Rape

A sexual crime committed by a

man or by any person by having
carnal knowledge of a woman; or
shall commit an act of sexual assault
by inserting his penis into another
persons mouth or orifice, or any
instrument or object into the genital
or and orifice of another person under
any of the following circumstances:

Cont...
a. Use of force and intimidation
b. When woman is deprived of reason
or is otherwise unconscious
c. When woman is under 12 years of
age, is demented even though none
of the circumstances mentioned
above be present

Condition when woman is deprived

of reason or is unconscious:
1. Woman who is insane or with mental
disorder
2. Woman who was asleep
3. Woman who was knocked
unconscious
4. Woman who was under the
influence of liquor or drugs

Guiding principles in the review of

rape cases
1. an accusation of rape can be made
with facility; it is difficult to prove but
more difficult for the person accused,
though innocent, to disprove it
2. in view of the intrinsic nature of the
crime of rape where only 2 persons
are usually involved, the testimony of
the complainant must be examined
with extreme caution

Cont...
3. The evidence for the prosecution must stand or
fall on its own merits and can not be allowed to
draw strength from the weakness of the evidence
of the defence. (People vs. Oga, G.R. No. 152302, 08 June
2004, 431 SCRA 354)
Therefore, the credibility of the private complainant
is crucial to the outcome of these cases for it is
well-settled that conviction or acquittal depends
almost entirely on the credibility of the victims
testimony. (people vs. Buatis, G.R. Nos. 140868-69, 05
August 2003, 408 SCRA 278)

Availability of DNA Testing in the

Phil.
1. UP DNA Analysis Laboratory
2. PNP Crime Laboratory DNA Analysis
Section
3. NBI DNA Division
4. St. Lukes Hospital
5. National Kidney and Transplant
Institute

Specimens:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Semen
Urine
Saliva
Tissue organ
Bone
Hair
Blood

Dictionary of Genomics
BOOK
Genome
CHAPTER
Chromosome
PARAGRAPH Gene
WORD
Codon ( 3 letter code
e.g., AAC)
LETTER
Nucleotide (A, T, C, G,
i.e., the four letters in the
genetic alphabet)

Nucleotides
Four types of bases associated with
DNA
A- adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine
Amino acid sequence: e.g. = C-G-T for
alanine