BI GING HA HC 11

BI 21: CNG THC

PHN T
HP CHT HU C

I. Cng thc n gin nht :

1. nh ngha :
Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l
ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.
2. Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht :
- Gi CTTQ : CxHyOzNt (x, y, z, t : nguyn, dng)
- T kt qu phn tch nh lng lp t l :

x : y : z : t nC : nH : nO : nN

mC
mO
mN
mH
x : y : z :t
:
:
:
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0 14, 0
%C
%H
%O
%N

:
:
:
12, 0
1, 0
16, 0 14, 0

Sau bin i h thc trn v t l gia cc s nguyn

ti gin. Th x, y, z, t vo CTTQ suy ra cng thc n
gin nht

Phiu hc tp s 1
Kt qu phn tch nguyn t hp cht X cho bit
%C = 40,00%; %H = 6,67%; cn li l oxi. Lp cng thc
n gin nht ca X

Th d : Kt qu phn tch hp cht X cho bit %C =

Gii
40,00; %H = 6,67%; cn li l oxi. Lp cng thc n gin
nht ca X.
%O = 100% - (%C + %H) = 100% - 46,67 = 53,33%
- Gi CTTQ : CxHyOz (x, y, z : nguyn, dng)
- T kt qu phn tch nh lng lp t l :
%C % H %O
x: y:z
:
:
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0

40, 00 6, 67 53, 33
x: y:z
:
:
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0
x : y : z 3, 33 : 6, 67 : 3, 33

1: 2 :1
Cng thc n gin nht ca X l CH2O

II. Cng thc phn t :

1. nh ngha :
Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn
t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t
2. Quan h cng thc phn t v cng thc n gin nht :
Hp cht Metan Etilen Ancoletylic Axit axetic Glucoz
CTPT CH4 C2H4 C2H6O C2H4O2 C6H12O6
CTGN CH4

CH2

C2H6O

CTPT = (CTGN)n

CH2O

CH2O

* Nhn xt :
- S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong cng thc
phn t l s nguyn ln s nguyn t ca n
trong cng thc n gin nht.
- Trong nhiu trng hp, cng thc phn t cng chnh
l cng thc n gin nht (n = 1).
Th d : Ancol etylic C2H6O, metan CH4
- Mt s cht c cng thc phn t khc nhau nhng c
cng mt cng thc n gin nht.
Th d : Axit axetic C2H4O2 v glucoz C6H12O6

3.Cch thit lp cng thc phn t hp cht hu c :

a. Da vo thnh phn phn trm khi lng
cc nguyn t :
- Gi CTTQ CxHyOzNt (x, y, z, t : nguyn, dng)

C x H y Oz N t xC yH zO tN
M
100%

12,0.x
%C

1,0.y
%H

T l : M

16,0.z
%O

14,0.t
%N

12, 0.x 1, 0. y 16, 0.z 14, 0.t

100%
%C
%H
%O
%N
M .%C
M .% H
M .% N
M .%O
t
y
x
z
14,0.100%
1, 0.100%
12, 0.100%
16, 0.100%
- Th x, y, z, t vo CTTQ suy ra CTPT

Phiu hc tp s 2 :
Phenolphtalein c 75,47%C; 4,35%H; 20,18%O. Khi
lng mol phn t ca phenolphtalein bng 318,0 g/mol. Hy
lp cng thc phn t ca phenolphtalein.

Th d : Phenolphtalein c 75,47%C; 4,35%H; 20,18%O.

Khi lng mol phn t ca phenolphtalein bng 318,0 g/mol.
Hy lp cng thc phn t ca phenolphtalein.
Gii
- V %C + %H + %O = 100% nn phenolphtalein gm C, H, O
- Gi CTTQ : CxHyOz (x, y, z : nguyn, dng)

318,0.20,18
318, 0.4,35
318,0.75, 47
4
14 z
x
20 y
16,0.100
1, 0.100%
12,0.100
Cng thc phn t ca phenolphtalein l C20H14O4

b. Thng qua cng thc n gin nht :

Phiu hc tp s 3 :
Hp cht hu c c cng thc n gin nht CH2O
v c khi lng mol phn t bng 60,0 g/mol. Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca X

b. Thng qua cng thc n gin nht :

Th d : Hp cht hu c c cng thc n gin nht
CH2O v c khi lng mol phn t bng 60,0 g/mol.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X
Gii
CTPT ca X l (CH2O)n hay CnH2nOn
MX = (12,0 + 2. 1,0 + 16,0)n = 60,0
n=2
Cng thc phn t ca X : C2H4O2

c. Tnh trc tip t khi lng sn phm t chy :

Y
B

MY

MY d
MB

nCO2

mCO 2

44, 0

nH 2O

Y
B

.M B

mH 2O
18, 0

mY
nY
MY

nN 2

VN 2
22, 4

- Gi CTTQ ca Y : CxHyOzNt (x, y, z, t : nguyn dng)

Cx H y Oz N t ( x y / 4 z / 2)O2

t0

xCO
2

y / 2H
2O t / 2 N 2

1mol
x mol y/2 mol t/2 mol
nY
nCO2
nH2O
nN2
1
x
y
t
M Y (12 x y 14t )

nY
nCO2
2.nH 2O
2.nN 2
16
- Th x, y, z, t vo CTTQ suy ra CTPT

Phiu hc tp s 4
Th d : Hp cht Y cha C, H, O. t chy hon
ton 0,88 gam Y thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O.
T khi hi ca Y so vi khng kh xp x 3,04. Xc nh
CTPT ca Y.

Th d : Hp cht Y cha C, H, O. t chy hon

ton 0,88 gam Y thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O.
T khi hi ca Y so vi khng kh xp x 3,04. Xc nh
CTPT ca Y.
Gii
MY = 29,0. 3,04 = 88,0 (g/mol)

1,76
0,72
0,88
0,040(mol ) nH 2O
0,040(mol )
nY
0,010(mol ) nCO2
44,0
18,0
88,0

Gi CTTQ ca Y l CxHyOz (x, y, z : nguyn, dng)

t0

C x H y Oz ( x y / 4 z / 2)O2

1 mol
0,010 mol

1
x
y

0,010 0,040 2.0,040

xCO
2

y
H 2O
2

x mol y/2 mol

0,040 mol 0,040 mol

1
x

x4
0,010 0,040

C4H8Oz = 88,0
z=2
Cng thc phn t ca Y l C H O

1
y

y 8
0,010 2.0, 040

CNG C