RvZxq wkvg

2012
eemvq msMVb I eevcbv
GKv`k I v`k kwY

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

1.
1.1

m~Pbv
hKvb KvhKgi mdjZv wbfi Ki Gi myz cwiKbvi Dci| wkv Kvhgi Gic cwiKbvB wkvg|
wkv_x`i AvMn, ceYZv, mvg_, AwfZv I wkLb Pvwn`vK mg^q Ki Ges mgvR, `k I AvRvwZK cwiwwZ
weePbvq iL cYxZ nq wbw` wkvg| Kx, Kb, wKfve, K, Kvi mnhvwMZvq, Kx w`q, Kv_vq, KZ mgq ai
wkv_x wkLe Ges hv wkLQ Zv wKfve hvPvB Kiv ne Gme cki Di wkvg _vK| wkvi j, Dk,
wkLbdj, welqe, wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb wb`kbv-GmeB wkvgi cwZcv` welq| wkvgi
wb`kbvi AvjvK cYxZ nq cvVcyK I Abvb wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx| G wkvKgK AveZb KiB hKvbv ii
wkv eevi KgKv cwiKwZ I cwiPvwjZ Ges evevwqZ nq| Avi G KviYB wkvgK wkv Kvhg
evevqbi bxj-bKkv ejv nq _vK|

1.2

wkvg cwigvRb, Dbqb I bevqb GKwU Pjgvb cwqv| G cwqvq avivevwnK cwiexYi gvag Pjgvb
wkvgi mejZv-`yejZv I DchvwMZv wbYq Kiv nq| mgqi mv_ hgb mgvRi cwieZb NUQ, Zgwb vbwevb I chywi `Z cwieZb nQ| Gmei dj wkLb Pvwn`vI cwiewZZ nQ| G Rb cqvRbxq cwigvRb I
bevqbi gvag wkvg hyMvchvMx ivLv AvekK| Avevi hLb cyivbv wkvg cwigvRb Ki mgqi Pvwn`v c~iY
me nq bv, ZLb bZzb wkvg cYqb KiZ nq|

2.

wkvg Dbqbi hwKZv

gvawgK I DPgvawgK ii wkvg 1995 mvj cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqbi KvR mb nq| l I beg kwYZ
1996 wkvel _K G wkvKg evevqbi KvR i nq| DPgvawgK i 1998 wkvel _K cwigvwRZ I bevqbKZ
wkvKg evevwqZ nq AvmQ| Gici `xN mgq RvZxq I AvRvwZK cwigj mvgvwRK, mvswZK, A_bwZK I
ivRbwZK wewfb wekl Ki vb-wevb, Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi evcK cwieZb NUQ| cwieZbi mv_
mv_ wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`vI cwiewZZ nqQ| G Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkvK hyMvchvMx Kivi Rb wkvg Dbqb
Acwinvh nq co|

2.1

2.2

cPwjZ wkvgi Dci gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxvi djvdj wkvgi AbK
`yejZv, AmwZ I mgmv wPwZ nqQ| G wkvg AwZgvvq Z I Z_ msewjZ hv wkv_xK gyL KiZ
DrmvwnZ Ki| cPwjZ wkvg Abymvb, mgmv mgvavb `Zv ARb, nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLvi Ges mRbkxj
I Dvebx `Zv weKvki myhvM mxwgZ| wkv_x`i bwZK I gvbweK Yvewji weKvki myhvMI Kg| cqvRbxq
welq Ges welqe hgb- Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Rjevqyi cwieZb I KiYxq, eqtmwKvj I cRbb ^v, Rvjvwb
wbivcv BZvw`i cwZdjb LyeB mxwgZ| ZvQvov gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkLb-kLvbvi
kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv Gme `Zv ARbi Rb wkvg iZ c`vb Kiv njI evevqbi Gjv h_vh_
iZ cvq wb| wkv_x`iK KggyLx Kivi wkvgi Ae`vb mvlRbK bq| bevqbKZ wkvgi Gme
mxgveZv KvwUq DVvi cPv bIqv nqQ|

2.3

RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 evsjv`ki wkv GKwU gvBjdjK| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Abymvi wkvi gvag
hyMvchvMx Rbkw Dbqbi Rb cqvRb wkvgi Dbqb Ges Gi h_vh_ evevqb| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi
evevqbi mevwaK iZc~Y c`c nQ G wkvbxwZ Abymvi wkveevi ceZb Ges Gi Rb cqvRb m
Abymvi wkvg Dbqb|

2.4

evsjv`ki icK 2021 (VISION 2021) Gi j nQ wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mo Zvjv Ges `kK gag Avqi
`k cwiYZ Kiv| wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mov Ges gag Avqi `k cwiYZ Kivi cavb Dcvq nQ wkvi gvag
h_vchy Rbkw mw Kiv| Avi wkvi gvag Zv Kivi Rb cqvRb DchvMx wkvg|

2.5

GKwesk kZvxi wkvi Rb MwVZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkb wicvU Learning: The Treasure Within G gvawgK
wkvK Rxebi cekvi (gateway to life) wnmve wPwZ Kiv nqQ| Gi A_ KgRxeb ceki cqvRbxq
hvMZv gvawgK wkvi gvag ARb| G hvMZv ARbi Rb cwZe`b wkLbi PviwU (Pillar) wPwZ Kiv
nqQ| wkLbi G mg~n nQ-RvbZ kLv (Learning to know), KiZ kLv (Learning to do) wgjwgk _vKZ
kLv (Learning to live together) Ges weKwkZ nZ kLv (Learning to be) | Gme evevqbi gvag GKwesk
kZvxi DchvMx Rbkw mwi Rb cqvRb m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 1

3. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ gWj

DkwfwK gWj (Objective Model) Abymvi DPgvawgK kwYi RvZxq wkvKg 2012 Dbqb Kiv nqQ| GwUK
djwfwK gWjI (Product Model) ejv hvq| G gWj Abymvi wkvi j I mvaviY Dk wbaviY Ki Dk ARb
DchvMx welq I welqwfwK Dk wbaviY Kiv nqQ| welqwfwK Dk ARbi Rb iwfwK cvwK wkLbdj
wbaviY Kiv nq| cvwK wkLbdjK kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK eywexq,
AveMxq I gbvcwkR- G wZb fvM wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK wfw Ki kwY DchvMx welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb Kkjmn hveZxq wkv Kvhg wbaviY Kiv nq|
4. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ cwqv
mKvwi GWyKkb mi WfjcgU cR (SESDP) Gi KvwiMwi I Avw_K mnvqZvq Ges RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evWi mvweK Zveavb GmBGmwWwc Gi wkvg wekle`, GbwmwUwe-Gi wkvg kvLvi KgKZve`
Ges wbevwPZ RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK wkvq wekl I Awf kwYwkKi
mg^q MwVZ wewfb KwgwU wkvg Dbqb Kib| wkvg Dbqb cwqvi wewfb chvq mvw`Z KvRi msw
weeiY Dcvcb Kiv njv:
cevn wP RvZxq wkvg Dbqb cwqv

wkv cwZvb

wkK

wkv ckvmK,
wkvwe`, eywRxex

Aev weklY I Pvwn`v wbicY

cPwjZ wkvg

mgvR, iv I
AvRvwZK Pvwn`v

ivxq g~jbxwZ
RvZxq wkvbxwZ
2010

wkv_x
wkvgi iciLv cYqb

welqwfwK wkvg cYqb

wkvgi mg^qmvab
I mvweK ic`vb

RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abygv`b

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 2

Aev weklY
4.1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg chvjvPbv
GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` 2008 mvj gvawgK ii (l-v`k kwY) wkvg chvjvPbv Kib|
hwK chvjvPbvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K Ges wkv_x`i wkLb Pvwn`v c~iY wkvgi DchvwMZv
hvPvB Kiv nq| GB chvjvPbvi djvdj bZzb wkvg Dbqb weePbvq ivLv nq|
4.1

4.1.2 cPwjZ wkvgi g~jvqb

GmBGmwWwci wkvg weklMY gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 kxlK GKwU
MelYv cwiPvjbv Kib| G mgxvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K, evevqbi cwZeKZv I cwigvRbi
mg~n wPwZ Ges wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`v wbicY Kiv nq|
4.1.3 RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010
RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 gvawgK wkv mwKZ avivmg~n chvjvPbv Ki bZzb wkvg Dbqbi wfZ Zwi Kiv nq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZi wfwZB cPwjZ mKj avivi (mvaviY, gv`vmv, BsiwR) wkvK wbw` chvq ch mgw^Z I GKgyLx
wkvgi AvIZvq Afy Kivi c`c bIqv nq| G eevq me aibi wkv cwZvb c_g _K Ag kwY ch
GKB wkvg Abymvi wkv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ ne|
4.1.4 AvRvwZK chvqi wkvg chvjvPbv
weki wbevwPZ KqKwU `ki- fviZ, kxjv, gvjqwkqv, wmvcyi, Awjqv (AivR), hyivR (AivR) Ges
KvbvWvi (AivR) mgmvgwqK wkvg chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme `ki wkveevi wekl Ki wkvgi wekl
w`Kmg~n chvjvPbv Ki evsjv`ki cwiwwZZ G`i DchvwMZv hvPvB Kiv nq|
4.1.5 cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv
`k-we`k cKvwkZ wkv I wkvg welqK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gjvi ga
DjLhvM KqKwU nQ-GKwesk kZvxi wkv mwKZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkbi cwZe`b UNESCO (1996)
Learning: The Treasure Within; ONeill, Geraldine (2010) Programme Design: Overview of Curriculum
Models; Marsh, C.J (1997) Perspective Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum; Sheehan, John (1986)
Curriculum Models: Product versus Process, Smith, P.L (1993) Instructional Design, Macmillan; RvZxq

wkvg I cvVcyK evW cYxZ wbggvawgK, gvawgK I DPgvawgK chvqi wkvg (2012), wkK cwkY
wkvg I cvVcyK Rvi mse`bkxjZv chvjvPbv kxlK cwZe`b (2012), Rjevqy cwieZb I `yhvM
eevcbv, ZvgvK wbqY, UNICEF (2009) cwiPvwjZ Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkv|
ZvQvov evsjv`ki wewfb cK, miKvwi I emiKvwi cwZvb Ges msv wkvg Afywi Rb 31wU cwZe`b
Rgv `q| Gme cwZe`b chvjvPbv Ki mswk welq cqvRbxq cvmwK welqe mshvRbi eev bIqv nq|
31wU cwZe`bi ga DjLhvM KqKwU nQ- Rjevqy cwieZb, Z_ cvwi AwaKvi, Lv`-cyw, cRbb ^v,
GBPAvBwf-GBWm, wekl Pvwn`vmb wk, Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkvKg BZvw`|
4.2

wkvgi iciLv cYqb

Aevi weklY _K j AwfZv I djvdji wfwZ GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` RvZxq civgkKi wb`kbvq
wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv Ges wewfb chvqi wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY cevn wP wbaviY Kib| Gmei
Dci wfw Ki wkvgi iciLv cYqb Kiv nq|

4.2.1 wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv

gnvb fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK g~jevai wfwZ `kcg weKvki myhvM mw
bwZKZv I gvbweK g~jeva weKvki Dci iZ c`vb
Abymwrmv, mRbkxj I Dvebx gZv ewi myhvM Zwi
wevbgb I KggyLx Kivi Dci iZ Avivc
AvaywbK chyw eenvii hvMZv ARbi myhvM mw
ZvwK vbi mv_ evegyLx I cqvMgyLx wkvi myhvM ew
Rxeb`Zv ARbi myhvM mw
me aibi elg Aemvbi j gvbevwaKvii Dci iZ c`vb
ewkK Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi Dci iZ c`vb

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 3

4.2.2 wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY cevn wP

gvawgK wkv
beg _K v`k kwY
(mvaviY, gv`vmv)

KvwiMwi wkv
DPZi `Zvi
ewg~jK wkv

gagvbi `Zvi
Kg

KgRxeb

DPwkv (mvaviY, gv`vmv, ckvMZ)

DPZi `Zvi
Kg

cek `Zvi Kg

ewg~jK wkv

cv_wgK/GeZ`vwq wkv
(c_g _K Ag kwY)
cvK-cv_wgK wkv

RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi wfwZ AwZ AMmiY cevn wPvbymvi 8eQi gqvw` evaZvg~jK I AeZwbK cv_wgK
wkv kl Ki gav I ceYZvi wfwZ wkv_x`i GKwU Ask Pvi eQi gqvw` gvawgK wkvq Ges Ab AskwU
ewg~jK wkvq cek Kie| gvawgK wkv kl Zviv DP wkvq hve| Ze gvawgK chvqi c_g `yeQi kl
KD KD KvwiMwi wkvq hve| ewg~jK wkv mgvKvix`i GKwU Ask cek `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie,
Abiv DPZi `Zvi ewg~jK wkv MnY Kie| GB wkv kl wKQz msLK wkv_x KvwiMwi wkvq hve Ges
Abiv gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| KvwiMwi wkv kl KD KD DPwkvq (ckvMZ) hve, KDev
gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| DPwkv kl DPZi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| Gfve wewfb vb
I `Zv wbq Zviv KgRxeb i Kie|
4.2.3 wkvg Dbqbi wbavwiZ bxwZgvjv I wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY wPK mwq weePbvq iL
wkvgi Lmov iciLv cYqb Kiv nq| Lmov iciLvwU wkvg weklMYi ek KqKwU AfixY mfvq
chvjvPbv I cwigvRb Kiv nq| Gfve cwigvwRZ wkvKg iciLvwU RvZxq chvqi 2wU mwgbvi Dcvcb I
chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme mwgbvi RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK-wkvq
wekl, wkv ckvmK, kwYwkKe` AskMnY Kib| G mwgbvi evsjv`k RvZxq msm`i KqKRb gvbbxq
msm` m`m I RvZxq chvqi ek KqKRb bZe` AskMnY Ki gZvgZ c`vb Kib| mwgbvi _K cv mycvwik
weePbvq iL wkvKg iciLvwU cwigvRb Kiv nq| cwigvwRZ iciLvwU RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW Ges
RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygvw`Z nq|
4.2.4 wkvgi iciLvq Afy welqmg~n nQ wkvi j I mvaviY Dk, iwfwK wbevwPZ welq, welqwfwK
b^i eb I mvvwnK wcwiqW msLv, wkveli Kgw`em, wcwiqWi evw, RvZxq w`emmg~n KiYxq BZvw`|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 4

4.3

welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb

wkvgi iciLvi wfwZ cwZwU welqi wkvg Dbqbi Rb RvZxq chvqi wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK I GbwmwUweZ KgiZ weklMYi mg^q cwZwU welqi Rb 5 _K 8 m`m wewk GKwU Ki
KwgwU wkv gYvjq KZK MVb Kiv nq| cwZwU welq KwgwUZ mg^qKvix wnmve `vwqZ cvjb Kib GmBGmwWwci
GKRb wkvg wekl|

4.3.1 welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb KwgwUmg~nK wkvg Dbqb welq wbweo cwkY `Iqv nq| cwkYi cavb wZbwU
nQ (K) wkvgi iciLv cwiwPwZ I wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv (L) wkvg Dbqb cwqv Ges wkvg Dbqbi
wbavwiZ QK I Gi eenvi (M) QKwfwK nvZ Kjg bgybv wkvg Dbqb Ges chvjvPbv|
4.3.2 cwkY cviwiK Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb wbgwjwLZ mvcvb AbymiYi wmv
bIqv nq:
(K) f~wgKv (welqi msw cwiPq) (L) Dk (mvaviY Dkvewji AvjvK welqi Dkvewj) (M) cvwK
wkLbdj (welqwfwK Dkvewj ARb DchvMx wbavwiZ i kl ARbhvM wkLbdj|) QK 1 G cvwK
wkLbdji kwYwfwK wefvRb Ges QK 2 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj, Aavq I wcwiqW msLv, AavqwfwK welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv wb`kbv, g~jvqb wb`kbv I cvVcyK cYqb wb`kbv| hnZz beg -`kg kwY I GKv`k-v`k kwY
AweQ` kwY, mnZz G `ywU chvqi wkvg Dbqb QK-1 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRbi cqvRb nq wb|
4.3.3 cwZwU welqwfwK KwgwU w`bevcx wbavwiZ msLK mfvq wgwjZ nq wbavwiZ QK wkvgi Lmov cYqb Kib|
Gici GKB aibi welqQi welqwfwK KwgwUmg~n I wkvg civgkKi h_ mfvq Lmov wkvg Dcvcb
I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| welq KwgwU m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.4 GKB aibi welqmg~n wbq PviwU `j MVb Ki cwZwU `ji AvevwmK Kgkvjv AbywZ nq| welq KwgwUi m`me`,
mswk fwUs KwgwU I mv`bv KwgwUi m`me`, wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ wkvg Dbqb welqK UKwbKvj
KwgwUi m`me` G Kgkvjvq AskMnY Kib| G Kgkvjvq welqwfwK wkvg Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq|
chvjvPbvi AvjvK mswk KwgwU wkvgi cqvRbxq cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.5 cieZxZ mKj wkvgi Rb GKwU mvaviY Ask (Generic Part) Zwi Kiv nq| G AskwU c~e cZKZ wkvgi
iciLv I welqwfwK wkvgmg~ni mv_ mg^q Ki c~Yv ic`vb Kiv nq|
4.3.6 Gici cYxZ wkvg wefvMxq Kgkvjvq Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Kgkvjvq welq-wkKMY `jMZfve ^ ^
welqi wkvg wbweofve chvjvPbv Ki mywbw` mycvwik ivLb| Kgkvjvi G mycvwiki AvjvK welq KwgwU
wkvg cwigvRb Ki mvweK ic`vb Kib|
4.3.7 wkvgwU UKwbKvj I fwUs KwgwU KZK cwigvRbi ci wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ cdkbvj KwgwU I RvZxq
wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nq| mekl RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygv`b jvfi ci
wkvgwU RvZxq wkvg 2012 wnmve MnxZ nq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 5

4.4

1.

wkvg Dbqb wewfb chvqi Kvhg

chvq
Kvhg
Aevi weklY
1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg
chvjvPbv
1.2 gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I
Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 cwiPvjbv
1.3 Dbqbkxj I DbZ KqKwU `ki
wkvg chvjvPbv

2. wkvgi
iciLv cYqb

1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4

cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ

chvjvPbv

1.4

GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei
wkvg wekle`

2.1

wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv wbaviY

2.1

2.2

wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY

cevn wP cYqb

2.2

2.3

wkvgi iciLv cYqb

2.3.1

wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq

GmBGmwWwc GbwmwUwei wkvg
wekle`
wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
GmBGmwWwc GbwmwUwei wkvg
wekle`
wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
RvZxq mwgbvi `ywUZ
AskMnYKvixe`
wkvg civgkK I UKwbKvj
KwgwU
wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK, GbwmwUwe I
GmBGmwWwci weklMYi
mg^q MwVZ welqwfwK wkvg
Dbqb KwgwU
wefvMxq Kgkvjvq AskMnYKvix
welqwfwK wkK I
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
wkvg civgkK I GmBGmwWwci
wkvg wekle`
UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
cdkbvj KwgwU I GbwmwUwe
RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU

2.3.2
3. welqwfwK
wkvg Dbqb

3.1. wkvg Dbqbi Dci wbweo cwkY

c`vb
3.2. welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb

3.1.
3.2.1

3.2.2

4.

wkvgi
mg^q mvab I
Abygv`b

4.1.

wkvgi mvgwMKfve chvR Ask

Zwi I mKj Aski mg^q RvZxq
wkvg 2012 ic`vb

4.2. RvZxq wkvg 2012 P~ov Abygv`b

RvZxq wkvg 2012

Dbqb/cYqbKvixe`
GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei
wkvg wekle`
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`

3.2.3
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2

cv 6

5.

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22

6.
6.1

6.2

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi ewk

mvaviY, gv`vmv I BsiwR wkvavivmn mKj avivi wkvi Rb Ag kwY ch GKgyLx I Awfb wkvg cYqb|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Kg I RxebgyLx wkv Ges Kvwiqvi wkv mshvRbi cvkvcvwk cPwjZ mvgvwRK wevb welqi cwieZ evsjv`k
I wekcwiPq welq mshvRb|
Rjevqy cwieZb, cRbb ^v, Z_ AwaKvi, AwURg BZvw` welqe mshvRb|
6 _K 10g kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ welq mshvRb|
hyMi Pvwn`vbymvi mKj ii cPwjZ welqvw`i welqe AvaywbKvqb Ges GKv`k-v`k kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve UzwiRg G
nmwcUvwjwU bZzb welq mshvRb|
ag wkvmn mKj welq bwZK wkvi Dci iZ c`vb|
fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK PZbv weKvki gvag `kvZeva I RvZxq HK weKvki Dci iZ c`vb| `kvZeva
weKvki gvag AvRvwZKZveva mwi cqvm|
wevbgb, hywev`x, KggyLx I ` Rbkw mwi Dci iZ Avivc|
gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkvq welqe gyL Kivi cwieZ kvbv, ejv, cov I jLv G PviwU `Zv kwYK
Abykxjbi gvag kLvi myhvM mw Ges AwRZ `Zv g~jvqbi cwZ ceZb|
wkLb-kLvbv Kkji gvag wkv_x`iK mRbkxj Kiv A_vr weklYg~jK, wPv DxcK I mRbkxj ckvi I KvR
Abykxjbi gvag mRbkxj I Dvebx gZvi weKvki myhvM c`vb|
hme welq eenvwiK KvR AvQ hgb- wevb, c`v_wevb, imvqb, Rxewevb, Kwlwkv, Mvnwevb, kvixwiK wkv I ^v,
Kg I RxebgyLx wkv, Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Pvi I KviKjv welqi ZvwK I eenvwiK Aski ga mg^q mvab Ges
wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm| A_vr cwZwU Z, m~ I bxwZ wkvi mv_ mv_ eenvwiK cvV MnYi myhvM c`vb|
nvZ Kjg kLv I `jMZ AvjvPbvi gvag kLvi Dci iZ c`vb|
kwY Kvhg chywi eenvi ew|
wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm Ges `kxq cvcU Dbqbg Rbkw mwi Dci iZ c`vb|
Aavq _K Kx Kx vb, `Zv, g~jeva I `wfw ARb Kie Zv eywewK, gbvcwkR I AveMxq wkLbdj wnmve cwZwU
Aavqi iZ mshvRb|
wkvi gvag mecKvi elg `~i Ki mgZv weavbi myhvM mw| wj, ag, eY, RvwZ, ckvMZ I A_bwZK elg `~i Kivi
j GKxf~Z wkvq iZ c`vb|
ewkK Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi cqvm|
cwZ wcwiqWi evw ew, AavqwfwK wcwiqW wbaviY, wkvel Kgw`emi msLv ew|
RvZxq w`emmg~n zj Lvjv iL w`em D`hvcbi eev ceZb|
avivevwnK g~jvqbi (MVbKvjxb g~jvqb) gvag wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki wbivgqg~jK mevi gvag wkLb wbwZKiY|
cPwjZ eenvwiK cixvi msvi mvabi gvag AwZwi bi c`vbi myhvM e Kiv|
mvgwK g~jvqb/mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv cwZi msvi|

wkvg iciLv
l-v`k kwYi wkvi j I Dk

j
wkv_xi mvweK weKvki gvag gvbweK, mvgvwRK I bwZK Ymb vbx, `, hywev`x I mRbkxj `kcwgK Rbm`
mw|
Dk
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4

6.2.5
6.2.6
6.2.7
6.2.8
RvZxq wkvg 2012

wkv_xi my cwZfv I mvebv weKvki gvag mRbkxjZv, Kbv I Abymwrmv ewZ mnvqZv Kiv|
wkv_xi ga gvbweK Yvewj, hgb- bwZK g~jeva, mZZv, Aaemvq, mwnyZv, kLjv, AvZwekvm, m`vPvi, Abi
cwZ kveva, bv`wbKZveva, mnv`c~Y mK I bvqwePvieva my`pfve Mw_Z Kiv|
gnvb fvlv Av`vjb, gywhyi PZbv I Amvc`vwqK g~jevai AvjvK wkv_xi ga `kcg, RvZxqZveva I
MYZvwK g~jeva RvMZ Kiv Ges mvebvgq bvMwiK wnmve eo DVZ mnvqZv Kiv|
wkv_xi ga evsjv`k mK mymsnZ vbi wfZ iPbv Z_v Gi BwZnvm, HwZn, mswZ, Av_-mvgvwRK I
MYZvwK ivRbwZKPPvi cwZ AvMn I hvMZv mwi gvag ewkK cvcU `ki cMwZ I Dbqb Ae`vb ivLZ
mg Ki Mo Zvjv|
kgi ghv`v, KvRi Afvm I KvR KiZ AvMnx nIqvi cwZ BwZevPK gbvfve weKwkZ Kiv hvZ wkv_x ewMZ
Ges `jMZ Dfq aibi KvR mv`b bwZKZv I `vwqZkxjZvi cwiPq w`Z cvi|
mKj KvhKi hvMvhvM ivq wkv_xi cwgZ evsjv fvlvi `Zv my`p I mymsnZ Kiv Ges wbqwgZ cvVvfvm
Mo Zvjv|
evsjv mvwnZi AwbwnZ bv`wbK m`h, kLjv Ges mL DcfvM I D`NvUb wkv_xi hvMZv weKwkZ Kiv|
AvaywbK Kg, DPwkvmn mKj KvhKi hvMvhvMi cqvRb BsiwR fvlvi gwjK `Zvmg~n ARbi
gvag wkv_xK hvM Ki Mo Zvjv|

cv 7

6.2.9

wkv_xK MvwYwZK hyw, cwZ I `Zvi mv_ cwiwPZ Kivbv Ges RxebNwb I weki cvwicvwkK mgmv mgvavbi
Rb MwYZi cvqvwMK `Zv weKwkZ Kiv|

6.2.10 wkv_xK chywi cwZ AvMnx Ki Zvjv Ges Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw eenvi AvZwekvmx, Drcv`bkxj Ges
mRbkxj wnmve Zwi Kiv|
6.2.11 wkv_x hvZ Rxebgvb Dbqbi Rb RxebNwb wewfb mgmv Abymvb I mgvavb evwbK cwqv I cwZ cqvM
KiZ cvi m j evwbK `wfw I hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.12 `k Ges ewnweki cvKwZK I mvgvwRK cwiek Ges Rjevqyi cwieZbi Dci iZ Avivc Ki cwiekMZ
Dcv`vb mK wkv_x`i cwiwPZ Kiv| GKB mv_ mswk mKji KjvYi Rb H mKj Dcv`vbK wbqY I
eenvi Kivi hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.13 Lv` I cyw, kvixwiK mgZv, ivM-evwa, cRbb ^v Ges ewMZ wbivcv BZvw`i Dci iZ Avivc Ki
wkv_xK ^vmZ Rxebhvcbi cqvRbxq vb, Rxeb`Zv I `wfw ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.14 wkv_xi gb wbR wbR agxq wekvm I g~jeva RvMZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab ag I agvej^x`i cwZ kvkxj nZ
mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.15 wkv_xi ga evOvwj RvZxi Ges z` RvwZ-Mvxmg~ni, eY, Mv, fvlv, mswZ, wewfb kwY I ckvi gvbyli cwZ
vZZ I kveva mw Kiv|
6.2.16 wkv_xi `wnK I gvbwmK weKvki j mnwkvwgK Kvhvewj- Ljvayjv, kixiPPv, mvswZK KgKv, Pvi I KviKjv
Abykxjbi wbqwgZ Afvm Mo Zvjv|
6.2.17 Rxebevcx wkvq AvMnx I hvM Kivi Rb wkv_xi ewMZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb, AvaywbK Kg Ges ^-Kgmsvbi
Rb cqvRbxq vb, `Zv I `wfw my`p Kiv|
6.2.18 mnhvwMZvg~jK KvR Kivi gvag wkv_xi bZZ, mnhvwMZv I hvMvhvM `Zv weKvk mg Kiv|
6.2

welq KvVvgv
l, mg I Ag kwYi welq KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
mKj avivi AvewkK welq
(mvaviY wkv, gv`vmv wkv I BsiwR wkv aviv)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

cixvi
b^i

evsjv
BsiwR
MwYZ
evsjv`k I wekcwiPq
wevb
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
gvU

7.

8.
9.
10.

11.

mvaviY wkv avivi AvewkK welq

ag I bwZK wkv:
Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/ wLag I bwZK wkv
/eag I bwZK wkv
kvixwiK wkv I ^v
Kg I RxebgyLx wkv
Pvi I KviKjv
gvU
mvaviY avivi HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/Aviwe/msZ/cvwj
megvU

150
150
100
100
100
50
650

mgqeb
(Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK
5
87
5
87
4
70
3
53
4
70
2
35
23
402

100

53

106

50
50
50
250

2
2
2
9

35
35
35
158

70
70
70
316

100
1000

2
34

35
595

70
1190

`e:

c_g wcwiqWi evw 60wgwbU I Abvb wcwiqWi evw 50wgwbU|

kwbevi _K eyaevi cwZw`b 6wcwiqW Ges enwZevi 4wcwiqW|

`wbK cviwK mgvek (Assembly) Gi gqv` 15wgwbU Ges 3q wcwiqW ci gav weiwZi evw 45wgwbU|

`yB wkdU cwiPvwjZ cwZvb me 5wgwbU Ki mgq Kg ne Ges gav weiwZi evw 25wgwbU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

evwlK
174
174
140
106
140
70
804

cv 8

6.3 mvaviY wkv avivi beg I `kg kwYi welq-KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
welqi aib
welq
cixvi
b^i

AvewkK

1. evsjv
2. BsiwR
3. MwYZ
4. ag I bwZK wkv
(Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/
wLag I bwZK wkv / eag I bwZK wkv)
5. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
6. Kvwiqvi wkv
7. kvixwiK wkv, ^vwevb I Ljvayjv

gvU
kvLvwfwK welq
wevb kvLvi 8. c`v_wevb
Rb AvewkK 9. imvqb
welq
10.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ
11.evsjv`k I wekcwiPq
wevb kvLvi 12.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ/ z` bMvxi fvlv I
HwQK welq
mswZ/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/f~Mvj I cwiek/Pvi I
(GKwU bIqv
KviKjv/msMxZ/ewmK UW/kvixwiK wkv I xov*
hve)
megvU
eemvq wkv 8. eemvq D`vM
kvLvi Rb
9. wnmvewevb
AvewkK welq 10.wdbv I evswKs
11.wevb
eemvq wkv 12.f~Mvj I cwiek/ evsjv`k I wekcwiPq/
kvLvi HwQK
Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/ z` bMvxi fvlv I
welq
mswZ/Pvi I KviKjv/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
(GKwU bIqv
megvU
hve)
gvbweK kvLvi 8. evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv
Rb AvewkK 9. f~Mvj I cwiek
welq
10. A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
11. wevb
gvbweK kvLvi 12.A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv/Pvi I
HwQK welq
KviKjv/Kwlwkv /Mvnwevb/z` bMvxi fvlv I
(GKwU bqv
mswZ/ Aviwe/msZ/cvwj/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
hve)
/kvixwiK wkv I xov*
megvU

200
200
100
100

mgqeb
(Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK
5
80
5
80
4
64
2
32

evwlK
160
160
128
64

50
50
100
800

2
1
2
21

32
16
32
336

64
32
64
672

100
100
100
100
100

3
3
3
3
3

54
54
54
54
54

108
108
108
108
108

1300
100
100
100
100
100

36
3
3
3
3
3

606
54
54
54
54
54

1212
108
108
108
108
108

1300
100
100
100
100
100

36
3
3
3
3
3

606
54
54
54
54
54

1212
108
108
108
108
108

1300

36

606

1212

`e:
wevb, gvbweK I eemvq wkv kvLv _K hKvbv GKwU kvLv wbevPb Ki wbevwPZ kvLvi AvewkK welqmg~n wbZ
ne|
mvn 6w`b `wbK 6wcwiqW AbywZ ne|
wcwiqWi evw I Abvb welq l _K Ag kwYi Abyic ne|
* kvixwiK wkv I xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb kvLv I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK
welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 9

6.4 GKv`k-v`k kwYi welqKvVvgv (ay 2013-2014 wkveli Rb chvR)

2013 - 2014 wkveli Rb RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi GKv`k I v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv wbic :
1. wkv_x wbi hKvbv GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ cvie| kvLvmg~n nQ K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi AvewkK welq 1. evsjv (cyivZb wkvg) 2. BsiwR (cyivZb wkvg) 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~n wbic kvLv
kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq
kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
wevb
4. c`v_wevb
7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
5. imvqb
gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) cKkj AsKb I IqvKkc cvKwUm
6. Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ
(cyivZb wkvg), (R)*xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci
wkv_x`i Rb
gvbweK
10. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v, (O)
hKvbv wZbwU welq :
4. BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) BwZnvm, (R) Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
(S) Bmjvg wkv, (T) gbvwevb, (U) cwimsLvb, (V) b-wevb (bZzb
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb
wkvg cYqb mvc) (W) Kwlwkv (X) Mvn A_bxwZ (cyivZb
6. A_bxwZ
wkvg), (Y) Pviy I KviyKjv (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) bvUKjv (cyivZb
7. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg
wkvg), (_) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (`) Aviwe A_ev cvwj A_ev
8. fMvj
msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (a) jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg), (b) DPZi
9. hywwe`v
MwYZ, (c) *xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci wkv_x`i Rb
eemvq
4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv
7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M),
wkv
5. wnmvewevb
cwimsLvb, (N) fMvj, (O) A_bxwZ, (P) Kwlwkv, (Q) MvnA_bxwZ
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv A_ev
(cyivZb wkvg), (R) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv (2015-16
Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb
wkvel ch Pje)
Bmjvg
wkv
Mvn
A_bxwZ
msMxZ

4. Bmjvg wkv
5. Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
6. Aviwe (cyivZb wkvg)
4. mvaviY wevb Ges Lv` I cyw wevb
5. eenvwiK wkKjv Ges e I cvlvK wk
6. Mn eevcbv I wkeaY Ges cvwievwiK mK
(cyivZb wkvg)
4. jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg)
5. DPv msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg)
6. A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm

7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb

(cyivZb wkvg), (O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N) mgvRKg,
(O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q)msMxZ jNy/DPv(cyivZb wkvg), (R)
mvwPweKwe`v I Awdm eevcbv Ges (T) Bmjvg wkv
7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N) hywwe`v,
(O) MvnA_bxwZ (cyivZb wkvg), (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg

* BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK welq wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|

ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 10

6.5 RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abymvi GKv`k-v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv (2014-2015 wkvel nZ KvhKi ne)
1. wkv_xK wbi hKvb GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ ne| kvLvmg~n nQ
K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv kvLv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi Rb AvewkK welq 1. evsjv 2. BsiwR 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~nkvLv
kvLvwfwK AvewkK wZbwU welq
kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
wevb
gvbweK

4.
5.
6.
4.

c`v_wevb
imvqb
Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ
BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I
mswZ
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev A_bxwZ A_ev
hywwe`v
6. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg A_ev fMvj

eemvq
wkv

4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv

5. wnmvewevb
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv, A_ev Drcv`b
eevcbv I wecYb

Bmjvg
wkv

4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.

Mvnwevb
mxZ

Bmjvg wkv
Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
Aviwe
wki weKvk
Lv` I cyw
Mn eevcbv Ges cvwievwiK Rxeb
jNy mxZ
DPv mxZ
A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm

7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) gwKvwevb, (R) cKkj AsKb I
IqvKkc cvKwUm (cyivZb wkvKg), (S)*xov (cyivZb wkvg),
7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v,
(O) mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) Bmjvg wkv, (R) gbvwevb,
(S) cwimsLvb, (T) b-wevb (bZzb wkvg cYqb mvc) (U)
Kwlwkv (V) Mvnwevb, (W) Pviy I KviyKjv, (X) bvUKjv (cyivZb
wkvg), (Y) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) Aviwe A_ev cvwj
A_ev msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (_) *xov (cyivZb wkvg)
7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M)
UzwiRg G nmwcUvwjwU, (N) gvbe m` Dbqb (bZzb wkvg
cYqb mvc), (O) cwimsLvb, (P) fMvj, (Q) A_bxwZ, (R)
Kwlwkv, (S) Mvnwevb, (T) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv
(2015-16 wkvel ch)
7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb,
(O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
7. (K) wkKjv I e cwiQ`, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N)
mgvRKg, (O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb
7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N)
hywwe`v, (O) Mvnwevb, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg

* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|
BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|
ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski wkLbkLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 11

7.

wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj

wkvgi myz evevqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiY A_vr wkLbdj ARb cavbZ `ywU welqi Dci wbfikxj|
mePq iZc~YwU nQ kwYwkKi mwq mnhvwMZv I h_vchy wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkji myy cqvM Ges
wZxqwU nQ gvbmZ cvVcyK I Abvb wkv DcKiYi mwVK eenvi| Dfq B wkKi f~wgKv AZ
iZc~Y| GK K_vq wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiYi wkKi Pq Dg Avi wKQy bB| GLvb weklfve DjL,
AbK KwVb I RwUj KvR hv Kivi Rb AbK kg I mgq cqvRb Zv h_vwPZ cwZ I Kkj cqvM mnR I Kg
mgq mwVKfve mb Kiv me| wkv_xi wkLbi I G wbqg chvR| wkK c~ecwZ wbq Kg cwikg Ges
AcvKZ Kg mgq h_vh_ cwZ I Kkj cqvM wkv_xi wkLbdj ARb wbwZ KiZ cvib|

7.1 wkv_xi wkLb wbwZ Kivi weeP welq

7.1.1 wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq wkv_xi mwqZv LyeB iZc~Y| mwqZvi `ywU -gvbwmK mwqZv I `wnK mwqZv|
gvbwmK mwqZv A_vr wkYxq welq wkv_xi wPb cwqv Dx Kiv| Ggb mgmv, ck ev KvR `Iqv hvi mgvavb
wPv Ki ei KiZ nq| `wnK mwqZv njv nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLv| wkv jvf cwqvq wkv_xK mwq ivLv
Mj Kg mgq I mnR wkLb me|
7.1.2 gvbyl GK aibi KvR `xN mgq gbvhvM w`Z cvi bv| wk`i gbvhvM `Iqvi evw eq`i Pq Kg|
wewfb MelYvq `Lv MQ, 12 _K 16 eQi eqmx wk`i G evw 8 _K 10 wgwbU, ZvI Avevi wbfi Ki
KvRwU KZUv AvKlYxq Ges Avb``vqK Zvi Dci| AZGe kwY Kvhg ne ewPc~Y| AvjvPbv, `jMZ KvR, M,
jLv, AuvKv, weZK, Awfbq, nvZ-Kjg KvR, ckvi, c`kb BZvw` cvVi mv_ mwZ iL cqvM Kiv nj wkv_xi
gbvhvM ai ivLv me|
7.1.3 cZK ewB ^Z (every individual is a unique)| wkv_x`i Zv ewk weePbvi `vwe ivL| cZK
wkv_x Zvi wbRi gZv Ki wbR MwZZ kL| ZvB ew^vZi K_v weePbvq iL h_vme wkv_xi DchvMx
Dcvq mnhvwMZv `Iqv nj wkv_xi c wkvjvf mnR nq|
7.1.4 wkvK ejv nq eK cwqv| eKi Dci eK vcb Ki weivU BgviZ Zwi Kiv nq| GKBfve Rvbv AwfZv, vb I
`Zvi Dci wfw Ki bZzb vb, `Zv I g~jeva ARb mnR mnvqZv `Iqv hvq| ZvB wkv_xi Rxeb _K Dcgv,
D`vniY w`q Ges c~ej vb, `Zvi mv_ mshvM vcb Ki bZzb vb, `Zv ARb mnvqZv Kiv nj wkv jvf
mnR nq|
7.1.5 wkv_xiv hv wkLe Zv eyS wkLe| Kvbv welq mK my aviYv jvf Kie| bv eyS gyL Kiv h_v_ wkv bq|
GZ wkLbi mvjb nq bv| eyS wkLj ev Kvbv mgmv mgvavbi hyw I cwZ eyS cqvM Kij Abyic mgmvi
mgvavb wkv_x wbRB KiZ cvi| ZvB wkLbi Rb gyLi Pq eySvi Dci iZ `Iqv cqvRb|
7.1.6 wkv jvf h_vh_ wkv DcKiYi mwVK eenvi AZ iZcY~ | me welqB Kg-ewk wkv DcKiY eenvii myhvM
AvQ| wkvcKiYi mvnvh RwUj I weg~Z welqK mnR I g~Z Ki Dcvcb Ki welqwUK aviYv `Iqv hvq|
GKwU QvU MvQ kwYZ c`kb Ki MvQi wewfb Ask evLv Kij wKsev gvwwgwWqvq m~hMnY `Lvj Zv m^ hZ
mnR mwVK aviYv jvf me Ab Kvbvfve Zv me bq| gvwwgwWqv eenvii myhvM bv _vKj P`, cw_ex I m~hi
Awfbq ev PvU eenvi Kiv hvq|
7.1.7 wkLbK vqxKiYi Rb cqvRb Abykxjbi eev| bZzbfve AwRZ vb, `Zv evievi Abykxjb Kiv nj GKw`K
hgb wkLb vqx nq, Abw`K wkLb mvjbi myhvM mw nq|
7.1.8 wkv ARbi wkv_xi cwZ wkKi mnvbyf~wZc~Y AvPiY LyeB iZc~Y| wkK-wkv_xi mK Ggb ne hb
wkv_x ay jLvcov welqK mgmv bq, Zvi h Kvbv ewMZ, cvwievwiK mgmv webv msKvP wkKi mv_ AvjvPbv
Ki| wkK mgmv mgvavb civgk w`eb Ges mvagZ mnvqZv Kieb| wkK-wkv_xi gvS Kvbv `qvj _vKe bv|
mK ne mn-kvi Ges LyeB Nwb I AvwiK|
7.1.9 wkKi wekvm _vKZ ne h, Zuvi mKj wkv_xB kLvi mvg_ mb| mevi kLvi Dcvq I MwZi ga cv_K _vKZ
cvi, Ze Dchy cwiek I mnhvwMZv cj mevB wkLe| Kvb wkv_xi cwZ wkKi bwZevPK gbvfve _vKj H
wkK _K wkv_xi DcKZ nIqvi mvebv LyeB Kg| ZvB cwZwU wkv_xi cwZ wkKi DP aviYv _vKv evbxq|
Kvb wkv_xK KLbI Zvi gv_vq Mvei, ZvK w`q wKQyB ne bv, Mvav, Ac`v_ BZvw` Kvbv aibi bwZevPK
ev wbirmvng~jK K_v ejv hve bv| eZ eenvi ev Kvbv cKvi kvixwiK ev gvbwmK kvw c`vb wkv jvfi Aivq
Ges ivxq AvBb kvwhvM Aciva| fq-fxwZ bv `wLq eis Drmvn c`vb Kiv nj wkv_xi kLvi AvMn AbKUvB
eo hvq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 12

8.

wkLb gZev`

8.1

wkv wevbi AZ iZc~Y welq wkLb gZev`| `xNw`b ai _bWvBKi cPv I fyj mskvab gZev` (Trail and
Error Theory of Thorndike); cfjfi DxcK I cwZwqvwfwK mvc cwZeZev` (Conditioned Reflex Theory of
Pavlov); Kvnjvi I KvdKvii mgMZvev` (Gestalt Theory) wkLbi AbymZ nq AvmQ| eqmf` wk`i AeaviY
gZv wfb G welq Theory of Cognitive Development of Piaget wkvwevb mwekl Ae`vb iL PjQ| G gZev`
AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i ZviZg Abymvi 1 _K 16 eQi eqmi wk RxebK PviwU i fvM Kiv nqQ| fvMjv
nQ (K) 0-2 eQi mse`b mvjbi i (L) 2-7 eQi cvK-KvhKi i (M) 7-11 eQi eve KvhKi i Ges (N) 11-16
eQi AvbyvwbK KvhKi i| wkvg Dbqb I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq wki AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i welq
weePbvq ivLv LyeB iZc~Y| Kvb eqmi wk KZUzKz aviY KiZ cvi ev Kvb eqm Kx Kx aibi weg~Z aviYv jvf
KiZ mg m mK my aviYv _vKv AZvekK| wkLbi DwjwLZ cZKwU gZev` g~jZ AvPiYev`| wK eZgvb wek
mevwaK AvjvP wkLb gZev`wU aviYv MVb mwKZ hv MVbev` bvg cwiwPZ|

8.2 MVbev` (Constructivist Theory)

wkv_x wKfve kL G mK wkv gbvwevbx`i AevnZ cPvi dj D~Z mevaywbK Z nQ MVbev`| jvwUb
k Constrvere _K Construct kwUi Drcw hvi A_ webvm Kiv ev MVb `Iqv| ZvB G Zi g~jK_v njv aviYv
MVbB wkLb| cwZ gyn~ Z Bw`q Mvn Z_ viv Avgv`i wPbi ga h wbqwgZ MVb Ges cwieZb nQ Zvi gvagB
wkLb cwqv NU| cZK wkv_x wbRi AwfZv Ges cvwicvwkKZv Abyavb Ki wbRi gZv GKKfve bZzb vb I
aviYv MVb Ki| ew bZzb wKQyi myLxb nj m GUvK Zvi c~ej vb I AwfZvi AvjvK hvPvB Ki MnY Ki|
GfveB ew bZzb aviYv ev vb ARb Ki| hvPvBq bZzb welqK Aevi gb nj GUvK m evwZj Ki `q|
wkLbi Jerome Bruner cwiek I fvlv weKvki Dci ewk cvavb w`qQb| Zuvi gZ, vbweKvki
cwieki f~wgKv ewk Ges vbweKvki wewfb i wk vbi AvIZvfz wewfb mgmvi mgvavb wewfbfve `q| GUv
wbfi Ki wki c~e AwfZv I vbi Dci|
gb Kib MVbev` wkKi f~wgKv ne bZzb aviYv MVb wkv_xK mnvqZv Kiv| ay Z I Z_
mieivn Kiv bq| wkK mgmv-mgvavb ev Abymvbi wb`kbv w`eb, wkv_xiv hvZ wbRivB AbywgZ aviYv Zwi I
cixv Ki wmv wbZ cvi Ges `jMZ wkLb cwiek Ab`iK Zv RvbvZ cvi| G cwqvq vb jvfi gvag
wkv_xiv wKfve DcKZ nQ Zv D`NvUb KiZ wkK wkv_x`i DrmvwnZ Kib| Jonassen AviI gb Kib h,
wkv_xiv wbRiv wbR`iK ck Ki Ges Zv`i eeZ cwZ Kkji h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki wbRivB g g
Awf wkv_xZ cwiYZ nq, wKfve wkLZ nq (How to learn) Zv Zviv Avq Ki dj| Gfve Zviv Rxebevcx
wkv_xZ (Life-long learners) cwiYZ nq|
David Jonassen

MVbev`wfwZ wkvgi webvm ne kwLj (spiral)| G eevq wkv_x AwRZ aviYv, vb I `wfwi Dci wfw
Ki gvMZfve bZzb bZyb aviYv, vb I `wfw ARb Kie|
David Jonassen Gi

gZvbymvi MVbev`x kwYK wkLb ne-

MwVZ (Constructed) : wkv_xiv Zv`i c~evb, aviYv I AwfZvi mv_ bZzb vb I AwfZvi mg^q Ki Abyavbi
gvag wbRi gvS bZzb aviYv MVb Kie|
mwq (Active) : wkv_xiv wbRivB wbR`i aviYv mw Kie| wkK Zv`iK cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`eb Ges
wkv_x`iK cixv KiZ, DcKiYvw` eenvi KiZ, ck KiZ I cPv PvjvZ myhvM Ki w`eb|
wkv_x`iK wbR`i j I Kgcv wbaviY mnvqZv w`eb|
8.

wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi KwZcq cwZ I Kkj

wkv_xi wkLb AbKvsk wbfi Ki wkK KZK cwiPvwjZ cwZ I Kkji Dci| wkv_x`i gZv I ceYZv
Ges cvVi ewki wfwZ cwZ I Kkj wbevPb Kiv cqvRb| cwZ I Kkj mwVK nj Ges h_vh_fve
cqvM Kiv nj wkv_x mnR wkLZ cvi| GLvb KqKwU cwZ I Kkji msw cwiPq `Iqv njv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 13

8.1

ck-Di cwZ (Question-Answer Method)

ck- Di GKwU ej cPwjZ I KvhKi cwZ| G cwZi mwVK cqvMi gvag wkv_xK mwq iL wkLb
mnhvwMZv Kiv hvq| wewfb Dk ck Kiv nq _vK| kLvi Rb ck, wkLbdj ARb cwigvci Rb ck, Kvb wekl
Kgi DchvwMZv hvPvB Kivi Rb ck, BZvw` ek KqK aibi ck iqQ|

8.2

ck Kivi ixwZ
mg kwYK Dk Ki ck Kiv| GKRb Kvbv wkv_xK ck Kiv nj kwYi Ab wkv_xiv wbwq _vK,
AgbvhvMx nZ cvi| ZvB mevBK mwq ivLvi Rb mg kwYK ck KiZ nq|
wPv Ki Di wVK Kivi Rb wKQyUv mgq `Iqv|
Di `vb kLjv eRvq ivLv| Di`vb mg wkv_xiv nvZ DVve| mevi GKmv_ Di `Iqvi Afvm ZvM
KivZ ne|
wkv_xK wbw` Ki Di w`Z ejv| GKB wkv_xK evi evi Di `Iqvi myhvM bv w`q chvqg mevBK
myhvM `Iqv| cqvRb Di`vb BwZ w`q mnvqZv Kiv| Di mwVK bv nj Ab wkv_xK Di w`Z ejv|
mwVK Di cybivew Kiv|
Gici c~e nvZ DVvq wb Ggb AcviM wkv_xK GKB cki Di w`Z ejv|
cqvRb Abymvbx ck (probing question) Kiv| GKwU cki Di _K h ck RvM ZvK Abymvbx ck ejv
nq|

8.2.1 cki aib

cki fvlv ne mnR I kwY DchvMx|
ck ne wkv_xi wPv DxcK I ciYv mwKvix| Kb, wKfve, KviY Kx, evLv Ki, weklY Ki, Zzjbv Ki
BZvw` viv ck Kiv nj wPv Ki Di ei KiZ nq|
hme cki Di nuv ev bv Ggb ck bv KivB fvj| wZ wbfi ck hgb Kx, K, Kv_vq, KqwU ev KvK ej
BZvw` ck hZUv me cwinvi Kiv|
chvqg Ggbfve ck Kiv hb ckmg~ni Di _K welqe mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| cqvRb
ckvii gvS gvS AvjvPbv Kiv|
Abymvbg~jK ck (probing question) A_vr GKwU cki Di _K D~Z ck Ki welqi c~YZv Avbv cqvRb|
hgbg~j ck : we`vjq wkv_x`i Mo DcwwZ KZ?
Di : mvaviY mgq 85%, wekl mgq 50%
Abymvbg~jK ck : wekl mgq Kg Kb?
Di : avb ivcY I avb KvUvi gmyg Qjgq`i AbK KwlKvR AwffveKK mnvqZv Ki ZvB Zviv
we`vjq Avm bv|
8.2.2 wkKi KiYxq
mwVK Dii Rb wkv_xK Drmvn c`vb
fyj Dii Rb cqvRbxq wb`kbv `Iqv I wkLZ AbyciYv c`vb Kiv
mwVK Dii cm Ub AvjvPbvi gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
wkv_xK ck KiZ myhvM `Iqv, DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges wkv_xi cki Di `Iqv|
9.

`jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK wkv cwZ

`jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK cwZ GKwU mdj wkLbcwZ| G cwZZ GKB eqtgi ev GKB chvqi wkv_xiv
cii wg_wqvi gvag wkv jvf Ki| G wkKi f~wgKv civ njI iZc~Y| `jMZ KvRi gvag
cwZwU wkv_xi ay vb-`ZvB ew cvq bv, mv_ mv_ ek wKQy gvbweK Yvewji weKvk NU| K_v kvbvi I K_v
ejvi kLjv AbymiY, cigZ mwnzZv, bZZ, mgSvZv BZvw` Yvewji weKvk NU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 14

9.1

`j MVb
wewfbfve `j MVb Kiv hvq| hgb mg-mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, wgk mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, welqwfwK `j,
AjwfwK `j BZvw`| AbK wgk mvg_ `ji myweav Ab`i Pq wKQyUv ewk| cwZ cvVi Rb ev cwZ
welqi Rb bZzb Ki `j MVb KiZ Mj AbK mgq jvM| ZvB kwYwkK (whwb c_g wcwiqW Kvm bb) `j
MVb Kieb| cqvRb GK gvm Ai Ai bZzb Ki `j MVb Kieb| GZ wkv_x`i wg_wqvi cwimi ew
cvq| GKB kwYi wewfb welqi wkKMY kwYwkK KZK MwVZ `jjvKB `jMZ KvR wbqvwRZ Kieb|
cwZwU `ji AvKvi 6Rb _K 8Rb nj fvj, Ze 10Rbi ewk nIqv evbxq bq| cZK `ji GKwU Ki bvg
_vKj myweav nq| dj, dzj, cvwL, b`x ev is Gi bvg `ji bvg ivLv hvq|

9.1.1 `jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm

`jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm Ggb ne hvZ `ji mKj wkv_x gyLvgywL emZ cvi| kwYKi AvKvi eo nj
Ges chv Avmevec _vKj, cwZ `j Mvj Uweji Pvicvk eme| Gic Avmevec bv _vKj cvKv gSZ
gv`yiI Mvj nq emZ cvi| bZzev c_g ei wkv_xiv Nyi wZxq ei gyLvgywL eme, Gfve ZZxq e
Nyi PZz_ ei gyLvgywL| G cwZ `ji wkv_x`iK ci ci `ye emZ ne| wkK `jMZ KvR eywSq
`Iqvi mv_ mv_B `jefve em `jMZ KvR i KiZ ne| Avmevec UvbvUvwb Ki mgq b Kiv hve bv|
9.1.2 `jMZ KvR Kivi cwqv
`j fvM nIqvi AvMB mgeZ Kvm wkK Ki `jMZ KvR eywSq w`eb|
wkK `ji GKRbK GKwU KvRi Rb `jbZv gbvbqb w`eb| chvqg `ji cZKK `jbZvi `vwqZ
w`eb|
wkv_xiv `j fvM nq eme| `ji cZK welqwU wbq wPv Kie| Zvici AvjvPbv i Kie| GKRb K_v
ejvi mgq Abiv gb w`q be| K_vi gvS KD K_v eje bv| Ze AvjvPbv Ah_v `xN ev cm ewnf~Z nj
`jbZv f`fve wbqY Kie|
`ji cZK AvjvPbvq AskMnY Kie|
AvjvPbvi gvag Z, Z_, hyw Dcvcb I hyw Lb Kie|
Kviv K_v AcQ` nj ev gbtcyZ bv nj ah ai bZ ne, ci hyw w`q Lb Kiv hve, ivM Kiv ev Akvfb
AvPiY Kiv hve bv|
Rvi Ki Ab`i Dci wbRi gZvgZ Pvwcq `Iqvi Pv Kiv hve bv|
AvjvPbvi djvdj `ji wmv wnmve wjLZ ne Ges mevBK gb wbZ ne|
cieZxZ mgeZ Kvm wkKi wb`kvbymvi H AvjvPbvi `jbZv `ji cwZe`b Dcvcb Kie| Ab `ji ck
_vKj `ji c h Kvbv GKRb Di w`e|
`jMZ KvR Pjvi mgq Kvbv gZvbK ev mgmv `Lv w`j `jbZv nvZ Zzj wkKi wb`kbv PvBe|
9.1.3 `jMZ KvRi aib
`jMZ KvR cavbZ Abymvbg~jK ev mgmvwfwK ne| `jMZ KvRi welq wPv DxcK, mRbkxj I weklYagx
ne| mvaviY Z, Z_ ev vbg~jK Rvbvi welq `jMZ AvjvPbvi welq nq bv| ZvZ Abymvb ev wPv DxcK wKQy
_vK bv|
9.1.4 `jMZ KvRi KqKwU D`vniY
K. evsjv`k _K wewfb cRvwZi cvwL gvMZ wejy nIqvi KviY I Zv`i ivi Dcvq Abymvb|
L. Mvgi wbii gvbylK ^v mPZb Kivi wkv_x`i KiYxq wbaviY|
M. cixYi gvag wewfb cKvi gvwUi ewk wPwZKiY|
N. evsjv`ki wk`i AwaKvi ivq miKvi, mgvR I AwffveKi KiYxq wbaviY|
O. GKwU AbyQ`i mvigg D`&NvUb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 15

9.1.5 `jMZ KvRi welq wnmve mwVK bq

K. AbycvZmn evqyi Dcv`vbmg~ni bvg
L. evsjv`ki f~-cKwZi eYbv
M. mvK `kmg~ni ivRavbx, RbmsLv I gv_vwcQy Avq
N. cigvYyi MVb eYbv
O. Z_ AwaKvi AvBb eYbv
9.1.6 `jMZ KvRi gvag wkLb `yejZvi Aemvb
wkv_x`i KD KD wewfb KviY wbavwiZ wkLbdj ARb KiZ cvi bv| avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkLb
`yejZvmb wkv_x`i wPwZ Ki Zv`i Rb wekl `jMZ KvRi eev Kiv hvq| G GKB k wYi GKRb
wkLbdj ARbKvix PKm wkv_xK `jbZv wnmve `ji Ab`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv Kivi `vwqZ `Iqv nq|
wkK `jbZvK c~eB cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`q `b| mgchvqi wkv_x viv Ab wkv_x`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv
`IqvK Peer Learning ejv nq|
9.1.7 `jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkKi KiYxq
`jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkK Nyi Nyi cZK `ji KvR cheY Kieb| hLvb hLb cqvRb wb`kbv I
mnvqZv w`eb| cieZxZ `jMZ KvR Dcvcbi mgq fyj-vw ev Am~YZv _vKj awiq w`eb|
10.

c`kb cwZ (Demonstration Method)

c`kb cwZi g~jK_v njv Kvbv wKQy `wLq m mK aviYv jvf wkv_x`iK mnvqZv Kiv| Kvbv wKQy
Dcvcb ay eYbv ev AvjvPbvq mxgve bv _K Zv `Lvbv nj aviYv jvf mnR nq Ges GZ wkv_x`i AvMn
I Drmvn ew cvq| G cwZZ cvVi welq mswk eve e ev cZfve cwqv `wLq eYbv, AvjvPbv ev ckDii gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv nq| hgb- GKwU Rev dzji Askjv `wLq dzji Askjvi mK
aviYv ARb mnvqZv Kiv; kwYK wkv_x`i mvgb hcvwZ mshvRb Ki `vi mv_ cvZjv mvjwdDwiK GwmW
wgwkq nvBWvRb cZ Ki `Lvbv BZvw`|
AbK eve e ev NUbv mivmwi `Lvbv me nq bv| m Aaevei mvnvh aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
hvq| hgb- P` ev m~hMnY mK aviYv jvfi Rb kwYK wmwW ev wWwfwWi gvag gvwwgwWqvq cw_ex I
Puv`i wbR wbR Kc_ N~Yb `wLq MnY NUvi welqwU cwivi Kiv hvq| cRi ev gvwwgwWqv bv _vKj PvUi
gvag `Lvbv hvq| wekl wkv_x`iK kwYKi evBi wbq eve NUbv cZfve `wLq wkv jvf
mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- f~wgqi KviYjv cZ `Lvbv hvq| me nj HwZnvwmK vb wbq wewfb wb`kb
`wLq I eYbv Ki aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- Kzwgjvi KvUevwo kvjeb wenvi cwi`kb wbq ZrKvjxb
emfZv mK RvbZ mvnvh Kiv|
c`kb cwZZ wkv_x`i Abymwrmv ew cvq| mnR mwVK aviYv jvf KiZ cvi| wkLb AcvKZ `xNvqx
nq| c`kb cwZZ j ivLZ ne hb me wkv_x `LZ cvq|

11.

Abymvbg~jK KvRi aib

Abymvbg~jK KvR g~jZ KgKw`K cwZ| wWDBi mwqZv Zi wfwZ cwiPvwjZ G cwZZ wkv_xiv
GKKfve ev `jMZfve wbR`i cPvq wbqgZvwK cwZZ wkv jvf Ki _vK| G cwZZ wkv_x Kvbv
welq ev NUbv ev mgmvi KviY, djvdj, cwZwqv BZvw` D`&NvUb Ki| bw_c chvjvPbv, cwi`kb, cheY,
mvvrKvi MnY bvbvfve Abymvb KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|| D`vniY hyemgvRi AvKvk mswZi cwZ ceYZv ewi KviY I djvdj
wk Aj evqy `~lYi KviY I djvdj
Lv` Drcv`b AwZgvvq ivmvqwbK KxUbvkK `e eenvii cwZwqv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 16

12. Abymvbg~jK cwZZ wkLb cwqv

cZKwU Abymvbi Rb GKwU welq ev mgmv wbevPb KiZ nq| G cwZZ hveZxq Kvhg cavbZ cuvPwU chvq
cwiPvwjZ nq| chvqjv nQK. mgmv/Dk wbaviY
L. cwiKbv cYqb
M. Z_ msMn
N. Z_ weklY
O. cwZe`b cYqb
me c_g Kvhgi mgmv wPwZ Kiv ev Dk wbaviY KiZ nq| wZxq chvq mgM Kvhgi Rb cwiKbv cYqb
KiZ nq| Dk ARbi Rb Kx Kx KiZ ne, KvbwU wKfve, Kx w`q, KLb KiZ ne-G meB cwiKbvq _vK|
Z_ msMn Abymvbg~jK KvRi GKwU iZc~Y i| cvBgvwi ev mKvwi Drm nZ Z_ msMn KiZ ne| PZy_
chvq Z_ weklY I djvdj cYqb KiZ ne| mekl wkv_x m~Y Abymvbg~jK KvRi Dci GKwU cwZe`b
cYqb Kie|
13. wkLb- kLvbv Kvhg mK KqKwU K_v
wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj AbK aibi| Gi KqKwU wkKKw`K Ges KqKwU wkv_xKw`K| wkLb-kLvbv
cwqvq wkv_xi mwq AskMnY wkvjvf mnvqK| me cwZiB Kgewk myweav I Amyweav AvQ| Ggb Kvbv cwZ
ev Kkj bB hwU mKj wkv_xi Rb mgfve DchvMx ev me aibi welqei Rb DchvMx| wkKi wewfb cwZ
I Kkji Dci `Zv Ges kwY I cvV DchvMx cwZ I Kkji h_vh_ cqvMi Dci wbfi Ki wkv_xi wkLb
mvdj| Ggb Kvbv evaevaKZv bB h GKwU cvV cwiPvjbvq wkKK GKwU cwZi Dci wbfi KiZ ne| cvVK
djcm~ Kivi Rb wkK cwiwwZ Abymvi GKvwaK cwZ I Kkji mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ
cvib| cvVi mvdj wbfi Ki wkKi wePYZv, welqvb I wkLb cwZi h_vh_ cqvMi Dci| GRb ejv nq wkKB
mevrK cwZ| wkv_xKw`K wkLb-kLvbv cwZ ewea| GLvb gv KqKwU wkv_xKw`K cwZ msc
Dcvcb Kiv njv| Ze wkKi AwaK msLK cwZ I Kkji Dci `Zv _vKv cqvRb| Zvnj wZwb h h
cwZ DchvMx Zv cqvM KiZ cvib| cqvRb GKvwaK cwZi mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ
cvib| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkK hw` eySZ cvib h cqvMKZ cwZ wkv_x`i wkLb djcm~ nQ bv ZLb wZwb
cwZ cwieZb KiZ cvib| ZvB wkK`i e cwZi Dci `Zv _vKv AvekK|
14. wkv_xi g~jvqb
mvaviY A_ wkv_xi g~jvqb njv wkv Kvhg _K wkv_xi ARbi gvv wbYq Kiv| A_vr wkvg DjwLZ c~e
wbavwiZ wkLbdj wkv_x KZUv ARb KiQ Zv wbicYB wkv_xi g~jvqb| hw`I g~jvqb K_vwUi wewZ AbK evcK|
Avgiv wewfb mgq bvbvfve wkv_xi g~jvqb Ki _vwK| g~jvqbi mgq I aib weePbvq wkv_xi g~jvqb cavbZ `yB
avivi: (K) MVbKvjxb ev avivevwnK g~jvqb Ges (L) mvgwK g~jvqb| Avgiv cvV PjvKvjxb ev wbw` cvVvsk _K
wkv_xi ARb g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G g~jvqb avivevwnK ev MVbKvjxb g~jvqb| Avevi Avgiv wbw` mgq kl ev
Kvhg kl mvgwqK cixv, evwlK cixv, GmGmwm cixv BZvw` cixvi gvag g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G aibi
g~jvqb nj mvgwK g~jvqb| avivevwnK I mvgwK Dfq avivi g~jvqbiB cqvRb AvQ| Ze avivevwnK g~jvqbi
iZ AbK ewk| KviY avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki ZvrwYK wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq|
wkv_xi nvZ-Kjg eenvwiK KvR Kivi cwqv cheYi gvag g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
wkv_xi wekl wKQz `Zv, hgb- kvbv, ejv, cov BZvw` Kg mgq, Kg LiP I mnR cwigvc Ki avc avc
wb`kbv `Iqv I wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq| mvgwK g~jvqbi gvag AbK Gme ewki g~jvqb Kiv me
nq bv|
RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 17

15.

wkv_xi AveMxq w`Kmg~n wekl Ki ewK I mvgvwRK AvPiY Ges g~jeva cZ cheYi gvag
g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
G g~jvqbi gvag wkK Zuvi eeZ wkLb kLvbv cwZ I Kkji h_v_Zv I KvhKvwiZv wbaviY Ki ev
`yejZv wPwZ Ki cqvRbxq cwieZb AvbZ cvib|
avivevwnK g~jvqb
avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi `yejZv wPwZ Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq Ges cqvRb wbivgqg~jK eev MnY
Kiv hvq|

15.1

kwYi KvR
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg PjvKvjxb wkv_x KZK mvw`Z hveZxq KvR kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ| welqf`
kwYi KvRi aib ZviZg _vKZ cvi| AwaKvsk B cki Di ejv ev jLv, AuvKv (wP/Qwe, mviwY,
gvbwP, jLwP), AvjvPbv I weZK AskMnY, Pwi-Awfbq, eenvwiK KvR-G aibi me wKQzB kwYi KvR|
evsjv I BsiwR welq kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv BZvw` kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ ne|
15.2 evwoi KvR
wkv_x evwoZ wkvgwfwK h KvRjv mb Ki ZvB evwoi KvR | evwoi KvR wkv_x GKKfve mb
Kie GUvB cZvwkZ| wkK wbwZ neb h, wkv_x GKvB KvRwU mb KiQ| evwoi KvRi gvag wkv_xi
wPb `Zv Ges ewK AvPiY I g~jeva g~jvqb Kiv ne| evwoi KvR g~jvqb Ki wkK wkv_x`iK
cqvRbxq wkLb mnvqZv w`eb| wkvgi wkLbdji Pvwn`vi Dci wfw Ki wkK evwoi KvR w`eb|
j ivLZ ne evwoi KvR hb wkv_xK gyL Kivq DrmvwnZ bv Ki| evwoi KvR Ggb nZ ne hb
wkv_xi wPb `Zv weKvk Ges mRbkxjZv cKvki myhvM _vK|
kwYK AwRZ aviYvmg~n wPv I KvR cqvM Kivi myhvM hb evwoi KvR _vK| evwoi KvR hb
wkv_xK mRbkxj cki cwZZ mvnvh Ki mw`K iZ w`Z ne| wkvg gvwU wkLb kLvbv
Kvhg Kjvg c` evwoi KvR bgybv wnmve AbymiY Kiv hZ cvi|
cwZwU welqi evwoi KvRjv Ggb ne hv wkv_x 30-35 wgwbUi ga mv`b KiZ cvi| wkK cwZ
mvgwqK kwYZ cqvRbxq msLK evwoi KvR w`eb|
15.3 kwY Afxv
cwZwU Aavq kl kwY Afxv bIqv ne| kwY Afxv wjwLZ ev eenvwiK ne| cwZwU kwY Afxv ^ mgq
bIqv ne| welqi Rb wbavwiZ Kvm wcwiqW bIqv ne| wbavwiZ GK Kvm wcwiqWi AwZwi mgq bIqv hve
bv| kwY Afxvi w`b kwYi Abvb wcwiqWi ^vfvweK KvRKg h_vixwZ Pje|
16

mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi cwZ wkvel `ywU mvgwqK fvM Kiv ne| mvgwqK Ges cvewjK
cixvi ckc cYqb Ges Dic g~jvqb mRbkxj ckcwZi wb`kbv Abymvi ne| wkvg c`
Aavqmg~nK `ywU mvgwqKi Rb eb KiZ ne| we`vjqi Kvhw`emi cwigvYi Dci wfw Ki Aavqmg~nK
mvgwqK eb KiZ ne| c_g mvgwqK g~jvqbKZ Aavqmg~nK wZxq mvgwqK g~jvqbi Rb eenvi Kiv hve
bv| mvgwqK kl Abyq cixv wkvg welq Ges ci Rb eivKZ c~Y b^i ne| wkvg iciLvi
welqKvVvgvq welqi c~Yb^i `Iqv AvQ|
mRbkxj ckcwZi ckc `y&B aibi ck _vKe| GKwU nQ ewbevPwb ck Ges AciwU nQ mRbkxj ck|
ewbevPwb ckc wZb aibi ewbevPwb ck _vKe| Gjv nQ mvaviY ewbevPwb ck, ec`x mgvwm~PK
ewbevPwb ck Ges Awfb Z_wfwK ewbevPwb ck| ewbevPwb ckc wPb `Zvi Pvi ii ck
AvbycvwZKnvi _vKe| mKj AavqK cixvi AvIZvfz KiZ ne| ckc cYqbi c~e wb`kK QK Zwi
KiZ ne| cwZwU mRbkxj ck GKwU DxcK _vKe Ges DxcKi mv_ 4wU ck _vKe| ck 4wU w`q wPb
`Zvi PviwU i (vb, Abyaveb, cqvM Ges DPZi `Zv) hvPvB Kiv ne| Ze wnmvewevb MwYZ I DPZi
MwYZ welqi wnmve mRbkxj ckc ay wPb `Zvi cqvM vii 3wU ck _vKe| 1wU mnR gvbi, 1wU
gagvbi I GKwU Acv KwVb gvbi ck b^i c`vb wb`wkKv AbymiY Ki Dic g~jvqb KiZ ne|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cv 18

wkvg Dbqb mswk KwgwU

1. RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

bvg I c`we
W. Kvgvj Ave`yj bvmi Payix
mwPe, wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|
DcvPvh, RvZxq wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi|
W. KvRx LjxKzvgvb Avng`
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k Dbqb cwil` I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k A_bxwZ mwgwZ|
hyM-mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv Awa`i, AvMviMuvI, XvKv|
cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkvevW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkvevW, XvKv|
m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj
wefvMxq cavb, KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM, kvnRvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb
cvb AavcK I cwiPvjK, wkv I MelYv BbwwUDU
XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
AavcK W. gvt AvLZvivgvb
Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
AavcK kvnxb gvn&eyev Kexi
BsiwR wefvM RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
m`m (cv_wgK wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
m`m (cvVcyK), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
Dc mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|

KwgwUZ c`we
mfvcwZ
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m

2. cdkbvj KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

bvg I c`we
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv|
cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq,XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv GKvWgx, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, XvKv|
Rbve gbRyij Avnmvb eyjeyj
cavb mv`K, ekvLx Uwjwfwkb wjwgUW, XvKv|
cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k Avt evW mg^q mve KwgwU|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkv evW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv evW, XvKv|
AavcK Avyjvn Avey mvqx`
cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

KwgwUZ c`we
mfvcwZ
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m

cv 19

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb

civgkK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv|
AavcK Kwdj Dxb Avng`
civgkK, cv_wgK wkvg DBs, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
cdmi gynv` Avjx
cvb m`m, wkvg, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
(evmv-mK-gwfm 8g Zjv (cwg), 6/9, eK-wm, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207|
Wxb, PviyKjv Abyl`, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi mvjgv AvLZvi
AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Aa, wkK cwkY KjR, XvKv|
m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cavb wkK, MebgU jveiUwi nvB zj, avbgw, XvKv|
Rbve gvkZvK Avng` f~uBqv
weZiY wbqK, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

3. UKwbKvj KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

bvg I c`we
cdmi gvt Ave`yyj Revi
cvb cwiPvjK, bvqg, XvKv|
(evwo bs-7, moK bs-11, mi bs-4, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230)
AavcK W. Avey nvwg` jwZd
mycvi wbDgvwi AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi Ave`ym myenvb
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv|)
AavcK W. Mvjvg imyj wgqv
cvb Aa, wUPvm Uwbs KjR, XvKv|
(evmv bs-47, ivW bs-02, mi-09, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230|)
W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb
civgkK
GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt bvRgyj Kwig Payix
eevcbv wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
W. Avyj gvjK
AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb
wkvg wekl
GmBGmwWwc, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve kvnxbviv eMg
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve gvt gvLjm Di ingvb
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve gvt dinv`yj Bmjvg
EaZb wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m-mwPe

KwgwUZ c`we
AvnevqK
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m-mwPe

cv 20

4. fwUs KwgwU
wgK

bvg I c`we

1.

evsjv

KwgwUZ c`we
1.
2.

2.

BsiwR

1.
2.

3.

MwYZ

1.
2.

4.

wevb

1.
2.

5.

evsjv`k I wekcwiPq

1.
2.

6.

Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw

1.
2.

7.

cwiek cwiwPwZ

1.
2.

RvZxq wkvg 2012

AavcK Ave`yjvn Avey mvqx`

cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|
cdmi b~iRvnvb eMg
Aa, miKvwi wevb KjR, XvKv|
cdmi Ave`ym myenvb
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i, XvKv|
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv)
cdmi gvt kvgmyj nK
cvb Wxb, evsjv`k Dby wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi (evmv bs-25, GvcvUgU-we-5, ivW bs
68G, jkvb-2, XvKv-1212)
cdmi W. gvt Avyj gwZb
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt Avym Qvgv`
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt AvwRRyi ingvb
c`v_wevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Rbve gvnv` b~i Avjg wmwKx
mnhvMx AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. nvib Di iwk`
ivwevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
W. mq` nvwdRyi ingvb
mnhvMx AavcK, cwiek wevb wefvM
RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj
KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM
kvn&Rvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
Rbve gvt mwdDj Avjg Lvb
mnKvix AavcK, Z_ chyw BwUwUDU, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. G Gm Gg gvKmy` Kvgvj
f~Z wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt LexiDxb
cwiek wevb wefvM, RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|

cv 21

5. wkvg Dbqb KwgwU

g
bvg I c`ex
c

dmi
W.
Gg
G
gvb
v
b
1
gvbRgvU vwWR wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi mv`Kzi ingvb gRyg`vi
2
wefvMxq cavb, eevcbv wefvM, BWb KjR, XvKv|
Rbve kL kvnevR wiqv`
3
cfvlK, wUPvm Uwbs KjR, XvKv|
Rbve dinv`yj Bmjvg
4
EaZb wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
W. cvifR mvv` Paywi
5
KvwiKzjvg wekl, GmBGmwWwc,GbwmwUwe, XvKv|

KwgwUZ c`ex
AvnevqK
m`m
m`m
m`m
mg^qKvix

6. mvweK mg^q KwgwU

wg
1.

2.

bvg I c`we
Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb
KvwiKzjvg wekl I GmBGmwWwc dvKvj cqU
KvwiKzjvg WfjcgU BDwbU
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
Rbve gvkZvK Avng` fu~Bqv
weZiY wbqK
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

KwgwUZ c`we
mvweK mg^qKvix

mvweK mg^qKvix

cv 22

wkvg

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv

GKv`k I v`k kwY

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv

(Business Organization and Management)

1. f~wgKv
eemvqK gvbe mfZvi weKvk I Dbqbi mZzeb wnme weePbv Kiv nq| eemvqi cmvii dj m`i mevwaK eenvi wbwZKiY,
Drcv`b, eb, cwienb I hvMvhvM eevi DbwZi mv_ mv_ Zwi nqQ bMivqb, evcK Kgmsvb I gvbyli Rxeb hvvi gvbi DbwZ|
Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb eemvq iZ weePbv Ki gvawgK i eemvq wkvK GKwU iZc~Y kvLv wnme MnY Kiv nqQ| Gi
avivevwnKZvq eemvq wkv kvLvK wekl iZc~Y kvLv wnme MnY Kiv nqQ| eemvq wkv kvLvi iZc~Y welq wnme Af~ Kiv
nqQ eemvq msMVb I eevcbvK |
eemv GKwU evewfwK I cvqvwMK | eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwU `ywU c wef| c_g c eemvq cwiwPwZ Ask Aaqbi
gvag wkv_xiv eemvqi cwiwa I cKvif`, eemvq cwiek, eemvqi AvBbMZ w`K, eemvq mnvqZv`vbKvix wewfb cwZvbi Kvhvewj,
eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi eenvi I Abvb cqvRbxq w`K mK vb I `Zv jvf KiZ cvie| wZxq c eevcbv Aaqbi
gvag eevcbvi wewfb w`K hgb- eemvq eevcbv bxwZ, cwiKbv, clYv I wbqY, bZZ I Kgmsvb Ges wmv MnY mK aviYv
I `Zv jvf KiZ cvie| Gme welqei cvkvcvwk eemvwqK KviY cwiek `~lYwelqK mPZbZv Ges eemvwqK bwZKZv I mvgvwRK
`vqeZvi w`KwUI wkvgi Af~ Kiv nqQ| eemvq msMVb I eevcbv Aaqb Avgv`i `ki GKv`k I v`k kwYi wkv_x`iK
wewfb cKvi eemvq msMVb I eemvq eevcbvi wewfb w`Ki ZvwK Ges cvqvwMK vb I `Zv ARb mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk Zv`i ga
eemvqxmyjf gbvfve I Yi weKvk Ae`vb ivLe| Avkv Kiv hvq h, eemvq msMVb I eevcbv _K AwRZ vb, `Zv I BwZevPK
`wfw wkv_x`i eemvq I eevcbv welqK DP wkv ARb AbyyciYv hvMve Ges GK kwYi wkv_xK eemvq D`vM MnY DxwcZ
Kie|

2. Dk
1. eemvq I eevcbvi wewfb ZvwK I cvqvwMK w`K mK vb jvf Kiv|
2. gvwjKvbvi wfwZ eemvqi cKvif` I Gjvi MVb, wbeb I wejvcmvab mK vb jvf Kiv|
3. evsjv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb eemvqi Ae`vb, mvebv I mgmv Ges eemvwqK cwiek mK AeMZ nIqv|
4. evsjv`k eemvq mnvqZv`vbKvix cwZvbmg~ni f~wgKv mK Rvbv |
5. eemvq msv wewfb AvBb mK AeMZ nIqv|
6. mvwZKKvji weKvkgvb wewfb eemvq mK vb jvf Kiv|
7. eemvq D`vM mK vb jvf Ki AvZKgmsvbi hvMZv ARb Kiv|
8. eemvqi bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqeZv mK mPZb nIqv|
9. D`vvi Yvewj Rvbv Ges D`vv`i mdjZvi Kvwnbx Rb D`vM MnY AbycvwYZ nIqv|
10. eevcbvi bxwZ I Kvhvewj mK vb I `Zv ARb Kiv|
11. bZZi Yvewj I wmv MnYi hvMZv ARb Kiv|
12. eevcbvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi wewfb eenvi mK `Zv ARb Kiv|

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 24

c_g c t eemvq cwiwPwZ (Introduction to Business)

3. Aavq webvm
Aavq
c_g Aavq

Aavqi bvg
eemvqi gwjK aviYv

15

Aavq
mg Aavq

Aavqi bvg
ivxq eemvq

wZxq Aavq

eemvq cwiek

10

Ag Aavq

eemvqi AvBbMZ w`K

16

ZZxq Aavq

GKgvwjKvbv eemvq

beg Aavq

eemvq mnvqK mev

10

PZz_ Aavq

Askx`vwi eemvq

10

`kg Aavq

eemvq D`vM

15

cg Aavq

h_g~jabx eemvq

10
12

eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi

eenvi
eemvq bwZKZv I mvgvwRK
`vqeZv

12

mgevq mwgwZ

GKv`k
Aavq
v`k
Aavq

l Aavq

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

wcwiqW msLv

wcwiqW msLv
12

12

cv 25

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 26

gvb eb
GKv`k I v`k kwYZ eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welq mRbkxj cwZZ cixv Abyvbi gvb eb wbic|
c_g c : eemvq msMVb
c~Ygvb
100
wZxq c : eevcbv
c~Ygvb
100
cwZ c
ewbevPbx ck :

40wU cki Di w`Z ne

mRbkxj ck

9wU ck _vKe| h Kvb 6wU cki Di w`Z ne|

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

140 = 40 b^i
106 = 60 b^i

cv 27

4. wkvg QK
eemvq msMVb I eevcbv- 1g c
(eemvq cwiwPwZ)

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 28

c_g Aavq : eemvqi gwjK aviYv (wcwiqW msLv-15)

wkLb dj
1. eemvqi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

wki ewk I cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie

evwYRi ewk I cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
cZ mevi ewk I cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
wk, evwYR I cZ mevi ga cv_K wbYq KiZ cvie
evsjv`ki eemvqi AvIZv wnme wk, evwYR I cZ mevi mgmv I
mvebv weklY KiZ cvie
mvgvwRK eemvq aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
eemvqi Kvhvewj evLv KiZ cvie
eemvqi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
A_bwZK Dbqb eemvqi Ae`vb weklY KiZ cvie
RxweKv ARbi Dcvq wnme eemvq weklY KiZ cvie

wZxq Aavq: eemvq cwiek (wcwiqW msLv-10)

wkLb dj
1. eemvq cwieki aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2. eemvq cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb evLv KiZ cvie

3. eemvqi Dci cwieki Dcv`vbjvi cfve weklY KiZ cvie

4. eemvq cwieki Dcv`vbjvi ga Kvbjv evsjv`k AbyK~j ev cwZK~j Zv
wPwZ KiZ cvie
5. evsjv`k eemvqi cwiek Dbqbi c_ mgmvjv mbv KiZ cvie
6. evsjv`k eemvqi cwiek Dbqbi c_ we`gvb mgmvjv `yi Kivi Dcvq
wPwZ KiZ cvie

welqe

ZZxq Aavq : GKgvwjKvbv eemvq (wcwiqW msLv- 6 )

wkLb dj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

gvwjKvbvi wfwZ eemvqi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie

GKgvwjKvbv eemvqi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie
GKgvwjKvbv eemvqi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
GKgvwjKvbv eemvqi Dchy jv wPwZ KiZ cvie
en`vqZb eemvqi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv eemvq wUK _vKvi KviYjv weklY
KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

eemvqi aviYv
eemvqi AvIZv
wki ewk I cKvif`
evwYRi ewk I cKvif`
cZ mevi ewk I cKvif`
evsjv`ki eemvqi AvIZv wnme wk, evwYR
I cZ mevi mgmv I mvebv
mvgvwRK eemvq aviYv
eemvqi Kvhvewj
eemvqi iZ
A_bwZK Dbqb eemvqi Ae`vb
RxweKv ARbi Dcvq wnme eemvq
welqe
eemvq cwieki aviYv
eemvq cwieki Dcv`vb
cvKwZK cwiek
A_bwZK cwiek
mvgvwRK cwiek
mvswZK cwiek
ivRbwZK cwiek
agxq cwiek
AvBbMZ cwiek
chywMZ cwiek
eemvqi Dci cwieki Dcv`vbjvi cfve
evsjv`k eemvqi cwiek
evsjv`k eemvqi cwiek Dbqbi mgmv
evsjv`k eemvqi cwiek Dbqbi mgmv
mgvavbi Dcvq

welqe
gvwjKvbvi wfwZ eemvqi aviYv
GKgvwjKvbv eemvq t
ewk
iZ
Dchy
en`vqZb eemvqi cvkvcvwk wUK _vKvi
KviY

cv 29

PZz_ Aavq : Askx`vix eemvq (wcwiqW msLv- 10 )

wkLb dj
1. Askx`vwi eemvqi ewk evLv KiZ cvie
2. Askx`vwi eemvqi MVb cYvjx eYbv KiZ cvie
3. Askx`vwi eemvqi myweav I mxgveZv evLv KiZ cvie
4. Askx`vwi eemvqi cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Askx`vwi eemvqi Pzwci bgybv I welqe eYbv KiZ cvie

Askx`vwi eemvqi wbeb cwZ Ges wbeb bv Kivi cwiYvg evLv KiZ cvie
Askx`vi`i aib evLv KiZ cvie
Askx`vi`i hvMZvjv eYbv KiZ cvie
Askx`vwi eemvqi wejvcmvab cwqv eYbv KiZ cvie
evsjv`k Askx`vwi eemvqi eZgvb Aev weklY KiZ cvie

cg Aavq : h_g~jabx eemvq (wcwiqW msLv-10)

wkLb dj
1. Kvvwb msMVbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2. Kvvwb msMVbi ewkjv eYbv KiZ cvie
3. Kvvwb msMVbi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
4. Kvvwb msMVbi cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
5. cvewjK I cvBfU wjt Kvvbxi cv_K mbv KiZ cvie
6. Kvvwb msMVbi myweav I mxgveZv eYbv KiZ cvie

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Kvvwb msMVbi MVb cwqv eYbv KiZ cvie

cwigjei aviYv, welqe I bgybv eYbv KiZ cvie
cwigjei iZ evLv KiZ cvie
cwigj wbqgvewji aviYv I welqe evLv KiZ cvie
cwigje I cwigj wbqgvewji cv_K eYbv KiZ cvie
weeiYci welqejv DjL KiZ cvie

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Kvvwb wbebci bgybv eYbv KiZ cvie

Kvhvii AbygwZci iZ evLv KiZ cvie
Kvvwbi g~jab msMni Drmjv DjL KiZ cvie
kqvi Gi aviYv Ges cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
FYc Gi aviYv Ges cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
kqvi I FYci cv_K mbv KiZ cvie

19. Kvvwb msMVbi wejvc mvab cwZ evLv KiZ cvie

20. evsjv`k Kvvwb msMVbi eZgvb Aev evLv KiZ cvie
21. evsjv`k Kvvwb msMVbi fwelZ mvebvi w`Kjv weklY KiZ cvie
22. mvwZKKvji weKvkgvb eemvqjvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe
Askx`vwi eemvq t
ewk,
MVb cYvjx,
myweav I mxgveZv,
cKvif`
Pzwc: bgybv I welqe
wbeb cwZ I wbeb bv Kivi cwiYvg
Askx`vi`i aib
Askx`vi`i hvMZv
wejvcmvab cwqv
evsjv`k Askx`vwi eemvqi eZgvb Aevb

welqe
h_g~jabx eemvqi aviYv
Kvvwb msMVb t
aviYv
ewk
iZ
kwYwefvM
myweav I mxgveZv
Kvvwb msMVbi MVb cYvjx
viKwjwc/cwigje: aviYv, welqe,
iZ I bgybv
viKwjwci cwieZb
msNwewa/cwigj wbqgvewj: aviYv I
welqe
weeiYc: aviYv I welqe,
weeiYci weK weewZ
Kvvwb wbebc: aviYv I bgybv
Kvhvii AbygwZc
Kvvwbi g~jab
msMni Drm
kqvi I Gi cKvif`
FYc I Gi cKvif`
Kvvwb msMVbi wejvc mvab
evsjv`k Kvvwb msMVbi eZgvb Aev I
fwelZ mvebv
mvwZKKvji
eemvq:
(evwqs
nvDR,
gvPUWvBwRs, K GP, z` FY, weKvk,
AvDUmvwms eemvq, WvUv GwU eemvq, Kj
mUvi, Kzwiqvi mvwfm, gvwbMvg, md&UIqvi Dbqb,
gvevBj mvwfwms, KwDUvi I dUvKwc mvwfm)

cv 30

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

l Aavq : mgevq mwgwZ (wcwiqW msLv-12)

wkLb dj
mgevq mwgwZi aviYv I BwZnvm eYbv KiZ cvie
mgevq mwgwZi ewk evLv KiZ cvie
mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjvjv evLv KiZ cvie
mgevq mwgwZi MVb cYvjx evLv KiZ cvie
mgevq mwgwZi cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie
evsjv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb g~jvqb KiZ cvie

7. mgevqi Dbqb evW I mgevq GKvWwgi Kvhg I Ae`vb weklY KiZ cvie
8. evsjv`k mgevq weKvk weivRgvb mgmvjv wPwZ KiZ cvie
9. evsjv`ki mgevq Av`vjbi mgmv `~ixKiYi Dcvqjv weklY KiZ cvie
10.mgevqi gvag mdj nevi Kvwnbx co AbycvwYZ ne|

mg Aavq : ivxq eemvq (wcwiqW msLv-12)

wkLb dj
1. ivxq eemvqi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2. ivxq eemvqi ewkjv evLv KiZ cvie
3. ivxq eemvqi Dkjv weklY KiZ cvie
4. ivxq eemvqi myweav I Amyweav evLv KiZ cvie

5. evsjv`ki ivxq eemvqjvi msw cwiwPwZ eYbv KiZ cvie|

6. evsjv`k ivxq eemvqi hwKZv weklY KiZ cvie

7. evsjv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb ivxq eemvqi Ae`vb weklY KiZ cvie

8. miKvwi emiKvwi Askx`vixZwfwK eemvq cwiPvjbvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie

welqe
mgevq mwgwZi aviYv I BwZnvm
ewk
bxwZgvjv
MVb cYvjx
cKvif`
evsjv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb mgevq mwgwZi
Ae`vb
mgevq mwgwZi Dbqb evsjv`k cjx Dbqb evW
( evW) I mgevq GKvWwgi Ae`vb
evsjv`k mgevq weKvk mgmv
evsjv`ki mgevqi mgmv `~ixKiYi Dcvq
mgevqi gvag mdj nevi Kvwnbx
welqe
ivxq eemvq Gi aviYv
ewk
Dk
myweav I Amyweav
evsjv`ki ivxq eemvqi cwiwPwZ: Iqvmv,
WvKwefvM, evsjv`k ijIq, evsjv`k ivmvqwbK
wkmsv, evsjv`k moK cwienb msv, evsjv`k
chUb Kcvikb, wewUwUwe, evsjv`k wPwb I Lv`
wk msv,
evsjv`k ivxq eemvqi hwKZv
evsjv`ki ivxq eemvqi Aevb I Av_-mvgvwRK
Dbqb Ae`vb
miKvwi emiKvwi Askx`vixZwfwK eemvq (PPP
Business)

Ag Aavq : eemvqi AvBbMZ w`K (wcwiqW msLv-16)

wkLb dj
1. eemvqi wewfb AvBbMZ w`K evLv KiZ cvie
2. cUU I UW gvK AvBbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
3. cUU I UW gvK Gi myweav weklY KiZ cvie
4. cUU I UW gvK iwRw Kivi cwZ evLv KiZ cvie
5. KwcivBU AvBbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
6. KwcivBU wbeb Kivi cwZ evLv KiZ cvie
7. KwcivBU f Kivi cwiYwZ weklY KiZ cvie

8. wegvi aviYv I iZ evLv KiZ cvie

9. eemvq cwZvb wegv Kivi cwqv weklY KiZ cvie
10. eemvq I cwiek AvBbi mK evLv KiZ cvie
11. eemvq cwZvb KZK cwiek `~lYi KviY I djvdj weklY KiZ cvie
12. eemvq cwZvb KZK cwiek `~lYiva KiYxq wPwZ KiZ cvie
13. AvB Gm I (ISO) aviYv I iZ evLv KiZ cvie
14. we Gm wU AvB aviYv I Kvhvewj evLv KiZ cvie
eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe
eemvqi wewfb AvBbMZ w`K
cUU AvBb: aviYv
myweav
iwRw Kivi cwZ
UW gvK AvBb: aviYv I myweav
KwcivBU AvBbi aviYv
ewk
wbeb
f Kivi cwiYwZ
wegvi aviYv,
eemvq wegvi cqvRbxqZv
wegv Kivi cwqv
cwiek AvBb I eemvq
eemvq cwZvb KZK cwiek `~lY (k `~lY,
evqy `~lY, cvwb `~lY, gvwU `~lY)
AvB Gm I (ISO) aviYv I iZ
we Gm wU AvB aviYv I Kvhvewj
cv 31

beg Aavq : eemvq mnvqK mev (wcwiqW msLv-10)

wkLb dj
1. mnvqK mevi aviYv I cKvif` evLv KiZ cvie
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

welqe
mnvqK mevi aviYv I cKvif`
mnvqK mevi Drm

evsjv`k z` I KzwUi wk msv _K cv

evsjv`k z` I KzwUi wk msv _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie
mnvqZv
evwYwRK evsKjv _K cv mnvqZv
evwYwRK evsKjv _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie
GmGgB dvDkb (SME) _K cv mnvqZv
GmGgB dvDkb (SME) _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie
emiKvwi msv _K cv mnvqZv
emiKvwi msv _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie
wk I ewYK mwgwZ Ges wewRGgBG _K cv
wk I ewYK mwgwZ Ges wewRGgBG _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie
mnvqZv
ivwb Dbqb eyiv _K cv mnvqZv
ivwb Dbqb eyiv _K cv mnvqZv evLv KiZ cvie

eemvq mnvqZv`vbKvwi AvwjK I AvRvwZK

eemvq mnvqZv`vbKvwi AvwjK I AvRvwZK msvjvi f~wgKv I Kvhg
msvjvi cwiwPwZ, f~wgKv I Kvhg (mvcUv,
weklY KiZ cvie
Avwkqvb, wegmUK, wek evwYR msv, BDivcxq
BDwbqb)

`kg Aavq : eemvq D`vM (wcwiqW msLv-15)

wkLb dj
1. D`vMi aviYv I gweKvk evLv KiZ cvie
2. eemvq D`vMi ewk I Kvhvewj evLv KiZ cvie
3. mdj D`vvi Yvewj eYbv KiZ cvie
4. AvZweklYi gvag D`vvi Yvewj mbv KiZ cvie
5.
6.
7.
8.

eemvq D`vM Mo DVvi AbyK~j cwiek weklY KiZ cvie

AvZKgmsvb I D`vMi mK evLv KiZ cvie
Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb eemvq D`vMi Ae`vb weklY KiZ cvie
evsjv`k eemvq D`vM Dbqb mgmv Ges Zv `~ixKiYi Dcvq evLv KiZ
cvie
9. evsjv`ki mdj D`vv`i Rxebx cvVi gvag D`vM MnY AbycvwYZ ne

10. evsjv`k bvix D`vv`i miKvi c` m~hvM-myweav eYbv KiZ cvie

11. evsjv`k bvix D`vv`i Dbqb wKQz mycvwik KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe
D`vMi aviYv I gweKvk
eemvq D`vMi ewk I Kvhvewj
mdj D`vvi Yvewj
AvZweklYi gvag D`vvi Yvewj mbvKiY
eemvq D`vM Mo DVvi AbyK~j cwiek
AvZKgmsvb I D`vMi mK
Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqb eemvq D`vMi Ae`vb
evsjv`k eemvq D`vM Dbqb mgmv Ges Zv
`~ixKiYi Dcvq
evsjv`ki mdj D`vv`i msw cwiwPwZ
RvZxq chvqi mdj D`vv (iY`v cmv`
mvnv, W. nvmb Aviv eMg-wUGgGmGm,
AvwjK chvqi mdj AvZKgmsvbKvix I
mdj D`vv Kvwnbx (Kwl, grm, WBwi, bvmvwi,
KzwUi wk,)
evsjv`ki eemvq bvix D`vv
aviYv
mdjZvi Kvwnbx
miKvi c` m~hvM-myweav

cv 32

GKv`k Aavq: eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi eenvi (wcwiqW msLv-12)

wkLb dj
1. eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi aviYv I cqvRbxqZv evLv KiZ cvie
2. eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

AbjvBb eemvq aviYv, iZ I cwZ evLv KiZ cvie

B Kgvm Gi aviYv I cwZ evLv KiZ cvie
B weRbm aviYv I cwZ evLv KiZ cvie
B gvKwUs aviYv, iZ I cwZ evLv KiZ cvie
B wiUBwjs aviYv, cwZ I myweav evLv KiZ cvie
B evswKs aviYv, cwZ I myweav evLv KiZ cvie
WweU I wWU KvW aviYv I cqvRbxqZv evLv KiZ cvie
gvevBj eswKs aviYv I Gi iZ evLv KiZ cvie

v`k Aavq :eemvq bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqeZv (wcwiqW msLv-12)

wkLb dj
1. eemvwqK g~~jeva I bwZKZvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2. eemvwqK g~~jeva I bwZKZvi cqvRbxqZv evLv KiZ cvie
3. eemvqi mvgvwRK `vqeZvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
4. eemvqi mvgvwRK `vqeZvi iZ weklY KiZ cviye

welqe
eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi aviYv
eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi cqvRbxqZv
eemvq Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi eenvi
AbjvBb eemvq
B Kgvm
B weRbm
B gvKwUs
B wiUBwjs
B evswKs
WweU I wWU KvW
gvevBj eswKs

welqe
eemvwqK g~~jeva I bwZKZvi aviYv
eemvwqK g~~jeva I bwZKZvi cqvRbxqZv
eemvqi mvgvwRK `vqeZvi aviYv
eemvqi mvgvwRK `vqeZvi iZ

5. mvgvwRK `vqeZvi jv wPwZ KiZ cvie

eemvqi mvgvwRK `vwqZ

6. eemvwqK KviY cwiek `ylYi cfve weklY KiZ cvie

7. cwiek msiY ewYK mwgwZ/eemvq msMVbmgyni `vwqZ weklY KiZ cvie

cwiek msiY I eemvq

eemvwqK KviY cwiek `ylYi cfve
cwiek msiY ewYK mwgwZ/eemvq
msMVbmgyni `vwqZ
mvgvwRK `vqeZvi Ask wnme wewfb eemvq
cwZvbi MwnZ Kvhg
eemvwqK bwZKZv mwKZ mvwZK welqvejx
Lv` msiY wewfb ivmvqwbK eenvii Kzdj
Lv` Drcv`b ewZ ivmvqwbK eenvii Kzdj
wZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eenvii Kzdj
Lv` Drcv`b I msiY ivmvqwbKi eenvi
mZKZv I KiYxq

8. mvgvwRK `vqeZvi Ask wnme wewfb eemvq cwZvbi MwnZ Kvhg weklY
KiZ cvie
9. Lv` msiY h mKj ivmvqwbK eenvi nq mjvi wZKi w`K mbv KiZ
cvie
10. ivmvqwbKi eenvii gvag Drcvw`Z Lv`i wZKi w`Kjv eYbv KiZ
cvie
11. wZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eenvii wZKi w`Kjv mbv KiZ cvie
12. Lv` Drcv`b I msiY ivmvqwbKi eenvi mZKZv I KiYxq w`Kjv wPwZ
KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 33

1. wkvg QK
eemvq msMVb I eevcbv- 2q c

eevcbv

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 34

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv

wZxq c t eevcbv (Management)

1. Aavq webvm
Aavqi wgK bs

Aavqi bvg

wcwiqW msLv

Aavq

Aavqi bvg

c_g Aavq

eevcbvi aviYv

15

l Aavq

bZZ

wcwiqW
msLv
18

wZxq Aavq

eevcbv bxwZ

15

mg Aavq

clYv

15

ZZxq Aavq

cwiKbv cYqb I
wmv MnY

20

Ag Aavq

hvMvhvM

15

PZz_ Aavq

msMwVZKiY

12

beg Aavq

mg^qmvab

10

cg Aavq

Kgxmsvb

10

`kg Aavq

wbqY

10

c_g Aavq: eevcbvi aviYv

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

wkLb dj
eevcbvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
eevcbvi Drcw I gweKvk eYbv KiZ cvie
eevcbvi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
eevcbvi Kvhvewj evLv KiZ cvie
eevcbvi AvIZv mbv KiZ cvie
eevcbv P eYbv KiZ cvie
eevcbvi wewfb i evLv KiZ cvie
ckv wnme eevcbvi Aevb weklY KiZ cvie
eevcbvi mveRbxbZv weklY KiZ cvie

welqe

eevcbvi aviYv
eevcbvi Drcw I gweKvk
eevcbvi iZ
eevcbvi Kvhvewj
eevcbvi AvIZv
eevcbv P
eevcbvi wewfb i
eevcbv wK GKwU ckv?
eevcbvi mveRbxbZv

wZxq Aavq: eevcbv bxwZ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

wkLb dj
eevcbvi bxwZi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
eevcbvi bxwZ ev Av`kmgyn eYbv KiZ cvie
Gd WweI UBji I nbwi dqji Ae`vb evLv KiZ cvie
Av`k eevcKi `Zv I Yvewj eYbv KiZ cvie
Av`k eevcKi f~wgKv weklY KiZ cvie
eevcbv I ckvmbi ga cv_K wbYq KiZ cvie
msMVb, eevcbv I ckvmbi ga mK weklY KiZ cvie
evsjv`k eevcbv weivRgvb mgmvjv wPwZ KiZ
cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe

eevcbv bxwZi aviYv

eevcbvi bxwZ ev Av`kmgyn
Gd WweI UBji I nbwi dqji Ae`vb
Av`k eevcKi `Zv, Yvewj I f~wgKv
eevcbv I ckvmb
msMVb, eevcbv I ckvmb
evsjv`k eevcbvi mgmv
cv 35

ZZxq Aavq: cwiKbv cYqb I wmv Mnb

wkLb dj
1.
cwiKbvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
2.
Av`k cwiKbvi ewk wPwZ KiZ cvie
3.
cwiKbvi jmgyn evLv KiZ cvie
4.
cwiKbv cYqbi avcmgyn weklY KiZ cvie
5.
cwiKbv cKvif` evLv KiZ cvie
6.
GKv_K I vqx cwiKbvi cv_K wPwZ KiZ cvie
7.
cwiKbvi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
8.
Dg cwiKbvi ewkjv evLv KiZ cvie
9.
Dk I cwiKbvi ga mK weklY KiZ cvie
10. wmv MnYi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
11. wmv MnYi cqvRbxqZv weklY KiZ cvie
12. wmv MnY cwqv evLv KiZ cvie
13. wmv MnYi mnvqZvKvix Dcv`vbjv mbv KiZ cvie
14. wmv MnYi weeP welqjv evLv KiZ cvie
15. wmv MnY I evevqbi mgmvjv wPwZ KiZ cvie
16. wmv MnY I evevqbi mgmv wPwZ KiZ cvie Ges
mgvavbK mycvwik KiZ cvie

welqe

cwiKbvi aviYv
cwiKbvi ewk
cwiKbvi j
cwiKbv cYqbi avc
cwiKbv cKvif`
cwiKbvi iZ
Dg cwiKbvi ewk
Dk I cwiKbv
wmv MnYi aviYv
wmv MnYi cqvRbxqZv
wmv MnY cwqv
wmv MnYi mnvqZvKvix Dcv`vb
wmv MnYi weeP welq
wmv MnY I evevqbi mgmv I mgvavb

welqe
msMwVZKiY I msMVbi aviYv
Av`k msMVbi ewk
msMwVZKiY I msMVbi iZ
msMVbi bxwZgvjv
msMVb KvVvgvi aviYv
msMVb KvVvgvi cKvif`
msMVb KvVvgv cYqbi weeP welq

welqe
Kgxmsvb I gvbem`i aviYv
Kgx msMn
Kgx wbevPb cwZ
Kgx wbqvM I cwkY

PZz_ Aavq: msMwVZKiY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

wkLb dj
msMwVZKiY I msMVbi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
Av`k msMVbi ewkjv evLv KiZ cvie
msMwVZKiY I msMVbi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
Dg msMVbi bxwZgvjvjv eYbv KiZ cvie
msMVb KvVvgvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
wewfb cKvi msMVb KvVvgvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
mijiwLK, mijiwLK I c`, KvhwfwK, KwgwU I gwU
msMVbi aviYv, ewk Ges myweav I mxgveZv evLv KiZ
cvie|
msMVb KvVvgv cYqbi weeP welqjv evLv KiZ cvie

cg Aavq: Kgxmsvb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

wkLb dj
Kgxmsvb I gvbem`i aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
Kgxmsvb I gvbe m` eevcbv mK evLv KiZ cvie
Kgx msMni Dcvqjv ejZ cvie
Kgx wbevPbi cwZjv evLv KiZ cvie
Kgx msMn I Kgx wbevPbi ga cv_K wbYq KiZ cvie
Kgx wbqvMi Dcvq I cwkYi iZ eLv KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 36

l Aavq: bZZ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

wkLb dj
bZZi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
bZZi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
bZZi cKvif` evLv KiZ cvie
wewfb bZZi ga Zzjbvg~jK weklY KiZ cvie
Av`k bZvi Yvewj weklY KiZ cvie
bZvi Kvhvewj mbv KiZ cvie
bZZi weKvk weivRgvb mgmvjv wPwZ KiZ cvie
bZZi weKvk weivRgvb mgmv `~ixKibi Dcvq wPwZ KiZ
cvie
wb`kbvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
wb`kbvi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi myweav I mxgveZv evLv KiZ cvie

welqe

bZZi aviYv
bZZi iZ
bZZi cKvif`
Av`k bZvi Yvewj
bZvi Kvhvewj
bZZi weKvk mgmv I `~ixKibi Dcvq

wb`kbvi aviYv
wb`kbvi ewkwb`kbvi iZ
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi aviYv
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi iZ
civgkg~jK wb`kbvi myweav I mxgveZv

mg Aavq: clYv
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

wkLb dj
clYvi aviYv I ewk evLv KiZ cvie
clYv P evLv KiZ cvie
clYvi iZ weklY KiZ cvie
Kgx`i clYv`vbi Dcvqjv mbv KiZ cvie
gvmjvi clYv ZwU evLv KiZ cvie
nvRevMi clYv ZwU evLv KiZ cvie
gvmjv I nvRevMi clYv Zi ga mK weklY KiZ
cvie
evsjv`k cvcU Dchy clYv Z wPwZ KiZ cvie
Kgx`i clYv`vbi cwZeKZvjv wPwZ KiZ cvie
Kgx`i clYv`vbi cwZeKZvjv `ywiKiYi Dcvqjv
mbv KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe

clYvi aviYv
clYvi ewk
clYv P
clYvi iZ
Kgx`i clYv`vbi Dcvq
clYvi Z ((gvmjv I nvRevMi clYvZ)

Kgx`i clYv`vbi cwZeKZv I

cwZKvi

cv 37

Ag Aavq: hvMvhvM
1.
2.
3.
4.

wkLb dj
eemvq hvMvhvMi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
eemvq hvMvhvMi cwqv evLv KiZ cvie
eemvq hvMvhvMi iZ evLv KiZ cvie
eemvq hvMvhvMi cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie

5. hvMvhvMi Kvhvewj weklY KiZ cvie

6. KvhKi hvMvhvMi c_ cwZeKZv wPwZ KiZ cvie
7. eemvq hvMvhvM AvBwmwUi wewfb gvag hgb: dv,
BUvibU, BgBj, UwjKbdvi, gvevBj, Gm Gg Gm eenvii
cwZ I Kkjjv evLv KiZ cvie
8. eemvq hvMvhvM AvBwmwU eenvii myweav I Amyweavjv wPwZ
KiZ cvie

welqe

hvMvhvMi aviYv
hvMvhvM cwqv
eemvq hvMvhvMi iZ
eemvq hvMvhvMi cKvif`
wjwLZ hvMvhvM
gwLK hvMvhvM
hvMvhvMi Kvhvewj
KvhKi hvMvhvMi c_ cwZeKZv
eemvq hvMvhvM Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi eenvi
(dv, BUvibU, BgBj, UwjKbdvi, gvevBj,
z` evZv (GmGgGm)

beg Aavq: mg^qmvab

1.
2.
3.
4.

wkLb dj
mg^qmvabi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
mg^qmvabi bxwZjv evLv KiZ cvie
mg^qmvabi iZ evLv KiZ cvie
KvhKi mg^qi Dcvq/ c~ekZjv evLv KiZ cvie

welqe

mg^qmvabi aviYv
mg^qmvabi bxwZ
mg^qmvabi iZ
KvhKi mg^qi Dcvq/ c~ekZ

`kg Aavq: wbqY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

wkLb dj
wbqYi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie
wbqYi ewkjv weklY KiZ cvie
wbqYi iZ evLv KiZ cvie
wbqYi bxwZgvjvjv evLv KiZ cvie
wbqYi c`cmgyn eYbv KiZ cvie
wbqYi Kkjjv eYbv KiZ cvie
eemvq cwZvb wewfb cKvi wbqY eev g~jvqb KiZ cvie

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe

wbqYi aviYv
wbqYi ewk
wbqYi iZ
wbqYi bxwZgvjv
wbqYi c`c
wbqYi Kkj
eemvq cwZvb wewfb cKvi wbqY eev

cv 38

jLK wb`kbv (Writers Instruction)

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwUi Rb gvbmZ cvVcyK iPbvi jLKi Rb wKQy wb`kbvi mycvwik Kiv nj :
1. jLKK AekB iZ eemvq msMVb I eevcbv wkvg `wjjwU fvjvfve cvV Ki Gi Dk, iZ I ggv_
Abyaveb KiZ ne| wekl Ki wkvg ewYZ wkLbdj, welqe, wkLb-kLvbv Kkj, D`vniY, g~jvqb BZvw`
gj welqjv fvjvfve AvqZ Ki wbZ ne|
2. jLKK AekB cvVcyK iPbvi mgq wkv_x`i gvbwmK eqm, wkv i I cvV`vbi myhvM myweav weePbvq ivLZ
ne|
3. ZvwK I nvZ Kjg kLvi welqjv Ggbfve eve D`vniY, wP, Qwe, PvU BZvw` mg^q mnRfvlvq Dcvcb
KiZ ne hvZ mnR evaMg I wkv_xeve nq| Kvhgjv AekB welqm, A_c~Y I nIqv evbxq|
4. cwZwU cvV Dcvcbvi mgq cZqi msv w`q i Kivi ixwZK wbirmvwnZ Kiv nQ| eis cvV iPbvi mgq
D`vniYmn eYbv w`q Ggbfve i Kivi civgk `Iqv nQ hvZ wkv_x eYbvi ga w`q Abymvbg~jK `wfw
wbq welqi ggv_ Dcjw KiZ mg nq|
5. ewRxeb I mgvRRxeb eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwUi cfve cvVcyK mwVKfve Dcvcbi Rb jLK
msev`c, Rvbvj, cKvwkZ cyK, wbe, cwZe`b, mv`Kxq BZvw`i mvnvh wbZ cvib| Ze G Kwc^Z
AvBb gb KiZ ne|
6. welqeyi Dcvcbvq mZZv, bwZKZv, `kcg, ag wbicZv, cigZ mwnzZv, mse`bkxjZv BZvw` mvgvwRK I
bwZK Yvewji weKvk Ges Avgv`i Mievj BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi cwZ AekB iZ w`Z ne|
7. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwUi (`ywU ci) jLKK AekB welqi mv_ mswk KjR ewnf~Z myhvM-myweav
hgb, eemvq cwZvb, evsK, GwUGg ey_, eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welq ` AwZw_ evK kwYK Avnvb
wKsev eemv cwZvb gY BZvw` eenviK Drmvn c`vb KiZ ne|
8. Z_i idvim `Iqvi cPwjZ ixwZ AekB AbymiY KiZ ne|
9. jLK cwZwU cvV iPbvi iZ e wkLbdj wjL i Kieb Ges GKB wkLbdji GKvwaK cvV nZ cvi| Lqvj
ivLZ ne cwZwU cvV kl wbw` wkLbdjwU hb AwRZ nq|
10. cwZwU cvV mvaviYZ PjwZ fvlvq evsjv GKvWgxi evbvbixwZ AbymiY Ki iPbv KiZ ne| UKwbKvj k I
cwifvlvi BsiwR eenvi KiZ cvieb| G evsjv eenvi Kij ebxi ga BsiwR eenvi KiZ ne|
11. cvywjwc : K. dU mvBR 14 nZ ne| L. jvBb m 1.5 nZ ne| M. cvywjwci mvBR 1/8 wWwm (20mwg30mwg) ne| N. KUU Gwiqv (8.55.75) nZ ne|
12. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwUi c_g c eemvq cwiwPwZ cvVcyKwUi gvU cv msLv ne 220-240| Ze
cv msLv 10% nvmew nZ cvi|
13. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv welqwUi wZxq c eevcbv cvVcyKwUi gvU cv msLv ne 200-220| Ze cv
msLv 10% nvmew nZ cvi|

eemvq msMVb I eevcbv-GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 39