn khc nhau c da trn trng s v s khc nhau trung bnh
trong tng tng theo tui, trng s theo t l trong tng tng tui. iu ny mang li
im trung bnh l 3.6, n c bn l nh hn gi tr khng hiu chnh 4.5.
bn c th thy rng nu c nhiu bin nhiu ng quan tm, th chng ta s nhanh chng
tr nn t nht khi thc hin cc phn tch phn tng ring bit v s liu trong cc bng
nhiu hng nhiu ct (phc tp) cng tr ln rt tha tht. Phn tch phn tng rt quan
174
trng khi suy xt hai hoc ba bin nhiu trong bt k nghin cu no. Cc phn tch cho
bn thy iu ang xy ra vi mi lin quan m khng phi lo lng n nhng phc tp
v ton hc v cc gi nh kt hp l m hnh a bin. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc phn tch
ca nghin cu quan st s cn kt hp vi m hnh a bin tnh ton mt cch y
nhng nh hng ca bin nhiu.
6.3.4.4 Khng ch nhiu bng m hnh a bin
Khng ch mt bin thng c ngha l cc mi lin quan c xem xt di

gi nh l bin th ba (bin b khng ch) c gi tr nh nhau cho mi ngi trong tt c
cc nhm so snh. trn chng ta khng ch bin tui bng cch phn tch nhng
ngi nhm tui 0-14 ring r vi nhng ngi nhm tui 15-49 v cng ring r vi
nhng ngi nhm tui 49-100. C rt nhiu phng php dng khng ch hoc iu
chnh nh hng ca bin th ba n mi lin quan gia hai bin khc. C mt s tnh
ton d dng c th c thc hin trn my tnh. Mt s khc li yu cu tnh ton trn
my vi tnh.
Cch thng dng v mnh v thng k trong khng ch nh hng ca mt hoc
nhiu bin nhiu l hp vi cc m hnh a bin (nh bit, khng ng trong hu ht
cc trng hp, nh cc m hnh a bin trong mt vi cun sch v ti liu nghin cu)
Trong hu ht cc phin gii nghin cu v sc kho, thng c nhiu hn mt bin
nhiu tim nng, v khng phi tt c cc bin c hai hoc ba phn loi. V d, trong mt
nghin cu quan tm n mi lin quan gia trnh trng suy dinh dng ca tr v cc
thc hnh trn ng rung khu vc sng M Kng, ni m c gi thuyt cho rng cc
thc hnh trong ti tiu lc b mt s cht dinh dng quan trng t t v cy
trng y thiu st, c bit cn cho s pht trin ca tr. Tuy nhin, gn nh s pht
trin ca tr cng nh nhng thc hnh trn ng rung vng ny u tng quan vi
thu nhp, trnh hc vn ca cha me, s tip cn vi c s y t v rt nhiu bin khc
na. Hy hnh dung s lng cc tnh ton lin quan trong phn tch phn tng cho tt c
cc bin nhiu tim tng ny! M hnh a bin s khng ch tt c cc bin nhiu tim
tng ny ch trong mt ln.
Cc dng ca cc m hnh a bin l a dng, ph thuc, tng t nh cc kim
nh thng k n gin bn hc, cho mt dng bin kt qu. Tuy nhin tt c cc m
hnh u c chung mt mc ch - cung cp cc c lng khng b nhiu ca mi lin
quan gia hai bin. M hnh da trn cc kt qu s c trnh by theo mt cch ging
nhau nh cc kt qu khng hiu chnh, hai bin n gin. V d, nu bn trch dn cc
gi tr trung bnh trong k hoch phn tch hai bin th m hnh bn chn cho m hnh a
bin nn a ra cc g tr trung bnh hiu chnh
M hnh a bin iu chnh nhiu:
Cho cc gi tr trung bnh hiu chnh s dng cc m hnh hi qui a tuyn tnh,
nu cc m rng ca hi qui tuyn tnh trong phn 4.6.15
Cho cc t l/t sut hiu chnh dng cc mhnh hi qui Logistic.
Vi v d trn, m hnh hi qui a tuyn tnh c cn nhc l ph hp vi
cc phn b ri rc ca trnh hc vn v tui vi im QoL sau chn thng. V cc
phn b ca cc bin ny l ri rc nn c th c gi tr trung bnh im QoL trong tng
phn nhm trnh hc vn, khng ch theo tui.
175
Bng : im trung bnh QoL sau chn thng trong cc nhm trnh hc vn, hiu
chnh theo tui
Di THCS
T THCS tr ln
Khc bit
Trung bnh hiu chnh

(se)
51.6 (0.4)
56.1 (0.3)
4.5 (0.5)
Trung bnh cha hiu

chnh (se)
52.1 (0.4)
55.9 (0.3)
3.8 (0.5)
Ch s khc bit hiu chnh cho cc bin nhiu l do c lng m c. Gi tr

trung bnh khc nhau gim t 4.5 xung 3.8. Nhn chung, khi cc kt qu hiu chnh l
khc nhau cn bn vi cc c lng khng hiu chnh (cho l 10% hoc hn), l cc
kt qu hiu chnh gn hn vi mi lin quan tht s. y s khc nhau gia gi tr
trung bnh hiu chnh v khng hiu chnh l hn 10% s khc bit, chng ta nn hiu
y c nhiu thc s ca bin tui. V th, cc phn tch vi nhiu khng c khng
ch s to ra cc c lng b sai s. Khi cc kt qu hiu chnh tng t nh cc kt
qu th th khng c vn g cn ni v cc kt qu. i khi khng ch cc bin m
chng c th tr thnh cc bin nhiu cng khng lm thay i cc c lng khng
hiu chnh (khng c nhiu).
Nhiu c th tc ng theo hai hng:
(i)
i khi nhng s khc nhau hiu chnh li thp hn cha hiu

chnh (nhiu dng tnh).
(ii)
i khi nhng s khc nhau hiu chnh li cao hn cha hiu chnh
(nhiu m tnh).
6.4 Kt lun
Bn hc xong cun thng k sinh hc II trong phn phn tch s liu. By gi
bn nn c c cc k nng cn thit m t v phn tch cc s liu nghin cu vi
trnh c bn. Phn cui ny cho bn thm nhng nhn bit v s cn thit c cc k
thut thng k tinh vi hn khi s liu ca bn c c t cc thit k nghin cu quan st
v c th c nhiu. Cc phn trc ch cho bn thy cc thit k nghin cu phc tp
(nh lin quan n mu cm) nn c phn tch vi nhng k thut m t trong sch
ny. Tham kho thm cc nh thng k nu cc cu hi nghin cu v k hoch phn
tch s liu bn cn khng c trong cun sch ny.
176

Thongke II - Phan Tich So Lieu Dinh Luong

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Thongke II - Phan Tich So Lieu Dinh Luong

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I HC Y T CNG CNG

PHN TCH S LIU NH LNG

4.6.12. So snh mt t l mu vi mt t l qun th hay t l l thuyt........................................... 121

Cho mng cc bn n vi Thng k y t II_ Phn tch s liu Cng nh tiu ca

Sau khi kt thc kho hc, sinh vin s c kh nng p dng cc k

CHNG 1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP

Cc gi thuyt chnh xc (nh ngha ca cc bin c lp, bin ph thuc v o lng

1.2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu

2. Thu thp s liu

nung s c nhiu nguy c b mc cc bnh v ng h hp hn so vi cng nhn lm cc

FEV1 nhm cng nhn ti l nung l bng hoc tt hn so vi cng nhn ti

FEV1 ca nhm th l km hn so vi nhm th ti m.

1.4. Cc thit k nghin cu nh lng c bn

C can thip, trong cc i tng nghin cu c yu cu tham gia thc hin cc

C mt nhm i chng, l nhm i tng nghin cu khng nhn c s can thip

C s phn b ngu nhin: cc i tng c phn vo cc nhm khc nhau: nhm

Ba c im trn lm tng ti a kh nng tt c cc c tnh ca i tng (v d nh tui, c

Cc nghin cu thc nghim t kh thi hn nhng loi thit k khc v v th nhng

nh chnh xc l liu lng c bao nhiu v mi trng lm vic nh th no th quyt nh

1.5. Cc thnh phn ca thit k c nh hng ti vic phn tch kt qu

7. Bin u ra l bin lin tc hay bin phn loi?

CHNG 2: QUN L S LIU

2.3. X l thng tin nghin cu cho phn tch nh lng

Mc ch ca vic m ho s liu l chuyn i thng tin nghin cu thu thp

Mu phiu trong b s liu c dng nh sau:

3. Anh/ch sng u? (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)

4. Anh/ch hc n lp my (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

5. Anh/ch lm ngh g (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

Thng tin v chn thng

7. Loi phng tin no lin quan n chn thng ca anh/ch (Khoanh vo la

8. Anh/ch b chn thng nng nht u (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)?

9. Anh/ch c phi vo vin v chn thng ny khng? (Khoanh vo la chn ph

10. Nu c, anh/ch phi nm vin bao nhiu ngy?

Bng s liu c dng nh sau:

Lu rng trong khi tn ct c th l bt k tn g bn mun, hu ht cc phn

dng bt k v tr no khc trong tn ct). Nu bn thit k b cu hi mt cch ng

M s cho tng cu tr li nn c ghi li chi tit trong bng m s liu.

Tui tnh theo nm

Loi phng tin giao thng -1 = Khng tr li

Cht lng cuc sng

Cht lng cuc sng

Bao gi cng vy, bn s nhn c nhng phiu phng vn m c nhng cu

3, nhng ngi th hai c th c l 5. S khc nhau ny s c kim tra v m s

Nhp ton b s liu hai ln bi hai ngi ring bit.

Nhp ton b s liu hai ln do mt ngi thc hin,

C rt nhiu cc chng trnh khc nhau nhp s liu, mt vi chng trnh rt

Xem b s liu trong SPSS

DATA WINDOW VARIABLE VIEW

gn nhn cho mt bin, m ca s s liu trong SPSS. Chn Variable view

2. Chn bin bn mun gn nhn vo m s liu, chuyn chut n ct Values.

3. gn thm nhn cho tng gi tr, nhp gi tr vo hp Value, sau a nhn

2.3.3. Lm sch s liu

m bo rng b s liu bn ang x l l chnh xc, bn cn phi hn ch

Khi b s liu c nhp v lm sch nhng li nh my, cn c mt mc

2.4. Cc v d v lm sch s liu

8. Nu khng c li khi m ho cng nh nhp s liu v cc i tng phng vn thc

2.4.1. S dng SPSS lm sch s liu

Mc d chng 3 v 4 s trnh by cho bn cch thc hin mt phn tch s dng

Kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng (ID)

3. Nu bn nhp chut ln OK kt qu s xut hin trong Output Window nhng bn s

4. Bi en ca c php ny v nhp chut ln mi tn thanh cng c thc hin c

Kim tra cc gi tr bt thng (outlier) ca bin lin tc

C php ny yu cu cc tn s ca cc bin lin tc c a ra trong bng trn,