Let . Show that is odd if and only if is even.

Proof:

We wish to show that for any , is odd if and only if is even.

Let .

(0) Suppose that x is odd. By the definition of odd, there exists some number such that
.

Then, (by substitution).

(by simplification).

(by factorization).

Hence, there exists a number , namely , such that . Therefore, is even by

the definition of even.

(*) Suppose that is even. By the definition of even, we have . By the definition of
divisible, there exists some number

such that .

Then, (by subtracting 1 from both sides).

(the equation is not changed as we have added zero to it).

(by factorization).

Hence, there exists a number , namely , such that . Therefore, is odd by the
definition of odd.