Professional Documents
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Financial Analysis: The Big Picture: Study Objectives
Financial Analysis: The Big Picture: Study Objectives
SO
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Item
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Questions
1.
6.
11.
16.
20.
2.
7.
4, 5
12.
17.
21.
AP
3.
8.
4, 5
13.
18.
22.
4.
9.
4, 5
AP
14.
19.
23.
AN
5.
AP
10.
15.
Brief Exercises
1.
AP
4.
AP
7.
AP
10.
AP
13.
AN
2.
AP
5.
AP
8.
AP
11.
AN
14.
AN
3.
6.
AP
9.
AP
12.
AN
15.
AN
AP
2.
AP
3.
AP
4.
37
Exercises
1.
2.
1, 2,
6
AP
C
3.
AP
6.
4, 5
AP
9.
AP
11.
AP
4.
AP
7.
AP
10.
AP
12.
AP
5.
4, 5
AP
8.
AP
4.
AN
5.
4.
AN
5.
Problems: Set A
1.
5, 6
AN
2.
AP
3.
AN
Problems: Set B
1.
5, 6
AN
2.
AP
3.
AN
13-1
Description
Difficulty
Level
Time
Allotted (min.)
1A
Simple
2030
2A
Simple
2030
3A
Simple
2030
4A
Moderate
3040
5A
Moderate
5060
1B
Simple
2030
2B
Simple
2030
3B
Simple
2030
4B
Moderate
3040
5B
Moderate
5060
13-2
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1.
Sustainable income is defined as the most likely level of income to be obtained in the future. It is
the amount of regular income that a company can expect to earn from its normal operations.
In order to distinguish a companys net income from its sustainable income, irregular items, such
as a once-in-a lifetime gain or discontinued operations, are reported separately on the income
statement.
2.
Items (a) and (f) are extraordinary items; item (h) is debatable.
3.
This would not be considered a favorable trend for Duncan Inc. The relevant earnings per share
figures are the $3.26 in 2011 and the $2.99 in 2012. These figures indicate that, unless there was
a sale of common stock, the earnings from the continuing operations of the company decreased
during 2012. This should give the companys management some concern because they will not
always be able to count on revenue or gains from irregular items.
4.
Companies report a change from FIFO to average cost pricing for inventory retroactively. That is,
they report both the current period and any previous periods reported on the face of the statement using the new principle. As a result, the same principle applies in all periods. This treatment
improves the ability to compare results across years.
5.
6.
(a) Kristina is not correct. There are three characteristics: liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
(b)
7.
(a) Comparison of financial information can be made on an intracompany basis, an intercompany basis, and an industry average basis.
1. An intracompany basis compares the same item with prior periods, or with other
financial items in the same period.
2. An intercompany basis compares the same item with other companies published reports.
3. The industry average compares the item with the industry average as compiled by
Dun & Bradstreet or by trade associations.
(b)
8.
The three parties are not primarily interested in the same characteristics of a company. Shortterm creditors are primarily interested in the liquidity of the enterprise. In contrast, long-term
creditors and stockholders are primarily interested in the profitability and solvency of the
company.
The intracompany basis of comparison is useful in detecting changes in financial relationships and significant trends within a company.
The intercompany basis of comparison provides insight into a companys competitive position.
The industry average basis provides information about a companys relative position within
the industry.
Horizontal analysis (also called trend analysis) measures the dollar and percentage increase or
decrease of an item over a period of time. In this approach, the amount of the item on one statement is compared with the amount of that same item on one or more earlier statements. Vertical
analysis, also called common-size analysis, expresses each item within a financial statement as
a percent of a relevant base amount.
13-3
Solvency ratios: Debt to total assets, cash debt coverage ratio, times interest earned, and
free cash flow.
11.
Teresa is correct. A single ratio by itself may not be very meaningful and is best interpreted by
comparison with (1) past ratios of the same company, (2) ratios of other companies, or (3) industry
norms or predetermined standards. In addition, other ratios of the company are necessary to
determine overall financial well-being.
12.
(a) Liquidity ratios measure the short-term ability of the company to pay its maturing obligations
and to meet unexpected needs for cash.
(b)
Solvency ratios measure the companys ability to survive over a long period of time.
(c)
Profitability ratios measure the income or operating success of a company for a given period
of time.
13.
Working capital and the current ratio both relate current assets to current liabilities. Working
capital produces a dollar amount that indicates the difference between current assets and current
liabilities. The current ratio produces a ratio which indicates the proportional relationship between
current assets and current liabilities.
14.
Smart Mart does not necessarily have a problem. The receivables turnover ratio can be misleading
in that some companies encourage credit and revolving charge sales and slow collections in
order to earn a healthy return on the outstanding receivables in the form of high rates of interest.
15.
16.
The price earnings (P-E) ratio is a reflection of investors assessments of a companys future
earnings. The P-E ratio takes into account such factors as relative risk, stability of earnings,
trends in earnings, and the markets perception of the companys growth potential. In this
question, investors favor Microsoft because it has the higher P-E ratio. The investors feel that
Microsoft will be able to generate even higher future earnings and thus investors are willing to
pay more for the stock.
17.
The payout ratio is cash dividends declared on common stock divided by net income. In a growth
company, the payout ratio is often low because the company is reinvesting earnings in the business.
18.
(a) The increase in the profit margin ratio is good news because it means that a greater
percentage of net sales is going towards income.
(b)
13-4
The decrease in inventory turnover signals bad news because it is taking the company longer
to sell the inventory and consequently there is a greater chance of inventory obsolescence.
19.
(c)
An increase in the current ratio signals good news because the company improved its ability
to meet maturing short-term obligations.
(d)
The earnings per share ratio is a deceptive ratio. The decrease might be bad news to the
company because it could mean a decrease in net income. Or the decrease might be good
news to the company because of an increase in stockholders investment.
(e)
The increase in the price-earnings ratio is generally good news because it means that the
market price per share of stock has increased and investors are willing to pay that higher
price for the stock.
(f)
The increase in the debt to total assets ratio is bad news because it means that the company
has increased its obligations to creditors and has lowered its equity buffer.
(g)
The decrease in the times interest earned ratio is bad news because it means that the
companys ability to meet interest payments as they come due has weakened.
Net Income
Return on assets =
Average Total Assets
(7.6%)
Net Income Preferred stock dividends
Return on common stockholders equity =
Average common stockholders' equity
(12.8%)
The difference between the two rates can be explained by looking at the denominator value and
by remembering the basic accounting equation, A = L + SE. The asset value will clearly be the
larger of the two denominator values; therefore, it will also give the smaller rate of return.
20.
21.
(a) The times interest earned ratio, which is an indication of the companys ability to meet interest
charges, and the debt to total assets ratio, which indicates the companys ability to withstand
losses without impairing the interests of creditors.
(b)
The current ratio and the current cash debt coverage ratio, which indicate a companys
liquidity and short-term debt-paying ability.
(c)
The earnings per share of common stock and the return on common stockholders equity,
both of which indicate the earning power of the investment.
= $4.50
40,000
EPS of $4.50 is high relative to what? Is it high relative to last years EPS? The president may be
comparing the EPS of $4.50 to the market price of the companys stock, which is inappropriate.
13-5
23.
13-6
(1)
(2)
Use of pro forma income measures that do not follow GAAP. Pro forma income is calculated by
excluding items that the company believes are unusual or nonrecurring. It is often difficult to
determine what was included and excluded.
(3)
Improper revenue and expense recognition. Many high-profile cases of inappropriate accounting
involve recording items in the wrong period.
(a) During a period of inflation, net income will be less under the LIFO inventory costing method
than it will be using the FIFO method because LIFO results in the larger cost of goods sold
amount.
(b)
Inflation does not affect the amount of depreciation taken (except through its effect on salvage)
since the depreciable amount is based on the acquisition cost. A six-year life produces greater
depreciation for the first six years (thus, less net income) and less depreciation in years 7, 8, 9
(thus, more net income in those years) than a nine-year life.
(c)
Inflation does not affect the amount of depreciation taken. Use of the straight-line method
results in less depreciation in the earlier years (thus, more net income) than the decliningbalance method but more depreciation in the later years.
($480,000)
$300,000
90,000
210,000
(56,000)
$154,000
13-7
*$60,000
= .15
$400,000
$130,000
= .20
$650,000
$364,000 = .13
$2,800,000
*$460,000
= .145
$3,164,000
* $780,000 = .247
$3,164,000
13-8
**$400,000
= .143
$2,800,000
**
$650,000
= .232
$2,800,000
Net income
2012
2011
2010
$518,400
$485,000
$500,000
Increase or (Decrease)
Amount
($15,000)
$33,400)
(a) 20102011
(b) 20112012
*($15,000)
= (.03)
$500,000
Percentage*
(3%)
7%)
$33,400
= .07
$485,000
Net income
.16 =
2012
2011
Increase
$382,800
16%
$382,800 X
X
.16X = $382,800 X
1.16X = $382,800
X = $330,000
2011 Net Income = $330,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-8
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Expenses
Net income
2012
100.0
60.5
26.0
13.5
2011
100.0
62.9
26.6
10.5
2010
100.0
64.8
27.5
7.7
Net income as a percent of sales for Vallejo increased over the three-year
period because cost of goods sold and expenses both decreased as a percent
of sales every year.
13-9
2008
$80,260
Current assets
=
= .33:1
Current liabilities $245,805
$70,874
= .22:1
$326,203
The current ratio increased by 50% indicating that Bob Evans Farms is
more liquid in 2009.
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-11
Receivables turnover ratio =
2012
(a)
$4,300,000
= 7.9 times
$545,000*
*($540,000 + $550,000) 2
2011
365
= 46.2 days
7.9
13-10
2012
2011
$4,780,000*
= 4.8 times
$960,000 + $1,020,000
Beginning inventory
Purchases
Goods available for sale
Ending inventory
Cost of goods sold
$4,541,000**
= 5.0 times
$840,000+$960,000
$ 960,000
4,840,000
5,800,000
1,020,000
$4,780,000*
$ 840,000
4,661,000
5,501,000
960,000
$4,541,000**
365
= 73 days
5.0
365
= 76 days
4.8
Net sales
Average total assets
$24,275.5
$13,073.1+ $13,717.3
2
= 1.81 times
Staples generated $1.81 of sales for each dollar it had invested in assets.
13-11
Net income
Net sales
$738.7
$24,275.5
= 3.0%
Each dollar of sales resulted in about 3 cents of net income.
.18 =
Cash dividends
Net income
X
$72,000
.20 =
Net income
Average total assets
$72,000
X
.20X = $72,000
X =
$72,000
.20
X = $360,000
Average total assets = $360,000
13-12
$10.4
= .20 times
$41.1+ $62.4
2
Topps Company could cover (or pay) approximately 20% of its current
liabilities with cash generated by operating activities.
13-13
DO IT! 13-1
PROVISION CORPORATION
Income Statement (partial)
Income before income taxes .................................................
Income tax expense..................................................................
Income before irregular items ...............................................
Discontinued operations
Loss from disposal of discontinued music
division, net of $9,600 income tax savings...............
Extraordinary earthquake loss, net of
$72,000 tax savings ...............................................................
Net income...................................................................................
$500,000
200,000
300,000
(14,400)
(108,000)
$177,600
DO IT! 13-2
Increase in 2013
Amount
Current assets
Plant assets
Total assets
Percent
DO IT! 13-3
2012
(a) Current ratio:
$1,390 $820 =
$1,310 $790 =
1.70:1
2.28
13-14
2011
1.66:1
2.44
6.6%
11.1%
24.2%
55.6%
43 times
3.8%
6.4%
13.6%
52.9%
12 times
DO IT! 13-4
1.
2.
Pro forma income: Usually excludes items that a company thinks are
unusual or nonrecurring.
3.
Quality of earnings: Indicates the level of full and transparent information provided to users of the financial statements.
4.
5.
6.
13-15
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 13-1
TULSA COMPANY
Partial Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Income before irregular items ..............................................................
Discontinued operations: Gain from disposal
of division, net of $9,000 income taxes .........................................
Extraordinary item: Fire loss, net of $18,000 tax savings...........
Net income..................................................................................................
$310,000
21,000
(42,000)
$289,000
EXERCISE 13-2
(a) The loss on the sale of electrical equipment was reported as a part of
continuing operations. The loss was reported in the fourth quarter of
2011 because the cross-reference to the item appears next to the
quarterly results for net income.
(b) The extraordinary items are listed separately so that the reader can
evaluate the companys results on the basis of normal operations and
also see the impact of irregular items. If only the net income figure was
disclosed, the reader would not be able to evaluate what portion of the
earnings came from operations and what portion came from irregular
items.
(c) The extraordinary gain is the expropriation (takeover) of company
property in the Middle East. It was not included in income for the fourth
quarter because it is only cross-referenced in the year-to-date totals
and not in the quarterly report.
13-16
The profit margin should be based on the companys net income from
its normal and continuing operations. The net income figure should be
a more conservative amount and should not include any irregular items.
The profit margin for the twelve months ended July 31, 2011 is 0.7%; for
the twelve months ended July 31, 2012 it is 1.8%. The 2011 percentage
was based on the $33,250,000 net income while the 2012 percentage
was based on operating income of $100,800,000 ($102,700,000
$1,900,000). These two figures are comparable because they are the end
result of the companys operations and do not include any irregular
items which only affect the year of their occurrence. Some analysts
might adjust net income in 2011 for the $26 million loss on sale of
electrical equipment. Much depends on whether this type of transaction
is recurring or not.
13-17
EXERCISE 13-3
PAULETTI INC.
Condensed Balance Sheet
December 31
Increase or (Decrease)
Amount Percentage
2012
2011
$106,000
400,000
$506,000
$ 90,000
350,000
$440,000
($16,000
50,000
($66,000
(17.8%)
(14.3%)
(15.0%)
$ 99,000
122,000
$221,000
$ 65,000
90,000
$155,000
($34,000
32,000
$66,000
(52.3%)
(35.6%)
(42.6%)
130,000
155,000
115,000
170,000
15,000
(15,000)
(13.0%)
(8.8%)
285,000
285,000
(0
$506,000
$440,000
Assets
Current assets
Plant assets (net)
Total assets
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Long-term liabilities
Total liabilities
Stockholders Equity
Common stock, $1 par
Retained earnings
Total stockholders
equity
Total liabilities and
stockholders
equity
13-18
($66,000
(15.0%)
EXERCISE 13-4
GLADOW CORPORATION
Condensed Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Selling expenses
Administrative expenses
Total operating expenses
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net income
2012
Amount
Percent
2011
Amount
Percent
$800,000
520,000
280,000
120,000
60,000
180,000
100,000
30,000
$ 70,000
$600,000
408,000
192,000
72,000
48,000
120,000
72,000
24,000
$ 48,000
100.0%
65.0%
35.0%
15.0%
7.5%
22.5%
12.5%
3.7%
8.8%
100.0%
68.0%
32.0%
12.0%
8.0%
20.0%
12.0%
4.0%
8.0%
EXERCISE 13-5
(a)
NIKE, INC.
Condensed Balance Sheet
May 31
($ in millions)
Assets
Current assets
Property, plant, and
equipment (net)
Other assets
Total assets
Percentage
Increase
Change
(Decrease) from 2008
2009
2008
$ 9,734
$ 8,839
$895
10.1%
1,958
1,558
$13,250
1,891
1,713
$12,443
67
(155)
$807
3.5%
(9.0)%
6.5%
13-19
(b)
13-20
Percentage
Increase
Change
(Decrease) from 2008
2009
2008
$ 3,277
$ 3,322
$ (45)
(1.4%)
1,280
1,296
(16)
(1.2%)
8,693
7,825
868
11.1%
$13,250
$12,443
$807
6.5%
NIKE, INC.
Condensed Balance Sheet
May 31, 2009
$ (in millions)
Percent
Assets
Current assets
Property, plant, and equipment (net)
Other assets
Total assets
$ 9,734
1,958
1,558
$13,250
73.5%
14.8%
11.7%
100.0%
$ 3,277
1,280
8,693
$13,250
24.7%
9.7%
65.6%
100.0%
EXERCISE 13-6
(a)
BLEVINS CORPORATION
Condensed Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
Increase or (Decrease)
During 2012
2012
Net sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Net income
(b)
$598,000
477,000
121,000
80,000
$ 41,000
2011
$500,000
420,000
80,000
44,000
$ 36,000
Amount
$98,000
57,000
(41,000)
36,000)
$ 5,000)
Percentage
19.6%
13.6%
(51.3%
81.8%
(13.9%
BLEVINS CORPORATION
Condensed Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31
$
Net sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Net income
2012
Percent
$598,000
477,000
121,000
80,000
$ 41,000
100.0%
79.8%
20.2%
13.4%
6.8%
2011
Percent
$500,000
420,000
80,000
44,000
$ 36,000
100.0%
84.0%
16.0%
8.8%
7.2%
EXERCISE 13-7
Current ratio = 2.01:1 ($4,054 $2,014)
Current cash debt coverage ratio = .69 ($1,251 $1,807.5a)
Receivables turnover ratio = 4.2 times ($8,258 $1,988.5b)
Average collection period = 86.9 days (365 days 4.2)
Inventory turnover ratio = 5.9 times ($5,328 $899c)
Days in inventory = 61.9 days (365 days 5.9)
a
($2,014 + $1,601) 2
($2,035 + $1,942) 2
c
($898 + $900) 2
b
13-21
EXERCISE 13-8
Current ratio as of February 1, 2012 = 3.00:1 ($120,000 $40,000).
Feb. 3
7
11
14
18
3.00
2.43
2.43
3.04
2.66
EXERCISE 13-9
(a) Current ratio =
$145,000
= 2.90:1
$50,000
$350,000
= 5.4 times
$65,000 (1)
$198,000
= 3.6 times
$55,000 (2)
$60,000 + $50,000
2
(e)
(f)
$48,000
= .31 times
$160,000 + $150,000
2
$48,000
= .87 times
$60,000 + $50,000
2
13-22
EXERCISE 13-10
$75.9
= 1.5%
$5,121.8
$5,121.8
= 1.64 times
$2,993.9 + $3,249.8
$75.9
= 2.4%
$2,993.9 + $3,249.8
$75.9
= 7.6%
$921.6 + $1,074.7
$5,121.8 $3,540.6
= 30.9%
$5,121.8
EXERCISE 13-11
(a) Earnings per share
$67,000
$72,000 $5,000
=
= $1.86
36,000
32,000 + 40,000
$14.00
= 7.5 times
$1.86
$21,000 $5,000
= 22.2%
$72,000
13-23
EXERCISE 13-12
(a) Inventory turnover = 3.8 =
Net income
$400,000 + $113,500 + $400,000 + $101,000
2
.22 X $507,250 = Net income = $111,595.
(d) Return on assets = 18% =
Average assets =
$111,595
= $619,972
.18
13-24
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 13-1A
(a)
Gold Company
3,600
171,400
28,000
$143,400
.7%
31.4%
5.1%
26.3%
$477,000 a
come. Also, Silvers return on assets of 57.3%
is lower than
$832,593
$143,400 b
Golds return on assets of 67%
, and Silvers return on
$214,172
$477,000 c
common stockholders equity of 72.3%
is lower than Golds
$659,528
$143,400 d
.
return on common stockholders equity of 93.1%
$154,047
13-25
Current assets
Plant assets
Total assets
2012
2011
$325,975
$312,410
526,800
500,000
$852,775 + $812,410 =
Current assets
Plant assets
Total assets
2012
2011
$ 79,467
$ 83,336
125,812
139,728
$223,064 + $205,279 =
$428, 343
2
2012
2011
$500,000
Common stock
$500,000
Retained earnings
172,460
146,595
Stockholders equity $672,460 + $646,595 =
2012
2011
Common stock
$120,000
$120,000
Retained earnings
29,998
38,096
Stockholders equity $158,096 + $149,998 =
$308, 094
2
13-26
PROBLEM 13-2A
(1)
$218,000
= $3.69
59,000 (1)
60,000* + 58,000**
*$300,000
$5
**$290,000
$5
$218,000
$465,400 + $603,400
$218,000
$534,400
= 40.8%
$218,000
$218,000
=
= 23.2%
$939,850
$852,800 + $1,026,900
(f)
$1,890,540
($102,800 + $117,800)
$1,890,540
= 17.1 times
$110,300
13-27
$1,058,540
$1,058,540
=
= 8.8 times
$120,750
$115,500 + $126,000
(i)
(j)
Asset turnover =
$1,890,540
= 2.01 times
$1,026,900 + $852,800
(l)
$220,000
= 1.13 times
$187,400 + $203,500
$220,000
= .54 times
$387,400 + $423,500
13-28
PROBLEM 13-3A
(a)
2012
(1)
Profit margin.
$95,000
$700,000
(2)
2011
$70,000
= 13.6%
$570,000
$275,000 = 39.3%
$700,000
(3)
$220,000 = 38.6%
$570,000
Asset turnover.
$700,000
$600,000 + $725,000
(4)
31,000 + 32,000
$3.02
= $3.02
= 2.8 times
$533,000 + $600,000
= 1.01 times
$70,000
30,000 + 31,000
= $2.30
$7.50
$2.30
= 3.3 times
Payout ratio.
$45,000**
$95,000
= 47%
$570,000
Price-earnings ratio.
$8.50
(6)
= 1.06 times
(5)
= 12.3%
$58,000*
$70,000
= 83%
($85,000 + $145,000)
= 32%
$725,000
($80,000 + $85,000)
= 28%
$600,000
13-29
13-30
PROBLEM 13-4A
(a) LIQUIDITY
2011
2012
% Change
Current
$383,000 = 1.81:1
$212,000
$484,000
= 1.76:1
$275,000
Receivables
turnover
$790,000
= 9.0 times
$88,000
$882,000
= 9.1 times
$97,000
1%
Inventory
turnover
$575,000
= 4.1 times
$140,000
$640,000
= 3.2 times
$197,500
(22%)
(3%)
PROFITABILITY
Profit
margin
$48,000
= 6.1%
$790,000
$52,000
= 5.9%
$882,000
(3%)
Asset
turnover
(3%)
Return on
assets
$48,000
= 7.1%
$679,000
$52,000
= 6.6%
$786,000
(7%)
Earnings
per share
$48,000
= $2.40
20,000
$52,000
= $2.60
20,000
8%
13-31
(b)
2012
1.
2.
3.
2013
%Change
Return on
$52,000
common
= 15.6%
stockhold- $332,500 (a)
ers equity
$54,000 = 11.6%
$466,000 (b)
(26%)
Debt
to total
assets
$525,000
= 60%
$874,000
$355,000
= 39%
$900,000
(35%)
Priceearnings
ratio
$9.00
= 3.5 times
$2.60
26%
13-32
PROBLEM 13-5A
(a)
Ratio
Target
Wal-Mart
($44,533 + $44,106) 2
b
($15,347 + $13,712) 2
c
($2,488 + $1,384 + $707)
d
($11,327 + $10,512) 2
e
(($11,327 + $17,859) + $30,394) 2
($48,331 $55,561)
($408,214 $4,025)
(365 101.4)
($304,657 $33,836)
(365 9.0)
($14,335 $408,214)
($408,214 $167,067.5f)
($14,335 $167,067.5f)
($14,335 $68,369g)
($99,650 $170,706)
($23,539h $2,065)
($26,249 $55,475.5i)
($26,249 $98,698.5j)
($26,249 $12,184 $4,217)
($170,706 + $163,429) 2
($71,056 + $65,682) 2
h
($14,335 + $7,139 + $2,065)
i
($55,561 + $55,390) 2
j
(($55,561 + $44,089) + $97,747) 2
g
13-33
PROBLEM 13-1B
(a)
Lewis Company
Percent
Dollars
Percent
100.0% $1,200,000 100.0%
51.4%
648,000
54.0%
48.6%
552,000
46.0%
20.6%
266,000
22.2%
28.0%
286,000
23.8%
1.4%
10,000
26.6%
276,000
4.9%
54,000
21.7% $ 222,000
.8%
23.0%
4.5%
18.5%
$222,000 a
return on assets of 14.3%
is lower than Martin Companys
$1,550,000
$76,000 b
return on assets of 16.9%
, and Lewiss return on common
$450,000
$222,000 c
stockholders equity of 20.0%
is lower than Martins return
$1,112,500
$76,000 d
on common stockholders equity of 23.0%
.
$330,000
13-34
2012
2011
$ 700,000
$ 650,000
1,000,000
750,000
$1,700,000 + $1,400,000 =
Current assets
Plant assets
Total assets
2012
$130,000
400,000
$530,000
2011
$100,000
270,000
$370,000
$900, 000
2
2012
$ 950,000
300,000
2011
$700,000
275,000
$1,250,000 +
$975,000
Common stock
Retained earnings
Stockholders
equity
2012
$340,000
80,000
$420,000
2011
$200,000
40,000
+
$240,000
$660,000
2
13-35
PROBLEM 13-2B
$115,200
= $8.23
14,000 (1)
$115,200
$376,000 + $480,300
$115,200
$428,150
= 26.9%
$115,200
$115,200
=
= 16.1%
$713,900
$652,000 + $775,800
$290,500
= 1.78:1
$163,500
(f)
13-36
$780,000
$780,000
=
= 8.2 times
($83,800 + $106,200)
$95,000
2
$440,000
$440,000
=
= 4.6 times
$74,000 + $116,400
$95,200
(i)
(j)
Asset turnover =
$780,000
$780,000
=
= 1.09 times
$713,900
$775,800 + $652,000
(l)
$108,000
$163,500 + $156,000
$108,000
$295,500 + $276,000
$108,000
$159,750
= .68 times
$108,000
= .38 times
$285,750
13-37
PROBLEM 13-3B
(a)
2012
(1)
2011
Profit margin.
$120,000
= 15.8%
$760,000
(2)
$90,000
= 12.9%
$700,000
$340,000
= 45%
$760,000
(3)
$294,000 = 42%
$700,000
Asset turnover.
$760,000
$620,000+$813,000
(4)
34,000 + 40,000
$3.24
(7)
$90,000
= $3.24
30,000 + 34,000
= $2.81
$3.50
= 1.2 times
$2.81
= 0.9 times
Payout ratio.
$65,000**
= 54%
$120,000
$65,000*
= 72%
$90,000
$228,000 = 28%
$813,000
13-38
= 1.21 times
Price-earnings ratio.
$2.80
(6)
$120,000
(5)
$700, 000
= 1.06 times
$150,000
= 24%
$620,000
13-39
PROBLEM 13-4B
(a)
LIQUIDITY
2011
2012
Change
Current
$520,000 = 3.15:1
$165,000
$670,000
= 2.03:1
$330,000
Decrease
Receivables
turnover
$940,000
= 12.0 times
$78,500
$1,050,000
Decrease
Inventory
turnover
$635,000
$680,000
$325,000
= 1.95 times
$88,500
$365,000
= 11.9 times
= 1.86 times
Decrease
PROFITABILITY
$130,000
Profit
margin
$90,000
= 9.6%
$940,000
$1,050,000
Asset
turnover
$90,000
Return on
assets
$1,085,000
Earnings
per share
$90,000
= $.90
100,000
= 8.3%
$130,000
$1,155,000
$130,000
100,000
= 12.4%
= 11.3%
= $1.30
Increase
Increase
Increase
Increase
13-40
(b)
2012
1.
2.
3.
2013
Change
Return on
common
stockholders equity
$130,000
= 16.9%
$767,500 (a)
$125,000
= 12.6% Decrease
$992,500 (b)
Debt
to total
assets
$510,000
= 39%
$1,315,000
$390,000
= 27%
$1,450,000
Decrease
Priceearnings
ratio
$5.00
= 3.8 times
$1.30
$6.25
= 5.0 times
$1.25 (c)
Increase
13-41
PROBLEM 13-5B
(a)
Ratio
Snap-On Tools
($1,411.9 $1,192.0)
($3,737.1 $604.9)
2.27:1
4.0
($1,676.1 $739.9)
($2,420.8 $612.7)
(365 6.2)
($2,228.8 $440.5)
(365 5.1)
($224.3 $3,737.1)
($3,737.1 $4,817.9a)
($224.3 $4,817.9a)
91.3
4.2
86.9
5.5%
.79
4.4%
($224.3 $1,846.2b)
($2,783 $4,769.1)
($342.5c $63.7)
($539.4 $1,192.6d)
($539.4 $2,971.7e)
($539.4 $72.9 $103.6)
$4,769.1 + $4,866.6 2
$1,986.1 + $1,706.3 2
c
$224.3 + $54.5 + $63.7
d
$1,192 + $1,193.2 2
e
$2,783 + $3,160.3 2
.54
.19
$213.7
(365 4.0)
($1,345.7 $316.9)
(365 4.2)
($134.2 $2,420.8)
($2,420.8 $3,078.9f)
($134.2 $3,078.9f)
($347.1 $643.7i)
($347.1 $1840.6j)
($347.1 $64.4 $69.0)
$3,447.4 + $2,710.3 2
$1,290.0 + $1,186.5 2
h
$134.2 + $62.7 + $47.7
i
$739.9 + $547.5 2
j
$2,157.4 + $1,523.8 2
BYP 13-1
(a)
2008
2007
2006
2005
$495,592
102%
$492,051
101%
(2) Net
earnings
Trend
$ 53,475
69%
$ 38,777
50%
Net sales changed very little from 2005 to 2009. The net earnings
decreased each year from 2005 to 2008. 2008 shows a 50% decline in
net earnings. The reasons for such a large decrease in profitability
since 2005 would require further investigation.
(b) (000s omitted)
1.
2.
13-43
Profit Margin
2009:
2008:
2.
Asset Turnover
2009:
2008:
3.
Return on Assets
2009:
2008:
4.
13-44
BYP 13-2
(a)
Hershey
1. (i) Percentage increase
(decrease) in net
sales
(ii) Percentage increase
(decrease) in net
income
2. (i) Percentage increase
(decrease) in total
assets
(ii) Percentage increase
(decrease) in total
stockholders
equity
3. Earnings per share
$5,298,668 $5,132,768
Tootsie Roll
= 3.2%
$495,592 $492,051
$5,132,768
$435,994 $311,405
$53,475 $38,777
= 40.0%
$311,405
= 37.9%
$38,777
$3,675,031 $3,634,719
= 1.1%
$838,247 $813,525
$3,634,719
$760,339 $349,944
= 0.7%
$492,051
= 3.0%
$813,525
= 117.3%
$652,485 $634,770
$349,944
1.97*
= 2.8%
$634,770
.95*
(b) Both companies had somewhat similar increases in net sales, net
income, and total assets in 2009 compared to 2008.
Hersheys very large percentage increase in total stockholders equity
can be explained by the fact that its equity at the end of 2008 was
much lower than previous years (the stockholders equity for 2006 was
$683,423 and $623,520 for 2007) due to a $332,000 other comprehensive
loss. This loss was reversed in 2009.
13-45
BYP 13-3
RESEARCH CASE
(a)
(b)
(c)
At the time of the article companies in the Standard and Poors 500
had approximately $80 billion of unrealized losses from these types of
securities in the equity section of their balance sheet.
(d)
(e)
The implications for investors are that investors need to look for
these items in stockholders equity so that they are not surprised by
unexpected losses on investments. As noted by the investment
professionals cited in the article, these items are difficult to interpret.
Therefore, they complicate efforts to forecast a companys future
earnings.
13-46
BYP 13-4
(a)
Liquidity Ratios
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
1.28:1
($17,551 $13,721)
1.44:1
($12,571 $8,756)
9.1 times
($30,990 $3,424)
9.3 times
($43,232 $4,654)
40.1 days
(365 9.1)
39.2 days
(365 9.3)
4.9 times
($11,088 $2,271)
7.8 times
($20,099 $2,570)
74.5
(365 4.9)
46.8
(365 7.8)
.61
($8,186 $13,355)
.77
($6,796 $8,772)
Solvency Ratios
(1) Debt to total assets
Coca-Cola
$23,872
= 49%
PepsiCo
$23,044
= 58%
$48,671
$39,848
$355
= 26.0 times
$397
= 21.3 times
$8,186
= .37 times
$6,796
= .29 times
$21,960
$23,466
13-47
Profitability Ratios
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
22.0%
($6,824 $30,990)
13.8%
($5,946 $43,232)
.69 times
($30,990 $44,595)
1.14 times
($43,232 $37,921)
15.3%
($6,824 $44,595)
15.7%
($5,946 $37,921)
30.1%
($6,824 $22,636)
40.8%
($5,946 $14,556)
PepsiCo, Inc. has a lower profit margin than the Coca-Cola Company.
However, PepsiCo, Inc. has a higher asset turnover, return on assets,
and return on common stockholders equity.
13-48
BYP 13-5
(a), (b), and (c) Answers will vary depending on the year chosen by the
student.
13-49
BYP 13-6
(a) Lenders prefer that financial statements are audited because an audit
gives independent assurance that the financial statements give a
reasonable representation of the companys financial position and
results of operations. With this independent assurance they feel more
comfortable making a decision.
(b) The current ratio increase is a favorable indication as to liquidity, but
alone tells little about the going-concern prospects of the client. From
this ratio change alone, it is impossible to know the amount and direction
of the changes in individual accounts, total current assets, and total
current liabilities. Also unknown are the reasons for the changes.
The change in asset turnover cannot alone tell anything about either
solvency or going-concern prospects. There is no way to know the
amount and the direction of the changes in the two items. An increase
in sales would be favorable for going-concern prospects, while a
decrease in assets could represent a number of possible scenarios
and would need to be investigated further.
The 50 percent [(.1 .2) .2] decrease in cash debt coverage may indicate
that the company is having difficulties generating enough cash from
operations to meet debt obligations and even operating needs. The
increase in net income may not have brought a corresponding increase in
cash collections from accounts receivable. Since the cash debt coverage
ratio was low in 2011 and even lower in 2012, it appears that the company
may have a solvency problem.
The increase in net income is a favorable indicator for both solvency
and going-concern prospects although much depends on the quality
of receivables generated from sales and how quickly they can be
converted into cash. A significant factor here may be that despite a
decline in sales the clients management has been able to reduce
costs to produce this increase. Indirectly, the improved income picture
may have a favorable impact on solvency and going-concern potential
by enabling the client to borrow currently to meet cash requirements.
13-50
2.
3.
13-51
BYP 13-7
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY
To:
Kevin Halen
From:
Accounting Student
Re:
2.
13-52
b.
c.
Industry averagesThis basis compares an item or financial relationship of a company with industry averages (or norms).
b.
c.
BYP 13-8
ETHICS CASE
13-53
BYP 13-9
Student responses will vary. We suggest that in class you ask for a few
students to share their responses in order to increase students understanding of the reasons why different people will choose different investment
vehicles.
13-54
BYP 13-10
13-55
IFRS 13-1
CHEN COMPANY
Statement of Comprehensive Income
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Sales revenue ...........................................................................
Cost of goods sold .................................................................
Gross profit ...............................................................................
Operating expenses ...............................................................
Net income.................................................................................
Other comprehensive income
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities....
Comprehensive income ........................................................
$1,000,000
700,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
75,000
$ 175,000
IFRS 13-2
CHEN COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Sales revenue ...........................................................................
Cost of goods sold .................................................................
Gross profit ...............................................................................
Operating expenses ...............................................................
Net income.................................................................................
$1,000,000
700,000
300,000
200,000
$ 100,000
CHEN COMPANY
Statement of Comprehensive Income
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Net income.................................................................................
Other comprehensive income
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale
securities ........................................................................
Comprehensive income ........................................................
13-56
$100,000
75,000
$175,000
IFRS 13-3
(a) The company decided to sell its Baked Snacks business. It said it was
doing this in order to enhance earnings and focus its resources on its
core profitable divisions.
(b) During the year ended April 30, 2009 the company reported losses on
the operation of the discontinued division of 1,553,000 and a loss on
disposal of 4,283,000.
(c) The total recorded value of net assets at the date of disposal was
4,063,000. The company incurred costs of 220,000 to dispose of the
business.
13-57