المساحةالتصويرية

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫? א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫?א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Photogrammetry‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Metric Photogrammetry‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١J ١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١W‫א‬
Interpretative Photogrammetry‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Terrestrial Photogrammetry‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
،‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،٢J ١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ١W‫א‬
-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Aerial Photogrammetry ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬   ،٣J ١‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١W‫א‬

Space Photogrammetry‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K٤J ١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١W‫א‬
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٨٣٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
١٨٩٢J ١٨٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 ١٩١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ،‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E F‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ١J ١

-٦-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١W‫א‬

-٧-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١J ١
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
-٨-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٠{٥F
K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Type of Projections‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢

         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Orthognal Projection‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢W
 Perspetiv Projection‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،٢J ٢  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢W
 ‫א‬٢J ٢
،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   EphotographyF ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pinhole Camera‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
،٣J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬            
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K٤J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٣٨‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٣٩
   ‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢W
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢W
Lens Camera‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EFF‫א‬‫א‬،EUF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢W
1 1 1
 = − ١J ٢
V F U
V W ‫א‬‫א‬
F W  ‫א‬‫א‬
U W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٦J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

The NegativeE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 K٧J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬٧J ٢W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

The Positive‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٢
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،٨J ٢‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٨J ٢W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،٩J ٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٩J ٢W
 The Diapositive‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،EStereoplotterF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Digital Photograph‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢J ٢
    ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬  ،EpixelsF
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Camera‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،١٠J ٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،            ،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،١١J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
،١٢J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ERsolvingF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٢J ٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Single-Lens Frame Camera ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
multilens Frame Camera  ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 Panoramic Camera    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 Strip camera     ‫א‬‫א‬E٤
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٣C٢٣F 
‫א‬K١٣J ٢‫א‬‫א‬EF
α ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D
2
+D 2
 
α = 2 tan −1
1 2
٢J ٢ 
2 F

α W ‫א‬‫א‬
D1,D2 W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
F W ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٣J ٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

F α 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠٥J ١٧٠ ٦٠J ٧٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠ Normal Angle
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠J ١٥٢  ٧٥J ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥ Wide Angle
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٨{٥J ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠J ١٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Super- Wide
Angle
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢W
 ١J ٢
 K٢٣٠C٢٣٠‫א‬،١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
D
٢
+ D ٢
α = ٢ tan =
−١ ١ ٢
٢F
٢٣٠ + ٢٣٠ ٢ ٢
٢ tan −١
= ٢ tan −١
١ . ٦٢٦٥ ≈ ١١٦ o
٢ × ١٠٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EFiltersF
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬،١٤J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٢W
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،١٦J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 Lens Assembly   ‫א‬E١
Camera Cone  ‫א‬E٢
Film magazine   ‫א‬E٣
 Camera Body   ‫א‬E٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٢W
 ‫א‬E١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
1 1 1 1
= − = − 0 ∴ V = F
V F ∞ F
 ‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١
،EMarkJ FiducicalF ‫א‬
،١٧J ٢
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٧J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٨J ٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EOF‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFF‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KECF‫א‬‫א‬،
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 EPF‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ENF‫א‬E٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
θ
‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣‫א‬E٢E١
 
 EVertical photographF‫א‬‫א‬E١
،١٩J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E Tilted Photograph F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ،     ‫א‬       
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٢W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٢١J ٢
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١J ٢W‫א‬
 E١J ٢F
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٢J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢J ٢W‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٣J ٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣J ٢W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬E٥‫א‬E٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٤J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

F F
S = =  ٣J ٢
Z H − h
S W  ‫א‬
F W  ‫א‬‫א‬
H W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h W  ‫א‬
Z W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬








 ‫א‬٢٤J ٢W‫א‬
 ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،١٥٢{٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٨٢٥
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠ ‫א‬
S= F = 152 .4 = 152 .4 ÷ 152 .4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z 1825 × 1000 1825000 ÷ 152 .4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
≈ 1
11975 E‫א‬‫א‬F


 ٣J ٢
‫א‬،٥٠٠‫א‬ 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥٠٧٢‫א‬‫א‬،١٥٢{٤
 ‫א‬
F F 152.4 152.4 ÷152.4
S= = = = ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬
Z H − h (5072 − 500) ×1000 4572000 ÷152.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= ‫א‬‫א‬
30000
E‫א‬‫א‬F
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬،٢٥J ٢
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢٥J ٢W‫א‬
EhiF‫א‬ •
F
S = ٤J ٢
i
H − h i
Si :  i‫א‬
F :  ‫א‬‫א‬
H : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi :  i‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Ehave‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
F
 S ave = H − h ave
 ٥J ٢
 Save W  ‫א‬‫א‬
 F W  ‫א‬‫א‬
 H W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 have W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤J ٢
، ١٥٠‫א‬،‫א‬
٣٠٠٠‫א‬AK ‫א‬٥٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KBA‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠٠‫א‬B
 ‫א‬
F 150 150 ÷ 150
SA = = =
H − hA ( 5000 − 3000 ) ×1000 2000000 ÷ 150
1   ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬
≈
13333  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

F 150 150 ÷ 150 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SB = = =
H − hB ( 5000 − 2000 ) ×1000 3000000 ÷ 150  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
1
= E‫א‬‫א‬F
20000

 ٥J ٢
، ١٥٠‫א‬، ‫א‬
١٥٠٠‫א‬AK ‫א‬٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠٠‫א‬B
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
hA + hB 1500 + 600   ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬

h ave = = = 1050 m
2 2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
F 150 150 ÷ 150
S ave = = = ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
H − h ave ( 3000 − 1050 ) × 1000 1950000 ÷ 150
‫א‬F
1  E‫א‬
=
13000
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
S = ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ LP

= ٦J ٢
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬ LG
S :  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lp :  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LG :  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦J ٢
‫א‬٤٠٠A, B‫א‬‫א‬
 KAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ Lp 100 1  ١٠٠٠‫א‬

S= = = =
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
LG 400 ×1000 4000  ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
Lp
S = ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
×‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ = × SM  ٧J ٢
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ LM
 S W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Lp W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S W  ‫א‬

 ٧J ٢
، ٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١W١٠٠٠٠ ١٢
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Lp
S= × ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ = × SM
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ LM

6 1 1
= × =
12 10000 20000

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٨J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LG = ( XiG − XjG ) 2 − (YiG − YjG ) 2 ٨J ٢

 LG W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EXiG,YiGF W  i‫א‬‫א‬
 EXjG,YjGF W  j‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ١٨٢A, B‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٤٥٠،٥٤٢٠FB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٧٠٠،٥٦٤٠FA
 KAB‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬
LG = (X A G − X G ) 2 + (Y
B A G − Y G)2
B
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
= ( 5640 − 5420 ) 2 + ( 2700 − 3450 ) 2 = 781 . 6 m  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Lp 182 182 ÷ 182
S= = = = ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫اﻻرض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ L G 781 . 6 × 1000 781000 ÷ 182
1  ‫א‬ 
≈
4294 . 5 E‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬،EF٢٦J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫أ‬
‫ب‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٦J ٢W‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF٢٦J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٠‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KYPiXPi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬i
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٥J ٢
‫א‬ EXGi,YGiF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٧J ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEXPi , YPiF‫א‬‫א‬EXGi,YGiF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧J ٢W‫א‬
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
XGi = XPi × H − hi YGi = YPi × H − hi  ٩J ٢

F F
EXGi,YGiF W  i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EXPi,YPiF W  i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 hi W  i‫א‬
٩J ٢
، ١٥٢{٤‫א‬‫א‬١٣٨٠ 

 B‫א‬،E ٤٨{٢٧J ،٥٢{٣٥J F‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٣{٨٨،٤٠{٦٤F
 K‫א‬١٥٠B‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1380 − 200
X GA = X PA × H − h A = − 52.35 × = − 405.3m
F 152.4
1380 − 200
Y GA = Y PA × H − h A = − 48.27 × = − 373.7m
F 152.4
 LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
1380 − 150
X GB = X PB × H − h B = 40.64 × = 328m
F 152.4
1380 − 150
Y GB = Y PB × H − h B = 43.88 × = 354.2m
F 152.4

 E٢J ٢F
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Relief Displacement‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٨J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬

















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨J ٢W‫א‬

- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

D i = L i × h i
H
Li`=Li-Di‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٠J ٢
Li`=Li+Di‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Di W  i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Li W  i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
`Li W  `i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 hi W  i‫א‬

١٠J ٢
 ٨{٨
 BA‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠٠‫א‬
  
، ‫א‬٣٠A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٢٤B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
8 . 8 × 30
D A= LA× hA = = 0 . 088 mm
H 3000 A‫א‬
L A `= L A − D A = 8.8 − 0.088 = 8.712mm

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
× h B = 7 . 5 × 24 = 0 . 06 mm 
D B = L B
H 3000 B‫א‬
L B `= L B + D B = 7.5 + 0.06 = 7.56mm 



- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٩J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬
 K١١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢‫א‬‫א‬














 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٩J ٢‫א‬
D i × ( H − h i `)  ١١J ٢
hi =
Li
Di W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Li W ‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
`hi W  ‫א‬‫א‬`i‫א‬
H W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٦٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Di × ( H − hi`) 54 × (500 − 260)

hi = = = 106.2m
Li 122
 E٢J ٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٥J ٢
 Rectification of tilted photographs‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

Orthophotography‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠J ٢‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣٠J ٢‫א‬
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Mosaics‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣١J ٢‫א‬،






 ‫א‬W٣١J ٢‫א‬
Photomap‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Shape‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Size‫א‬E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Patteren‫א‬E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Shadows‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tone‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Texture‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Site‫א‬E٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Land Uses‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤J ٢F
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١J ٢
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K •
K •
K‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K •
K •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢J ٢

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
 K
K
 K
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣J ٢
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 K
K
 K

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤J ٢
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 K
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬E١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬E
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 ‫؟‬
 W‫א‬E٩
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
‫א‬E‫א‬E
‫א‬E‫א‬E
‫א‬E‫א‬E
‫א‬E‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٥
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨
K‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٣٠C٢٣٠‫א‬،٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬،١٥٠‫א‬
  E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٠٢٥
،٢٠٠‫א‬ 
  E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٣٧٢‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬، ٢٠٠
 ‫א‬،‫א‬  
  E٤
٧٠٠‫א‬AK ‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬
 KBA‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠٠‫א‬B
‫א‬ ،١٥٢‫א‬،‫א‬ 
  E٥
٣٠٠‫א‬A K ‫א‬١٥٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠‫א‬B
، ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠٠E٦
‫א‬،E ٧٨{٢٧، ٦٢{٤٥J F‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ٨٧{٨٨J ، ١٥{٦٤FB‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٧٠B‫א‬٣٠٠A‫א‬
٥٥{٨BA‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠٠‫א‬
  E٧
٤٠A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٥{٥ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬١٤B‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨
‫א‬‫א‬،٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٧٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰ ‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٠C٢٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K
 ‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 

- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫ א‬E٤


- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١J ٣‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٠٦٣‫א‬EbeF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،E٢٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٧٠٠ ٢٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٣
‫א‬،٢J ٣ ‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 KE٢J ٠{٠٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٣

E٨٧FE١J ٣F
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬E٢‫א‬E١

 ‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٣
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٣


- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬،٣J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W٥J ٣

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬،٦J ٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧J ٣‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦J ٣

- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
،E٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٩J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩J ٣

 E٢J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W١٠J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢E‫א‬FE١

‫א‬‫א‬E١
 W‫א‬

 E
،١١J ٣ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١J ٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٢J ٣‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢{٥‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K،١٣J ٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣J ٣
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Mirror Stereoscope‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٤J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬E٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،١٥J ٣
 K‫א‬٨E١
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥J ٣

 E٣J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،yx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٦J ٣
، ١٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،١٧J ٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،١٨J ٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W١٨J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W١٧J ٣

 ‫א‬  
 E٩٠FE٤J ٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KETillted PhotographF‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١N2,NF
 ‫א‬E٣
،‫א‬E`١N2`,NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠J ٣
 EB mF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E`٢N1NF‫א‬
 KE`١N2 NF‫א‬
N1N2` + N2N1` 
BM =  ١J ٣

2
BM W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
`N1N2 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
`N2N1 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢١J ٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W٢١J ٣

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬
 E٥J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤J ٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٦J ٣F

 Sterescopic ParallaxE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ٣
،٢٢J ٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
i‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬٢O١O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
j‫א‬،٢i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،٢j‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١j‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢i‫א‬١i‫א‬،٢٢J ٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Pi i‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢i١i‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢j١j‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬Pj j‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢٢J ٣
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

∆ P ij = P i − P j   ٢J ٣
∆Pij W ji‫א‬‫א‬
Pi W i‫א‬‫א‬
Pj W j‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W

 ١J ٣
B‫א‬‫א‬
  ،٥٩{٢٣A‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬،٥٤{٢٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬
 KB‫א‬

∆ P AB = P A − P B = 59 . 23 − 54 . 24 = 4 . 99 mm
   

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pi = X P i1 − X P 
i2  ٣J ٣
Pi W i ‫א‬‫א‬
XP i1 W  ‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
XP i2 W  ‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢J ٣

 ،٧{٢J ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧٩{٦J ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
PA = XP A1 − XP A2 = ( − 7 . 2 ) − ( − 79 . 6 ) = 72 . 4 mm  
 E٩٣FE٧J ٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F×B 
P i = ٤J ٣
H −h i
Pi W i‫א‬‫א‬
F W  ‫א‬‫א‬
 B W  ‫א‬‫א‬
H W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi W i ‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٣J ٣
،m١٧٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٠A‫א‬،١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٧٥٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬
F×B 150 × 750  
P A = = = 76 . 01 mm
H −h A
1700 − 220 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P i= P j+ ∆ P ij  ‫א‬  ٥J ٣
∆Pij W  ji‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pi W i ‫א‬‫א‬
Pj W j ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤J ٣
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣{٥٥J A‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬،٧٢{٣٥
 ‫א‬
P B = P A + ∆ P BA = 72 . 35 + ( − 3 . 55 ) = 68 . 8 mm

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،٢٣J ٣ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W٢٣J ٣
 ‫א‬
،٢٤J ٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 
،E٠{٠١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤J ٣

- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EiF‫א‬‫א‬،٢٤J ٣‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،EMiF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EjF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ،EMjF‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∆ P ij = M i − M j 
i‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦J ٣
 j‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣‫א‬
Pi= P j+ ∆P ij
∆Pij W ji‫א‬‫א‬
Mi W i‫א‬‫א‬
Mj W j‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥J ٣
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬٨{٧٥A‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،٧٢{١
 K١٢{٣
 ‫א‬
∆ P AB = M A − M B = 8 . 75 − 12 . 3 = − 3 . 55 mm 
P A = P B + ∆ P AB = 72 . 1 + ( − 3 . 55 ) = 68 . 55 mm 
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٣J ٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Ex،yF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X Gi = X Pi × B
Y Gi = Y Pi × B
Pi Pi ٧J ٣

 EXGi,YGiF W i ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EXPi,YPiF W i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B W  ‫א‬‫א‬
Pi W i‫א‬‫א‬
٣J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ٣٨{١،٧٢{٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٨{٥A
 ‫א‬
B 600 
XG = XP ×
A A = 72.4 × ≈ 895.67m
PA 48.5 
B 600
YG = YP ×
A A = 38.1 × ≈ 471.34m 
PA 48.5
 E٣J ٩F
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

B × F 
hi= H − ٨J ٣
P i

hi W i ‫א‬
H W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B  W ‫א‬‫א‬
Pi  W i ‫א‬‫א‬
F  W ‫א‬‫א‬
٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬١٢٣٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬K٣٩٠‫א‬‫א‬١٥٢{٤
 ٩١{٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

B × F 
h A = H − 
P A

390 × 152.4 
= 1233 − ≈ 584.63 m 
91.67


 E٣J ١٠F
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Z × ∆ P 
∆ h = ٩J ٣

B m
∆h W ‫א‬‫א‬
Z W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bm  W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆P  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F  W ‫א‬‫א‬
٨J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬


Z × ∆ P 3600 × 2
∆ h = = = 72m 
B m 100 

 E١١J ٣F

- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Z × ∆ P ij 
∆ h ij = 
B m
 ١٠J ٣

hi = hj + ∆hij 
∆ h ij W ‫א‬‫א‬
 Z W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Bm  W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆Pij  W j ‫א‬ i ‫א‬‫א‬
F  W ‫א‬‫א‬
hi  W i ‫א‬
hj  W j ‫א‬
٩J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥B‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬
 K٢٨٠B‫א‬‫א‬A
 ‫א‬

Z × ∆ P AB 5000 × 0 . 5
∆ h AB = = = 6 2 .5 m 
Bm 40 
h A = h B + ∆ h AB = 280 + 62 . 5 = 342 . 5 m 

 E١٢J ٣F
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١J ٣
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K
 W‫א‬
 K -
 K -
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢J ٣
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٣J ٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K -
 -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤J ٣
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٥J ٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٦J ٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٧J ٣
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -


 W‫א‬
K -
K -
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨J ٣
W‫א‬
 ?‫א‬?‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
  -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -










- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٩J ٣
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٠J ٣
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١١J ٣
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٢J ٣
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ E٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬
  ،٧٩{٧٣ A‫א‬‫א‬
  E١
 W‫א‬،٦٦{٥٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٩{٣J ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬،٧١{٦J ‫א‬‫א‬
 KA
،٢٢٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
A‫א‬،١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٩٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠٠‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K٥{٥٥A‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬،٦٢{٤٥
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬٢٧{٥A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٧٧{١
 K١٩{٣B‫א‬


- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،١ J ٤‫א‬ ،ESTRIPSF ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬       ‫א‬   
 ٪٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،End OverlapEF‫א‬‫א‬
    ESide OverlapF‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٪١٠      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤W‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤K‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
 K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EStereoplotterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١J ٤‫א‬

F
H= +h ave ١J ٤
S ave
H : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Save : ‫א‬‫א‬
F : ‫א‬‫א‬
have : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

١J ٤
١W٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
F 150 ÷ 1000 
H= +h ave = + 320 
S ave 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3000  ‫א‬‫א‬
0 . 150 × 3000  ١٠٠٠
= + 320 = 770 m
1
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٦٠٪١٠J ٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٥J ٪٧٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E
 K٢J ٤‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤W‫א‬
،٣J ٤‫א‬،E‫א‬F،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤W‫א‬

 No. Flight lines‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٤J ٤‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KEWideF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KESLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤W‫א‬

 ENLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ELongCWideF‫א‬EdCdF‫א‬
 ESLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EDCDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d
D = ٢J ٤
S ave
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Save : ‫א‬‫א‬
d : ‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D × (100 − SL)
W= ٣J ٤
100
W : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SL : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
wide
NL = +1 ٤J ٤
W
NL : ‫א‬‫א‬
Wide : ‫א‬
W : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢J ٤
١W٢٠٠٠٦C٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣C٢٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
23 23 × 2000
 D=
d
=
1
= = 46000 cm = 46000 ÷ 100000 = 0 . 46 km
S ave 1
2000
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D × (100 − SL ) 0 . 46 × (100 − 20 )
 W = = = 0 . 368 km
100 100
NL‫א‬‫א‬
5
 NL =
wide
+1 = + 1 = 14.58 = 15
W 0.368
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 No. Photos Per Strip‫א‬‫א‬E٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥J ٤‫א‬
 KELongF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EB‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
 KEELF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤W‫א‬
 ENPF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ELongCWideF‫א‬EdCdF‫א‬
 EELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EDCDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d
D= ٢J ٤
S ave
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Save : ‫א‬‫א‬
d : ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FEBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
D × (100 − EL )
B= ٥J ٤
100
B : ‫א‬‫א‬
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EL : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Long
NP = +2+2 ٦J ٤
B
NP : ‫א‬‫א‬
Long : ‫א‬
B : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣J ٤
 ٦C ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣C٢٣‫א‬١W٢٠٠٠
 ‫א‬
 Km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d 23 23 × 2000
D= = = = 46000 cm = 46000 ÷ 100000 = 0 . 46 km
S ave 1 1
2000
EBE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D × (100 − EL ) 0 . 46 × (100 − 60 )
 B= = = 0 . 184 km
100 100
ENPF‫א‬
Long 6
 NP = +2+2 = + 2 + 2 = 36.6 = 37
B 0.184
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
L‫א‬‫א‬،٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B
T = × 3600 ٧J ٤
V
T :  ‫א‬‫א‬
B : ‫א‬‫א‬
V : ‫א‬
٣J ٤
١٥٠ ‫א‬٠{١٨٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 /
 ‫א‬
B 0 . 184
T = × 3600 = × 3600 = 4 . 416 s
 V 150

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K٨J ٤‫א‬
(100 − SL )
Wide Net = ( N L − 1) × D × +D ٨J ٤
100
Wide Net : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

NL : ‫א‬‫א‬
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SL :  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E
 K٩J ٤‫א‬
(100 − EL )
Long Net = ( N p − 1) × D × +D ٩J ٤
100
Long Net : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Np : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EL : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢LDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KEWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢LDF‫א‬‫א‬E
 KEBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬،٢{١C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬٥
 ٠{٢٧٦‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٥٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٦٩‫א‬‫א‬
 E١W٣٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١٢Zkm NP٠{٥٥٢ZW٥Zkm NL٢Zkm Wide٢{١ZLong
km٠{٢٧٦Zkm B٠{٦٩ZD٪٦٠ZEL٪٢٠ZSL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(100 − SL )
Wide Net = ( N L − 1) × D × +D
100
(100 − 20 )
= ( 5 − 1) × 0 . 69 × + 0 . 69 = 2 . 898 km
 100

(100 − EL )
Long Net = ( N p − 1) × D × + D
100
(100 − 60 )
= (12 − 1 ) × 0 . 69 × + 0 . 69 = 3 . 726 km
 100
cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 















 

- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٦J ٤‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤W‫א‬


- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧J ٤‫א‬،GPS‫א‬

 ‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤W‫א‬


- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

٥J ٤
١٥٢‫א‬‫א‬،١W٤٠٠٠٣C ٢‫א‬
،٪٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣C ٢٣‫א‬،
 ١٥٥‫א‬،٣٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
١W٥٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
m٣٩٠Zmm have١٥٢Zkm F٢Zkm Wide٣ZLong
cm٢٣Zd٪٦٥ZEL٪١٥ZSL
H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
F 152 ÷ 1000 0 . 152 × 4000  
H= +h = + 390 = + 390 = 998 m
ave
1 1 
S ave

4000
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

d 23 23 × 4000
D= = = = 92000 cm = 92000 ÷ 100000 = 0 . 92 km
S ave 1 1 
4000 

D × ( 100 − SL ) 0 . 92 × ( 100 − 15 )
W= = = 0 . 782 km 
100 100 
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬E

D × ( 100 − EL ) 0 . 92 × ( 100 − 65 ) 
B= = = 0 . 322 km 
100 100


wide 2
NL = +1 = +1 = 3.55 = 4 NL‫א‬‫א‬E
W 0.782 
NP‫א‬‫א‬E

Long 3
NP = + 2+ 2 = + 2+ 2 = 13.3 =14 
B 0.322 
T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
B 0 . 322 
T = × 3600 = × 3600 = 7 . 478 s
V 155 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
( 100 − SL ) 
Wide Net = ( N L −1 )× D × +D
100


( 100 − 15 )

= ( 4 − 1 ) × 0 . 92 × + 0 . 92 = 3 . 266 km
100 
( 100 − EL ) 
Long Net = ( N p −1 )× D × +D

100

( 100 − 65 ) 
= ( 14 − 1 ) × 0 . 92 × + 0 . 92 = 5 . 106 km
100 
 ‫א‬cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬















 E١J ٤F
 Neat Model‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨J ٤‫א‬،EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤W‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E١J ٤F
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،١W٦٠٠٠٨C٧‫א‬
،٪٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣C٢٣‫א‬،١٥٢
 ١٥٥‫א‬،٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 ١W٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E









- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬E٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨

- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١W١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ٤١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤C ٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 ٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣C٢٣‫א‬١W١٨٠٠

٤C ٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ٪٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣C٢٣‫א‬١W١٨٠٠

‫א‬٠{٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 KL١٣٥

- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Stereoplotters‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١J ٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥W‫א‬

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥
‫א‬  ،٢J ٥‫א‬،   ‫א‬     
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEbx , by , bzFEF
ω , φ , κ ‫א‬

 E٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٣
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
Analogue Stereoplotters
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
Analytical Stereoplotters
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
Digital Stereoplotters

- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
،٣J ٥‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F٣J ٥W‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٤J ٥ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،٦J ٥،٥J ٥‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥W‫א‬

EKernPG21F٥J ٥W‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Wild AG1٦J ٥W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WildAG1٧J ٥W‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٨J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥W‫א‬

 ١J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٩J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 BC3‫א‬C100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K١٠J ٥‫א‬،quasco1C١٤٠DSR11
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬٩J ٥W‫א‬

C 100 ‫ﺑﻼﻧﻴﻜﻤﺐ‬ C ١٤٠ ‫ﺑﻼﻧﻴﻜﻮم‬ 





BC-2 
quasco1






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٥W‫א‬
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٥
،١١J ٥ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١١J ٥W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬

 Ground Control Point‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
EzF‫א‬Ex, yF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFE١
 K‫א‬Ex, yF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢
 ‫א‬ EzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
‫א‬Ex ,yz،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 KGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ٢J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE+F‫א‬‫א‬E١
 KEYF‫א‬E٢
 KETF‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٥
 W،١٢J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEdF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KEdFEd٥F‫א‬E
KEdF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٥W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬EDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
D = d ×  ١J ٥
S p × 1000
D W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sp W ‫א‬
 ٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١W١٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٠٤
 ‫א‬
1 1 
D = d× = 0 . 04 ×
S p × 1000 1 
× 1000
12000 

12000
= 0 . 04 × = 0 . 48 m 
1000

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ = 5 × D = 0 . 48 × 5 = 2 . 4 m 
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ex،yF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ex،yF
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
EzF‫א‬‫א‬EzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٥W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬١J ٥J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،١٤J ٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٥W‫א‬
 ٤J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬٢J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?p?‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥J ٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

PPY
PX

 ‫א‬١٥J ٥W‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W١٥J ٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?PX?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬?PY?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Kbx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 Kby‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
   z
 
،١٦J ٥‫א‬K
 ‫א‬dbz،dby،dbx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٥W‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Kω‫א‬‫א‬E١
 Kф‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 KК‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ،١٧J ٥K‫א‬dК،dф،dω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧J ٥W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WNeat Model??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨J ٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤FE٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEw/2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣FE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEw/2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤FE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦FE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 Neat Model‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨J ٥W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧J ٥
K?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E،by , bzКфωFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 by1‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 К1‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 bz1‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ф1‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ω1‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ω1
 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 by2‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 К2‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 bz2‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ф2‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ω2‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ω2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EК1١،ф1١،К2٢،ф2٢،ω2٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 К2‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 К1‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ф2‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ф1‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ω2‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ω2ω1
 K‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٧J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 W
 ٠٠٠{٠٠ К1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠٠٠{٠٠К2E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠{٠٠ω1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠{٠٠ω2E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠{٠٠ф1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠{٠٠ф2E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬?B XY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧J ٥
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬ F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?BX?‫א‬K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩J ٥‫א‬
BXBX2‫א‬BXBX1K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٥W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬BX ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬BX‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEAF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬BX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬BX‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EA
K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F،١٩J ٥A1B1‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BX
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨J ٥
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠J ٥
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫رأﺳ ﻴﺔ‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬?EΩF‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬?EΦF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٥W‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEAF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬
ECF‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬
Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
ECF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬?Φ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬EAF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬
KEBFE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Φ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
EBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FΦ
 
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
  ‫א‬EDF‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ١٢J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٣J ٥
- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١J ٥

W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢J ٥

W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫ א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣J ٥

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤J ٥

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K
K‫א‬
K
- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٥J ٥

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٦J ٥

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٧J ٥

 W‫א‬
 KE٥FE٤FE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨J ٥

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٩J ٥

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠J ٥

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١١J ٥

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٢J ٥

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٣J ٥

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 W‫א‬E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Bx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨

- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١
٠{٠٦‫א‬
 ‫א‬١W١٥٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬١W١٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬




- ١٧٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩٧٨F،
 ،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩٩٤F،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩٨٥F،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠٠٠F،‫א‬KK،‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩٨٥F،‫א‬K،
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١
 ٣  ٢J ١
 ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١
 ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١
 ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢
 ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
 ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٢
 ١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٢
 ١٤ ‫א‬ ٧J ٢
 ١٥ ‫א‬ ٨J ٢
 ١٦ ‫א‬ ٩J ٢
 ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٠J ٢
 ١٨ ‫א‬‫ א‬١١J ٢
 ١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢J ٢
 ٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣J ٢
 ٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤J ٢
 ٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥J ٢
 ٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٦J ٢
 ٢٥  ‫א‬ ١٧J ٢
 ٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٨J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٩J ٢
 ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٠J ٢
 ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢١J ٢
 ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٢J ٢
 ٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٣J ٢
 ٣٤ ‫א‬ ٢٤J ٢
 ٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥J ٢
 ٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦J ٢
 ٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٧J ٢
 ٤٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٨J ٢
 ٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٩J ٢
 ٤٥ ‫א‬‫ א‬٣٠J ٢
 ٤٦ ‫ א‬٣١J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٩ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣
 ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٣
 ٦٢ ‫א‬ ٥J ٣
 ٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٣
 ٦٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ٣
 ٦٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٣
 ٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٣
 ٦٥ ‫א‬ ١٠J ٣
 ٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١١J ٣
 ٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣J ٣
 ٦٦ ‫א‬
 ٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٤J ٣
 ٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٥J ٣
 ٦٨ ‫א‬‫ א‬١٦J ٣
 ٦٩ ‫א‬‫ א‬١٧J ٣
 ٦٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٨J ٣
 ٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩J ٣
 ٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠J ٣
 ٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢١J ٣
 ٧٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢J ٣
 ٧٧ ‫א‬ ٢٣J ٣
 ٧٧ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤
١٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٤
١٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٤
١١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٤
١١١ ‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ٤
١١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٠ ?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥
١٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥
١٢٣ ?‫א‬? ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

١٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥
١٢٤ kern PG21 ٥J ٥
١٢٥ AG1‫א‬ ٦J ٥
١٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬AG1‫א‬ ٧J ٥
١٢٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٥
١٢٧ ‫א‬ ٩J ٥
١٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠J ٥
١٢٨  ١١J ٥
١٣٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢J ٥
١٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣J ٥
١٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٤J ٥
١٣٩ ‫ א‬١٥J ٥
١٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٦J ٥
١٤١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٧J ٥
١٤٢ Neat Model‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٨J ٥
١٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩J ٥
١٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢٠J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
١ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٤  ‫א‬


المساحةالتصويرية

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المساحةالتصويرية

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Aerial Photogrammetry ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

Type of Projections‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

hA + hB 1500 + 600   ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬

S = ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ LP

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ Lp 100 1  ١٠٠٠‫א‬

LG = ( XiG − XjG ) 2 − (YiG − YjG ) 2 ٨J ٢

XGi = XPi × H − hi YGi = YPi × H − hi  ٩J ٢

Di × ( H − hi`) 54 × (500 − 260)

     

‫א‬‫א‬W١٨J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W١٧J ٣

 No. Photos Per Strip‫א‬‫א‬E٨

Wide Net : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Long Net : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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