4 blrae W-R Pb rigus 3 ~” 2, Gtd Xa per 2 2 . 5 1 (4) = 249% -— HAZ ypsT HD - . 2 2 — é (34, %) x) = Rf F2e-| = 0 — srk prté Al from $e = 3,4," =3 TAS fay ayant oe . bee. wep, sets pln #35 All core and &Example" Figure 38 shows the one-line diagram of a very simple power astm Georatr ate cmesed at bons a0 Uanoe rest buses 2, 4, and 5. Base values for the system are 100 MVA, 133 kV in the high-tension lines considered heve. Table id! gives impedances for the sie 7 jines which are identified by the buses on which they terminate. The charg. ing megavars listed in the table account for the distributed capacitance of the Fines and will be neglected in this exampl and > _LPine Maple - @ co = ® 2 Oak Figure @ One-line diagram © for Example oh | Table & | eee Tine, Length tutto Rox oR x Charging bus km ni per unit permit Mra ee ee 1 403 6 2% oo ons, 23003 06 Oo aine a = 34 76 Oo O8 a ¥S MS 1 008 az Sa et ee ee + ALB RY, included in the computer runs forthe system. Table lists values of P, Q, and V at each bus, Since values of P and Q re Positive for real power and inductive reactive voltamperes input to the network at each bus, net values of P and Q for these equations are negative 3 buses 2,4, and 5, Generated Q is not speciied where voltage magnitude is Constant. Tn the voltage column the values for the load buses are the original estimates. Listed values of voltage magnitude and angle are to be held Constant at the swing bus, and the listed voltage magnitude is to remain Constant at bus 3. A load-fiow study is to be made by the Newton-Raphson method using the polar form of the equations for P and Q. Determine the number of rows and columns in the jacobian, Calculate AP® and the value Sete Second element in the fist row of the jacobian using the specified Yalues or initial estimates of the voltages,DenSTION olrice the swing bus does not require a row and column ot the jacobian an-8 x 8 matrix would be necessary if P and Q are specified for the remaining four buses. However, voltage magnitude is specified (held constant) at bus 3, and the jacobian will be a 7 x 7 matrix. Table 82 2. Generation Load Bus P.MW Q. Mar MW Q,Mvar Vy per unit Remarks 1 . 6 30 104° Swing bus 5 0 0 us @ 4006" Load bus — (indutive) ae iameane 340 nr) 102 Voltage magnitude a mn 0 100% Load bus (induetive) Stee) 3 1006" Load bus (inductive) In order to calculate Pi for the estimated-voltage and fixed-vottage values of Table @F we need only the admittances L Yu ~ gpa ppiy 7 5770s 1 a ~ goat + jose ~ 77067410382: and Ya, which (since no other admittances terminate on bus 2) is expressed by You = — Yau ~ Yas = — [Yar /8a1 — [Yas as is coe «, From Ba. (SY since Yo, and Yo are zero and singe the intial values 8 = 5% = 3 =0 Pelare= [VaVa Yar] 008 834 — [Vaz Yar] 605 0, = [VaVaYes] 605 Os + 1V2¥%, Yas] cos B25 = (10 x 104 ~ 10 x 1.0) 4] €05 61 = (10 x 10 ~ 1.0 x 102)] Yas} as 823 = 0.04 x 5.7747 cos 104.04° + 0.02 x 7.7067 cos 103,82° = ~0.0560 0.0368 = -0.0928 per unit Scheduled power into the network at bus 2 is i ¥: ns . ~ - Fo HS per unit et So - eo SPQ! = ~ 1.15 ~ (~0.0928) = - 1.0572 per unit _ ae —— To find 37; /26y we emipseaapaed obtain ee ee aP, wee $a =~ 1% Yasl sin (Bx) +8 ~ 53) = ~ LO x 102 7.067 sin 103.82 = ~7.6333 per unitPS me evauae sre ‘The Newton-Raphson method is summarized in the following steps: 1. Determine values of Py, aie 2nd Qk, ea flowing into the system at every bus for the specified or estimated values of voltage magnitudes and angles for the first iteration or the most recently determined voltages for subsequent iterations. 2. Calculate AP at every bus, 3. Calculate values for the jacobian using estimated or specified values of vot- tage magnitude and angle in the equations for partial derivatives determined by differentiation FERRIER 4 44> 4 Invert the jacobian and calculate voltage corrections Ad, and A]¥;| at every bus. 5 Calculate new values of 5, and |¥;| by adding 45, and &|¥%] to the previous values. 6 Return to step 1 and repeat the process using the most recently determined _ values of voltage magnitudes and angles until either all values of AP and AQ or all values of AS and A|V| are Jess than a chosen precision index. = P and Q at the swing bus and Q at voltage controlled buses can be determined from Eqs. (@st#) and (B82) Line flow can be determined from the differences in bus voltages44 = qb The nuriber of iterations required by the Newton-Raphson method using bus admittances is practically independent of the number of buses. The time [ee the Gauss-Seidel method (bus admittances) increases almost directly with the rpumber of buses, On the other hand, computing the elements of the jacobien ie time-consuming, and the time per’ iteration is considerably longer for the Newton-Raphson method. The advantage of shorter computer time for soln tion of the same accuracy is in favor of the Newton-Raphson method for all bur very small systems 3 (GPy/26) in the thicd column and second row ofthe jacobian Deetmin te vale of ee ok er eeamiener miei of Swe Bvauat forthe fst iteration the element i the tied clam and tid row ofthe jacobian of meee of the jacobian of ROE tetera Examples. |P Bip CFSE __fity #2 Pikes + Prblin #1 Pre adnittama maby'x e a appre Cit tud” wz Y= i]. Zo (Ae) D —be ° 20 20 Oo “7 so -F| tiga PE _ go. 024¥3/ -—O-080/ oe y [eco | -0.2/b / the @ chr fone onaboy f tee yedned Co ll- © , YIP [E ae 3 a er 10.32 SLi ul admittancs bP bracken bf the felacal Ci tuk me > Me = ny 822 - C-yr0.2t) =f 2he | Ya =a jlo3e Yee = J57-36- (- j10.32) aSH0of -Pu- os_LTF _. ey i 2S oo) 82333 wor Bh GOSP BBSY - vane ~ = B22 AIK 10+, BGCES y aa LISI GG. 2. oF IbVIC bm we SE Veg ee =O we _Sepeese | fll 8 = 8... Mee DT esp lewet! 2 BOF 1f0-33b Yee af fd 3. F530 Lyev.oy” 0.063 ¢ forse Yor ~ Ye = oe = B937 LPL Ie Ly = |e% Yes | <2 Fes + [ee Meyer Pup + [Ge Yec/| 3 Bs & hy = /xho2n2re ZF COlo¥-o¥ FIX IL GPE een 78-96) tlle aay ele Croyey) = 0.014 Fe Lito bun te lett = HE =-0F joo eo AL = 0.7-Gol) =~ AbEST Peet a _ edktghpprbaaapzig i'm. prttlen, ls) y= once ote _ Z| v, Yon 20 (Bon tn Ty) Sy n=/ Né¢ ah = OKO x2. 80F Sin (0V00F ade ° tlhoxlox3.%s0 din(lowov) = b SUF Juy PBlem t#BG (7) Franca ere # racy de a het able fe nike Hal Coe whl be Cabee v7 GLE gy Which fore Agptart iw Chum b, S60 &. Rlio mili (AL Ke Gxl- FP Rra ont pxe Geant rr oa and plelegs plefe with 2/%4l = ay oe yon cae port oh Honiatics CF Fle wire. 9,83, 54,82 ,Me Jud anf WME thet lif 3 hell Capel . We oo age “Cun, OOO i ies alesireat be rT es Ot prt hy (EB a . Ave] ie oo _ we 1%] (, : + |e Yoo] <0 (On phe Fe) =/Y Ye, [eo Cas 5-8) YXP 41% Va) cn best By) (7e) aly Yer | eo buy . +1 Yor! C0 (Cee 2 be: Ty HE Bak Yul = yoo, eae Aho. Vatirs Dinned vi grfslen oe or V3, Yew and Yor jek. 6 femipee he Ly. 162) pe 21%)