Problem

From the given illustration below, calculate

the steady-state shear stress yx and the
shear rate dvx/dy when the distance
between the plates is 0.500 cm and the
viscosity of the fluid in-between is 1.77 cp.

V= 1.98 in/s

Assumption
1. No-slip condition between the plates and the fluid

2. Fluid properties are constant all throughout

3. Plate and fluid motion is unidirectional only

4. No other external forces acting on the fluid

5. Both plates have the same uniform surface area

dv x
yx dy dv x
yx
dy

Solution
y2

v2

y1

v1

yx dy dv x

v2 v1
yx
y2 y1

g
in 2.540 cm

-2
10
1.98 0

cm s
s
1 in
yx 1.77 cp

1
cp
0 0.500 cm

g
dyne
yx 0.178
or 0.178 2
2
cm s
cm

in 2.540 cm
1.98 0

dv x v2 v1
s
1 in

dy y2 y1
0 0.500 cm

dv x
10.1 s-1
dy

Viscosity of Fluids

Movement of a Fluid
As a fluid moves, shear stress develops.
No-Slip condition
The layer of fluid adjacent to the boundary
surface has zero velocity relative to that
surface.
What if the surface is stationary?
What if it is moving?

Movement of a Fluid

Movement of a Fluid
Velocity at wall should
be zero

But we know that there

is flow, i.e. nonzero
velocity

Movement of a Fluid

LAMINAR FLOW

Viscosity of a Fluid

dv x
yx
dy

Viscosity of a Fluid

dv x
yx
dy
Viscosity (dynamic, )
- Constant of proportionality
- Resistance to flow
- Gives rise to viscous forces that resist the
relative movement of adjacent layers in the fluid

Viscosity of a Fluid

Newtonian Fluids
dv x
yx
dy
A linear
relationship exists
between the shear
stress and the
velocity gradient
dv/dy.

Viscosity of Fluids
GASES
Increases with increasing temperature
Independent of pressure (up to 1000 kPa)
At > 1000 kPa, viscosity increases with increasing
pressure

LIQUIDS
Decreases with increasing temperature
Independent of pressure

Outline

1.Molecular Transport Equations

2.Viscosity of Fluids
3.Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow
LAMINAR
Low velocity
No lateral mixing

TURBULENT
High velocity
Formation of eddies

Fluid Flow

Laminar Flow
Viscous forces are dominant

Occur at low velocities

Layers of fluid seem to slide by one another
without eddies or swirls
No lateral mixing in the fluid
Fluid travels smoothly and in regular paths

Turbulent Flow
Inertial forces are dominant
Fluid travels in random, chaotic paths
Heavy and lateral mixing occurs

Reynolds Number
Ratio of inertial forces (v2) on a fluid to the viscous forces
(v/D) acting on it.

Used to characterize different flow regimes

v
Dv
NRe

v D

NRe < 2100 : laminar

2100 < NRe < 4000 : transition
NRe > 4000 : turbulent