You are on page 1of 30



 K L JK JLL

  
     # $%
 1-2

@ b;a
.


.

.
) (
.

.
   !"
    2-2


:
.
Ductile Materials@a@a@aa@@a@QMRMR

) (P
) (- .

  K L JK JLL

A
A1

P
L

L1

@ @bi@zna@HQMRI@

) (P ) (L
) (-
) (A )(A

) (B

) (B .
) (0A

) (- ) (B-C ) (C
. ) .(B-C
) (C



) (C
) (D
) (D ) .(-
:

  K L JK JLL

C
D
A B

@ @@@@bna@a@z@@HRMRI@

  -1



.

).(-

 

 

@ @@@@i@@u@g@HSMRI@

  K L JK JLL

    -2




.

.

!"  -3




.
) (-


.

@ @a@n@@ja@ty@HTMR@I@

  K L JK JLL

$%&' (' )* +%,   -4


:
('&

Separation




.


) (-
.

average

max

@ @@k@j@a@bua@m@HUMRI@

  K L JK JLL

(*() Sliding






) (Cup and Cone failure
) (- .


.

Cup

Cone

@ @a@@a@ba@ba@HVMRI@

@ @a@a@aa@@a@RMRMR

) (-

.


  K L JK JLL

   

  

@ @@@bna@a@z@HWMRI@
@@

@ @a@@a@aa@@a@SMRMR

)(-

.
.

@ @@@@bna@a@z@HXMRI@

  K L JK JLL

@ @@a@@na@ba@@pby@i@ba@TMRMR



).(-
P

f = P/A
f

f = q = P/2A

@ @a@pbi@a@@HYMRI@




.


.

.


. ) (-

  K L JK JLL

Load


)Semi-Ductile Material (High Tensile Steel

)Ductile Material (Mild Steel


)Brittle Material (Cast Iron

Elongation
@@
@@
@ @a@a@@a@b@bna@a@z@HQPMRI@

)(Texture

)(Color

)(Form




.
.

.



.

  K L JK JLL

 # ,-  ./ 3-2


:
@ @Proportional Limit@@kbna@y@bug@QMSMR



.


).(-
Elastic Limit@@a@y@bug@RMSMR


.
%,
.

).(-

. ""
) (-
%

.

  K L JK JLL

&% "#$ ( Upper Yield

&% "#$  Lower Yield


 
Elastic Limit
  Proportional

@ @@@ba@bua@z@a@a@@HQQMRI@

) (- ) (OAB
) (O-A
) (O-D % ) (O-E )(D-F

) (F-E ) (O-D
) (C ) (C
.
X

D
E
B

Load

1.5X

\\ \\
C
A


Proportional Limit

Elongation

@ @BuB@i@kbna@y@m@HQRMRI@

  K L JK JLL

Yield@@a@bug@SMSMR


) (-





.
:
-

.
-


.
-
.
-
.
-




:

  K L JK JLL

:

.
Proof Strength@@ba@bug@TMSMR


.

) (-

.

\\

Stress

Proof Strength

\\

Strain
0.002 of Gage Length

@ @ba@bug@zn@ba@bua@z@HQSMRI@

  K L JK JLL


.
%, : %,

%, ,
) (-
.
Elasticity@a@UMSMR

.


.
Stiffness@@ia@VMSMR


) (Modulus of Elasticity

(Youngs

) Modulus :

E =
= =


.
@b;

(Initial Tangent Modulus)


@ a@b;na
@ ;a@ ) (-
(Tangent Modulus) bna@b

  K L JK JLL

Stress

D
B

E = tan =

Strain

@ @zbi@n@@b@u@@a@b@a@b@m@HQTMRI@

) (- @ba@b

) (Secant Modulus ) (O B
.
(Chord Modulus) ma@b
D C
.
@ @Resilience@@ua@WMSMR
qa@a@a@i@bq@bu@q@zna@@bn@c@@@na@ba@@@ua


.
@ @Nkbna@y@@bna@F@kbna@@iba@a@@]@ua


).(-

  K L JK JLL

&"(

" 

Hyper
Elastic
Resilience

%&, Stress

* Load

&"(


Elastic Resilience

 0.&"(

Modulus of Resilience

. / Strain

 Deformation

@ @ua@b@ua@HQUMRI@

(Modulus of Resilience) @ ;ua@b


.
@ @kbna@y@@ba@F@bua@@]@ua@b


) .(- (HyperElastic Resilience) @ ;a@y@@ua

.

) .(-
.
@ @@@@Toughness@@@bna@XMSMR
@ ;bna
.

. @ ;bna@b;
) (Modulus of Toughness
) (-
.

  K L JK JLL

7" 6"4

 0

%&, Stress

5( 6"4

8 $ 6"4

. / Strain

. / Strain

. / Strain

@ @n@b@bna@b@HQVMRI@

@@
@ @Hysteresis @@na@YMSMR

) (Loop
) (-
.
.

Hystersis

. / Strain

@ @a@k@na@HQWMSI@

%&, Stress


 $

  K L JK JLL




.
Strength@@ba@QPMSMR

:
. !' -!" )* (-. / 0!10 -1


:
=

.

= =

/ 3 1 0!1' -2



.



.

  K L JK JLL

Ductility@@a@QQMSMR


.
- =

Elongation % = Li L0 x 100
L0

- =


A0 Ai
x 100
A0

Reduction of area %


.
Elongation@@bna@@QRMSMR





).(-

  K L JK JLL

)(%


)(


0( 1 2 3

(2 0 '4 56 1 0

@ @bna@@a@@qdm@HQXMRI@


) (-

) (
.

.



.



@ @bna@b MQ
.
L1 = .L

= L

  K L JK JLL



.
L2 = Ao

= Ao
=
= L + Ao

L = L1 + L2


L + Ao
L
= 100
100
L
L

= Elongation %

) (Unwins Constants

) (-
L = Ao + L :

) (Ao, , .

) (L) (L ,

) (

Ao

) (Ao ).(

  7$;? =

Ao

( Elongation
L)
/

L = Ao + L

<" ; )Gage Length (L

@ @@bna@ba@@i@a@z@@HQYMRI@
@@

  K L JK JLL

@ @a@bjn@ba@pba MR

Ao
L



.

Ao L :

Ao
Ao

L= 5.65
L = 11.3

@ @@Z@g@na@pbba@pa@pba@by@@@

L = 5 do

L = 5 do : 10 do

L = 10 do

  K L JK JLL

@ @(Poissons Ratio)@ai@j@@QSMSMR
) (-
.

:
)= (

L
L1 L
L

= L

b1 - b
b

= b


, : , , .
.,
:
E

)2 (1+

= E
= G
=

b1
L

L1

@ @ai@j@HRPMRI@

=G

  K L JK JLL

@ @@ba@ba@bua@@QTMSMR

:
=

)(P
)(Ao
)(L
)(L o

) (Ao ) (Lo

) .(-
.

;


Plastic State

%&,

;


&% "#$
 
;



Elastic-Plastic State

;


Elastic State

. /

@ @@@ba@ba@bua@z@HRQMRI@

  K L JK JLL

@ @a@ba@bua@z@@QUMSMR

@ b;a

) (P ) (Ao
@ ;a ) (P
.

a ba

= t

)(Pi
)(Ai






.

) ( = b c
do = di

.
) ( = k + m ).(-

  K L JK JLL

%&, *;;5

. / *;;5

@ @@@a@ba@bua@z@HRRMRI@
@ @Na@ba@bua@z@@ba@ba@bua@z@i@a@|@ma@a
< '(8 9: $;$

7 '(8 9: $;$


.
.

  K L JK JLL

, #  .> 1 ?@


A B 4-2

:
@ @@aa@ba@MQ


.

@ b;a@bc
.
@ @@bja@@na@MR
@a@y@@a@


.
@ @@bi@ia@n@MS


.
@ @@aa@u@MT


.

  K L JK JLL

@ @bjna@bqc@zna@@MU

.
@ @ba@aa@pbu@@zna@@MV
.
@ @aa@pba@MW
:
:
.
: .
: .
@ @xbna@@MX




.
@ @bja@@a@@pbba@j@MY

.
@ @bjna@@@@MQP

.

.

  K L JK JLL

@ @@a@ba@MQQ



.

  K L JK JLL

You might also like