TRNG I HC NGOI THNG

KHOA KINH T V KINH DOANH QUC T

TIU LUN KINH T CNG CNG

TI:

Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Gio vin hng

dn:
Sinh vin thc
hin:
Lp

Ths. Nguyn Kim Lan

Hong Ngc Bch

0851010521

Mc Huy Hong
Trn Th Lan Hng

0851010517
0851010519

KTE407(2-1011).6_LT

H Ni, thng 4 nm 2011

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

LI M U
Ngy 1.1.2009, ti Vit Nam mt loi hnh bo him mi bt u c hiu lc
nhm bo v, h tr nhng i tng lao ng tht nghip. l bo him tht
nghip ( BHTN ). S ra i ca loi hnh bo him ny thc s l mt bc tin
ln trong con ng pht trin ca ngnh bo him Vit nam ni ring v n lc
m bo an sinh x hi ca ng v Nh nc ta ni chung.
BHTN Vit Nam ra i gn vi giai on y kh khn, ti t ca nn kinh
t Vit nam cng nh kinh t th gii; giai on m chng ta phi chng kin nhiu
doanh nghip ph sn, hng nghn lao ng ri vo cnh tht nghip.Sau 2 nm
thc hin, Bo him tht nghip mang li nhng thnh cng nht nh, cng nh
tc dng tch cc v mt kinh t x hi.
Vi mong mun tm hiu r hn nhng vn mi m ny chnh l l do nhm
chng em la chn ti Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii
php.
Vi ton b kh nng ca mnh, nhm c gng mang n nhng thng tin
c bn v tng qut nht v Bo him tht nghip ,tuy nhin khng trnh khi
nhng thiu st ngoi mong mun nn chng em hy vng nhn c s gp t
pha c gio hon thin hn kin thc ca mnh.

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

BNG K HIU CH VIT TT

BHXH

Bo him x hi

BHTN

Bo him tht nghip

VN

Vit Nam

TN

Thu nhp

BHYT

Bo him y t

DN

Doanh nghip

NL

Ngi lao ng

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

MC LC
LI M U.................................................................................................................................1
BNG K HIU CH VIT TT..............................................................................................2
MC LC......................................................................................................................................3
I. C S L LUN...................................................................................................................4
1. L thuyt v tht nghip........................................................................................................4
1.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................................4
1.2 Phn loi............................................................................................................................4
1.3 nh hng.........................................................................................................................4
2. Bo him tht nghip..............................................................................................................5
2.1 Khi nim :.......................................................................................................................5
2.2 i tng..........................................................................................................................6
2.3 Li ch................................................................................................................................6
II. TM HIU V BO HIM THT NGHIP MT S QUC GIA TRN TH GII
..........................................................................................................................................................6
1.Bo him tht nghip ti cc nc pht trin.......................................................................6
1.1.Bo Him tht nghip ti c:........................................................................................7
1.2. Bo him tht nghip ti M:.......................................................................................10
2.Bo him tht nghip ti quc gia ang pht trin............................................................12
2.1.Bo him tht nghip ChiLe:.....................................................................................12
III.
BO HIM THT NGHIP VIT NAM..................................................................14
1. Khi qut v bo him x hi Vit Nam............................................................................14
1.1 Cc loi hnh ca BHXH:..............................................................................................14
1.2 Cc ch BHXH:.........................................................................................................14
1.3 Thc trng trin khai BHXH Vit Nam hin nay....................................................15
2. Lut v chnh sch iu chnh vn bo him tht nghip:..........................................18
3. Thc trng trin khai bo him tht nghip:.....................................................................22
3.1. Tnh hnh thu tin BHTN:............................................................................................22
3.2. Tnh hnh chi tin BHTN:.............................................................................................24
3.3.Tnh hnh gii thiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng tht nghip hng BHTN:.........26
3.4. Tnh hnh h tr o to hc ngh cho ngi lao ng hng BHTN:....................27
IV. NGUYN NHN, GII PHP CHO VNG MC HIN TI V HNG PHT
TRIN CHO BHTN TRONG THI GIAN TI......................................................................28
1.Nguyn nhn ca vng mc gp phi................................................................................28
1.1. thc ca ngi lao ng cng nh ngi s dng lao ng cha cao:................28
1.2. Cc c quan hu quan n y trch nhim cho nhau.............................................28
1.3. Tnh a dng ca th trng lao ng ny sinh cc trng hp kh gii quyt:...29
2. Nhng gii php g cc vng mc hin nay...............................................................29
3. nh hng pht trin BHTN trong thi gian ti:............................................................31
KT LUN...................................................................................................................................34
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................................35

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

I.

C S L LUN

1. L thuyt v tht nghip

1.1 Khi nim
Tht nghip l tnh trng ngi lao ng mun c vic lm m khng tm c
vic lm
1.2 Phn loi
-Tht nghip t nhin: t l tht nghip ng nhin bi lun c mt s ngi
trong giai on chuyn t ch lm ny sang ch khc.
-Tht nghip c cu: do s khng tng thch ca phn b lao ng v phn b
ch lm vic (khc bit a l hoc khc bit k nng). Ngi tht nghip khng
mun hoc khng th thay i ni hoc chuyn i k nng.
-Tht nghip chu k: khi tng cu lao ng thp hn tng cung lao ng giai
on suy thoi ca chu k kinh t.
-Tht nghip k thut: do vic thay th cng nhn bng my mc hoc cng ngh
tin tin hn.
1.3 nh hng
- Tht nghip c nh hng quan trng khng nhng n cc c nhn m cn nh
hng n ton b x hi v nn kinh t.Cc c nhn khi khng c vic lm s gy
ra chn nn ,khng c tin, khng c kh nng chi tr gy ra trm cp v cc t nn
x hi.
- T l tht nghip cao ng ngha vi Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) thp cc
ngun lc con ngi khng c s dng, b ph c hi sn xut thm sn phm v
dch v.
- Tht nghip cn c ngha l sn xut t hn. Gim tnh hiu qu ca sn xut
theo quy m.

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

- Tht nghip dn n nhu cu x hi gim. Hng ha v dch v khng c ngi

tiu dng, c hi kinh doanh t i, cht lng sn phm v gi c tt gim. Hn
na, tnh trng tht nghip cao a n nhu cu tiu dng t i so vi khi nhiu vic
lm, do m c hi u t cng t hn.
Do tnh trng tht nghip l mt trong nhng vn nan gii v ht sc bc
xc v cn c nhng chnh sch gip mi ngi tm c vic lm cng nh
nhng bin php h tr khi b tht nghip gip cn bng kinh t x hi.
2. Bo him tht nghip
2.1 Khi nim :
Bo him tht nghip l mt bin php h tr ngi lao ng trong nn kinh t
th trng. Bn cnh vic h tr mt khon ti chnh m bo n nh cuc sng
cho ngi lao ng trong thi gian mt vic th mc ch chnh ca bo him tht
nghip l thng qua cc hot ng o to ngh, t vn, gii thiu vic lm, sm
a nhng lao ng tht nghip tm c mt vic lm mi thch hp v n nh.
2.2 i tng
i tng c nhn bo him tht nghip l nhng ngi b mt vic khng do
li ca c nhn h. H vn ang c gng tm kim vic lm, sn sng nhn cng
vic mi v lun n lc nhm chm dt tnh trng tht nghip. Nhng ngi ny s
c h tr mt khon tin theo t l nht nh so vi khon thu nhp c nhn trong
nhng thi k c th.
Bo him tht nghip khng p dng cho nhng ngi tht nghip v t b
vic hay nhng ngi va mi ra trng v cha tm c cng n vc lm,nhng
ngi thuc vo din tht nghip t nhin
2.3 Li ch

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Nhn thc c tm nh hng ca tht nghip trong kinh t x hi th cc h

thng bo him tht nghip c ra i v c tc dng nhm:
- Gip n nh thu nhp i sng cho nhng ngi tht nghip khng t nguyn,
p ng cho h nhng chi tiu ccn thit m kong gy ra tnh trng n nn
- Gip nhng ngi tht nghip sm c c i tm c vic lm, nhng ngi c
k nng s tm c cng vic p hp thay v phi lm nhng cng vic khc vi
mc lng khng tng xng
- Gip n nh nn kinh t, gp phn duy tr sc tiu dng c gc c th v
kinh t v m, thc y tm vic lm hiu qu - to iu kin kt ni tt hn gia
cung v cu trong th trng lao ng.
- Gim gnh nng cho ngn sch nh nc v doanh nghip

II. TM HIU V BO HIM THT NGHIP MT S

QUC GIA TRN TH GII
1.Bo him tht nghip ti cc nc pht trin
Trn th gii c l t Tht nghip khng cn xa l vi bt c quc gia no,
d l quc gia pht trin, ang pht trin hay km pht trin. m bo chi tiu
trc cnh tht nghip l mt thch thc i vi ngi lao ng. Tht nghip
khng ch nh hng n i sng ca ring ngi lao ng m cn nh hng n
nn kinh t v m. Do , Bo him tht nghip ra i. Ln u tin xut hin
vo th k XIX ti c , Italia, Thy S v lan rng ra Php ,Anh, H Lan,M
cho ti nay bo him tht nghip tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong h
thng An sinh x hi ca nhiu nc trong c Vit Nam.
Hin nay, ti cc nc pht trin bo him tht nghip c thc hin rng ri
vi nhng b lut quy nh kh ton vn v cht ch. Mi nc u c quy nh
ring v thc hin a trn nhng nguyn tc ca mnh. H thng bo him c
6

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

thc hin rng khp c nc ,qun l linh hot v nhiu loi hnh bo him p ng
nhu cu ca con ngi. Di y l mt s m hnh bo him tht nghip ti cc
nc pht trin.
1.1.Bo Him tht nghip ti c:
Ra i:
Bo him tht nghip c bt u thc hin ti c vo nm 1919 v chnh
thc ha bng mt b lut vo nm 1927, l mt cu thnh trong h thng
BHXH ca c bao gm bo him hu tr, BHYT, bo him tht nghip, bo
him tai nn v bo him chm sc. Bo him tht nghip l mt chng trnh
BHXH bt buc da trn s ng gp ti chnh ca ngi lao ng v ch s
dng lao ng. Nm 2003, t l ng gp bo him tht nghip l 6,5% lng
trong ngi lao ng ng 50%, ch s dng lao ng ng 50%..

STT Tiu ch
1

i
BHTN

tng

hng

Bo him tht nghip ti c

- l ngi b tht nghip tm thi< 65
tui
- - ng k ti c quan vic lm a
phng
- iu kin v thi gian lm vic v
ng bo him.
- Chng t c bn thn c n lc tm
vic
7

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

iu

kin

hng

BHTN

- C hp ng lao ng > 12 thng

trong mt giai on xem xt (3 nm
cui trc khi ng k tht nghip) tr
trng hp c bit v ng bo
him tht nghip bt buc.
- Do c th cng vic lm di 1 nm
cn 6 thng lm vic + ng BHTN

Mc hng ch
BHTN
( thu nhp t BHTN
khng phi np thu)

bt buc.
- 60% lng thc t sau khi tr i
cc khon ng gp bt buc (thu thu
nhp, ng gp BHXH, BHYT).
- TH c t nht mt tr ph thuc l
67%lng
- c ng BHYT trong qu y t cng,
v qu hu tr bt buc trong thi gian

Thi gian hng Ch

TN
- Khng c thi gian ch p dng trc
khi nhn phc li cho ngi tht
nghip.
- TG hng ph thuc vo thi gian lm
vic c ng bo him trc v tui
ngi L.

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Giai on khng
tiu chun hng v
mt quyn hng

- B tc quyn hng ch trong

vng 12 tun nu b chm dt hp
ng do li vi phm hp ng hoc sai
phm trong cng vic.
- Thi hn nh ch quyn hng ch
tng t cng c p dng nu ngi
tht nghip t chi nhn cng vic
c ngh bi c quan vic lm
hoc t chi tham gia cc chng trnh
o to.
- Nu ngi tht nghip tng b tc
quyn hng ch trong 12 tun v
nhn thng bo bng vn bn v
vn ny th quyn hng ch s
vnh vin b tc nu i tng vi
phm mt vn tng t.

S nh ch chi tr ch

- B ngng chi trong thi gian ngi tht

nghip nhn tin tr cp t cc ch
BHXH khc nh ch m au, lng hu.

1.2. Bo him tht nghip ti M:

Ra i
Bo him tht nghip l chng trnh nm trong Lut Bo him x hi ca
Hp chng quc Hoa K c thc hin t nm 1935, gm c: h thng ca
Lin bang v Tiu bang. H thng Lin bang quy nh chung, t cp Tiu
9

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

bang hng dn, qun l v thc hin chng trnh ca bang mnh. Vic qun l
v thc hin chng trnh bo him tht nghip cc Tiu bang cng khc
nhau. Mt s Tiu bang c mc h tr tht nghip kh cao, mt s Tiu bang li
c mc thp hn.
C th ni M l mt trong nhng quc gia c nhiu loi hnh bo him tht nghip
nht trn th gii tiu biu vi by loi hnh l : Bo him tht nghip trn din
rng ,bo him tht nghip dnh cho nhn vin lin bang, bo him tht nghip
dnh cho cu qun nhn,khon li ch m rng dnh cho cc khu vc c t l tht
nghip cao, h tr tht nghip do thin tai, ph cp nh hng thng mi, h tr
cho hot ng t doanh.
i tng c nhn bo him tht nghip
L nhng ngi b mt vic khng do li ca c nhn h. H vn ang c gng
tm kim vic lm, sn sng nhn cng vic mi v lun n lc nhm chm dt
tnh trng tht nghip. Nhng ngi ny s c h tr mt khon tin theo t l
nht nh so vi khon thu nhp c nhn trong nhng thi k c th.
Mc ch ca bo him tht nghip
- Ngn nga s bt n nh v kinh t, x hi; h tr, o to nhm gip ngi lao
ng c c hi tr li th trng lao ng, tm vic lm mi; tr cp tht nghip.
- Thay th mt phn thu nhp cho ngi lao ng b mt vic lm m khng phi
li ca h

10

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

C th nhn thy c vai tr v mc hiu qu ca bo him tht nghip i vi nn kinh t

M c bit l trong nhng giai on khng hong , tuy nhin bo him tht nghip tht s
cng bng cha ? Bi mi bang u c nhng ngun lut iu chnh bang, khin cho nhiu
ngi dn khng hi lng .H mong mun c mt mc tr cp thng nht trn c nc. Thm
vo , phn ln ngun tr cp tht nghip l t thu .i vi nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam
nu trng ch vo thu tr cp th c th s dn ti hu qu xu, khng mong mun.
Chng ta c th tham kho m hnh bo him tht nghip mi ChiLe .Mt quc gia ang pht
trin Nam M c nhiu s tng ng i vi VN hn..

2.Bo him tht nghip ti quc gia ang pht trin

2.1.Bo him tht nghip ChiLe:
Chile xy dng h thng bo him tht nghip (BHTN) t nm 1937, l nc
u tin Ty bn cu ci cch h thng Bo m x hi v l nc u tin trn
th gii thc hin ci cch theo ti khon u t c nhn. cng l mt con
ng mi ca mt nc u tin s dng ti khon ring trong h thng BHTN.
11

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

H thng BHTN chuyn i hin nay ca Chile bt u t thng 10/2002, c xy

dng trn c s s s hu ti khon c nhn cho tnh trng ngng vic v lm c s
cho vic chi tr.
Chng trnh BHTN mi s c ng gp nh sau: C quan qun l BHTN
s trch t thu lng ngi lao ng ng gp 0,6% tin lng ca h vo ti
khon ring ca ngi lao ng, ng thi ch s dng lao ng ng 2,4 vo ti
khon ring v ti khon chung (trong 1,6% vo ti khon ring ca ngi lao
ng v 0,8% vo ti khon chung). Mi ti khon ring s i din cho mt ngi
lao ng v ti khon ny s khng c rt ra, cho ti khi ngi lao ng ch ca
n b tht nghip hoc v hu. Ngi lao ng c th rt tin ngay khi h chm dt
cng vic hoc b cho ngh vic t cng vic cui cng ca h t ngun ti khon
ring. iu to cho ngi lao ng linh hot trong vic chuyn i ch lm vic.
iu kin v thi gian ng BHTN vn phi ko di 12 thng.
Thi gian ch i c nhn tin tht nghip l mt thng. Thi gian ny
c quy nh, nhm thc hin mt lot cc c trng ch nh nhm thc y s
cn thit tm vic lm mi. Thi gian ch i ny c coi nh thi gianng chi
tr trong hot ng bo him. Vic chi tr thng u tin ca ngi tht nghip
hon ton do ngi tht nghip t ngun tin ring. Mt thng ch i ny, ngi
lao ng phi tch cc thc hin cc k hoch ti ho nhp vic lm v BHTN
khng tr tin.
Thi gian hng tht nghip ko di nhiu nht l 5 thng, thng u s chi tr
50% t l tin lng (nhm hn ch s ko di ti a). Cc thng k tip s gim i
mi thng l 5% cho ti 30% vo thng th nm.
Ti khon BHTN l mt hnh thc ti chnh ca BHTN theo phng thc lp qu.
y, ngi ta cp n mt h thng ti khon c nhn, m ngi lao ng
ng gp phn ca mnh vo ti khon v cng s rt t ti khon ny tin tht

12

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

nghip trong trng hp b tht nghip. S d ti khon ng gp theo kiu tit

kim s c chi tr ton b vo cui cuc i lao ng ca h.
Bn cnh , Chnh ph cng lp ra mt ngun qu d tr cho nhng ngi lao
ng no, m ti khon tit kim c nhn ca h khng chi tr khi tht
nghip. H thng BHTN mi Chile, thc cht l k hoch tit kim bt buc, m
ngi lao ng nhn c li th ring do phng php ti chnh. Ngi lao
ng s c li nu h khng khi no b tht nghip. o ti chnh ca BHTN theo
phng thc tit kim c nhn nn to ng lc thc y cho ngi lao ng c
gng sm tm c vic lm mi.
H thng BHTN mi da vo h thng ti chnh lp qu c hiu qu hn hn so
vi h thng ti chnh ta chi - ta thu trc y. iu th hin r trong cc
ni dung qun l ti chnh ca chng trnh BHTN mi: vic thu v chi t cc ti
khon c nhn; cp nht cc thng tin thng xuyn, nu ngi lao ng chuyn
i ch s dng lao ng; tnh trng ti khon c nhn theo mc u t v s
theo di dng tin vo - ra ca qu chung.
Bi tt c nhng li ch m chnh sch mi trn ,c th ni y l m hnh ng
cho chng ta xem xt v hc tp.

III.

BO HIM THT NGHIP VIT NAM

1. Khi qut v bo him x hi Vit Nam

1.1 Cc loi hnh ca BHXH:
Theo quy nh ti iu l BHXH ban hnh theo quy nh s 12/CP ngy
26/01/1995 ca chnh ph quy nh BHXH nc ta bao gm 2 loi hnh BHXH
bt buc v BHXH t nguyn.
Mt quy nh mi ca Lut BHXH l vic hnh thnh Qu Bo him tht nghip
t nm 2009. Khi , ngi tht nghip ng bo him tht nghip 12 thng

13

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

tr ln trong thi gian 24 thng trc khi tht nghip s c hng bo him tht
nghip.
1.2 Cc ch BHXH:
Cc ch BHXH c th coi nh vic c th ha vic thc hin mc ch ca
BHXH m b lut lao ng nu r: nhm tng bc m rng v nng cao vic
m bo vt cht gp phn n nh i sng cho ngi lao ng v gia nh h
trong cc trng hp ngi lao ng gp cc ri ro bt ng. Do , s lng cc
ch d bo him x hi th hin mc m bo ca x hi vi i sng ngi lao
ng.
Hin nay nc ta c 5 ch BHXH p dng cho cc i tng bt buc sau:
- Tr cp m au
- Tr cp tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip
- Tr cp thai sn
- Ch hu tr
- Tin mai tng v ch tut.
BHXH t nguyn bao gm cc ch sau y
- Ch hu tr
- Tr cp t tut
BHXH tht nghip bao gm cc ch sau y
- Tr cp tht nghip
- H tr hc ngh
- H tr tm vic lm
1.3 Thc trng trin khai BHXH Vit Nam hin nay
Theo bo co kt qu 15 nm thc hin chnh sch BHXH, BHYT ca
BHXHVN, t nm 1995, thc hin i mi trong hot ng BHXH, BHYT, phm
vi, s lng i tng bt buc tham gia BHXH, BHYT theo qui nh ca php
lut tng bc c m rng n mi ngi lao ng trong cc thnh phn kinh
t, loi hnh BHYT t nguyn cng c php lut qui nh nhm tin ti
14

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

BHYT cho ton dn.Ngy 29 thng 6 nm 2006 lut BHXH c Quc hi kha
XI, k hp th 9 thng qua. y l o lut c hiu lc thi hnh kh c bit vi 3
thi im hiu lc khc nhau: t 01 -01 -2007 cho cc quy nh ca lut ni chung:
t 01-01-2008 cho ch bo him t nguyn v t 01-01-2009 cho ch bo
him tht nghip
Ch mt nm sau khi o lut c hiu lc, s i tng theo quy nh to khon
1 iu 2 ca Lut BHXH tng t 6.759.723 ngi nm 2006 ln 8.148.123 ngi
nm 2007 ( tng 20,7%). Trong lao ng cc c quan hnh chnh, s nghip
tng 4%: doanh nghip dn doanh tng 25,7%; doanh nghip c vn u t nc
ngoi tng 17,3%; doanh nghip nh nc ch tng 2%. Nh vy s lao ng tham
gia BHXH tng thm trong nm 2007 ch yu thuc khu vc ngoi quc doanh,
khu vc c vn u t nc ngoi v lc lng v trang.
n nm 2009, s ngi tham gia BHXH bt buc t hn 9,1 triu ngi. Bt
u thc hin t thng 1/2008, sau gn 2 nm trin khai thc hin, c trn 34
nghn ngi tham gia BHXH t nguyn v sau 1 nm trin khai thc hin, c
hn 5,41 triu ngi tham gia BHTN. Nm 2010, s ngi tham gia BHXH c
thc hin l 9,343 triu ngi, tng 6% so vi nm 2009. Tng t, s ngi tham
gia BHXH t nguyn nm 2010 c thc hin l 61.689 ngi, tng 49,8% so vi
nm 2009 (s liu ny nm 2009 l 41.193 ngi, gm c s BHXH nng dn
Ngh An chuyn sang). Cn vi bo him tht nghip, nm 2010 c s ngi tham
gia loi hnh bo him ny c thc hin l 7,055 triu ngi, tng 17,7% so vi
nm 2009 - nm u tin thc hin chnh sch bo him tht nghip. Theo bo co
ca BHXH Vit Nam, s n ng, chm ng BHXH tnh n ngy 31/12/2010 l
1.725,4 t ng, so vi nm 2009, s n BHXH gim 24,5%. Theo B Lao
ng, Thng binh v X hi, nm 2010 c quan BHXH tip nhn v gii quyt
ch cho 140.200 ngi hng BHXH hng thng (tng 12,7% so vi nm

15

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

2009); 666.227 ngi hng tr cp BHXH mt ln (tng 26,5% so vi nm 2009);

4.754.500 lt ngi hng ch m au, thai sn, dng sc - phc hi sc
khe (tng 11,5% so vi nm 2009)... Tng hp s liu nm 2010, chi BHXH bt
buc c thc hin l 65.844 t ng, tng 20% so vi nm 2009, do tng s ngi
hng ch v do iu chnh mc lng ti thiu chung ln 730.000 ng vo
thng 5/2010. c bit, nm 2010 cng l nm u tin thc hin chi tr tr cp
tht nghip. S ngi c quyt nh hng tr cp tht nghip l 156.765 (chim
96% s ngi np h s); s ngi c t vn gii thiu vic lm l 125.562
(chim 80% s ngi hng tr cp tht nghip). Cng trong nm 2010, s tin u
t trn c s s kt d nm 2009 l 95.163 t ng v u t mi trong nm l
36.450 t ng, s li u t thu c trong nm c l gn 9.600 t ng. Qu
BHXH cng sn sng p ng nhu cu vay vn b p bi chi ngn sch ca B
Ti chnh, ng thi hng nm lun dnh mt khon tin nht nh t 5.000 t
ng n 6.000 t ng tham gia mua tri phiu Chnh ph phc v cho s
nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc
Nhn chung, Lut BHXH quy nh c th v iu kin hng v mc hng
ca ngi lao ng trn c s thi gian ng BHXH, tui i, mc suy gim kh
nng lao ng, tnh cht cng vic v iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng. Cc
ch bo him c ci tin, hon thin v c quy nh r rng, ph hp vi
tnh hnh thc tin hn trc y. BHXH cc tnh thnh ph trc thuc trung ng
x l kh kp thi cc ch chnh sch theo cc quy nh ca lut.
Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng thnh cng t c, vn cn tn ti nhiu vng mc
:
* i vi BHXH bt buc: Bn cnh nhng chuyn bin tch cc, vic thc hin
Lut BHXH trong thi gian qua vn cn khng t kh khn, vng mc. Tnh trng
i tng tham gia BHXH l ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng khng

16

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

ng, ng khng ng thi gian, khng ng mc qui nh, ng khng s

ngi thuc din tham gia BHXH bt buc cn xy ra nhiu ni, hu nh a
phng no cng c. Tnh trng ng BHXH khng ng thi gian qui nh (chm
ng, n ng, n dy da ko di) cn din ra nhiu a phng, thm ch c
doanh nghip n tin BHXH ln n hng t ng trong thi gian vi ba nm. Mt
trong nhng tn ti ln nht trong vic thc hin nhng qui nh v BHXH hin
nay l cng tc qun l, c ch, chnh sch, ch ban hnh cha ng b,
chm c trin khai, hng dn. Nhn thc v BHXH ca ngi lao ng thuc
khu vc kinh t ngoi Nh nc cn hn ch, nhiu ch s dng lao ng v ngi
lao ng cha c nhn thc ng v BHXH. Chc nng kim tra, x l ca c
quan BHXH i vi nhng vi phm chnh sch BHXH ca ngi s dng lao ng
cn hn ch, ch ti x pht, tnh php ch cha c cao, do nhiu ch s
dng lao ng tm cch trnh n, khng thc hin BHXH cho ngi lao ng hoc
dy da chm np, n ng trong thi gian di nhng khng b x l.
*i vi BHXH t nguyn: Do thu nhp ca ngi lao ng l rt khc nhau nn
BHXH t nguyn kh trin khai hn so vi BHXH bt buc. V BHXH bt buc c
th thu ti c quan, doanh nghip cn bo him x hi t nguyn l phi thu ca
tng ngi mt. Do vic trin khai s tn rt nhiu chi ph. Thm na, liu
ngi dn c thc c ht li ch ca mnh khi ht tui lao ng hoc gp ri ro
trong cuc sng tch cc tham gia.Mt ci kh khc l BHXH t nguyn khc
vi cc loi hnh bo him kinh doanh khc l n khng c ph sn. V Nh
nc s phi bo m hot ng cho qu BHXH t nguyn v c th phi h tr
nhng khi cn thit.
2. Lut v chnh sch iu chnh vn bo him tht nghip:
Vn bo him tht nghip hin ang c iu chnh c bn bi Ngh nh
s 127/2008 N CP c Chnh ph ban hnh ngy 12/12/2008 quy nh chi tit

17

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo him x hi v bo him tht

nghip. Ngh nh ny:
Cn c Lut T chc Chnh ph ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2001;
Cn c Lut Bo him x hi ngy 29 thng 6 nm 2006;
Cn c B lut Lao ng ngy 23 thng 6 nm 1994; Lut sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca B lut Lao ng ngy 02 thng 4 nm 2002; Lut sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca B lut Lao ng ngy 29 thng 6 nm 2006;
Xt ngh ca B trng B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi,
Theo ngh nh ny :
Phm vi iu chnh :
Quy nh ti iu 1, Chng I , ngh nh ny hng dn thi hnh mt s iu
ca Lut Bo him x hi v i tng v phm vi p dng; quyn v trch
nhim ca cc bn tham gia bo him tht nghip; cc ch bo him tht
nghip; qu bo him tht nghip; th tc thc hin bo him tht nghip; khiu
ni t co v bo him tht nghip v mt s quy nh khc v bo him tht
nghip.
Ngi lao ng tham gia bo him tht nghip theo khon 3 iu 2 Lut
Bo him x hi :
Theo iu 2 chng I ngh nh ny, ngi lao ng tham gia bo him x hi
l :
L cng dn Vit Nam giao kt cc loi hp ng lao ng , hp ng lm
vic sau : Hp ng lao ng xc nh thi hn t mi hai thng n ba
mi su thng; Hp ng lao ng khng xc nh thi hn; Hp ng lm
vic xc nh thi hn t mi hai thng n ba mi su thng; Hp ng
lm vic khng xc nh thi hn, k c nhng ngi c tuyn dng vo lm
vic ti cc n v s nghip ca nh nc trc ngy Ngh nh s
116/2003/N-CP ngy 10 thng 10 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph quy nh v tuyn
dng, s dng v qun l cn b, cng chc trong cc n v s nghip nh
nc.
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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Ngi ang hng lng hu, tr cp mt sc lao ng hng thng c giao

kt hp ng lao ng, hp ng lm vic vi ngi s dng lao ng quy nh
ti iu 3 Ngh nh ny theo cc loi hp ng quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny
khng thuc i tng tham gia BHTN.
Ngi s dng lao ng tham gia bo him x hi: L ngi s dng lao
ng c s dng t mi 10 ngi lao ng tr ln ti cc c quan, n v,
t chc, doanh nghip : n v Nh nc; t chc chnh tr x hi; doanh
nghip thnh lp theo lut Doanh nghip, lut u t; cc hp tc x thnh
lp theo lut Hp tc x; cc h kinh doanh c th; cc doanh nghip nc
ngoi hot ng trn lnh th Vit nam c s dng lao ng l ngi Vit
Nam.
iu kin hng bo him tht nghip:
c quy nh ti iu 15 chng III, cn c theo iu 81 Lut Bo him x
hi, iu kin c hng BHTN: ng bo him tht nghip mi hai
thng tr ln trong vng hai mi bn thng trc khi b mt vic lm hoc
chm dt hp ng lao ng; ng k vi c quan lao ng khi b mt vic
lm, chm dt hp ng lao ng hoc hp ng lm vic; Cha tm c vic
lm sau mi lm ngy k t ngy ng k vi c quan lao ng
Mc tr cp v thi gian hng tr cp:
Quy nh ti iu 16 chng III:
Mc tr cp tht nghip hng thng bng 60% mc bnh qun tin lng, tin
cng thng ng bo him tht nghip ca su thng lin k trc khi b mt
vic lm hoc chm dt hp ng lao ng
Thi gian hng tr cp tht nghip hng thng ph thuc vo thi gian lm
vic c ng bo him tht nghip ca ngi lao ng v tng thi gian c

19

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

hng tr cp tht nghip hng thng c thc hin theo quy nh ti khon 2
iu 82 ca Lut Bo him x hi : 03 thng, nu c t 12 n di 36 thng
ng BHTN; 06 thng, nu c t 36 n di 72 thng ng BHTN; 09
thng, nu c t 72 n di 144 thng ng BHTN; 12 thng, nu c t
mt 144 thng ng BHTN tr ln.
H tr hc ngh v h tr tm vic lm
Theo iu 17, Chng III, vic t chc thc hin h tr hc ngh cho ngi lao
ng ang hng tr cp tht nghip do c quan lao ng thc hin thng qua
cc c s dy ngh. Mc h tr hc ngh bng mc chi ph hc ngh ngn hn
theo quy nh ca php lut v dy ngh. Thi gian c h tr hc ngh khng
qu 6 thng tnh t ngy ngi lao ng c hng tr cp tht nghip hng
thng.
iu 18, Chng III quy nh , vic t chc thc hin h tr t vn, gii thiu
vic lm min ph cho ngi lao ng c hng tr cp tht nghip do c
quan lao ng thc hin thng qua cc trung tm gii thiu vic lm. Thi gian
c h tr t vn, gii thiu vic lm tnh t ngy ngi lao ng c hng
tr cp tht nghip hng thng v khng qu tng thi gian m ngi lao ng
c hng tr cp theo quy nh ti khon 2 iu 82 ca Lut BHXH.
Thi im hng v thi gian ng bo him tht nghip:
iu 20,chng III quy nh, Ngi lao ng khi c iu kin hng BHTN
th c hng cc ch bo BHTN tnh t ngy th 16 k t ngy ng k
Thi gian ng bo him tht nghip quy nh trong Ngh nh ny xt
hng bo him tht nghip l tng cc khong thi gian ng bo him tht
nghip c cng dn t khi bt u ng bo him tht nghip cho n khi
ngi lao ng b mt vic lm hoc chm dt hp ng lao ng theo quy nh
20

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

ca php lut lao ng hoc chm dt hp ng lm vic theo quy nh ca

php lut v cn b, cng chc m cha hng tr cp tht nghip.
Tm dng hng tr cp tht nghip
Theo iu 22, chng III, ngi lao ng ang hng tr cp tht nghip hng
thng s b tm dng hng tr cp tht nghip khi khng thng bo hng thng
vi c quan lao ng v vic tm kim vic lm hoc ang b tm giam.
Vic tip tc hng tr cp tht nghip hng thng s c thc hin vo thng
tip theo khi ngi lao ng vn trong khong thi gian hng tr cp tht
nghip v tip tc thc hin thng bo hng thng vi c quan lao ng v vic
tm kim vic lm hoc sau thi gian tm giam, ngi lao ng vn trong
khong thi gian hng tr cp tht nghip.
Chm dt hng tr cp tht nghip:
iu 23, Chng III, ngi ang hng tr cp tht nghip b chm dt hng
tr cp tht nghip trong cc trng hp sau: ht thi hn hng tr cp tht
nghip; c vic lm; thc hin ngha v qun s; hng lng hu; sau hai ln
t chi nhn vic lm do t chc bo him x hi gii thiu m khng c l do
chnh ng; khng thng bo v tnh hnh vic lm vi t chc BHXH trong ba
thng lin tc; ra nc ngoi nh c; chp hnh quyt nh p dng bin
php x l hnh chnh ti trng gio dng, c s gio dc, c s cha bnh
hoc chp hnh hnh pht t nhng khng c hng n treo; b cht.
Ngun hnh thnh Qu bo him tht nghip
Theo iu 25, Chng IV, Ngun hnh thnh Qu bo him tht nghip do:
Ngi lao ng ng bng 1% tin lng, tin cng thng ng BHTN, ngi
s dng lao ng ng bng 1% qu tin lng, tin cng thng ng BHTN

21

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

ca nhng ngi lao ng tham gia BHTN, Nh nc h tr t ngn sch bng

1% qu tin lng, tin cng thng ng BHTN ca nhng ngi lao ng
tham gia BHTN v mi nm chuyn mt ln.
Ngoi ra qu BHTN cn t tin sinh li ca hot ng u t qu v cc ngun
thu hp php khc.
Vic ng k v thng bo v tm vic lm vi c quan lao ng
Theo iu 34, chng IV, Trong thi hn 7 ngy lm vic, k t ngy b mt
vic lm hoc chm dt hp ng lao ng hoc hp ng lm vic, ngi lao
ng phi n c quan lao ng ng k. Trong thi gian ang hng tr cp
tht nghip, hng thng, ngi tht nghip phi n thng bo vi c quan lao
ng v vic tm kim vic lm.
Ngoi ra ngh nh cn nu r v:Cc ch BHTN; Th tc thc hin BHTN;
Khiu ni t co v BHTN; Cc iu khon thi hnh.
3. Thc trng trin khai bo him tht nghip:
3.1. Tnh hnh thu tin BHTN:
Theo quy nh ti iu 140 ca Lut Bo him x hi th bo him tht nghip c
hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2009. Sau 2 nm thc hin bo him tht nghip
bc u t c nhng kt qu kh quan, theo BHXH Vit Nam nm 2010 c
7.054.962 ngi tham gia BHTN, tng 17,7% so vi nm 2009 v s thu t 4.864
t ng tng 27,9% so vi nm 2009, a tng qu bo him tht nghip ln 8.200
t ng.
Theo B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi n ht nm 2010, c 145.519 ngi
tht nghip c quyt nh hng tr cp tht nghip thng xuyn; 2.772 ngi
tht nghip c quyt nh hng BHTN 1 ln; 114.809 ngi c t vn gii
thiu vic lm; 243 ngi c tr cp hc ngh, phn no gim i gnh nng
22

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

v gii quyt tht nghip cho Nh nc, gp phn m bo an sinh x hi, to c

lng tin cho ngi lao ng khi tham gia BHTN. Tuy nhin, so vi s tham gia
BHXH, BHYT bt buc hin nay l hn 9,3 triu ngi, th s ngi tham gia
BHTN nu trn l cn qu khim tn, cha tng xng vi tim nng ca n, mt
b phn ngi lao ng cha c m bo y quyn li ca mnh. Hn na,
bn cnh nhng kt qu t c, thc t cn c nhng kh khn, nhiu bt cp
pht sinh:
Cc ch s dng lao ng n trnh ng bo him tht nghip cho ngi lao
ng:
Khc vi BHXH, BHYT ch c ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng tham
gia th BHTN c s chia s ca Nh nc bng vic h tr 1% qu tin lng,
tin cng hng thng. So vi BHXH, ch s dng lao ng phi ng 16% th
ngha v ng gp ca BHTN l khng ln, doanh nghip ch trch 1% qu tin
lng, tin cng/thng. Song vi nhng n v kh khn, n ng BHXH ko
di, vic hng thng phi trch thm 1 khon chi ph na ng cho NL l
mt vn ln. Ngoi ra, mc d c tuyn truyn nhng nhiu ch s
dng lao ng vn cha hiu r quy nh ca php lut v BHTN, c tm l
ngi tip xc vi cc th tc hnh chnh, vn cn tnh trng doanh nghip n
tin ng BHTN. C n v khng ng k tham gia bo him tht nghip cho
mt s ngi lao ng vi l do n v s dng lao ng t coi ngi lao ng
l cng chc hoc n v s nghip khng thc hin ch Hp ng lm
vic m vn duy tr hnh thc quyt nh tuyn dng, t coi s lao ng c
tuyn dng l cng chc nn khng ng bo him tht nghip.
Ngi lao ng thiu thng tin v thi quen ch lo mu sinh trc mt:

23

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Lao ng Vit nam phn ln l lao ng trnh trung bnh thp t c iu kin
c tip cn vi thng tin nn khng bit s xut hin ca cc chnh sch ca
Chnh ph, khng bit nhng quyn li v ngha v ca mnh. Hn na, h
khng c ch s dng to iu kin tip cn y cc chnh sch v
BHTN. iu ny cng to iu kin cho cc ch doanh nghip c nhng hnh vi
n trnh, khng m bo quyn li cho ngi lao ng.
Mt khc, mt b phn ngi lao ng c tm l khng thch tham gia BHTN,
bi theo h trong iu kin gi c ngy cng tng, thu nhp khng tng, nn
khng mun ng lng ca mnh b hao ht. Trn thc t, nhiu lao ng vn
nhm ln mc ch ca bo him tht nghip vi tr cp mt vic lm hoc c
ni lao ng tham gia 12 thng bo him tht nghip xin ngh vic
c hng tr cp tht nghip, sau khi ly c tin xin tr li lm vic.
3.2. Tnh hnh chi tin BHTN:
Theo thng k bo co ca S Lao ng Thng binh v x hi, tnh n ngy
1/3/2011: S lng ng k tht nghip: TP. H Ch Minh l 59.142 ngi, Bnh
Dng 56.676 ngi, ng Nai 25.403 ngi, H Ni 4.192 ngi, Ph Th 1.104
ngi. S ngi hng tr cp tht nghip: TP. H Ch Minh 50.148, Bnh Dng
31.140, ng Nai 16.186, H Ni 3.910, Ph Th 821. S tin chi tr cp tht
nghip: 210.974 triu ng, Bnh Dng 95.606 triu ng, ng Nai 54.524 triu
ng, H Ni 17.768 triu ng, Ph Th 2.463 triu ng. S tin chi hc ngh:
H Ch Minh 65 triu ng, Bnh Dng 10 triu, ng ng Nai 1 triu ng, H
Ni 57 triu ng. Theo bo co ca cc a phng v tnh hnh tip nhn v gii
quyt cc ch bo him tht nghip trn ton quc, n ht thng 2/2011 c ti
225.675 s ngi ng k, v 176.894 ngi c quyt nh c hng bo
him tht nghip. Nm 2010, qu bo him tht nghip chi tr trn 550 t ng.

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Nh vy, so vi thi gian u nm 2010, mt s kh khn, vng mc trong

vic thc hin gii quyt, chi tr ch bo him tht nghip nh: tip nhn khi
lng ln h s, tr quyt nh hng tr cp tht nghip thng tr hn, ngi lao
ng phi i li nhiu ln phn no c ci thin. Tuy nhin, theo phn nh
ca cc a phng th thi gian u nm 2011 lng lao ng ng k hng tr
cp tht nghip tng nhanh, trong ngi hng mc tr cp cao (trn 5 triu
ng/thng) ang c chiu hng tng. Th trng lao ng pha Nam pht trin
mnh, lun bin ng, s lng lao ng chuyn vic, ngh vic, tha thun chm
dt hp ng lao ng sau 12 thng hng tr cp tht nghip kh ln. xut
hin tnh trng tht nghip o, mc d ang trong thi gian hng tr cp tht
nghip nhng thc t vn ang lm vic ti doanh nghip khc, khng khai bo cho
c quan lao ng. Hoc tha thun chm dt hp ng lao ng, sau t thng li
quay tr li doanh nghip c lm vic. S lng ngi tht nghip c nhu cu
hc ngh rt t, nguyn nhn do thi gian hc ngh khng c tin sinh hot, danh
mc hc ngh cha p ng c nhu cu. c bit cc tnh, thnh ph khu vc
pha Nam vic lm di do, tnh trng tuyn dng trc tip ti doanh nghip trn
lan, nhng ngi lao ng c t tng ngh ngi, hng tr cp tht nghip sau
i lm nn t c nhu cu t vn hoc hc ngh. Thi hn ng k tht nghip
trong 7 ngy l qu ngn, gy sc p v thi gian cho c ngi lao ng, c quan
BHXH v Trung tm gii thiu vic lm. Mt khc, n v s dng lao ng cha
tun th ng quy nh php lut lao ng, c tnh chm tr trong qu trnh hon
thin h s, giy t ca ngi lao ng hoc tnh trng n ng BHXH, BHTN lm
kh khn cho vic cht s BHXH.
3.3.Tnh hnh gii thiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng tht nghip hng
BHTN:

25

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Theo thng t 32 do B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi ban hnh ngy

25/10/2010 , Ngi lao ng ang hng tr cp tht nghip c Trung tm Gii
thiu vic lm t vn, gii thiu vic lm min ph. Vic h tr tm vic lm phi
ph hp vi trnh o to, kinh nghim lm vic ca ngi lao ng. Thi gian
ngi lao ng ang hng tr cp tht nghip c Trung tm Gii thiu vic lm
h tr t vn, gii thiu vic lm tnh t ngy ngi lao ng c hng tr cp
tht nghip hng thng v khng qu tng thi gian m ngi lao ng c
hng tr cp tht nghip theo quyt nh ca Gim c S Lao ng-Thng binh
v X hi.
Theo thng k n ht ngy 31/12/2010 ca Tng cc thng k cho , lc lng
lao ng trong tui ca nc ta nm 2010 khong 46,21 triu ngi, tng 2,12%
so vi nm 2009. Tuy nhin, t l tht nghip nm 2010 l 2,88%, gim 0,02% so
vi 2009. Trong , t l tht nghip khu vc thnh th nm 2010 l 4,43%, gim
0,17%. T l tht nghip khu vc nng thn l 2,27%, tng 0,02% so vi nm
2009. Tnh n ngy 1/3/2011, theo kho st chng trnh phi hp gia Cc Vic
lm (B LTBXH) v Ban Thc hin chnh sch BHXH (BHXH Vit Nam) kho
st tnh hnh thc hin ch bo him tht nghip (BHTN) tin hnh kho st
ti 5 tnh, thnh ph: H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, Ph Th v H Ni,S
lt ngi c t vn, gii thiu vic lm: TP. H Ch Minh 11.733 ngi, Bnh
Dng 30.241 ngi, ng Nai 11.217 ngi, H Ni 3.693 ngi, Ph Th 3.291
ngi.
Kt qu cho thy, s ngi c t vn gii thiu vic lm cc tnh c s khc
nhau, TP H Ch Minh bnh qun 5 lt ngi/1 ln t vn, ring Ph Th ln ti 1
lt ngi c 3 ln t vn. Bn cnh , c nhng kh khn trong vic gii thiu
vic lm nh: Trung tm gii thiu vic lm mng, trang thit b phc v cng tc
cn thiu, chuyn mn, nghip v v hot ng t vn, gii thiu vic lm cha c

26

Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

chuyn ngnh o to, th trng lao ng ca a phng v c nc cha pht

trin y v cha c c s d liu thng tin cho th trng lao ng.
3.4. Tnh hnh h tr o to hc ngh cho ngi lao ng hng BHTN:
Theo PGS-TS Dng c Ln, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Dy ngh, nm
2010 c nc c 90 trng C ngh, 270 trng trung cp ngh v 750 trung tm
dy ngh. Trong , 50% s trng C ngh, trung cp ngh c kim nh v
cng nhn cc iu kin m bo cht lng.Trong khi , i ng gio vin dy
ngh hin nay rt thiu v yu. V c s vt cht, cn khong 20% s phng hc v
30% s xng thc hnh l nh cp 4; v trang thit b th ch c khong 25% s
trng c trang b thit b mi mc cng ngh kh. Nhu cu hc ngh v s
ngi c h tr hc ngh cc tnh, thnh ph cng l kh khim tn, cha
tng xng vi mc tiu ca chnh sch h tr. Tiu biu nh S ngi c h tr
hc ngh: TP. H Ch Minh 44 ngi, Bnh Dng 8 ngi, ng Nai 01 ngi,
H Ni 33 ngi. S tin chi hc ngh: H Ch Minh 65 triu ng, Bnh Dng
10 triu, ng ng Nai 1 triu ng, H Ni 57 triu ng. iu ny dn ti tnh
trng chung l o to khng khp vi nhu cu, v cc doanh nghip vn phi o
to li.
Nh vy vic o to ngh nh th no cho cht lng v ph hp vi nhu cu ca
cc doanh nghip lun l vn rt cn quan tm, nht l i vi cc i tng lao
ng ang hng tr cp tht nghip, h sn sng tm c cng vic mi m
khng b p lc ti tht nghip.
IV. NGUYN NHN, GII PHP CHO VNG MC HIN TI V
HNG PHT TRIN CHO BHTN TRONG THI GIAN TI.
1.Nguyn nhn ca vng mc gp phi
1.1. thc ca ngi lao ng cng nh ngi s dng lao ng cha cao:

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Trc ht tm l ca ngi lao ng l khng mun b tin ra ng gp bt k

khon g, khng mun tham gia v ngi nhng th tc phin h...
Hin tng cn rt nhiu doanh nghip cng nh ngi lao ng khng chu ng
bo him tht nghip l do h rt bn khon v 3 cu hi:
Th 1 : Khi tht nghip s phi n u nhn tin tr cp.
Th 2 : Th tc ng k kh phin h.
Th 3 : Nhiu lao ng cn t ra ch quan khi nhn nh rng nhng g h nhn
c t bo him tht nghip l qu phin phc v t c tm l l th tranh th
i kim vic khc tt hn.
l ngi lao ng cn ngi s dng lao ng th ta thy rng trong iu
kin cnh tranh rt gay gt, trong iu kin hi nhp m nc ta hu ht l doanh
nghip nh v va, th bt k mt s gia tng chi ph u vo no d l nh cng s
gy nh hng sng cn n hot ng, s sng ca doanh nghip. V th xy ra
hin tng chy trong vic ng bo him tht nghip cc doanh nghip, c
bit l doanh nghip va v nh.
1.2. Cc c quan hu quan n y trch nhim cho nhau
Quy nh ca Lut v Bo him tht nghip nu: trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy
mt vic, chm dt hp ng lao ng, ngi lao ng phi ng k tht nghip;
15 ngy sau , ngi lao ng phi np h s hng tr cp tht nghip. Nh
vy ch trong vng 22 ngy ngi lao ng phi hon tt h s, nu khng s b t
chi hng tr cp tht nghip. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi lao ng cho hay ni h
lm vic c tnh gy kh khn trong vic cht s bo him x hi.vic cht s bo
him x hi cho ngi tht nghip gp nhiu vng mc. Nhiu ngi d
ng k t sm nhng cha c cht s l do cc doanh nghip lm th tc cht
s khng ng quy trnh, nhm ln thng tin ca h. H s c gi ln, Bo him

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

x hi r sot thy sai phi gi tr li doanh nghip lm li. Vic ny s khin

nhiu ngi lao ng tht nghip khng th nhn c tr cp ng hn.
C quan chc nng lng tng tha nhn c nhiu vng mc pht sinh t
thc t m h cha lng ht c. n c, trong trng hp doanh nghip n bo
him tht nghip t 3 thng tr ln th ngi lao ng khng c cht s bo him
x hi, v nh vy s khng c nhn tr cp tht nghip. Li y l ca ch
doanh nghip, nhng thit hi li thuc v ngi lao ng. V c quan chc nng
th cha bit x l ra sao.
Tng t, doanh nghip c ch b trn cng khng bit phi gii quyt
quyn li cho ngi lao ng ra sao. Nu doanh nghip khng hp tc trong vic
cht s bo him x hi cho ngi lao ng ng hn th c quan chc nng cng
cha bit phi p dng bin php hu hiu no.
1.3. Tnh a dng ca th trng lao ng ny sinh cc trng hp kh
gii quyt:
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tht nghip cn do nhng ngi lao ng
lm nhng cng vic mang tnh cht ma cht ma v, nhng lng ngh truyn
thng. Tin lng ca h cng ph thuc vo sn lng t hng cng nh thi v
trong nm do vic tnh ton tin lng chnh xc tnh ph bo him cng
khng th r rng c. l cha k, mc lun chuyn, di di lao ng
nhiu cng ty phi n 50% mi nm khin vic theo di, cht s bo him rt
phc tp.
2. Nhng gii php g cc vng mc hin nay
Bo him tht nghip l mt bin php h tr ngi lao ng trong th
trng lao ng. Thng qua cc hot ng o to ngh, t vn, gii thiu vic
lm, sm a nhng lao ng tht nghip tr li lm vic. ng thi, n cng h
tr mt khon tin m bo n nh cuc sng cho NL trong thi gian mt vic.

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

Bo him tht nghip l mt loi hnh bo him tin b khng ch c ngha h tr

ngi lao ng khi mt vic lm m cn c gi tr n nh kinh t - x hi i vi
x hi, t nc. V vy, chnh sch BHTN thc s pht huy vai tr, thu ht
ng o ngi lao ng cng nh ch s dng lao ng tham gia, trong thi gian
ti, cn c nhng gii php g nhng vng mc nh sau :
Mt l, tng cng tuyn truyn chnh sch v BHTN n tn ch s dng
lao ng v ngi lao ng thng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng, hi
tho, ta m, ph bin chnh sch cc doanh nghip s dng nhiu lao ng v
cc khu cng nghip nhm nng cao nhn thc ca ch s dng lao ng cng nh
bn thn ngi lao ng v chnh sch BHTN, quy trnh th tc tham gia, cc ch
th hng BHTN nh h tr hc ngh, h tr tm vic lm, bo him y t
Hai l, y mnh s phi hp gia ngnh Lao ng Thng binh v X
hi v ngnh Bo him x hi nhm tho g nhng vng mc trong qu trnh thc
hin nh ban hnh vn bn hng dn kp thi, ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t, xc
nh i tng ng BHTN, xc nh r nhng ngi c vic lm thi hng tr
cp tht nghip. ng thi, tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra ca ngnh v
lin ngnh, kin quyt x l nhng doanh nghip c tnh try , trn ng BHTN
hoc nhng trng hp doanh nghip, ngi lao ng c hin tng gian ln trong
th hng ch BHTN.
Ba l, cn pht huy vai tr ca t chc cng on trong vic bo v quyn li
cho ngi lao ng cng vi s phi hp ca cc cp, cc ngnh trong vic tuyn
truyn chnh sch v BHTN cng nh gim st vic thc hin BHTN.
Bn l, v pha ngi lao ng cn ch ng tm hiu nm c chnh sch
BHTN, tch cc tham gia cc cuc hi tho, to m hoc ph bin chnh sch v

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

BHTN yu cu v quyn li tham gia BHTN khi k kt hp ng vi ch s

dng lao ng, bit c quy trnh, th tc khi th hng ch BHTN.
3. nh hng pht trin BHTN trong thi gian ti:
Bo him tht nghip l mt loi hnh bo him tin b khng ch c ngha
h tr ngi lao ng khi mt vic lm m cn c gi tr n nh kinh t - x hi
i vi x hi, t nc. Trn th gii, bo him tht nghip pht trin khi kinh t
th trng pht trin. Khi , th trng lao ng pht trin mnh th kh nng ri
ro tht nghip ln. Bo him tht nghip ch c ngha tr cp cho ngi lao ng
mang tnh ngn hn. i tng ca bo him tht nghip tng i hp, l nhng
ngi c vic lm, c quan h lao ng (c hp ng lao ng vi ngi s
dng lao ng) v ng bo him tht nghip th khi mt vic lm s c hng
ch bo him tht nghip. Th trng lao ng Vit Nam hin mi hnh thnh
v cn trong giai on pht trin thp nn nu p dng bo him tht nghip m
khng c tnh kh thi th s lm mt i ngha x hi ca loi hnh bo him ny.
Trong trng hp xy ra tht nghip hng lot do bin ng v chin tranh,
khng hong kinh t, thin taith cn phi c thm gi ca Nh nc v lc
qu bo him tht nghip s khng kham ni. Khng ch c nh nc bn thn chi
ph u vo ca cc doanh nghip hin nay cng tng do gi hng ho trn th
trng hnh thnh mt mt bng gi cao. Trong khi , trong bi cnh cnh
tranh v hi nhp th cn phi c gii php gim chi ph u vo nn nhiu doanh
nghip vn lo ngi nu p dng chnh sch bo him tht nghip, y l bi ton
ca bo him tht nghip m hin cha c bi gii no thu o. V th, cc c
quan hu quan nn c bit ch trng vo mng o to ngh v gii thiu vic lm
mi cho ngi tht nghip hn l tnh ton n s tin ng v hng.
i vi cc nc pht trin, h thng bo him tht nghip c coi l mt
cng c hp th sc t ng cho nn kinh t. Ngha l khi kinh t pht trin mnh

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

v t l tht nghip gim, dng tin chy vo qu cao hn dng tin chi tr ra, cho
nn s lm gim bt tng cu. Ngc li khi kinh t suy thoi, ngi tht nghip
c nhn tin t qu va gim bt kh khn cho h, va ngn khng tng cu
gim qu nhanh.
im c bit ca c ch ny so vi cc gi kch thch ti chnh l n
c lut ho v vn hnh khng cn c quan lp php cho php na, do vy n c
tnh t ng v rt kp thi. tng cng hiu lc ca c ch hp th sc t ng
ny, c xut thay i mc ng gp vo qu v mc chi tr t qu tu thuc
vo tnh hnh kinh t. V d khi kinh t tng trng nng, ph bo him t ng
c nng ln, va gip s tin trong qu tng ln nhanh hn, va gim bt nhu
cu thu nhn cng ca cc doanh nghip v h nhit nn kinh t. Khi kinh t suy
thoi, s tin chi tr t qu cho ngi tht nghip c tng ln, kch thch tng
cu mnh hn. Thm vo , thi gian c hng bo him tht nghip c th
c ko di ra trong giai on suy thoi, v lc ny kh nng tm vic mi s kh
hn bnh thng.
V vy, BHTN tht s mang ngha x hi ca n, v lm cng c c lc
cho nn kinh t. ng v Nh nc cn ch trng vo o to ngh , tp trung nng
cao c v c s vt cht v cht lng cho cc trung tm, c s dy ngh. Bn cnh
, cn c s hp tc v ng gp ca nhiu thnh phn kinh t: cc doanh nghip
hay t chc chnh ph, cc doanh nghip t nhn, cc t chc phi chnh ph, hp
tc x nng nghip, v.v. Cc t chc ny c bn phn tham gia ng gp vo cc
qu, thu gom tin ng vo qu tht nghip ca lao ng v np v bo co cho cc
qu bo him tht nghip ca chnh ph trung ng v a phng. Cc bo co
chnh xc s gip ngi b mt vic c hng tin tht nghip xng ng vi sc
lao ng v s ng gp ca h v gip trnh vic tr tin tht nghip sai st v
lm dng BHTN ca cc thnh phn khng ng gp khc.

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

KT LUN
Bi lun trn ca chng em trnh by c mt phn no v cc kha cnh
cng nh thc trng ca bo him tht nghip , t chng ta c ci nhn khch
quan hn v Bo him tht nghip , c bit l ti cc nc ang pht trin nh
Vit Nam. Bo Him tht nghip tht s tr thnh cng c c lc trong tay nh
nc gp phn iu tit cc vn ny sinh trong x hi : vn vic lm , tht
nghip , ..m bo an sinh x hi , hng ti mt t nc pht trin ton vn v
bn vng v tt c mi mt , gp phn y nhanh qu trnh CNH_HH theo nh
hng x hi ch ngha ca Vit Nam.
Bo him tht nghip c c nhng thnh tu nht nh k t khi c
nh nc ta ban b v c hiu lc, song vn mc phi nhng tr ngi nht nh .
Chnh v iu , nh nc ta cn c nhng chnh sch ng b, nht qun, r rng
hng dn nhn dn thc hin, t c s ng thun t cc cp chnh quyn
n nhn dn, trnh cc tnh trng km hiu bit ca nhn dn v bo him tht
nghip , hay chnh sch qu lng lo, khng linh hot, quan chc ca quyn khng
gii quyt cho dn ........ hng ti mt i sng x hi vn minh, tin b hn,
gip t nc ta thot ngho kh, hi nhp cng bn b nm chu.
Do thi gian nghin cu v nng lc bn thn cn hn ch, nn bi vit ca
nhm khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhm chng em mong nhn c s
gp chn thnh t pha c gio v ton th bn c bi vit c hon thin
hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n!

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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Kinh T Cng Cng , tp 1 , nh xut bn Thng K , H Ni ,
2005
2. Bo Co pht trin th gii nm 2003 , NXB. Chnh Tr Quc Gia ,
3. Ngn hng th gii 2003, ci thin cc dch v phc v ngi ngho ( bo
co pht trin th gii 2004) , NXB. Chnh Tr Quc Gia
4 .Gp phn i mi v hon thin chnh sch m bo x hi nc ta hin nay,
Minh Cng v Mc Quang Tin , NXB. Chnh Tr Quc Gia .
4. Gio trnh Kinh T Pht Trin (2005), i Hc Kinh T Quc Dn, NXB.
Thng K.
5.Thng t 13/2009/TT-BLTBXH,ca B Lao ng , Thng Binh v X Hi.
6.Ngh nh 127/2008/N-CP v Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s
iu ca Lut Bo him x hi v bo him tht nghip.
7.Thng t 32/2010/TT-BLTBXH,ca B Lao ng , Thng Binh v X Hi.

Cc ti liu mng :
Cng thng tin ca B Lao ng Thng Binh v X Hi :
www.molisa.gov.vn
(http://www.molisa.gov.vn/others/baohiemtn/tabid/203/language/viVN/Default.aspx )
http://www.thuvienphapluat.vn/default.aspx?CT=NW&NID=20922
http://www.vieclamvietnam.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3ntr%E1%BB%8B/Th
%C3%B4ngtinti%E1%BB%87n%C3%ADch/Tint%E1%BB
%A9c/tabid/82/CatID/43/ContentID/1522/Default.aspx
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Tiu lun mn KTCC: Bo him tht nghip Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

http://www.baoviet.com.vn/newsdetail.asp?
websiteId=1&newsId=967&catId=199&lang=VN
http://www.baohiemxahoi.gov.vn/?

u=nws&su=d&cid=253&id=1685
http://vneconomy.vn/20110401073418929P0C5/thanh-cong-bat-

ngo-cua-bao-hiem-that-nghiep.htm
http://www.bsc.com.vn/News/2010/12/31/128198.aspx
http://vietbao.vn/Giao-duc/Ca-nuoc-co-hon-1.000-truong-day-

nghe-vao-nam-2010/70076752/202/
http://www.vibonline.com.vn/vi- VN/Drafts/ArticleDetails.aspx?
ArticleID=74
http://www.molisa.gov.vn/news/detail/tabid/75/newsid/52535/se

o/Hon-61-000-nguoi-tham-gia-bao-hiem-xa-hoi-tunguyen/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx
http://www.tin247.com/ca_nuoc_co_gan_9_trieu_nguoi_tham_

gia_bhxh_bat_buoc-1-21534526.html
http://luatvachinhsach.drdvietnam.com/lao-dong/bao-hiem-xa-

hoi/260-huong-dan-1-so-dieu-cua-luat-bhxh-ve-bh-thatnghiep.html
http://www.baohiemxahoi.gov.vn/?

u=nws&su=d&cid=253&id=1685

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