Reading Writing Chinese

Revised Edition
11 The CHART OF TRADITIONAL RADICALS
II
gives the number of each traditional radical, its independent form. [ti
English name, and the location in the text of its independent forni 1 the firs
reference number) and any alternate or combining forms treated separatel>
(the second and third reference numbers). Numbers in roman type refer tc
radicals included in the first character group of 1062 basic characters. P3gi
numbers in italic type refer to radicals in the second character proup (pp
245-301). A chart of "modem radicals," based on the %%%&, appears nr
the backend papers.
35. 3- slow 337
36. 9 dusk 117
37. k big 50
38. -k woman 11
39. ;f child 18
40.
roof 127
41. -.i thumb 186
42. #Is small 27
43. k,lame 59
44. P corpse 329
45. 4' sprout 465
46.
mountain 95
47. 111 riverp.245,442,560
48. z i work443
49. +. self 273
50. 9 cloth 352
51. i
shield 87
52. k coil 25
53. i lean-to 155
54. 1 march 847
55. jt clasp 141
56. % dart42
57. 5 bow218
58. 3 pig's head 80,997
59. 3 streaks 819
+
12.
eight 98, 88.26
13. fl borders 20
14.
crown 47
15. ; ice564
16. JL table 645
17. U bowl 464
18. n !inife 102,205
21. L ladle 137

22. E basket 143
3.1- divine 118

26. P seal 84,760
28. L. cocoon 24
29. X right hand 85
30.
mouth 33
31. Cl surround 21
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
-4heart 70, 67.p.248

3. lance 43
P door391
i hand41.14
j_ branch 271
knockp.276.384
jr pattern 360
4 peck 1009
fr axe 262
72. 8 sun 160

73. P say 82
74. f l moon 178
75. $L tree 64
76. k yawn 191
77. It toe 195
78. P chip 727.646
79. k club 183
80. +? don't 212
81. tk compare 567
82. d fur 293
83. PC clan 224
84. 5 breath 324
85. 7i: water 362. IS l
86. X fire 414. .;J
87. J&claws p.2-:. 3.2s
88. ji father 21 1
89. k crisscrosr 152
90. 4 bed 849
91. ); slice 927
92. % tooth 576
93.
cow 260. I5
94. it; dog 541. p._'-LY
96. 3- jade 62
97. 6.
melonp.2Yl
98. Z tilep.271
99. i
:sweet 1%
100. &
! b i d 248
101. R use 403
102. P field 23
103. iE bolt 245
104. f sick531
105. fi back 632
106. $ white 231
107. & skin 662
113. TT: sign 807,480

114. h traclt 488
190. 5% hair 946
118. St bamboo 54.55

160. f bitter549
204. ?$ embroider p.271

130. 111. meat 928,326
131. % bureaucrat 491
132. b small nose 515
138.
205.
206.
207.
208.
9.k drum p.261

L mousep.270
209. +?- big nose p.295

210. % line-up 1045
b stubborn 31
146. i4 cover 122
1 toadp.270
& tripodp.274
181. R liead 333

182. 1 wind 725
212. 4% dragon p.275

213. 1 tortoise p.270
185. -if chief 266

186. -k scent 1044
The CHART O F MODERN RADICALS (Dock crlclpopers) gives the set of rnodenz
rodicnls likely to be most useful to the foreign student of Chinese - the set used to
READING AND WRITING CHINESE
READING AND WRITING
A Guide to the Chinese Writing System:

The Student's 1,020 List
The Official 2,000 List
Revised Edition
by
WILLIAM
MCNAUGHTON
and
LI YING
Tuttle Publishing
Boston Rutland, Vermont Tokyo
Published by Tuttle Publishing of

Boston, Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan
by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.

-Revised-edition-0 1999
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-77699
International Standard Boolc No. 0-8048-3206-4
First printing, 1979
First softcover edition, 1989
Revised edition, 2000, third printing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface to the Revised Edition
Preface
1. Student's Guide
The Writing System
Explanatory Notes
How to Write the Characters
The Pronunciation of Chinese
2. 1,062 Basic Characters and Elements of the Writing System
3. Remaining Characters of the "1,020 List" and the
"2,000 List"
Alphabetical Index
Stroke Count-Strolte Order Index
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1999
A great deal has happened in China since 1978, when the first edition
Reading arzd 1Vritilzg Chilzese was prepared, and much has chang,
regarding China's relationship to the world. A new edition seems in ord
Such an edition, of course, should reflect those happenings and chang
which have influenced the language and which have affected usage a
idiom in the language.Anew edition should also incorporate the experien
of nineteen years of use of the first edition by classroom students a
teachers, and by independent students around the world. The mc
important revisions to Reading and Writing Clziizese are as set out belo
The Yale system of romanization has been replaced in this edition
the Halzyu Piizyilz system of romanization, wlgch is official in the Peoplc
Republic of China. As a result, the Haizyzi Piizyiiz system is also universa
employed in foreign newspapers, magazines and boolts referring to Chi]
1
While the traditional system of 214 radicals is still presented in f~

-tl~is-presentation-is-supplemented-by-the-introd~1ction-of-tl1~set
nzodeuz radicals which are most liltely to be useful to the contempor;
foreign student of Chinese. The set of modern radicals chosen 1
presentation is that used in Haiz-Yi~zgCidian/Tlze Clzi~zese-Eizgl
Dictiolzary, prepared by the English Department of the Beijing Forei
Languages Institute (Commercial Press, va-ious editions since 1978). SI
of "modern radicals" have become necessary with the language ref01
and the simplification of the writing system which has been carried out
the government of the People's Republic. Familiarity with such a set
modern radicals will be extremely useful to foreign students of Chine
for it will give them quicker, easier, and better access to contempor;
- - --
PREFACE
lictionaries, many of wluch are vely good-to both English-Chinese and

Zhinese-Chinese dictionaries.
Furthermore, the student using Rendirzg nizd Writiizg Clzilzese should
have little trouble mastering the modern radicals. The logic of modern
systems, used as the basis for the organization of modern dictionaries and
of indexes to modern dictionaries pho~leticallyarranged, is the same as
the logic of the traditional system of 214 radicals. The overlap in actual
content between the traditional system and the modern system is about
80%, and modern systems differ in negligible ways from one another.
The basic system of presentation of the contents in Reacli~zgnrzd
Writiizg Clziizese has not been changed, for it has worked well over the last
nineteen years. However, the contents have been thoroughly revised to
bring the contents up-to-date in idiom and usage, and to more accurately
reveal the present state of the language. Over 1,100 new combinations of
characters have been introduced to give the user a better picture of the
range of functions and meanings of the individual characters and to provide
the user with a significantly larger vocabulary. A popular feature of the
first edition has been retained, namely, the introduction of new characters
only in combination with characters already learned, so as to lessen the
burden of learning the new combination and to provide a review of the
characters already learned. About 140 combinations have been deleted,
as being outmoded or otheiwise less Hcely to help students in their progress
towards mastery of contemporary written Chinese. Seventy new notes on
usage have been added to enhance students' insight into the contemporary
state of the written language, its relation to the spolcen language, and its
place in the culture of the Chinese-spealcing world.
With the 1,100 new combinations, the basic 2,000 characters, and
the 1,400 combinations retained from the first edition, the student who
worlcs his or her way through Rendilzg nizd Writiizg Clziizese will have a
vocabulruy of about 4,500 items-an adequate foundation for dealing with
most contemporary materials.
Learning to read and write modern Chinese with reasonable fluency hi
can now reach that goal

with less strain on his or her time, attention, a]
memory. Among American teachers of Chinese, a consensus has be,
developed as to the 1,020 characters most useful for the student to lea
first. In addition, an official list of 2000 characters has been published
mainland China for the purpose of adult education.' I have preparc
Rending ntzd Writing CIziizese to help students master both these lists
rapidly and easily as possible.'
In selecting and arranging the materials in this book, I have been guidi
by the following principles:
1. To teach the student the most useful characters, as determined by tl

"Yale 1,020 List" and the official "2,000 List".
2. To present the characters in the order in which they are lilcely to 1
most useful; that is, to begin with the most frequently seen c h a r x e
and to proceed to the less-frequently seen onei.
3. To teach the elements of the writing system -the 214 radicals a1
the "phonetics" (sound components) students will find most valuab
in their study of the lists mentioned above.
See George A. Kennedy, ed., Miizi17zzci~zVocnbz~knriesof Written Clziize

(New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954).
% Guide to Reading and Writing Jnpmzese, ed. Florence Salcade (Tolc!
and Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., revised edition, 1961), has playc
--a-similar-role in-thestudy-of Japanese-for-yearsl--
PREFACE
I.. To break down the subject matter (the characters that make up the two
lists) into units of information based on the most recent developments
in programmed instruction and to arrange these units in order of
growing difficulty.
5. To help students master the problem of "look-alike" characters.
Through juxtaposition and cross-reference, I have tried to clarify the
three main causes of the problem: look-alilce radicals, look-alike
characters, and different forms of the same radicaL3
The characters are presented in two groups. The first group presents
the basic characters for adult students of Chinese and the elements of the
writing system from which these basic characters are made. These are the
characters which students, using almost any elementary textbook, will be
expected to learn in the first year, or in some cases the first two years, of
study. The Yale guidelines, which have become a standard in teaching
Chinese in the United States, are followed here.
The second group of characters contains the rest of the characters on
the "Yde 1,020 list" and the rest of the 2,000 characters on the officially
published China list. In aU, this gives the student the 1,500 characters that
George A. Kennedy has described as "a good foundation for the Western
student of modern Chinese", plus 500 characters officially designated in
China as being of most frequent occurrence. It should be noted that another
list of 421 characters has been promulgated in China to cover technical
terms used by the workers; this list has not been included in the present
volume, however, because it is of only slight value to the foreigner studying
modern Chinese.
I used earlier versions of this book side by side with the Yale Mirror
Series textbooks to teach my Chinese language classes at Oberlin
College. Teachers should find it quite easy to use this book with any of
the other textbooks now popular in the United States, however, for the
logic of the writing system is always the same and the vocabulary in the
various series of elementary and intermediate textbooks is virtually
identical.
See Henry C. Fenn, ed., Clzirzese Clznl-actem Easily Coizfiised (New

Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1953).
PREFACE
When I teach, I assign six or seven characters a night as homewor

We spend almost all our class time with the spolten Chinese and gramrn
text, since the format of this character book enables the students to lea
on their own. I generally quiz students every day on new characters
enforce regular study habits. These quizzes do not usually take up mo
than five minutes of regular class time.
Worlcing steadily at this rate, a class can cover all the material in tl
first character group in two sixteen-week semesters. The class will the
know all the characters through Rend Clzirzese II and Read AOoz~tClziri
as well as the frequently seen component radicals and phonetics. Mo
advanced students who have used this book in their first year of Chine,
will have a tremendous advantage when they begin to study the characte
in the second group. Quite clearly, their ltnowledge of basic charact'
components will help speed their acquisition of this group, since tl
presentation here uses these components in programmed sequences.
It has been my experience that students can be safely given Rendi~
nrzd Wi-itirzg Clziizese on their first day of Chinese study. Far fro
discouraging students, the characters and the writing system seem ;
stimulate enthusiasm and to increase motivation.
For valuable help I am indebted to various editors of the Charles I
Tuttle Publishing Company. I have incussed innumerable debts to studen
who used these texts in earlier forms for many years in my Chinese class(
at Oberlin College, but Howard Spendelow and John Dove deserve speci
mention for the amount and quality of their contributions. I am al:
indebted to colleagues who have suggested changes and improvements
-- -- aclu~owledge
theimportance to this work (
the earlier versions. I should
n/iiiz%nz Vocabt~lni-ies
of Writterz Clzirzese, edited by George A. Kennec
Zorzgbic
(New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954), and of Jiarzlz~~azi
Jinrlzi (Peking: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe, 1965).
STUDENT'S GUIDE
The Writing System

The basis of the traditional Chinese writing sygem is 214 elements often
referred to as "radicals". These radicals are used both independently, or as
part of more complex characters. The Chinese also use radicals to organize
traditional dictionaries, use them to organize some modern dictionaries.
and use the radicals to supplement the phonetic organization of othel
modern dictionaries. Traditional dictionaries begin with one-stroke radicals
and characters classified under one-strolce radicals, and end with a
seventeen-strolce radical and characters classified under it. The widely
used modern Chinese-English dictionary, Haiz-Yzizg Cidiaiz (of which more
will be said below) begins with one-stroke radicals and characters classified
under them and ends, before a special category of eleven "left-over
characters", with a fourteen-strolce radical and the characters classified
under it. In using the writing system to organize dictionaries or to create
supplementary radical indexes for dictionaries, the makers take every
character which is not itself a radical, determine which of the radicals
within it is logicallv the most important, and then-classify-the-character
under that radical in the dictionary or index.
Every time a new character was created to represent some word of the
spolcen language, the character was formed according to one of six
principles. Classifying Chinese writing according to these six principles,
we can say that six-and only six-lcinds of characters exist: (1) pictures,
(2) symbols, (3) sound-loans, (4) sound-meaning compounds, (5) meaningmeaning compounds, and (6) re-clarified compounds.
If we understand these six principles, we will be able to see why every
new character we study means what it does. Instead of seeming a capricious
aggregation of strolces set down by an equally capricious pen, the character
STUDENT'S GUIDE
will reflect a logical system for representing words and concepts: each
new character will be a combination of familiar elements.
Let us look at each of the six kinds of Chinese characters.
1. Pictures. Some Chinese characters are mere pictures of things. The
character for "man" is a simple sticlc drawing of a man h.
The
character for "child" or "baby7'is a drawing of an infant with an open
fontanel %. Sometimes, though, the modern character is a very stylized
picture of what it represents We then have to look into the history of
the character before we can see the resemblance clearly. The character
for "moon" used to look like this ); the character for "eye" B like
this rm.
2. Syiizbols. Some Chinese characters are symbols-some more, some
less arbitrary-for the concept to which they refer. Some examples of
"one", 1"two", = "three".
symbols are: k "above", f; "below",
3. Sourzd-lonrzs. Some Chinese characters stand for a word which is, or
once was, pronounced the same as another but with a different meaning,
like "feet" and "feat". This type of character, a picture or symbol for
one of two homonyms, was borrowed to represent the companion
homonym, too; the context was relied on to malce the meaning clear.
For example, the words for "scorpion" and "10,000" were once
homonyms. The character$$, now used to write "10,000," originally
meant "scorpion" but was borrowed for "10,000" since there was little
danger of confusing the two meanings in context. You can probably
see that it would have been inconvenient to write "10,000" in the same
symbolic notation used to write the numbers "one", "two", and "three".
4. Soziizd-inenrzirzg conzpourzds.Sometimes one part of a Chinese character
gives a hint about the meaning, while another part gives a hint about
"to wrap", is
the pronunciation. For example, the character
pronounced bdo. (The pronunciation of the romanization and tone
markings used here are explained in the section beginning on page
27). If this character is combined with the character Sif! "fish", the
result is a new character fib "salted fish", pronounced ba'o. The "fish"
component suggests the meaning, and the "wrap" component (bdo)
suggests the sound.
5. Menrzirzg-nzenrziizg conzpozirzds. Sometimes two characters are put
together to forrn a new character whose meaning derives from some
d
a,
13
STUDENT'S GUIDE
logic in the juxtaposition of the two component characters. The

character k 'cwomany'beside the character j"" "child" forms 43,a
character that means "to love" or "to be lovable, to be likable, to be
good". Although the logic in such a juxtaposition is usually not obvious
enough to allow you to figure out the meaning of a new character, it is
usually a great help when trying to remember a character you have
seen only once.
6. Reclnl-ified cor7zpourzds. At various times in the history of the written
language, a scribe has wanted to better "control" the meaning of a
character he was using, either because the character-by sound-loan
perhaps-had come to stand for a number of different words or because
the word the character represented had a number of different meanings.
In doing this, the scribe could add to the existing character either to
clarify the word to which it referred, or to pinpoint the meaning intended
in the particular context. For example, the character for "sco~pion"
%-, which we saw above, was later re-clarified when it was used to
represent "scorpion" (rather than "10,000") by adding the "bug" radical
& to produce the new character @ that always meant "sco~pion"and
only "scorpion". The character @ ting stood for "court"-whether it
was the Icing's court or the court in someone's front yard. Eventually
someone added the "lean-to" radical , which is a picture of a roof
and a wall, to distinguish the lung's court (@ tfng) from the ordinary
citizen's front yard ( @ iEng). Some of these re-clarified compounds
will, in their new guise, be simple sound-meaning compounds, and
some of them-if the re-clarified character itself was already a soundmeaning compound-will be sound-meaning compounds with one
- co~nponentto-suggest the-sound-and two-components-to suggest the
mear~ing.~
Bernhard Karlgren identifies dozens of such characters in Arznlytic
Dictiorznry of Clzirzese and Silzo-Jnparzese (Paris: Paul Geuthnel; 1923).
Chao Yuen Ren treats reclarified compounds as a sub-class of soundmeaning compounds: see Marzdnrirz Prinzer (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1961), pp. 61-63. Traditionally, the sixth of the six
principles was something called zlzumzzlzu, and whether or not this had
anything to do with reclarified compounds is uncertain, since there is a
great deal of dispute about the correct interpretation and reference of
z/zL,mzzlzu..
----
STUDENT'S GUIDE
Explanatory Notes
Below there appears an annotated character entry. It has been slightly
modified from the actual entry in this book to show the full range of
information for characters in the first character group.
KEY:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
the character
character serial number
strolce count
if there is a difference between the actual number of strolces as written
by hand and the official number of strolces used in traditional
dictionaries, the official number will appear in parentheses here. See
the discussion of strolce and form discrepancy on pages 16-17.
stroke-order diagram
pronunciation and tone
character definition
radical information
radical number (an " H before the radical number means that the
character is a "modem radical", used to organise the Han- Yhg Cidianl
The Chinese-English Dictionary: see below)
character explanation
character combinations with pronunciation and meaning
Since characters may have more than nine strokes, it has sometimes
been necessary to add in toto to the strolce-order diagram of the main
STUDENT'S GUIDE
character an element that is itself a character. (The element and serial

number shown in this sample are provided only to show how a
reference to an element added in toto will appear.) If such a reference
is missing, either that element's stroke order is obvious or it can be
found in one of the preceding two character entries.
13. Simplified character
Understanding the Entries

You should try to Iceep in mind that a Chinese character is not what we
think of as a word in English, and that Chinese words for which the
t kinds of syntacticrestriction.
ctives, and adverbs in English
are, in classical Chinese, all considered one part of speech-any noun can
be a verb, adjective, or adverb. Owing to the unavoidable use in this book
of English articles, infinitives, suffixes, and the like, you may be mislec
tion5
into too narrow an inte
are provided for clari
eallj
represent only the most basic outline of a character's "meaning".
Most of the punctuation marks used in the characters' explanator;
bloclcs are grammatically logical. However, I have also adopted a fev
rules of my own to help the readerhtudent. Semicolons are used tc
distinguish meaning "groups". Semicolons are also used after a character'
romanized reading when a character's usage rather than the meaning i
given. In addition to their occasional use with slang terms, or for clarit)
quotation marks are used around character-compound definitions that a
contextually proper in English but which cannot be derived from th
characters themselves. For examplqtK~Chinese-use-a-character-forArec
%
and the character
I
for "tea" % to write what in English is called "blac
tea". Since the more literal definition "red tea" would be meaningless.
have used quotation marks in the definition of the character compound
follows:
,%
h6ngch&I
"blaclc"
%
tea
a
Stroke and Form Discrepancy

Each character has a traditional strolce count based on the charactel
placement in traditional dictionaries. Small discrepancies-almost alwa
of-onestroke=.=sometimes~exist
between this traditional strolce count a
STUDENT'S GUIDE
the actual count used when the character is handwritten. Such discrepancies
are indicated in parentheses throughout the presentation of the first group
of characters. The most devastating problem for beginner students,
however, is a change in shape and stroke count that occurs when a radical
or character is used as an element to form a more complex character. I
have therefore treated as entirely separate elements, those characters whose
shape changes may pose an identificationproblem. This treatment reflects
more accurately the true nature of the writing system and has resulted in
only about 40 characters being added to the text.5
For example, the radical Q , when used as an element of another
character, becomes P , a combined form that appears separately in this
text as character 76. Appearing in the small box below the character is "3
strokes (8 strolces)". This means that although this form of the radical is
actually written with three strolces, its independent form takes eight strolces;
thus, all characters with P as the radical component will appear among
the eight-stroke radicals in a traditional Chinese dictionary.
Such anomalies have been eliminated from most modern dictionaries,
and what once were different forms of the same radical are now treated as
different radicals. The radical system, that is, has been rationalized
according to the principle of "what you see is what you get". Dictionaries,
therefore, are now easier to use (see below for more on modern
dictionaries).
Problems of correct character identification also result from the
fact that typeset forms often differ from the handwritten forms that are
usually learned first. Always compare a character in a typeset compound
with its handwritten counterpart as you work through this book. The typeset
list below provides the most common of these variant forms. Numbers
Also, twenty-two characters are identified as "heavenly stems" or

"earthly branches." These "stems" and "branches" are characters which
are sometimes used in Chinese in various special ways of reckoning,
calculation, and enumeration. The student who delves into Chinese history
will need to know these twenty-two characters, because the traditional
way of giving dates malces use of them. They are also used in fortunetelling books and works of astrology in Chinese communities outside of
the People's Republic, e.g. Hong Kong.
17
STUDENT'S GUIDE
refer to the serial number of characters in the first group; page numbers
are for characters in the second group.
Simplified Characters
In attempting to deal with the need for adult education and the complexity
of the Chinese writing system, the mainland government has simplified
many of the characters used for centuries. Traditional principles used fol
making characters have been retained in malcing up new short forms. FOI
example, in the short form 4S5"sacrificen, the traditional form $$I has been
shortened by simply replacing the complicated sound-compound & with
the simple sound-component . The "cow" radical appears in both
the short and traditional forms because the original meaning of the charactel
was "saclificial animal." Likewise, the traditional character & tEng'Yoom
hall", has been simplified to f-7 mainly by substituting for the complicatec
sound-component
the simpler sound-component 7 . Students whc
understand the logic of the traditional writing system and who have
mastered the components of its characters will find that they attain master}
of the short forms much more easily.
In the system of simplified characters, we can find new sound-loans
g ~ ~ ; y ~ ~~ f ~- ~ ~ l i,~ i,~ i-z i~a e mian
a" - ~ - -face
-,,- for
- Xi21
"flour;" and %. xikg "elephant" for xi&g "to look like."GWe can finc
new sound-meaning compounds: Dl; for 1% xi2 "to scare." And we cal
find new meaning-meaning compounds: % "jade" under "roof' for %
'tjade", "crock", and "cowrie" under "roof' -standing for the word biio
"be precious, be valuable." Other techniques of simplification include thc
--cC
The student may notice that the new sound-loan character is often formed
as in the examples given here, simply by removing the meaning elemen
froin-all--old-sound meaning compound^
-
STUDENT'S GUIDE
Many modern Chinese-Chinese dictionaries are organized

alphabetically, according to the standard spelling (Hanyu Pinyin) of the
Beijing pronunciation (Putonghua, "Mandarin") of the character. The order
of entries follows the English alphabetical order, starting with "A" and
ending with " Z . Such phonetic organization worlcs fine until you meet a
character you don't know how to pronounce-a common experience for
foreign students, of course (but it also happens with Chinese readers). So
all dictionaries organized phonetically, as just described, also have an
index-an index organized according to some modern adaptation of the
traditional radical system. There is no universally accepted adaptation,
however, so different dictionaries use slightly different radical systems.
All such systems, however, are derived from the traditional system of 214
radicals, all of them overlap to a great degree, and all follow quite closely
the logic of the traditional system.
For collateral presentation in this book, the authors have chosen the
system of 226 radicals plus a supplementary category, which the makers
of the Han- Ying Cidian/The Chinese-English Dictionary have used to
organize their dictionary (prepared by the English Department of the
Beijing Foreign Languages Institute, published by Commercial Press in
various editions since 1978). That dictionary is probably the most widelyused Chinese-English dictionary in the world and is deemed likely to be
the dictionary most often consulted by users of Reading and Writing
Chinese. The radicals of Han- Ying Cidian are identified in Reading and
Writing Chinese by an " H plus the serial number in Ha-Ying Cidian's
system of 226 radicals. And on the back endpapers there appears a chart
of these 226 "modern radicals" phsa supplementary category, as used_F
index Han- Ying Cidian.
Character Combinations
Individual characters themselves-each of which in general represents a
single syllable of the spolcen language-may occur in combination with
other characters to denote Chinese words and expressions of two or more
syllables. For example, a common expression for "woman" in the modem
spoken language is the two syllable n8rL12, written with the characters
for "woman" -knu' and "person" h 1.612.Many of these common
combinations are given in this book so that you will get used to seeing the
STUDENT'S GUIDE
characters within important expressions and words. Learning the

combinations in which a character occurs can be a valuable aid to
understanding that character. Moreover, since the characters used in these
combinations are restricted to those that have already been presented in
the text, these combinations provide review as well as usage examples.
Some examples are also given of a favourite stylistic device in
Chinese-four-character set expressions. Learning these four-character
set expressions will be useful to the student in the same way as learning
two-character combinations, and it will also prepare the student to deal
with them when he or she encounters them or similar four-character
expressions in discourse, written or spolcen. Finally, practice with twocharacter combinations and four-character set expressions will tend to
break down the illusion, which the writing system so insistently encourages,
that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. To some extent it may be so, but
the disyllable is an extremely important unit in modern Chinese, and the
four-character expression is also important in anything above the level of
"survival Chinese".
Phonetic Series
When a certain character has been used to give the sound in a number of
sound-meaning compounds, a group of characters emerges, each of which
has a different meaning but contains the same sound-component. The
different meanings are established, of course, by using a different meaningcomponent in each character. Such a group of characters is called a phonetic
series, and students have often found that learning becomes more rapid
when they study such character groups. In the second group of characters
we have therefore introduced common characters as part of a phonetic
series, if the characters belong to an important series. For example, the
character "wrap" 63 biio, mentioned above, is the sound-component for a
number of common characters that appear in this book: +& ,& ,463, ,
The Chinese Writing System as Cultural Artifact

There are, more or less, thirteen dialects of the Chinese language-spolcen
languages which differ from one another as much as English, German
and Dutch differ from one another, or as French, Spanish, Italian and
Portuguese differ. The remarkable thing about the Chinese writing system,
21
STUDENT'S GUIDE
including the modem form of it which is studied in this book, is that a

literate native-speaker of one dialect can write down anything he might
reasonably want to communicate, and a literate native-speaker of any other
dialect will immediately understand-although if the two tried to speak
in their native dialects, neither would understand the other. That is, with
the Chinese writing system, you can simultaneously write down a message
in thirteen different languages!' There has never been anything else like
it in human history.
Some foreign students, initially vexed when they see that the Chinese
writing system is somewhat more complicated than their own, think that
Furthermore, while it does take some months longer for a Chinese child
to master the writing system than it does an American or French child,
say, to master their own writing systems, in the long run there is little
diierence. Japan, where the writing system is based on the Chinese system,
has one of the highest literacy rates in the world (illiteracy in Japan is
about one-fifth that of the United States). And Jarnes Traub notes that
only slightly more than four percent of Taiwanese fifth graders and slightly
more than ten percent of Japanese scored as low as the average American
fifth grader on a battery of reading tests.8
The foreign student should also consider that the logic of the Chinese
writing system, as sketched on pages 12-14 above, has stimulated a number
of outstanding Western thinkers, from Leibniz in his work on the Calculus
to Eisenstein on montage. A proposal was floated after World War II to
-- "ideograms".
-- - have traffic signs_aII over the world prepared in Chinese
Although derided by Yale's widely respected sinologist, the late George
A. Kennedy, who called the suggestion "deranged", something like that
has actually happened, with modern pictures, symbols, and especially
"~neaning-meaningcompounds" now to be seen on traffic signs and other
public notices around the world: school crossing.. .men working.. .slippery
True regionalisms and some dialectal slang are not reached by the writing
system, but the relative unimportance and the ephemeral nature of slang
and regionalisms make this a trivial exception.
James-Traub, "It's-Elementary;'-'Ne~v-Yorlierr17-July1995,-78-(-74-79).
STUDENT'S GUIDE
when wet.. .steep hill ahead.. .slow-moving vehicles, lceep right.. .no
smolcing...no eating or drinlcing on the subway.. .do not play boom boxes
on the beach.. .danger of falling roclcs.. .watch out for deer.. .low-flying
aircraft ahead.. .emergency fire exit, this way.. . There is a complex
ideogram on the bus boats in Venice which clearly says, in just four
elements, "sit down or you will bloclc the captain's view and make it
difficult for him to navigate the boat safely!" Many computer icons, too
are a modern form of ideography, universally intelligible to computer
users around the world, whatever their native language. So far, however,
these international systems of modern ideograms have not developed
sound-loans, sound-meaning compounds, or re-clarified compounds.
Study Methods
Each traditional radical introduced in this boolc is assigned a number in
parentheses (radicals used to organize the modern HBn-Ying Cidim are
identified, as noted, by the letter "H" preceding the number). This number
is the radical number and indicates where the radical occurs within the
sequence of 214 (or 226) radicals. Every effort you make to memorize the
number, at least for radicals having two, three, four, five, or six strolces,
will pay off in time saved after you start to use dictionaries. Just as it is a
great time-saver with Western-language dictionaries t o know
approximately where "F" occurs in the alphabet (and whether it occurs
before or after " M , for example) these numbers serve the same purpose
in Chinese. You or your teacher should malce a decision early on about
the question of which set of radical numbers you should try and memorize.
(All things being equal, the authors feel that the "H" set may be most
useful to modern students.) This statement applies only to the radicals'
serial numbers: the meaning of all radicals should be learned. The
pronunciation should be learned, of course, for radicals which still function
in written Chinese as independent characters.
You are also advised, when first learning a character, to be conscious
of all the radicals that appear within it. Say aloud the radicals while writing
a new character. For example, say "knight-eye-cowrie" while writing ?&
"sell" (character 135), or "grass-mouth-mouth-dove-yawn" while writing
# "to be pleased" (character 194). Such incantations may be of
considerable help in recalling characters to memory three or four days
after first encountering them.
STUDENT'S GUIDE
You should read the explanation of the sources of new characters, but
you need not formally study these explanations unless (as sometimes
happens) you become fascinated by the written Chinese character itself.
In that case you may want to learn all the explanations given and even to
carry your own studies further afield into the various books which present
such explanations in greater (and on occasion even fanciful) detail.
You can easily use Reading and Writing Chinese as a programmed
textbook. Cover the character with a blank piece of paper placed along
the vertical line that separates the character from the box containing its
pronunciation and meaning. Then try to write down the character, and
written the character incorrectly, take note of the error or errors and write
the character correctly several times before proceeding to the next one.
After working to the bottom of a page in this way, reverse the procedure
and try to write down the pronunciation and meaning while looking only
at the character. Immediately check your work against the correct
pronunciation and meaning that appear in the text.
How to Write the Characters

The Chinese learn to write characters by using an easy and effective
method. The essential ingredient of this method is the fixed order in which
the strokes of a character are written. Although Chinese people occasionally
disagree among themselves about minor details, the method has been
developed and perfected through centuries of experience. Follow the
stroke-order diagrams
in this book in order
- presented
- ---- to acquire proper
hab'lts early, and remember to keep your characters uniform in size. The
rules below explain the method in general.
STUDENT'S GUIDE
1. Top to bottom:
2. Left to right:
m
i
I
I1
3. Upper left corner to lower right corner:
Ill
STUDENT'S GUIDE
4. Outside to inside:
perpendicular strokes:
6. Slanting strolce to the left before slanting strolce to the right:
STUDENT'S GUIDE
7. Center strolce before symmetrical wings:
The Pronunciation of Chinese

The system used in this revised edition of Reading and Writing Chinese
to write Chinese with Roman letters is the Hanyu Pinyin system which is
standard in mainland China and is now used almost everywhere else in
the world, too, in newspapers, magazines, books, textbooks, and so on.
The Hanyu Pinyin system is as follows:
1. The following letters are pronounced lilce their English equivalents:
f; k, I, m, n, p, s, (except in "sh") t, w, and y.
2. The following letters are pronounced like the English sounds indicated:
a (except as described in 8, below), as in fnthel-; i, as in machine
(except when appearing immediately after u-see end of this
paragraph-or when appearing immediately after c, r, s, sh, z, or zh:
see 9. below); o as in worn; ai as in aisle; and ui, lilce wei in weight.
3. The following combinations are pronounced like the English sounds
indicated: ao, lilce ow in how; ou, like o in so; and e (except e after i
or y: see 8, below), like o in done.
4. The following letters are pronounced as explained: b, like p in spy; d,
like tin sty; and g,like k sky; that is, like English p, t, and k but with
less aspiration (cp. 1, above).
5. The following letters are pronounced as described: h, with more
friction than the English h; u (but not ii, and also not when followed
by another vowel or pair of vowels, or when preceded by j, q, or by i
or y), like oo in moon but with the lips rounded and the tongue back;
u preceded by i or y, like o in so; u preceded by j, q, or x, round the
STUDENT'S GUIDE
lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instead i as in machirj

(cp. ii in 8, below); z, like ds in cads; and c, like ts in it's hot.
6. The following letters and combinations are pronounced as describe(
sh as in shred, tongue very far back; ch, tongue flat against roof c
mouth, very far back; zh, like ch just described but with less breatl
and r, tongue flat against roof of mouth, far back-like a j and
pronounced together.
7. The following letters are pronounced as described: j, like English
but with tongue tip forward where teeth meet; q, like jjust describe
but with more breath; and x, tongue tip against back of lower teet
nounced as described: e after i or y, as i

yet; ii, round the lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instea
i as in machine;ii, plus e, lilce ii just described plus English e in yet;
after i or y and before n (but not before ng),like e in yet; and a after
and before n, like e in ye
9. When i comes immediately after c, r, s, or z, it indicates that the mout
and tongue are held in place while the consonant is pronounced with01
a vowel (but with a tone: see next section: we could say that 'th
consonant becomes its own vowel'); that is, si is just a hiss, zi is jur
a buzz, and n' is a kind of pun; when i comes immediately after ch c
zh, the resulting syllables chi and zhi are pronounced as explained i
6, above, but they slide towards the r sound and get a tone-rathe
like the first syllable of gerbil and Churchill,respectively; and whe
i comes immediately after sh, the resulting syllable shi sounds lik
English
but-with thesh described
above, and with a tone. .-- shirr
- -10. The letter u when followed by another vowel or pair of vowels I
pronounced like English w; the combination iu at the end of syllable
is pronounced about lilce the American greeting Yo!; and yi i
pronounced like the first syllable of easy.
To use this system of writing Chinese (Putonghua)with Roman letter
the student needs to know about three further features: word-division, th
occasional use of apostrophes, and the placement of tone-marks (see belov
over vowels when the syllable has more than one vowel-letter (a, e, i, o,
and ii) in it. Chinese is written in 'the real world' with Chinese character
not-with Roman-letters,-so-the-system-of-romanizaton
hasnot-been-two1
STUDENT'S GUIDE
smooth' by those great creators and molders of language, the folk. Many
details, therefore, have not been worked out; the division into words is
one of them. For example, should the expression for "overseas Chinese",
composed of HUB(Chinese) + qi5o (person or people living abroad), be
written HUBqiBo or HuBqiBo? I recommend that the student follow the
advice I give to my students of translation at City University of Hong
Kong: look it up in a good dictionary, like Hm-Ying Cidim! (It's HuBqiBo,
one word.) Apostrophes are used, when necessary, to avoid ambiguity.
The term jianai, for example, could be read as jia nai or jian ai, so an
apostrophe is added to clanfy: jim'ai. As to the correct placement of tonemarks when a syllable has two or more vowel-letters in it, the situation is
fairly simple, and practice and observation will help a great deal. The
letters a and e always get the tone-mark in combinations, and o always
gets the tone-mark except when the combination is ao or iao, in which
case the a gets it. When i and u appear together-as iu or as ui-whichever
one comes second gets the tone-mark.
Tone
In addition to its vowels and consonants, a word in modern Chinese has a
characteristic "tone". The tone of a word is very important because it
allows our ears to discriminate among words that have the same vowels
and consonants. Tones result from changes in pitch which the speaker
produces with the vocal cords while pronouncing the vowels and
consonants. The difficulty of learning these tones has been much
exaggerated. In fact, the system of tones in Putonghua ("Mandarin", the
standard, or most commonly studied, spoken language of China, based on
the dialect of the capital, Beijing) is actually one of the simplest of all
Chinese dialects.
In Putonghua there are four tones (or five, if we count the 'zero' tone:
see below). These tones are indicated in Hnlzyzi Pinyin by the tone marks
ii, fi, 6, and 6, written over the syllable like the accent in French (see
above). Thus, mH is n z + n (as described above) pronounced in the first
tone, ma'is m + a pronounced in the second tone, and so on. The way in
which the speaker uses the vocal chords to change the pitch can be written
on a musical staff, as below. Note that it is only the contour of the pitch
which determines the tone; thus a man's normal first tone will be a bit
lower than a woman's. Pitch will normally be somewhere near the centre
29
STUDENT'S GUIDE
of the speaking voice and will vary according to the individual and his c
her mood.'
The description of tones given here is the simplest and is the one mo:
often presented in texts. It is intended to enable the student to pronounc
words-in isolation. In nosmal speech the tone may disappear from a syllablc
third tones in succession in a single expression, native spealcer

automatically change the first of them to a second tone: h6n hilo become
hEn hilo. We have indicated such changes in this book if the expression :
a very common one. Some very common words change their tone
regularly, depending on the tone of the following word, and in these case
we have indicated the tone appropriate to each expression. Problems (
words in discourse are, however, more properly a subject for a textboo
of modern spoken Chinese, which you are urged to consult for mol
specific information.
The musical diagram is from Chao Yuen Ren, A Granznzar of Spolce

~lzinese-~Berlceley~Wniversity-of-~alifo1~ia-Press~l
1,062 BASIC CHARACTERS
character and means "man" or "person".

Learn to distinguish the "man" rad. from the
"enter" rad. A (152, below).
5-9 * BASIC CHARACTERS
see p. 281a, below -and also the form 2,
Note that C has "down" and "twist" in it.

The other stroke is not a rad. in traditional
dictionaries. In the form A , however, it is
used in modem dictionaries as a rad. (e.g., a
H5). The history of 4~ is very complicated;
it involves the confusion of at least three
different characters.
"man" rad. (here, "sideman") suggests the

meaning, the right half, yE (6, above) at one
time suggested the sound, but now it is not
BASIC CHARACTERS 10-14

4
S A . N , ~ .
10
3 stroltes
d,
woman. WOMANrad. (38)(H73)
-k is a picture -a rough stick drawing of a
woman. It occurs independently as a
character and means "woman."
-kA niirEn, woman
compound. The "woman" rad. suggests the

meaning, and yE, as in 4th t2, "he," (7,
above) once suggested the sound. Note the
logic in the writing system; the "man" rad.
occurs in the character for "he;" the
"woman" rad. occurs in the character for
Tile "hook" rad. has a little hook on the

bottom of it. It differs from the "down" rad.
(3, above): the "down" rad has no little
hook. Note that j u i i s not a rad. in modem
15-19 BASIC CHARACTERS
s a picture. In older forms, it is easy to

cow with horns drawn from the front.
form of the "cow" rad. occurs only as a
of characters; another form, 4 (260,
w) occurs as an independent character.
?- is a picture. In older forms, it quite

clearly resembles a child. -71 occurs often as
-71-k zinii, sons and daughters; children
s sometimes gloss this character

form of fB " ("to go around;
nce," 876, below).
ply an arbitrary symbol

October 1, National Day
's Republic of China
The "field" rad. is a picture of the typical

Chinese (and East Asian) field - a large
wound silk cocoon. Note that it appears also

in several characters related to sillc (25 and
28, below). Dictionaries often note that this
The "coil" rad. originally was a picture of a

coil of silk thread. Learn to distinguish
"coil" from the "cocoon" rad. A (24,
above), from the "silk" rad. % (28, below),
and from the "dark" rad. t (p. 24%).
suggest "small." Two of the dots remain, bu

the center dot has been replaced by a "hook'
aic) a person of little
The "silk" rad. was a drawing of silk thread.

Note that the modem form includes the
-"W-faa;-SeeZI74,%37-~--
in the fields; the women's main work was

sericulture (silk farming). % may be a
meaning-meaning compound to suggest
everybody's work, whence "be tied."
-W % hJolSi, be very tired
'
/J
CId, step. STEP rad. (60)(H62)
Note that the "step" rad. includes the "sideman" (4, above), to which a stroke has been
added -supposedly to suggest movement,
a step taken. The "step" rad. occurs often in
characters for action or movement.
30
3 strokes
G&, be stubborn; be blunt; be tough,

leathery (of food orpeople). STUBBORN
rad. (138)(H184)
In early texts, k i s clearly a picture of a man
with a big, staring eye -an obstinate type,
an isolent fellow. In modem times, the
spoken word gin is dialect -used in
certain localities, but not part of modem
standard Chinese.
17
31
6 strokes
4
'4 4" 4"
/
&, very
This character is a sound-ioan for h6n
"very." Originally, it stood for a word that
meant "to act stubborn, to resist" -a word
that probably was cognate with gin (31,
above). The "stubbom" rad. was reclarified
with the "step" rad., and sometime later the
character was borrowed for h6n. "very."
K ~ Umouth;
,
a measure for human beings.
M O W & . (30)(H58)
The "mouth" radical also occurs as an
independent character and means "mouth."
It is a picture.
A n rink64 population
5 a A s;Tn k6u r6n, three people
a -3- kGuzi, hole, opening, cut, rip
33
3 strokes
1
b h b b
I\\\
34
4 strokes
''
' ''
H U ~&.
, FIRErad. (86)(H80)
This is supposed to be a picture of the fire
burning on the ground. This form of the
"fire" rad. occurs only as a part of characters.
It is called "fire-dots" or "four-dots fire."
Compare the independent form k (414,
below).
is a picture. The resemblance

clearer in older forms of the
topic to emphasize it.

75 is a sound-meaning compound - .% (35
part of characters,IS H rad. 10)
tailed bird." In some ancient texts it

specifically means "dove." The older forms
of the character were clearly pictures of a
BASIC CHARACTERS * 40-44
This character is probably a sound-meaning

compound. Zhui(39, above) is supposed to
The "hand" rad. looks like this when it is an

independent character meaning "hand." This
fonn can also sometimes occur as a part of
The "dart" rad. is a picture. (H defines yias

"a retrievable arrow with string attached"
and calls it "bookish.") Compare the "lance"
rad. (43, below) and learn to distinguish
"lance" from "dart."
The "lance" rad. is a picture. Note that

"lance" has one more stroke than "dart," at
the bottom. In museums you can see that the
old weapon called g5 had a blade like this at
the lower end. The weapon is also
from zhso "look for" % (508, below). W6 is

"hand" + "lance;" zhso is "side-hand" +
an independent character and means "gate,
doorway, area by an
This character came to mean "you" by

sound-loan. The history of the character is
too complicated to go into here. Nowadays
4k 4Pl
nimen,you (plural)
nihrio, hello! hi! how are you!
D& big. BIG rad. (37)(H52)

k is a man with arms extended: "big." klJ.
50
3 strokes
djyigo, size (abstract nouns are often formed

of antonyms combined, as if to say "the big
and little of it, the size:" cp. & 8~ giio2i' (tall/
short: height), 75, below; 9 3. duiishio
(manylfew: how many?), 287; 1&
qingzb6ng (lightheavy: weight), 1051;
ku;Tnzh&(broadlnarrow: width), p. 254a, etc.)
Fii, husband, "bigman"

k d&fi, medical doctor (note that k
"big" is pronounced d;ij in this
expression)
k A firen, Mrs.; Madam
.% f , AMil fiiren, Mrs. Ma; Madam Ma
51
4 strokes
AiAi'
--C
52
4 strokes
'I'I&V, heaven; day

Heaven was anciently recognized as a diety
in China. This character is supposed to be a
picture of "an anthropomorphic diety."
kk ti&ti&, every day
k-7ti;Tnzi, the "Son of Heaven," the
emperor
YAO, tender, gentle (withA,yZo

comprisesH.rad. 90)
Learn to distinguish k from k (52, above).
The clue is: is there a "one" rad. or a "left"
rad. across the top?
53
4 strokes
4
54
6 strokes
m,bamboo. BAMBOO rad. (118)(H178)

This character is a good picture of the
slender, drooping leaves of the bamboo.
St? zhirzi, bamboo
4-t ,6 zbiirni, a stick used by children as a
toy horse
55-59
BASIC CHAIZACTERS
This form of the "bamboo" rad. only occurs
One scholar says, 'When bamboo takes the

wind, it leans back gently like a man who
BASIC CHARACTERS 6 0 6 4
character: just memorize it. Distinguish it
The character is a picture. The point of the

arrow is at the top, and the feathers and
notch are at the bottom.
"grain" (65 below), & "rice" (101, below),
stroke across the top to represent the head of

ripened grain. Distinguish "grain" from
f$. is composed of
"arrow"
k+ "grain"
iF. "woman" & -all things which,
within their classes, are generally shorter:

arrows than spears, grain than trees, women
,tiA rnjngSn, a busy fellow
?& is deferential, used to address elders and

superiors. Note that the top half of this
character is f* "you" (49, above).
5% brihio, It's not good; No good!
75-79
BASIC CHARACTERS
I% was a picture of stairs leading down from

the mound. In form, "mound" and the "city"
rad. (136, below) are the same, but "city"
always appears at the far right in characters.
Not an independent form. Dictionaries call
zu6 drdu6, "left ear." (h
"mound"
=572, below; 4 , 2 0 1 ; &. seep. 282b).
T V brikB, should not
kzxin, be satisfying, pleasing
-pref% it-is used by sound-loan--
direct address, and impatient statements.

Sound-loan, reclarified with "mouth."
--
BASIC CHARACTERS = 80-84
Yir is a picture of a hand holding a brush.

The top part, If,is a rad. in many modem
dictionaries (i.e., H124). Such dictionaries
Yud has a stroke inside the mouth, perhaps

to suggest the tongue moving. Learn to tell
"Brush" + "say" = "book." (Not accurate

historically, this explanation can help you
remember the character.)
above) and from "city"
p (136, below).
The "shield" cad. is a picture. In modem texts,
-8

announce, report; newspaper; to
i2Ekes
$r $p
1
$E
R
The old form of this character meant "to

requite" because it was a picture of a kneeling
man with manacles and a hand to mete out
the punishment. It stands for "announce" by
sound-loan. It will have to be memorized as
"lucky" + "seal" + "right hand."
~ I . $ l i xi;iobtio, tabloid
BB~brush,writinginstrument
Biis a meaning-meaning compound:
"bamboo" + "brush" =the traditional
Chinese writing instrument, a brush made of
bamboo.
-%,.,g bixin, pencil-lead; ball-point pen refill
Re
91
12 strokes
92
4 strokes
Z
.c
W ~ Gking;
, family name (H88)
'
3 3' F
W h g i s classified in traditional dictionaries

under the "jade" rad. 5 (62, above)
although wjng has one less stroke. In such
dictionaries, characters in which the rad.
seems to be w h g will be found under
"jade" but in modem dictionaries will be
found, more logically, under L whg, king.
WAN, to play, to amuse oneself

A sound-meaning compound. Y u h (72,
above) suggests the sound. The "jade" rad.
is supposed to help with the meaning,
perhaps because toys were often made of
jade; "toys" suggests "to play."
8 strokes
m,gold, metals; a family name. GOLD
isd (16'7)(HZ09; short form = H rad. 147)
A
8 k:ses
&
'&
The "gold" rad. occurs as an independent

character and means "gold" or "metals."
Often seen in characters for various metals
or metallic objects.
&5 jin yii, (bookish) gold and jade;
"treasures"
(short form in combinations only: 4 )
ShZn is a picture. In the old form it is clearly

three peaks sticking up. The "mountain" rad.
often occurs independently as a character
and means "mountain" and "hill."
I.40 shMc6u, mountain pass
Notice the "mountain" rad. in the center of

gZng it suggests the meaning. The rest of
g a g is from an old character which gave
1.40 shZn gfing, low hill, hilloclc
"eight" rad. to the other forms he has

learned (26 and 88, above). This is the form
which-is-usually-seems-anindependent tortoise; (vulgar, abusive)
Q
m
,lead (the metal)
ia.9 qiZnb&pencil
100
13 strokes
i@, rice; a family name. RICE md.

, I(119)(H159)
,, ,
101
6 strokes
The "rice" rad. was originally a picture of

rice growing in a paddy. The horizontal stroke
represented the water that stands in paddies.
Distinguish "rice" from "sift" $-(516, below)
from "grain" iF. (65, above), and from
"tree" &- (64, above).
5 % yiimi, maize, Indian corn
D&, knife. KNIFE md. (18)(H27;in H,the

form 3 ,seen in combinations,is classified
7J is a picture. Distinguish it from the
"strength" rad. a (206, below).
n 4 diiozi, knife
f i n , rice flour; rice-flour noodles

Enb&chalk (for writing with)
P B liya, (old expression) write up your
"earth" ="village." A commentator says,

"Where there's land by fields, you build a
village." This character is also used by
BASIC CHARACTERS 110-1 14
0,wristwatch, watch
rad. This character may, however, be a

simple sound-meaning compound.
-?-at shdubiZo, wristwatch
The downstroke through the center of the

rectangle suggests "middle."
rfi *G zhdngxTn, center, core
rfi 3 zhijnglf, "standing in the middle," i.e.,
This character is a sound-loan. Originally, it

meant "nation" (see 114, below). As
"nation," it was a combination of meanings:
"lance" (for the army) + "mouth" (for a
language) + "earth." "Earth" has been
corrupted into "one" in the modem form.
"surround" rad. to suggest the national
rfi
Zhdnggu6, China
?!' 3a zh6nglfgu6, a neutral nation
115-119 a BASIC CHARACTERS
Supposed to be a meaning-meaning
compound; one dictionary says, "If the
applied-heat-to-theshell-until it-cracked, then
should lean to distinguish the "eye" rad.

from the "small nose" rad. h (515, below).
g-meaning compound: "hand"
xT, "west" (130, below) as rad. 166. As a

modem rad., it will be seen in the form a6 at
the top of characters.
122
6 strokes
~aa cowrie; a family name. C
FI
123
7 strokes
O W
A cowrie is a small, yellowish-white shell

"with a fine gloss, used by various peoples
cow,
as money*7(century,tionql.
were money in China. We find the "cowrie"
rad. in characters for value, money,
business transactions, etc.
g compound. The top
commendation
-&A gukEn, government VIP
125-129 * BASIC CI-IARACTERS
to make the explanation helpful.

i W gibg hcio, be better; even more
kb dn'bin'n,to shit, defecation

C$-bihyi, street clothes, "civvies;"
plainclothes man
father. Now it is used by
- - a,
west (H166, in the forms of I

and a )
The character is a picture of a bird in a nest
and originally meant "to nest." It is used for
xi"west" by sound-loan. Characters in
which xliseems to be the radical will be
found in traditional dictionaries under the
"cover" rad. 73 (122, above). Distinguish the
"wine" rad. H (363, below).
*
)
130
6 strokes
-"
Y&, to want; to ask for; "wanted?'

73 important, essential
-
&A ya'orEn, important person (usually a
government official)
-%% ya'obli, otherwise, or else, or
4% yGoha'o, be on good terms, be good

friends; be eager to improve yourself
traditional dictionaries, this form is almost

always "net" -and in H, always so.
his lord. Cp. "earth" k (86).
'mound" rad. (78, above). When the form

ccurs far right in a character, it is always Dictionaries call "city" hq* yciu drdu6,
"right ear" (2%
= 210, below; = 201; =%,
is the form P -92)

Lrio, say the dictionaries, is a picture of an
old man with long hair and a cane. The
modem formis very stylized (you can-analyze it into "earth-left-ladle").
It may be hard to see in zhd the "old" rad.,

but we lcnow it is there because zhdis
classified under d2 "old" in traditional
58
In the sense of "metropolis," this character is

a sound-meaning compound; "city" gives
This character is formed of two "ten" rads.

written together. Note that niiin is sometimes
written -If. This character is normally read
aloud simply as Z-t-~?rsh-- "twenty."
The character is a picture. The student

should learn to distinguish the "basket" rad.
from the "box" rad. r (145, below). The
two are almost identical and, indeed, have
become the same rad (15) in H.
we assume the box is tipped on its side, the

right-hand side of the box is not drawn in.
classics" of Confucianism.
copper, iron, and tin); metals
Ql, seven
The student will want to distinguish -k from
the "ladle" rad. L (137, above). Printed
form: -\r
-k 9 qikii the seventh night of the seventh
lunar month -the one night of the
year, according to myth, that the
legendary lovers "the Cowboy" and
"the Weaver Girl" get to spend
together
150
2 strokes
ttk
~ f nine
i,
hjF, jiiititin,"Ninth
Heaven," the highest

of heavens (the Westem world has
"seventh heaven")
151
2 strokes
152
2 strokes
&
"3
9 shokes
RO,to enter. EBTER rad. (11) (Tn H, with
y jj- ~ m ;
* X &
A (2, above), = rad. 23) Distinguish "enter"

from A ( ~ 2 ) .
A
nikdu, entrance
A Pq riim6n, to start well; primer
A 3 nishdu, put your hand in; get started,
make a beginning
A$-1$- ni m0 s;in En, be written in a
forceful hand; be profound
the first sylla~leof &&me
(sh&mme),what? SHE!N, very
Originally this character stood for a word
meaning "peace and happiness." It was a
meaning-meaning compound: "sweet" +
"mate." Now the character is used by soundloan.
-& $ -&
HbJ, slope, cliff. SLOPErad. (27)(H13)
154
2 strokes
H;in is a picture of a slope. The student will

want to note that this character is usually
seen, in modem texts, as the short form for
& ch;ing, "factory" (p. 264h below). In H,
besides HI3 there is a look-alike form J ,
identified as rad. 22, but H22 is the rad. only
in K (308, below) and Iff (p. 277h) and in
the short forms for 1(452) and (p. 256b).
(154, above) and from the "sick" rad. f

(531, below). Yrin,"lean-to," will most
Lin is a meaning-meaning compound: "tree'

beside "tree" = "forest, woods." Cp. sgn
(p. 266a, below), which also means "forest."
Emme), what? ( S h E m e i:
commonly written now a!
L, [for I f , see p. 281b,
"say" rad. R (82, above): 1) "sun" will be

taller and thinner, or 2) the inner line in
"say" will be incomplete, or 3) the two will
This character is a meaning-meaning
gives you a hint that it refers to some object

made of wood.
Qiis said to be a meaning-meaning

compound, but it is not clear why "big" +
"be able" should suggest "be weird."
@% iiiioqf, be curious, be interested in odd
tliings or just in many things
hiioqixin, curiosity
d to be a sound-meaning
meaning-meaning compound; "the sun

tangled in the branches of a tree" is
supposed to suggest "sunrise" and,
7'~eijid
,bfin
. qirin, nine cents
&i,k jingirin, money
(people); therefore, ancient.
"number+ ge + noun;" individual (adjective)

Z I l s;ingC?,three ...
Zl~dinormally appears in the construction

"zl16i+ 'measure"' or "zl~C?i
+ 'measure' +
noun" (cp. 170, above).
& i l zl]C?isC?,this, this one
& zllC?me,so, thus, in this case; in this
way, to this extent or degree
NC?inormally appears in the construction

"ngi + 'measure"' or "nC?j+'measure' +
noun" (cp. 170 and 172, above).
fJF$4 nC?igC?,that, that one
fJir lE nC?me,that being so, in that case; in
that way, to that extent or degree
ther way to write % (28, above).

t should learn to recognize both
gathered around a single space." Not in

current use as an independent cllaracter.
The root meaning of h i is "to join or close,'

as one would two panels of a double door.
Early dictionaries call this character a
meaning-meaning compound and say, "to
close, like the mouth."
dictionary, you cannot be sure whether this

form is the "moon" rad. or the "meat" rad.
(326);youmayhave-to~nderboth-rads.
befo~eyou find a character. H puts all such
but not in traditional dictionaries.

st forms show a hand taking hold
of meat. Later lexicographers lost
so yciu came to be classified unde
(in H, under f "left hand,"
from the other form

form is called f,F"
dots water" (for A,
three-dots form ofte
HZn is a sound-meaning compound. The

"tluee-dots water" rad. suggests the
meaning; gEn (87, above) suggests the
Sl~fiis a picture: a right hand holds the club.

Distinguish "club" from these characters:
"branch" & (271, below), "knoclc" k
(384). "pattern"
(360), "follow" A (319),
and "slow" A (337).
Shii,"club," is not now in common use.
have; has not (done something)
ST 9 MshFn, to fit well (clothes)

hzsht'n, Lo fit well (clothes)
9 shFnRn, position, rank
The "thumb" rad. is a picture of a hand, w

the dot added to indicate the thumb. Leam
distinguish "thumb," "side-hand" 3 (14,
above), and "then" $ (596, below).
'an m o w on a bow, and the "thumb" was z

hand drawing on a bow, whence "to shoot
Xis is a sound-meaning compound; the

& x'Exi.5, Thank you.
&t b0aX1d,
You're welcome.
& El jiri,a ''lucky day" on tile traditional
te that the lower part of this character is

"man" rad. If it helps you to remember
character, think of the upper part as his
This character is not at present used as an

independent character.
.&ik
xihuZn, to like

re of a foot. From
above) gives the sound.

S R l . gsnshang, to keep up with, keep pac
Note that Uie bottom half of "green"

resembles "moon." Qing by itself, howeve
is-~eonizedsaradThechatta-alsooccurs independently and means "green"
qing(l98, above) gives the sound.

$TI?
sh6 qing, Who's paying?
Bi] , the moon shining through a craclc in a

gate, originally meant "crack, break."
"Leisure" may be an extension of meaning,
as in English a rest is "a break." Now
usually = I??, which loolcs lilce a meaningmeaning compound: "put a tree across
e student should distinguish "strength"

m the "knife" rad. 7J (102, above)
E rh sipinijli, four horsepower
rh m d i , "put your baclc" into a job; do
something "with all your might"
differentiate; difference
Xd A bjErEn, other people
-Xll-E-bi6tn;ii;Don'rbuyit!---113XI1 $big, specific; very few; be
taracter is classified in traditional

ictionaries under the "moon" rad. A (178
bove). In H, it is classified under rad. 118
X#
fui80, elders (as in a district)
The character is supposed to be a picture of

a woman in irons. The relation of that to its
present meaning is unclear. Learn to
distinguish tlte "don't" rad. from -4-mi,
This character is not in modem use except

as a short form for L gin (215, below), in
which usage it is, of course, pronounced
Zhen (213, above) for sound, eye for
&liiis a pictuie o f a woman with two dots tc

emphasize the breasts. Learn to distinguish
"mother" from the "don't" rad. -# (212,
4 4 % mmu'qin,mother
X . 4 fimmu',parents, your father and mothe
k 4 dl?@, oldest brother; also used to

address politely a lnan about your
bbiogZ, older male cousin such that
The "bow" rad. is a picture of a bow.

5 3- gdngzi, bow (e.g., a violin bow)
an arrow stayed on the bow, hence "to pity

In modem use, this character has been
replaced by $, which Bemhard Karlgen
calls "a vulgar corruption" (Analytic
z& Srdi, second younger cousin
ka-ka jiEjie, older sister

k-ka diijii, oldest sister; also used to
address politely a woman about your
below) and from % (p.301b).

'T wdikE, cannot, be unable to
&!LC biZornSi, younger female cousin such

that tl~etwo of you are children or
grandcl~ildrenof a brother and a
sister, or of two sisters
225-229
BASIC CHARACTERS
Ek shduzhi, toilet paper

$IL"it.
bjozhi, newspaper, newsprint
The cliaracter is a drawing of a man with a
This character is said to be a picture of a

child with open fontanel.
The student should distinguish "white" from

the "sun" rad. El (160, above) and from tile
"nose" rad. 8 (515, below).
-k 3. bjitiZn, in the daytime
The character is a picture of a wrapper. As

part of a cilaracter, the "wrap" rad. usually
appears wrapped around other rads. or parts
of the character. Some modem dictionaries
call the "wrap" rad. " 63 $32 %," bjbzi t6ur
-top of the character 'bao' (63 = 509,
below; $ = 257; 6 =454).
& '7 niirsli;io, wooden ladle
')f 7
duile, That's right!
"N3.duishdu, adversafy, opponent

#3& duiz!?6ng, to set a clock
mother's side
--
$L+k ba'oshui, to make a custolns
talk and laugh together,
The "ten" rad. gives a clue that the character

stands for a number.
'F- 4! qiZn lz many miles; long journey
?la%
qiZnlim& a superb horse, a horse
that can run many miles
'F- i; gi;Tngfi, eternal, of the ages
extra one (one too many)
%Z guizhcing, be valuable
3 7 ch6ng le, be done twice, get repeated
f ?& gtlddng, an antique; an old fart
as 243, above: "be correct (in the mind)

about, to understand." Note that in form it is
identical to 243, with the addition of the
245-249
BASIC CHARACTERS
2 burshi, "No!"; a fault
A xi&fiT, my late husband

F, xiZnti?in, innate, inborn
shSng n&r, to bear a daughter
3- shSngshbu, green hand, green horn
ives the sound in a

aracters (usually as
The "child" rad. gives tile meaning; h Z

(250, above) gives the sound.
T23 hZtdng, children

TS 3% xiiiohZr, child (colloquial)
11%
g t i ~h in the fields W ."
255-259
BASIC CHARACTERS
kk-4 xikgming, full name

$2 yGuming, be famous
as a part of other characters.

...

This character is a picture (cp. 15, above).
This form occurs as a part of characters and
also as an independent character. L e a n to
distinguish "cow" from w0 "noon" 4 (594,
The original meaning of this character was

"muzzle for cows." The character was a
meaning-meaning compound: "cow" +
"mouth" suggested the device. By soundloan it means "inform."
4L-& ba'oga'o, to report; a report, a lecture
The "axe" rad, is a picture. The character

now stands also for a measure of weight, a
jin or "catty," wlich equals about 1.5
-&X ga'osii, to inform

%%L siishu6, to tell, to relate
LM
sll;ingsii, (legal term) to appeal to a
265-269
BASIC CHARACTERS
The student should distinguish the "chief'

rad. from the "head" rad Sj; (333, below)
and from the "face" rad. dil (610, below)
"Chief' was originally a picture of a head
with horns or some big headdress.
$ 2 ~shGudii, capital city
h8 zhidfio, to know
%# da'oxiZ, to thank
8.4%
dfioxi,
- to congratulate
-f 8 z11EjyLuidsh&this lot of hooks

f da' xit7.a bit larger
"branch" rad. from "club"

"knock" k (384, below), '
(360), "follow" A (319), "
In this character, 271, above, has been

reclarified wit11 the "tree" rad.
&? zlu'zi,(hee) branch
-&* yizlu'bi,a pen
As a cyclical character ("heavenly stem"),

this was probably a symbol. The meaning
"self" is probably by sound-loan. Learn to
tell "self" from "already" 5 (274, below),
from si FJ (275), and from "seal" & (760).
Z zllqi,"bosom" or "intimate"
characters with which tf, is likely to be
originally supposed to have been a

ing of a fetus, with a large head and
d up lower part. The student should
to distinguish sifrom 273 and 274,
*G
is a sound-meaning compound.
.icl-t2Ehi0 ba, Okay! Bravo! Fine!

fsk&itiltC niz11idSo ba, You know, I
suppose.
y51g(278, above) suggested the sound.
,%.at'
%
,.
hEixii, a "black heart," an evil mind

hsi b;ii bfi En, cannot
t9 %
& is a meaning-meaning compound: the

"divine" rad. (118, above) + "mouth" = "to
explain (orally) the divination cracks."
Other meanings by sound-loan.
wU dijn zl16ng, 5:00
rw * sh &;inliii, 3.6
Tile "rain" rad. is a picture of raindrops

falling from clouds.
+JL o'ng xi6ng, (respectful) your older
43.97 hcio dud le, Much better!

9 duaxis, Many thanlcs!
9"k
nn
06
shiioni, young +,l
9) once suggested the
g6u pEngy6u, to be a friend indeed
%,%1;Sf-
guidiiinzi, (dialect) d ' i trick, evil
The "earth" rad. gives the meaning; guf

(291, above) suggests the sound.
-k%+t qikuZ q i k , seven dollars
-% W yikuZ t i k , a piece of land, a field
M5o is a picture of an animal's pelt.

Distinguish from 3 "hand" (41, above).
%% mgobi, writing brush
%% niiioyi, (wool) sweater
.if%
hiinm50, fine body-hair (on people)
295-299
BASIC CHARACTERS
aracter may stand for a word cognate

4, above. The "heart" rad. means
(as it often does), and @. can be
ed as "to examine in the mind, to
Older forms have "clasp" (141, above)
-# yigdng, all together

? # Zhcing Gdng, Chinese Communists
(from ? El # b 2 Zhdngguci)
meaning. It soon came to mean "tall

buildings: capital."
$$ Ddnuing, Tokyo
check out something put in plain view, on a
3Rsk xiinqijo, ready money
83k.5 zrii wd kib,as I see it

% 8 7 bfi zii le, to no longer exist; to be
The student should distinguish liiing from

(31, above). Litkg
the "stubborn" rad. i%
has the extra dot at the top.
1i5ngxinn,conscience
kW liSngh80, be good, be well
f
htA%kliiing kuii qi'in, two dollars

--I;% &? yi liiingjinzi, a tael of gold
h iL li8ng k6uzi. husband and wire
part of a cltaracter; 306 is the independent
Fin is a sound-meaning compound. The

"food" rad. gives the meaning;
(308,
above) suggests the sound.
&{ti. mIfin, cooked rice
&$ti. y i i ~to~beg
, for food or money
. Ting (3 11, above) is, of
Shdis a picture of a tongue sticking out of a
@ % xudshd, to learn "by tongue," i.e., so

that you can parrot the teacher's
words without really understanding
them; (colloquial) gossipy
This character sltows a hand holding a
to intercede
le yawn" rad. (to suggest the opening

mouth) combines with gE(217, above) in
.%Ill
g E , every one; one by one
%El gEgu6, various nations

-%I* gSbvSi, everybody (used in addressin
an audience, to get people's
attention); each person
%% qingkS, to give a party
?jig sliu6k5, an (informal) emissary, an

eloquent fellow sent to win others to
your point of view
his character once was identical, to the

"breath" rad. (324, below) and meant
"breath, vapours, exhalations." It was
probably by sound-loan that it came to mean
"to beg."
%+> qisl~i,beg for food
322
3 strokes
/k
P~
' '
CEJji, to eat
*~tti
c / i i h , to eat
ptbtl$.G
cliide d6ngxi, food, things to eat
L h
strengll and exertion;
pc
pl
li,trequire
323
6 strokes
----I
324
4 strokes
)=,
~tbreath, vapours, exhalations, BRE4TH

rad. (84)(H109)
The cliaracter is a picture of breath passing
off in waves.
$L sl~Fngqi,to get an,v
a%,yuiinqi, vitality, personal energy,
ROU, meat. h4EAT rad. (130)(H118)

Note that when the "meat" rad. occurs as a
part of characters, it is identical in form to
the "moon" rad. (178, above). The "meat"
rad. as ai independent character, however,
has a different form (928, below). As part c
a character, this f o m is H. rad. 118 whethe
it originally meant "meat" or "moon."
4 strokes
(6 strokes)
I
under the "meat" rad. (326, above); that is

the only way we know that this form is
"meat."
fiE h ningl?, ability
fik $4 nnngg:ciu, to be able to
3"
10 strokes
Ifl* t lflL
*t/
*t
flk
C%NG, already; -G,

relationship
between great-grandparents and greatgrandchildren through the male line; a
family name
328
12 strokes
.$g h u M , to receive a guest
The character originally was "slope" +

"white" + "water" and meant "spring" (i.e.,
a water-source). "Water" was corrupted into
The character was a picture of a man's head.
traditional form, willingness often being a

matter of the heart, not of the head.
+G'Efi xiiyu$n,heart's desire
i18Eii qingyuiin,voluntarily

The old form of the "tone" rad. was a mouth
blowing on a flute -a pretty good way to
suggest "tone." The modem fonn has been
corrupted into "stand" over "say."
titought"); accident
identical in form to the "follow" rad. (319,

above) and may want to review the entry
under 319 for clarification of their relation.
In modern dictionaries like H, these two
forms are put together as one rad. (=H65).
This is the form of tlte "claws" rad. that is

used as a part of characters. (For the
said to be an object
It is supposed that this word ren and the

word rsn A ''man; be human" are cognates.
The "two" rad., then, is a reclarification. The
"two" is often explained philosophically:
"two" = "another, other," and kindness is the
most important virtue toward others.
"F % zh2 kkjn, at first sight

"F 4 "F %
: zl1Z yciu zl~Zint?;, now it's here,
now it's not (idiomatically: "now you
see it, now you don't")
8 t chkjngyjn, (bookish) frank and open

speech or remarks
344
8 strokes
E?
345-349
BASIC CHARACTERS
The "mouth" gives the meaning; chin::
"811: cl~,inggB,to sing
gvlhBcl~;in,,a chorus (group of singerr
=fi118 nljichjng, to sing for a living
LIU fi sh'ingge yu4 last month
LC A sl~ingqiin r&n,to be nearly a

thousand people
1% sl~ingxu& to go to school
L
shingm8, to get on a horse; to start
% Q xiEsl~Bng,(artist's expression) to dr
"heart"; "head" was corrupted to "field."

,&
' k3 sixiing, thought
modem Chinese, but it is seen as a sound
The character is a picture of a small piece of
?lt
shdujin, small towel, face towel

zl$in, paper towel
The top part of this character is the cover,
% % rna'on6ng. to use someone else's name

~FI;i-7. rna'ozi, hat, cap
s'iI.tER bima'or, cap of a pen
% +% rna'osh6, peak of a cap; visor
$j $fi $g
r9
il:zkes
r9
355-359
BASIC CHARACTERS
%d/r ch6ngxin, again, anew; fresh
Tile original meaning of this character was

"owl." The "grass" rad. represented the
bird's "horns," the dove rad. helped furthe
fix the meaning, and jiir (229, above) gave
Z$ t yiji, person belonging to a different
El ?l(r F1 Z$ rixin yud yi, to change or

develop every day
--
Not in use as an independent character in
6%> cliiclii, to drink tea

%% cliidiiin, refreshments
%I??
clidiui, tea party, reception
running water. This is Ute independent form
The "wine" rad. is a picture of a wine-jug;

the horizontal stroke inside represents the
liquid in it. Tlte student should distinguish
I
% jiigui, an alcoholic, wino, lush
$3I?? jiiliui, cocktail party
@: $ jiiyi, mild high from drink; tipsy
365-369
BASIC CHARACTERS
the hand is supposed to be grabbing the ea

hence the meaning "to grab."
4%4? gild& to get, to obtain
&?if zuih;io, the greatest; the best thing tc
1-0;
picture of a man with his hands tied behind

his back, hence "to be in difficulty." Not in
modern use as an independent character.
This is tile same word as 370, above; the

character is reclarified with the "stubborn"
rad. The student should distinguish jijn from
n j , (372, below). In $k jjjn, the right-hand
element is "stubborn;" in BP-njn, the riglithand element is "dove."
Xi& njnda'o, It couldn't be that.. .? You

don't mean... ?
$k$@jijnnjn, difficult, in difficulty

$h%$ niind6, rare; d i i c u l t to get; rarely
The character is a picture.

J-r & shjngii, ravine
374
10 stroltes
* &*+
*
A-

This is said to be a picture of an old wamir
flag -"Stop!" - from which the meanin
"must not" derives.
Eorigin;llly meant "chameleon" and was

picture of the chameleon. The meaning "to
change" is an easy extension of
"chameleon." The measng "easy" is
probably by sound-loan.
$ b r6ngyi, be easy
CBng (377, above) gives the sound; the

"heart" rad. gives the meaning.
A popular variant is h.
378
11 strokes
understand, to be intelligent." The charactc

is a sound-meaning compound. C6ng (378
above) gives the sound; the "ear"
rad. gives the meaning.
3 k jinsl~@ng,
this life
rad. (138, above) + the "child" rad. = "filial
and drink extravagantly
fiZcombiies meanings: "pig" under "roof'
This character is a picture. The student

should distinguish it froin "corpse" P (329,
above). Usually printed 9 .
P
hiik6u. population; household
1P A $ s5n 116rEnjiZ, three housellolds
Door" gives the meaning; fig (392,

h%$ ffjnddng, landlord
h%5ii? fkgzi, house, building; room
h%qfkgshi, sexual intercourse (between
husband and wife)
395-399
BASIC CHARACTERS
35+ zhvjn, up to the present time
4 P z11ish;io. at least
d? wiizi, room
B d fhgwii, l~ouses,buildings
XI1
$ k l h bj6 you LiZn-di, a place of great
& && duicl~dngMgijin, to change into

American money
& A cl~dngrdn,'an adult
chgng (399, above) gives the sound in tliis

j&%
ftj&
cheng xii7ng8town and country

Cl~Zngchcng,the Great Wall
The original meaning of this character was

"to cross;" it was a picture of a man with
crossed legs. The student should distinguish
it from "pattern" 2 (360, above).
f i IC big y6u ycingxin, to have hidden

motives or an axe to grind
4+ f i zuciycing, to have an effect on;
Rll$
compound. The "gold" rad. gives the

meaning, and fU (404, above) suggests the
,"Mandarin" language
now like "corpse" P (329, above)

' b (137, above), this character was
an" beside "man" and meant
, near." The meaning "nun" appears
here warns that the character may be a
wd ne, What about me?
d kd nf djyi; wool overcoat
"Door" and "axe" here are supposed to

combine to give the meaning "to build a
living place," whence "place." The
meanings "which? what" are by sound-loan.
$4Y% sudyi, therefore
R 814 jiZoyisu6, stock exchange
!&$ kZcht5, passenger train; bus

7 strokes
:%
413
7 strokes
1' p
:&
4
Ql,gas, steam
The character combines meanings: "water"
+"breath" (vapor) = "steam."
i%7k qishui,
;%$
qichs, automobile
carbonated drink, soda water
-&
ax
HUG, fire. PIRErad (86)(H83)
414
4 strokes
The character is a picture of flames rising.

This is the independent form of "fire dots"
(34, above)
A$ hudchE, (railroad) train
kJ-l hudshZn, volcano
%k guihud, will-o'-the-wisp
(literally, "ghost-fire")
$I-$
zl~duchF,(bookish) boat and car;
Zhdu (415, above) gives the meaning; 8

y5n (99, above) once gave the sound.
T#i xi,ichuiII, to disembark
i$& qfchujn, steamship
#a& churinzl15ng,captain, master of a ship
n
b
L
5 chuiIIshdu, the bows of a boat, prow
IR& Eizhdu, a very fast boat
The left half of "go" is "step" (30, above).

Originally the right half was identical (the
similarity is still clear), and the character
one time gave the sound.
4 2 5 4 2 9 * BASIC CHARACTERS
meaning compound: "suddenly" (342,

above) +"heart" (mind) = "bewilderment" =
the questions "how? why?'
&A zgnme, how? why?
5 $I% bfizgnrne,not very
The character is a picture of one man

following another. Compare 427, below.
K1%@ ccing s5n diEn zhcing, since 3:00

4:t:i.l. c6ng xigo,from childhood
The character is supposed to symbolize

going around something until you return to
-the-starting-point--.-rn % hufjiii, to go home
T EJ xiiihuf, next time
1-16
& 7: zu6xia'. to sit down

zu8cl1u8n, to travel by boat
&b#&zu6EijX to travel by plane
This character originally meant "wheat" and

was a picture of growing wheat. The
meaning "to come" is by sound-loan.
T $- xxijlili, to come down
.I:&$- c6ngl;Ti, customarily (in the past)
ii- & wBiIili, the fuhlre
s a cup (now "cocoon"
a , 24, above)
The "stand" rad. gives the meaning; zh8n

A$+& hu6cl1c?zl1&I,train station
1%
qichc?zl~&I,
bus station
+& I% zi&~zh;Ing,stationmaster
1,
7 strokes
Z ~ Uto, walk WALK rad. (156)(H189)

The character originally was a meaningmeaning compound: "man" + "foot." The
modem character is somewhat corrupted.
P k T dz6uie, He's left.
klle z6u ba, I suggest we leave. Let's go!
Let's get outta here!
435439 * BASIC CHARACTERS
character; the "walk" rad. is supposed to

help with the meaning.
The "sun" rad. suggests the meaning; zhii
0' 8 dinxE (bookish) in the morning or the

cvening -prctty soon
-0' yidiin, in one day, pronto, right away
ziofm,breakfast
1-18
BASIC CHARACTERS 440-44.4
&& giigD, to pass away, to die
&k giit0, "the old country," one's native
This character is a
G6ng is a picture of a carpenter's square.

r($ g6ngzu6, work, job
&L miigrTng, carpenter
2 k g6nO&, free time
Engdng, to divide the labor
This character is a picture of threads mn

across a loom. Not in modem use as an
445-449 * BASIC CKARACTERS
"silk." The other meanings
The character is a picture of a net.
appears in this character without its top dot.

The explanation of hu2n is very complicated
and unsatisfactory. It occurs as part of
characters to give the sound. Not now used
as an independent character.
TlGs was one or the punishments prescribed
$&fi l~dutiiin,(on) the day after tomorrow
The character is a picture of a flask. The

meaning "bean, pea" is by sound-loan.
56
454
$6 ,"fi
TOU,the head, a sufCix used to form nouns

and noun-phrases; a bulb (of garlic); a
measure-wordfor certain animals
Ddu (453, above) suggests the sound; the
4.1 lead" rad. gives the meaning
--lili 4 yi t6u nji,a cow
&gf! miit6u, wood
%&53 11dut6u,in back
&'I 4G wgnhdu, to ask after someone

k4G huih8u, time required to cook
BG (231, above) gives the sound; the "one"

rad. suggests that the meaning is numerical.
%.~&!5ob-Z~ing,.~~e~~mmon
people
"monkey," "elephant,"etc. The present
3% zhOzhjjl,, to advocate, to propose

A& zlliyj, idea, plan
IY
wenzhir, to stump with a question
k 6 4 % zl~%uzl~~i,
cannot stop
3t - djyi, first, the first

$ Q A disi tifin,the fourth day
$ 5%disfinzh8,the tllird one
.of 4 in traditional dictionaries is

' ;f (87, above); in H, the rad. is *
"
*
M
464
2 strokes
ncngnifin,next year
b;iinifin,a hundred years; a lifetime
K h , bowl. BOWL rad. (17)(H38)
Ifin is a picture of a bowl.
& @ chii,ou6, to go abroad

k!i
$5 chfil~llin,to sweat
$46 dEngI~du,to wait for

.$ +$-% m i njfi y k g dEng, horses, cow
+& dengda'o, by the time that.. .

391- dEngwiii, be sub-standard
drawing his bow or fitting tile thimble

before he draws. It occurs as a part of
characters to give sometimes tile sound jut
sometimes tile sound guai (or kuai).
BASIC CHARACTERS 47011.74
(lk%Jkuifidfio, sharp knife

jx'tk Eikuifi, be very fast; be very sharp
'kkA kuifidih, "Faster, please."
Ek miinzciu, Watch your step! "Take care

of yourself!" (said to a departing
The character originally was a picture of

+%-I%
r h r h , (bookish) slowly, little by
the "sheep" rad. (see 115, above). The form

h e x is used as a part of characters and does
not occur as an independent character.
& k zhjohud, to catch fire
i?+wgnjiin, documents, papers
-The rad:is-now-the "say~rad~(82;above).

Q d4 chkgqii, to sing a song
4$ rib zudqii, to compose (music)
te of a vessel (the "flask" rdc

rs. The flowers have been
two "hands"
+ "to lower."
+-? IibZ, to worship; week
ombines meanings: "to join"
& bdsdng, (by guest) Don't bother

seeing me off; (by host) Excuse me
The character is a pichlre of a monkey. Not

in modem use as an independent character.
and the original meaning was "scorpion." It

is used to mean "ten thousand" by sound
Learn to distinguish the "bureaucrat" rad.

from "using, taking" & (406, above) and
from "chief, large, great" E (496, below).
& % ya'ojin, be important
iE%fVi zh6ng ci1Ti33,in the midst of eating

iE& zhSngzG, in the midst of
iEb zhsngzhi, honest
rad. 3 (117, above) in some dictionaries,

but in H. under the "lid" rad. (37, above).
Logically, to classify it under 3 works
better; but formally, under "lid."
-$"&bhy2, midnight
Jii was traditionally classified under the

"work" rad.
(443, above), distorted. E i*
supposed to have been a picture of "a large
carpenter's square, with handle." In moder~
dictionaries, the rad. is "basket" or "box"
&, the internal stroke is the "one" rad. (a
+ "heart" at the
CHAI, to send; to commission; official

2 % 3 chibuduQ almost the same
X I chiibie, diierence
& @ chZshi, work, job, official assignment
RFI P1
kZmSn, to open the door

kZchi7,to drive a car
7kM '
3 si~uikZle,The water's boiling.
BB
505-509
BASIC CHARACTERS
or other thread in this process, and g u b

(504, above) gives the sound. Not in mode
use as an independent character.
5%-ai
S&
d i h y i k s , 3:15
#. %$Jzl~iiobuzl~io,
-A-3
-- - -T-can't find
d zhiiodao to f i n d - - --- -A+ zl~iiosl~i,
to go job-hunting; to pick ;
1-32
BASIC CHARACTERS 5 10-5 14
The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; b;Jo (509,

above) suggests the sound.
The top part is supposed to show the bone in
This character is the "bone" rad. minus its

lower part, the "meat" rad.
The "mouth" rad. gives the meaning in this

character; gua' (512, above) gives the sound.
This character occurs in a number of
characters to give the sounds guo or huo.
lling through below it

"cull" (517, below) a
"tree" $. (65 and 64,
dictionaries under the "sW rad. (516,

above). The "claws" are supposed to
represent a hand picking fruit from a tree,
diiinc;ii, to order dishes (in a

-i&-%
yfd2o c5;a course (of amea1)-c;iidi, plot of vegetables
di&, (dialect) a tiny bi
The character is "knife" with an additional

stroke to call attention to the blade.
%J 37 dioren, knife-blade; crucial point
The "heart" rad. gives the meaning; rZn

,% & rBnsh6u, to endure, to "stand"
rBnxin, hard-hearted enough (to do
such-and-such a deed)
,% %@ rBnbuzhii, unable to bear
3%
525-529
BASIC CHARACTERS
gives the meaning; the rest of the characte

shi(224, above), once gave the sound. In
k4 dizi, background, origin, foundatior

k 7; d 2 2 , underneath, below
If-kniiindi, year's end
'
$&
f
The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; the rest

of the character once gave the sound.
&% lfiguci,to go past
b& ~ 6 ~ 1to0walk
,
&& szfi,train of thought
,,
7
530
13 strokes
LO,road,kind, sort; family name
'0
8 .$
.$&
i
pf-
fi,sick SICK md. (104)(H127)

The character represents a man stretched out
on his bed, whence "be sick." Compare the
"bed" rad. (849, below). Niis not in modem
531
5 strokes
h
532
4 strokes
N&, inside
NEj is a picture of a man entering a space
. marked off by the "borders" rad. (The
traditional rad. is "enter," not "man.")
hjh h
neidi, interior (of a country)
ifl
X. h s& ti& ncj, within three days
2
--1
fi**
h A n E n , my wife (old-fashioned,
sexist)
B&G, fish W, the third ''heavenly stem"

Bing looks like a picture of a fish tail.
h% bingding, the third in a series; thiid
category
533
5 strokes
I
9
%
I0ke:s::
B ~ Gsickness,
,
sick
The character combines the "sick" rad. for
meaning with birg (533, above) for sound.
& Y84 k&bing, to see a doctor; to exa,ne a
patient
?kY84 shsngbing, to get sick, to come down
with a disease
=-7-
6& 6
535-539
BASIC CHARACTERS
-%IS yiEng xin, a letter

IS% xifing, envelope
The character has "cloth" for meaning, b;ir

(231, above) for sound. Not in modem use
-$?A yi b&g rgn, a group, a band, a
o7i. dztiiu, to take the lead, to set an
The student will note that the "dog" rad. =

"big" + "dot." Care should be taken to
distinguish "dog" from "big" k (50, above)
and from k "extremely" (74, above).
ng is a picture of a scale in balance.
4 $; pfngchiing, ordinary
4 + pingd6ng, equal
4%pjngyuiin, a plain (flatland)
545-549
BASIC CHARACTERS
T $ cFngd;Ing,ding-dong
finished+donef~r'~--------
--
BASIC CHAFtACTERS * 550-554

Bi;in is supposed to combine meanings. The
"bitter" rad. repeated = "bitter against
bitter:" "to recriminate, to wrangle, to
dispute." In modem times, reclarified
Bi& (550, above) suggests the sound; the

#+fQb h g6ng, to work (in an office), to
1%1!Bngiu6,
t
sense of hearing
he original meaning of this character was

"meat dried in the sun; to age," and the top
part of the old character was a picture of
meat. The sun can still be found in the
modem character. The meaning "ancient"
derives from the earLier meaning "to age."
45% cu6ju6, illusion, wrong impression

4%$ cudzi, incorrectly written character;
form the "gown" rad. (109, above). The rest

of hug is supposed to represent something
hidden in the clothes or hugged against the
,I?.
Eiyli,flying fish
ral yCw;ing, fishnet
pposed to be a picture of
thus suggests "go on ant
7ktfi yingshzng, (religious term) eternal
Compare 442, above, which is another form

of this rad. (For the independent form, see
p.245b.) This form occurs only as a part of
Yiingcombines y3ng (475, above) for sound

with "eternal" for meaning. In modem use,
reclarified with the "water-dots" %L.
S$$-zl~Eyiing,in this way; so; like this
-4%,6. yyi tiZo yii, a fish
C+%biiintiZo, brief note

4l%.i+
4
564
2 strokes
tiZojiirin, terms, conditions
Note the similarity between the "ice" rad.

and the "three-dots-water" form of the
"water" rad. The "ice" rad. has two dots
instead of three. Often printed : .
565-569
BASIC CHARACTERS
;k& cfyio, second most important

L;k sh ci, three times
%?;k shduci, the first time
thcrc are two similar objects side by side, as
scrabbling with their hands X, hurrying to

catch heaven's times and seasons and
E5 I% xinSn, southwest
I% +% nSnji, South Pole
I% Nhjing, Nanjing (the city)
3b %
3kjb
&jb
jb*
b6ifang. the North

chEngb6i, north of the city
ddngbei, northeast
BEijing, Beijing, Peking
& A 7 xiSngzudle, to think incorrectly

zudshdu, left hand
zudy6u, approximately
f 4 y6uB right ear

& . . . f... zud ...y 6u..., to do something
repeatedly over and over, e.g.
X f &, zud siyciu xiSng, keep
on thinking about it
fi#i xuewt?i,(Chinese medicine)

acupuncture point
The "tooth" rad. is a picture.

PS 4 mgn~ri,incisor
K 4 quihyri, canine tooth; dog's fang
8~7 y;ikdu, the age of an animal according
to the appearance of its teeth; the
condition of an old person's teeth
!?& chuZndrii, clotiling, apparel

!?%
chuihzhuci,
!
i
clothing, apparel
"gown" rad. h (109, above) has been

conupted into I. "earth". Yuih is,
-nevertheless;classified-in-~aditional-
The "bowl" rad. in this character used to be
The top parts, "lid" + "cruel," have been

conupted from the original picture. In
modem usage, this character is only seen as
fib W lijjiin, to cause a riff between

fib* 1fgK strange, weird
filrl~]1fij6, bid farewell to, to part from
(intending to be gone for some time)
simply to reinforce the idea of getting
585-589
BASIC CHARACTERS
&4k suishli, (person's) age
X A shcrnu, number, amount

X Q shicuut', mathematics
wash your hands of something; (of a

criminal), to go straight
kt& xili, baptism; (figurntively, as in
English) a severe test
148
;I;(2
bGd&, not only

ddjoyuh, if only; 1 wish that
KUJ to work in the fields

The character appears to combine meanings:
"right hand" + "earth" = "to work in the
fields." In modem Chinese, it is only seen as
+I'55 q@urii, peculiar, weird

$4 *I&4bbi6guZ tii, Don't blame him
1f55&guriillui, cynical remark; complaint
'I&%%guriibudc, no wonder; so that's the
reason; don't blame.. .
'
&k
593
12 strokes
4- #
&
@ @
t, +
++
594
4 strokes
RAN, right; so, like this
This character originally meant "to mast,"

and it combined meanings: "meat" (slightly
deformed) + "dog" + "fire." "So, like this,"
comes by sound-loan.
?&%it
rfinhdu, afterward
*B bjrfin, certainly
\\\
WfT, noon; the seventh "earthly branch"

The character once meant "to knock
against" and was a picture of a batteringram. Compare the "shield" rad. (87, above).
All other meanings are by sound-loan.
T? xiiwii, afternoon
ir? zh+ngwii, high noon
q I@ wiishuj, "nooner," nap, siesta; to take
a mid-day nap
595-599
BASIC CHARACTERS
3 T xtIk.5, to permit; permission

8 xtIdu6, veery many; many things
<+AxtIyu;in, to make a vow (to a god); to
T* xiiikd, Class dismissed.

C& kEb.511, textbook
-i%nifLk?shi;class hour-
4k shishang, in this world, on earth
1-50
*A jisrli, to intervene, get involved
fiT jiszi, meson (term from physics:

particle of intermediate mass, between
baryons -ifi-T[zhsngzi, "heavy ones"]
and leptons I?[qingzi, "light ones"
-see 1051 for $E "be light"])
nal borders, boundaries
%%/%I
hriiguh, customshouse; Customs
ih? % Djz/idng/irii, Mediterranean
L%%
Shringlirii, Shangl~ai
414? blifen, portion, part

$1'
[I?
blimgn, section, department
iing ht?, the Yellow River
605
17 strokes
1 $& 1 .&e1 .&@.1
m,to comect;continuously; including;

company (military); even; family name
&& liZnzhe, continuous, continuously

& ft liZnzhZng, company comm-ander
liZnmZng, right away, promptly
1
:
ZHi, just, only

19 $? zhidi, can do nothing but
9, !if zhih2'0, can do nothing but
9, $f zhjyiju, can do nothing but
7% h-sE, but; only
5 strokes
$FBI tgbii, special; especially
Eris a picture of a beard. Distinguish it from

"face" 6 (610, below).
5 irqiE, and moreover
fi rZn'ir, but, yet, however
BASIC CHARACTERS 610614
6 -f m'&zi,face, social standing; width
by
(656, below); but in mainland Chinese
Note that this character is now commonly

seen as tl~eshort form of 872, below.
h& cl~irqii,in addition to; to remove

I t 2' ...r;A 9b chir le.. .yiw;ii,in addition to
I'k3 c11limI; (on) New Year's Eve
615619 * BASIC CHARACTERS
jiiingshiin, rivers and mountains;

landscape; (by metonymy) nation
One authority explains: ''The sun 9 as it
9%zhEngqfj, to work hard for
I?&
jingzh6ngnet weight
BASIC C W C T E R S * 620-624
$41hiishu5, to tallc nonsense;

"Nonsense!" "Bunkum!"
$A & hfil&i,not know what you are doing,

"to mess around"
$#& sh;ingchuZn,merchant ship

i& zf$ jink6usl1;ing~importer
shiinghui, chamber of commerce
fE Huimh, the Muslim people of China
20 strokes
D ~ Gassociation;
,
political party; family
name
I
R :& Gu6rmkding, Chinese Nationalist
Pnrty, Kuomintang
& A :& Mkzhtlding, Democratic Party
A$? rcding, join or be admitted to a
political party (or to the Party)
:g r)K dangblo, party newspaper
&
,g.
CKKN,to produce, product; property

h d chiich&, to produce; production
output
&& $ G6ngchinding, Communist Party

b % chinyd, propertyTEal estate)
zW,to behead; to cut to pieces

The character is explained as "a chariot wit!
axes in it."
$t-tfzhSnsl~du,to behead
a zcInqi.5, zl1inqi6,for a short time

1
temporary
;@1T Huiiil~E,the Huai River
As to the short form of $, see also p. 261a.

zhiinshi, on time
71tq shiiizhin, standard, level
q8 zhiinbrio, for sure
The student should distinguish this character

from "slow" and "follow" (337 and 319,
7%kydngjili, eternally, permanently

& A chhgjiii, be long (in time)
rad. k (195, above) -faced away from

each other, that is, back to back. Hence the
idea "back." Not seen now as an
sound-loan. Not now used as an independent
8$;& tingjiiing, to attend a lecture

Sk Vl ji;ingmfng,to explain, to clarify
@ 6 zh6ngm$ stud
above) -but
in traditional dictionaries as i
zizhu&, autobiograplly
traditional form, presumably twice

"reclarified," has two more bugs: &: (see
When the use of
3- would create an
a,table. TABLE md. (16)(H30)
2 strokes
c i s a picture of a table. The student should

distinguish it from "legs" IL and from "ma
with amputated foot" IL (57 and 58, above
Reading pronunciation jf. Nowadays, jiis
most likely to be encountered as the short
form for % "bow many" (419, above).
%R chiji, tea table
D& chip. CHIP rad. (78)
646
5 strokes
(4 strokes)
I I I
The character is supposed to be a picture of

bone chips. The student sllould distinguish
from the "dusk" rad. 3 (1 17, above). This
for111oC "chip" occurs only as a part or
characters. (Its independent form is 727,
below).
m G ,bright; to show
%jf8 lijngxiing, (Beijing opera) strike a
pose; state your views

2%7 ti& lia'ng 1e. It's already daylight.
flA ?% mi7glijng, well-lit; bright and
shining; become clear
ZHAN, to occupy, to constitute
This character is often written k in moder~

texts
B 3 & zhjn du6shii. to constitute a
majority
-!&-3!??$=iiii,
iakZ&i1Gd=&idTf
I&;fi z11iny6u, to own; to occupy
B 1'2$ zhjn pijnyi, to take unfair
advantage; advantageous
m,military, army; army corps

7 A jiinrgn, soldier
g $ j-unguEn, military officer
7 & jiinzhing, corps commander
7 $ jii,shi, military affairs
7 jiinrcSng, military discipline and
bearing
S4F yonxing, to move, to be in motion
$ yudjid, to encroach
A# yudfii, more than before

7%
yud I j i yui.. ., to become more and
4kX g&y& to dare to
F%
bing bu, actually not; certainly not

F R bingqig, moreover
F M bingxfng, to implement (two tlungs)
at the same time
*&hgbing, to merge
om the "leeks" rad. Ak
&a$zrio qichb to manufacture cars

&d d o f h ,to rebel
& $ zrioiii,to make love
Now often written 7 .

yiishi, thereupon
X-k yii r r b the way I see it ..., with
reference to me
8 & ducSyii, Inore than
distinguished from ciUthorn" ?i (p. 261a).

3.3. sl1irsl16u,"to have your hands tied,"
t a shave and a haircut
%$ifgucishir, fruit tree

$3f& shlizlu; tree branch
Al
shlai, to set up, establish
$3fH. sl~irlin,a grove, woods
This form of the "grass" rad. is composed

two "sprout" rads. (465, above), side by
side, to suggest "grass" sprouting up. Tile
student has learned another form of "grass
(192, above). The form here is the
independent form. The commonly used
: 992 below.
form, however, is
ell&
bi;inIi;in,
'
suddenly become hostile
foot in two successive positions to suggest

motion. In the modem form, one of these
-feetisconupted into-"few:"9 4T bcxfng, go on foot
9 -3- bczi, pace, step
"tiger-pig, a pig fierce as a tiger." Thus:

"wild boar." Not in modem use as an
Xi (670, above) gives the sound; "hand"

gives tbe meaning "to take in the hand."
Other meanings are derivative.
O-iji jiishuci, People say.. .
B 1L zhiinjii, to occupy (by force)
= "to blaze." As a part of characters, this

character usually indicates the sound dan or
(672) here bas the sound value tan.

&
tznhuii, toi
talk; statement
tj,xih, have a heart-to-heart talk;
heart-to-heart talk
$k41 thdiio, to talk about
674
I 1 strokes
:,)<
(
:,):
d
A
675-679
BASIC CHARACTERS
The "earth" lad. at the bottom gives the

meaning; the sound is suggested by the rest
of the character, which has been corrupted
from liD (149, above). Not in modem use a
an independent character.
k? wjnzi, pill, small ball

,@.
9~ yiiwjn, fish-ball (food)
Distinguish $1; (1042, below) -compare

tile upper left-hand comers.
ht?ishi, black market
Tii L siu'rcing, the look of a city
Na'o combines meanings: "to fight in the

mar1<etplacen="to make a disturbance."
1% E yintik, be overcast
iifIt& sl~dyin,shade of a tree
l'24B yinbd, private parts
This character originally meant "south s l o ~

of a hill" or "north side of a riverbank", i.e
the side that gets the sun (cp. 687, below).
The student should distinguish this charact
from yiUtochange; be easy" % (376,
above). In modem use, replaced by 687,
6 kk
kfi
m&n&ihiihii,be careless, be
hExuE, tiger's lair
"child" rad. -3- (18, above) and the "spear"

rad. % (840, below).
-7- 6 yOyI, to grant, give
The "head" rad. here suggests the meaning
33 % yOsu211,to make advance plans
6 6 bGim&to saddle a horse

The "crisscross" rad. is supposed to show
the loose mesh of a cloth; the "cloth" rad. ir
there to help develop this meaning. The
meaning "hope" (the most common moden
use of tlus character) is by sound-loan.
Ji
$
ixiwing,
hope, to hope for

mjngwi?ng, prestige
jEi Ji kinwing, to pay a visit to, call on
?LA hdngrGn, favorite of an important
8kL~liSnhGng, to blush; get red-faced with

anger or other excitement
4Ehr qinqic, closely related to
hr 9
qiGshGn, personal; of importance to a

- -- - --
hr+
qichhti, to suit, to go well with
dGshCxuE, algebra
giidiii, ancient times
1-70
The "gown" rad. gives the meaning in this

character; d Z (699, above) gives the sound.
0 $? k6udZ, bag, pocket
&!& mddZ, gunny sack
!& sl1uid5i,sleeping bag
QiS is explained: "to stand" + "woman" = a

woman who stands when her husband or
wives of superior status are present;
theiefore, "concubine." This explanation,
historically not accurate, cnn help you
remember the character in any case.
@ jiBzl~e,to catch; to follow closely
$7 jiBt6u, to connect; (colloquial) to

contact (somebody); lcnow about
$&$fi % jiBt6ur, joint, junction
$&% jiBsl~du,to accept
If "man" + "ladle" suggests "alchemy" to

you, you can use that as a mnemonic for
huii. "Alchemy" = "to transmute, to
46 $ hujuu6, chemistry
~ & 4 6gBngySI~uii,to industrialize
&; b hu;7sl1Bng,peanut
--$-$&
yjs11B huii, a bunch of flowers
%kj&f&~gIluii,to set off fireworlts
705-709
BASIC CHARACTERS
part is an old meaning-meaning compound

itself; a musical instrument + "club" = "to
strike the musical instrument with a stick,"
"to make sounds."
-liiDi6relass (~esulLingGo~~i-a
-classification); category
#$-+
xiiixui, to drop out (of school)
xiiyi, to close a business (for a
holiday or vacation)
,b is supposed to combine "nose" + "heart"

to suggest "to breathe." (The significance of
SHI,form, fashion, model, style

4 & xinshi, new style
$$% sl1iyZng. style, type
The "flaslc" used to be a pedestal; the "baclcto-back" showed two feet that had climbed
The "fie" rad. gives the meaning here; deng

,lag d8ndEng. to light a lamp
%k@ husddng, colored lantern
(653, above) + "sun" to suggest "all tlte

places the sun shines:" "universal, general."
7 15-7 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS
meant "a big bell" and was a

a hook at the top by which the
hung. "Ten pecks" is by
f 4 pdtting, be universal; be widespread

or common
I;"%<% PPiitdngI~uJ,"Mandarin" Chinese
4 8 tdngud, to go through; to pass in a
parliamentary meeting
4 &ttjngzhT,
~
Lo infonn; a notice
falling under the rain.

!2 diindEng, electric light
'@% diiinhuJ, telephone
'@ $
dijnqi,
i, electricity
llkh shdurir, income; to earn

JIL& shducl16ng.harvest
-1lk-L-shdugdnms;to-knockoffworl~
cl~PiintiZn,springtime
*&qingchiin, youth
&-& chiinyi, the feeling of early spring;

thoughts of love
divination. (Read the note in 118, above).

ILjfi zl~a'otou,omen
7%Ib yirzl~a'o,signs of tl~etimes
& dL jizha'o, a good omen
The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; zhio

(720, above) is supposed to give the sound.
9189 tia'oyujn, broad jump
91&%Ttia'ol~Eng,to skip a line; to change
*sWk ~ l t i a ' oheart
,
palpitations
$&Asl~%En,to commit murder
Cl~ir,c11Cis composed of the "slow" rad. +

the "table" rad. Originally "slow" was a
picture of a man, and "table" was a small
stool. "Man" + "stool" is a good way to
The dictionaries say that fh (682, above)

gives the sound; the "bug" gives the
rad. you have already learned (646, above).

The form here may occur as an independent
corrupted from an earlier "man" rad., and

"man" + "bone chips" is supposed to
suggest death- -
&
1-76
chiiti, to set questions (for an exam)
Alternate form: %.
i%<k
li-kuai, be cool
% <$ zhfiolihg, to catch cold
<%7]C ljhgshui, cold water, unboiled water
& ljij Mgiyuh, American currency
iE giiizl~dng,to correct (as, an error)
735-739
BASIC CHARACTERS
D originally meant "veins in jade" and was

a sound-meaning compound.
dGoli, reason, logical basis; doctrine
lixi2ng, ideal, be ideal
"Water" gives the meaning; qing (198,

above) gives Ule sound.
3% yi qing h cl~ii,be very clear

f$3% chiichii,be clear; be neat
-$is:-=
The "word" cad. gives the meaning; ji(273,

---
.-,----
;L~E jizl~ii,to fix itl'ieXiTd---"-
from studying abroad
The meaning "to summon" comes by

combining "mouth" for meaning wit11 dZo
(102, above) for sound.
The "sillc" rad. suggests the meaning; zliiio,

sl~iio(740, above) gives the sound.
./P% jjGsli&, to introduce
For the basic meaning, "pipe," the

"bamboo" rad. gives the meaning; gujn
(407, above) gives the sound. Other
meanings are by sound-loan.
$ E gujnli, to manage
character; gujn (193, above) suggests the

it%%
qukgiio, to urge
i@~%
quiinsliu6,to advise
a&
kqujn, be safe; safety
4?f$ k q u j n diyc Safety first!

%% kdfng,be secure, be steady
745-749 * BASIC CKARACTERS
An (744, above) suggests the sound; the

"tree" rad. suggests "table."
Bf L "f- bin iinzi, to ltandle a legal case
%$ Ang'iin, plan, program
L4+ jnjjiin, law case
le top part is a slightly abbreviated "tall"

d. (75, above), which, as the student will
member, is a picture of a tower. Ding
19, above) gives the sound.
=f tingzi, kiosk, pavilion
<-$h
dngzhi, to stop (doing something)
@$ tingchb to park
.I-$
R dnghu6, cease-fire
:BI-$ zhziinting, zziinting, to suspend; (sports)
In the case of du6, the "meat" rad. gives the

the sound. In modem times, only read sui
(for t l ~ edynasty or tile family name).
755-759
BASIC CHARACTERS
l&uQ suTslu; at any time

I&ii suijw;in, attachi
The student has learned the independent

form of the "seal" rad. already (84, above).
The form here only occurs as a part of
characters. Distinguish "seal" kom "self'
I,"already" '5, and si 5(273-275,
The character is explained as "a man at the

top of a cliff, looking down at something
that has fallen off."
k wBixiiln, be dangerous, danger

&% xiilnxi.5, nearly, almost
A&
liiinxiiln, natural barrier (e.g., a
A$
hdusl~f,be thick
ilduda'o, be generous
A& hduyj, kindness, thoughtfulness
Rnkk hduliilnpf, "have thick skin on your
face," i.e., be brazen
&iE
of "oppose, be discordant." It is counted

here as 6 strokes, but is often actually
765-769
BASIC CHARACTERS
R can mean "early" in the sense "early in

the day" or "early in the year." One modem
scholar (Guo Moruo) thinks it is a picture of
a stone tool used in ancient times to break
the soil for cultivation.
IY-jiiiw,$n, to investigate in detail, to try-a
ffj & jijnzhr; simply, frankly

ffj % jijnxi6, write a character in simplified
form; write a simplified version (as of
a book) for beginners
ffj % jikdjn, be simple

Kj %? kZ dtkzi, to make a list
memorize, to recite; B&, to cany on the
+% shdubZi, back of the hand

-% $3 bdihio, knapsack
-% % bEijing, background
% % jingxjjng, scene, sight
Ending, scenery, landscape
775-779
BASIC CHARACTERS
Fl % tdngyhg, all the same, neverti~eless

$IFl hhtdng, lane, alley (note
pronunciation of Fl )
8 t 25 jiigui, result; The outcome was.. .
&k4@ lihiin, to divorce

4@42 liiinli, weddirtg, marriage ceremony
d l -L yiimiio, feather
i$' 7% );I-& scitool exercise, academic problem

"fFi$' yjnxi, to study, to do research in
cllEngdiio, to praise
$?I%
phgcng, to audit (a course)
i&JI inyuE, by the month

i&EjnD; Logically.. .
iPtl+ insh&be on time
f % R a Zh6nghuC Minguci, The

Republic of Cluna
% l k Huzi bgi, North China
no h i t , to make a big
and produce nothing
sound; or *t!k and 9 stand for cognate
3~-FdZzi,stupid person, fool; enthusiast
& %-? shfi djizi,"bookworm"

&X- Ed%, to stare like a fool, be in a daze
%& i.&
d;Ti zjijjiilL to stay at home
where (he/she/it/they) went
1%
guiquiin, reprimand
CE guidfng, to make a regulation
&+fL xjiiogui, schooI regulations
$.k& sh8hui. society
$.k2 sllEjj50, social relations
years (is., time creeps by)
799
5 strokes
I I 1 1
$++
nu'ngling, order, command
su&nu'ng, to tell a person's fortune
a$+
zl1Ozl16ng, to emphasize
guhzi~ir,to pay sharp attention to
+$A xixi;iO, to get down a bet
?kf? zhiyj, to pay attention to
m&
dBil zl~rinkZ,to open out

b h zl~;inchii,to unfold, open out
$15:
10 strokes
'
"3
12 strokes
***
fl@
---%
huiizl~in,a show (of paintings)
fifor, in place of, to substitute

o'gdng, susbtitute workman
dZti, to represent; representing.. .
(is.. in place of ...)
%k% % tisgui, scapegoat
LishZn, substitute; scapegoat
Zil; ancestor; family name

45.X zirfu, ancestor
$
9 strolces
$1
$n
zligu6, fatherland
zichurin, be handed down fiom one's
ancestors
&)I&
ditiliiin, "to lose face"

& A diiir&n,"to lose face"
seal was a symbol; the left half of the

The two halves combine to give the
ik& hu&yin,q to welcome

4%yfngjit?, to receive or welcome
an object (the "down" rad.). In traditional

eld" rad.; in H, it is itself a rad.
i~bdsl16njin.g~nerve, nerves
;iJlb&sh6njTngbTngsdisease of the
nervous system; mental disorder
ZK~NG,government; political;
administration
&I%$
zl~i?ngti,
system of government
&& zl~dngjii?,
government circles
&$ zhi?ngkd,politician (pejorative)
gk;3$
9 strokes
8 15-8 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS
.l+?-$
fiqing, to clear, to pay off (an
/Trk firsl~lng,(your) residence (polite
$f A giirtn, merchant
I$%
U&
yinying, shadow, shade

yJngsh6, to counterfeit
The character seems to show the "knight"

rad. canying some object (Ule "left" rad.)
thrown over his shoulder. Originally the
character was a picture of U1e standard
canying pole wit11 an object fixed to each
4%rdn~ni;in,hiring and firing

IEQ rdnming, appointment; nomination
825-829
BASIC CHARACTERS
Originally xihad "sillc" + "head" = "hair;"

therefore, "fine." Head was corrupted.
*?@
xij,gxi, be in detail
Tcti: kgx; unfortunately; Alas!
i?$F
fmggEn, square root
classified in dictionaries under "mouth" (33
st a variant of shf(828,
k4k da'sh&ambassador
.Itili: wdiju6, sense of taste

.
$
p
&
qqiwdi, smell, flavor
04%wdida'o, flavor
wZnwdi, to think over, to ponder
iBL& 1u2nzh5nn,
he a good imitation (of a
painting or sculpture)
The character is a picture of a stream

dividing, from which comes the meaning "to
branch off." The character 834, below, is
now usually used in this sense.
T& k
f p
9 strokes
P&, to branch off; to appoint; school or

sect; to levy; to distribute
9 ;f~dkgpji, political party
1& 4 pjichiisuci, precinct house
:. pjitciu,
L@
.n&qjpji, manner,
style, manner
style
Dh # zhirsl~du,assistant
17% zhqjiijo, teaching assistant

Dh$! zlilili, assistant
%@ sliZ;w'hg,to imagine; to take into

account, have consideration for;
rough plan, preliminary idea
2k FA fiyuiin, court of law

Gf FA yiyusn, hospital
ilRX ffcdng, to obey
student should learn to distinguish the
+ $ w~
iibf,without fail
)L+$fdwii,to serve, service

9b+k wwjiwii,foreign affairs
%+k yZwii,business, professional work
hO& ndxing,be servile, servile disposition
845-849
BASIC CHARACTERS
?$ kSobSj, chair back
ish it from the "slice" rad.

or
Bed" is now written
ed chuiing (p. 250a); qjiing is
ependently only as the
The old form had "grass-sun-grass:" the sun

in the grass; therefore, "evening, late." The
bottom "grass" was corrupted into "big."
"Don't" and "no one" are by sound-Ioan.
For "evening," mu gets reclarified with
Hujn undoubtedly was a picture of the

animal to wluch it refers. Not in modern use
?CL@ kujnhdu, be generous

?CLgku&r(jng, to tolerate
kI'%
% tiiyhgxf, the solar system
% 4k xisl~li,coefficient
% & xi;inzl~ing,magistrate of a xian
!'%&& xxijncl~dng,county seat
&?f
gEngsl~d,commune
&I% gEngsl~&
minister (diplomatic)
difficult? What's the problem?
% tieding, to decide definitely
&il' s11lciu wUL clin tie, be completely

unarmed; be defenceless
expression (= a common
K-ft- y6uqi, especially

-ft-;k qfcj,next in order; second
&4& qftE,other (also written -ft-'2when it
means "otl~erthing" for '2, see p.
$9Pi? yixiin, spare time, leisure
" at top and bottom,
know yourself and know your

enemy
k*
jc,R
jL?$
ylinsli, to permit, perinission

yiinc6ng, to assent
ydnd;ir~g,he suitable, satisfactory
The student should distinguish this character

from k h g "he high" % (952, below).
%& chBnD&n, be adequate
%JK ch6ngzii. be sufficient
- tcingyi, to unify, unity
promote; to propel
AkT tuizi, barber's clippers
885-889
BASIC CHARACTERS
things; pertain to topography, be
-4& yjsl~gngmi,quarl of rice

-H-+ shdn,goping,be peacefill, peace
an ascend-and-descend machine)
Ri"sunW Q is for meaning, zhio B (740,
<&A?, htizl180, passport

F.<$' zhiochZng, as usual
',fi...&h.. hd6r...,h66r...,doone
thing one minute and another thing
the next minute (e.g., & t f i R&tfi K
hd Er kd hfi Er xiio, to weep one
minute and laugh the next)
kuriild, be happy; happiness
895-899
BASIC CHARACTERS
(for "pure") + "water" = "spring."

&dc qujnshui, spnng water
-Lf& g i n qu;in, sweet spring water
RdL Hu;ing Quh, "The Yellow Springs"
(land of the dead)
'@ 3fi dijnhu$jfi, telephone office

j6shi;situation
-&%h-
e" rad. gives the idea "be empty;"

3, above) suggests the sound.
COLOR rad. (139)

A%' & qis4 complexion
45.$3 hiosti, be lustf~11
Ilk & liZns6, complexion; facial expression
d% & chiinsti, spring scenery
The character is supposed to show a tree in a

box, whence "difficulty."
% R b~im;in,
be dissatisfied
R E rnanzii, to satisfy
R & nliinyi, be satisfied
he character is a picture of an animal's

horn. Now usually written fi .
&ffi zllijii;io, right angle
@+kjiiTju.5, to solve; to kill; solution

7 & fiZoji6, to understand
(i$& jiEfZng, to liberate
:R@+
A+
jiiTngji6, to explain
rEnshizi, personnel department
$R& zizh;ing, section chief
3 ' 6 zziih,t o consolidate; (mathematical)

combinations
t&,L.ir zhirnZoyL knit a swe

$:ti& zhizdo, weaving
suggest the meaning of this character. The

top part -now "left-one-sun" -once was
-a-characterthatgavethe-sound~In-usenow
as the short form for 909, below.
This is the same word as 908, above. The

character is reclarified with the "step" rad.
Distinguish from 91 1, below.
%@ fuzB, be complex
@% z;ihuci, sundries
C LL z;ilu;in, be mixed up, be in disorder
$& zidiin, dictionary of characters

&& diingii, classical allusion; historical
R46 diinfm, model, example
& ?& cl~Idiin,to check a list of goods

& %f cl~iidui,to verify
I'kZ xi;indiig, to set a limit

IrkP si;inli;ing, limit; to estimate
4 I'k y6uxi;in, be limited; "Ltd."
$3 Irk wLxi;in, be infinite, unlimited
(in writing); DI in some compounds (as

I% dZhg, to defend against (I%:p. 263a)
I?%ti'&, to move (in a meeting); proposal
d%& -$chlT, bring up; to withdrew money
RI
ciqiSn, to move up (the date of an
another nation)
kg
CX
ddngzhT,winter solstice
dBngc;ii, preserved, dried cabbage
;'a
lBngi1~6,unsalable goods
The character is a picture. The student

should be careful to distinguish "dish" from
the "blood" rad. (922, below), from "net" W
(637, above), and from "eye," w (132,
at people] don't see the
This character is a picture of a man in an

enclosure, whence "prisoner." The student
should compare Q to the bottom part of hB
"what?"
(387, above) and note that they
cltaracter is explained: "to feed a prisoner to

be kind." Usually written 8 .Not in modem
925-929
BASIC CHARACTERS
& wsndi, temperature

# wdnxi, review, study
g5.i w?i, It's my hlm!
BP. # zha'opiin,photograph
% lZ # mingxinp~iin,postcard
as in "movie star," etc
2%
$4
qiink, to expire
.lk 2 qiwiing, to look forward to
Note that the right side of tlus character is

not the "club" rad. (183, above). JiJis
classified in traditional dictionaries under
the "right hand" rad. X.In modem use, this
jiJ11as been replaced by 932, below.
This is 931, above, reclarified with the
IK& jiJyf, with false intent

&lE f&~gjiS,to have a vacation
IE'n4 jiriyri, false tooth, denture
&-%yiqi, rather than

&ilk&*
yii shi wG zhEng, to get out of the

"rat race," not to "fight the world"
$gh jidGng, behavior

$%T jixing, to hold (e.g., a meeting)
mfng yud, dit6u sigli xiiing, (I) raise
(my) head and look at the bright
moon, Lower (my) head and
words and conceive the meaning; i.e.,

t;lke a text too literally
#-*A .%sl12huizhiiyi,
,
socialism
$I~%'J
bdidcing, be passive
%jfll
fili, compound interest
$11 fl liycing, to make use of

-f;jFll
jni,be lucky, be auspicious
crjnzii, to exist, existence
with one of the Earthly Branches and

with years in the duodecunal cycle
BASIC CHAIZACTERS 940-944
I'lr+b] xijnzhi, to limit, restrict

$: $11 zl~uiinzlli,be despotic
kaogir, to do archaeological research
945-949
BASIC CHARACTERS
&% c&kBo, to consult, to consider

& j i ~ caguzin, to sightsee at
-reclarified-it-witha-ttbug,land.tl~en,-late~o~
another reclarified it wid1 another bug, so
the traditional form became %.
dependent territories;
qualities, attributes
BASIC C W C T E R S * 950-954
This is a form of -f used in accounting (to

minimize the possibility of enor or fraud).
.l$-Jl% shiqii, to pick up, collect
from yfin "to consent; sincere" k (878,

above) and from c11Gng"fi up" 5 (879,
tf2 hhgk6ng, aviation; air-, aerial

9 4 - T hhgxing, to sail, to fly, to navigate
At%?. hh,.xijn, shipping route, flight route
$k%Tldxing, to take a hip, to travel
M - k Iiizh8nggbrigade commander
,~.*tri-7- jfxingzi, to be an impatient type; a
In the senses "to spread, to announce," the

character 4$ is often used (see p. 265b).
"8& lluiinq( to incite, to stir up

"I"& jia'ol~uiin,to cry out, to shout
485k huiinqiin, to change money

Tk48 gZl~uiin,to change
484% huiinqii, to get something by
exchange, to barter for something
48 6 @?A hua'n jir hua' sl1u4 in other words
x'EgEn, heel of a shoe
965-969
BASIC CHARACTERS
In yiin we see the "pattern" rad., the "slope'

rad., and the "streaks" rad. The relevance 01
"pattern" and "streaks" to "decoration" is
lope." Not in modem use independently.
G yinmiin, face; prestige, respect
kQ !k
yiinds,pipe (for tobacco)

@I% yiinguui,opium addict; nicotine fiend
kQ k yiinhui, fireworks
%-Jill xiiingyiin,cigarette; smoke from

In China, rent traditionally was land rent and
was paid in grain, hence the "grain" rad. in
ifa&
zijin, amount of rent, rental
%% sBya'o,to need, need
~,%'
%4i
bixi, be essential, be indispensable

xiqid, to require, to demand
"Canton") Province
&& gujn,gGo, advertisement
f i k guringda',be big, numerous, extensive
Ib4t zhjqih, be worth some money, be
975-979
BASIC CHARACTERS
look at surreptitiously
?&M t6uxiJn,to loaf, to shirk

&$R
t6usl1ui,to evade tax
This cliaracter is a meaning-meaning

compound. T l ~ student
e
will recognize tlie
right half, of course, as the "lance" rad. Tlie
otlier part - "one" + "left" in the modem
character - is supposed to be armor:
"armor" + "lance" = "weapons of war,
This character used to mean "grass," and thl

"grass" rad. gave the meaning; the rest of
BASIC CHARACTERS a 980-984
Jingcombines meanings: use "words" to

induce "reverence, caution" = "warn."
%+kjingga'o, to warn, warning
qrSL jjngba'o, warning signal
k % liudjjng, fire alarm
jingclig policeman
jingchjjii, police station
%% cl~;ika'n,to look into
The "l~alt"rad. ofiginally was a picture of a

foot halted at a crossroads. Compare the
form of "halt" which you have already
lenmed (171, above). The form here is the
form once used as an independent character
(but not now in use independently).
k h6ngt6ng7copper
1'2- tdngxia'ng, bronze statue
?L
PL% chiil-ii, to suffer

%& kiicl~ir,hardship
-&% giinkii, "the sweet and the bitter,"
weal and woe
& & jjioting, church

$ d' 2 3 yi tZng Zl16mgwEnk6, Clunese
language class
Ile "torso" rad. (185, above) gives the
S & g6ngsl15n, to bend at the waist, to bow

5 311 g6ngqin. personally, in person
J~[NG,bequiet;family name
B1:L iinjjng, be quiet
jingdih, static electricity
1 : F i jingz11&be motionless, be static
-+*
990
16sV0kes
2& +&' $&'

4
fia
fiT(-&198,*618)
11
fl ffl
99 1
16 strokes
fm? -$8- -$8f
-F--
-G,
be happy; m G , to begin; family
name
$5 ?% giioxing, be happy
?%&
xjngjih, to rebuild
4k?%fuw3g8be revived, to resurge
%?%@ Sha'ow3gji0,wine from Shaoxing
(widely recognized as very
good Chinese wine)
I\
\'I
-FI- cA0,grass
The "grass" rad. gives the meaning; z2o
7;g xi;iuu& It's snowing; snowfall

@.i% xuc?l~uii,snowflake
$A. ( Jt) xu8r&i(r), snowman
flB @ zhiioxuc?, to right a wrong, to
rehabilitate somebody (after unjust
conviction or punislunent)
,% ~4 ni$ojja'o, bud cries, biidsong

diiio, penis; used as an insult in old
novels (note pronunciation)
995-999
BASIC CHARACTERS
Compare $-?- yu5n (p.259a).

In H, the forms 3 and 3 are also classified
are not helpful. The student will simply havc

to remember that "pig's head" over "water"
-=-lti "prosperity." The characterisnowused
$*ih hjipzi, to get scared

sh2hji, to murder, to kill (someone)
9 $2: hh;iichGng,pests, harmful bugs
two dots resembling tile "eight" rad. (88,

above). The two dots mean "to divide," and
the character is explained: "to divide a
lizbzi, to study Chinese characters
that crisscross the paddies. It is perhaps for

this reason that the "slope" rad. is in liUto
i'%@-y;in,lj, solar calendar
r&m- yjnli, l u ~ ~calendar

ar
& $- lil&, always; through the years
This character is a picture of the old scoop

or measure which was used to measure out
"pecks." W u is now primnrily seen in use as
the short form for 1'4 (679, above).
#% kI7xu4 science
*& kI7zhjng, department chief (in a
government ofice)
%.#w6nkI7, liberal arts
3%
tcingku;ii, be happy
3% & tdngchir, sore spot, tender spot
B.C.), a Chinese culture hero.
nk%?xxizode, to know, to know of

&+F xxi2oshi, to proclaim
3T~n.kt6ngxji0, to know quite well, to be
jijndizln, to check; to speak or act

cautiously (literally, to ioolc into
% sl1zic116ngy~0,
bug-lulling
chemical (i.e., insecticide)
$ A jingxi, Beijing opera

&I%.kilnxi, to attend a play
"city" which occurs as a part of characters
Jki.65 cl~gngyi,city
1024
1025-1029
BASIC CHARACTERS
boats (1022, above).

&& qujnji, complete worlts (of an author)
%-a' jfhui, to gather, to assemble
$&f jfzhBng, to concentrate
T% xiid&, to lay an egg

I~ujidjn,a "bad egg" (that is, a bad
j&%
zhSnchting, be sincere, be hue
Distinguish fi from pin "be poor" /a
180 fiyu5, to brealc an agreement
own sweet time (to do something)
The "big" rad. at the bottom gives tile

meaning of this character. The rest of the
character, "claws" + "coil," once gave the
1035-1039
BASIC CHARACTERS
Yi is a picture of a tree; the strokes at the

top represent its foliage,
This is the same word as 1036, above. The

character is reclarified with the "grass" rad.
This form is the form in common use today;
1036 is seldom seen.
% % liyZ, green leaves
t u h t i , organization
tile lid is on." This character is

11 like the "flask" rad. 3. (453,
The basic meaning of this character is "be

coolced, be done." Tile meaning "who?
which?'occurs by sound-loan.
$I~&riIllP shti slij shti Ej, 'Wliich is right?
{h sliljtdu, petroleum
qfydu, gasoline
:%:h xidydu, shoe polish
ss, attire, costume
customary, habitual
$ S 2 gingzhcing, weight
$ZL $ qinggdngyd, light industry

$Sfi fh ig qing Eryijii, be easy to do
explanations, some fanciful. All agree that
37;& 1udxid;ii. to fall (leaves)

I@:ci jiAnglud, to land (airplanes)
3%luddi, to fail an exam
#k,& zhuSngzhi, be determined, resolute
& & zl~l;\.i;in,, one's intention, aspiration

.&Mi zhiyuln, ambitions, "heart's desire"
W ,& Mngzl~i,"Comrade"
LiinhEgud, United Nations
SU is supposed to suggest "to revive" by

means of suggesting a good meal: "fish"
"grain" = "a good meal."
riginally this character, like 1060, above,

meant "to revive" and was 1060 reclarified
with the "grass" rad. (for vegetables,
%.Jl$
SUli;in, Soviet Union
gdngsi company, corporation

siJiK chauffeur, driver
silfng, (military) commander
REMAINING CHARACTERS
of the "1,020 List" and the "2,000 List"
ji, be energetic, positive
AN, high cliff, 11igIi riverbank
Xi], to add to; to prolong; to
a
ce
&
Jm,be crafty, be treacherous;
DU, to recite; to study

dfibe'n, rext-book
sf&
traitor; illicit sex
-g
SHU, to redeem, to ransom; to
j!&
ST
D B G , to investigate; to decide;
to revise for publicnion
+r
ces. wells, and musical beats
Q I m G , to rob, to snatch
&*4L qisndiir, to rescue
%
C H U m G . sore, abcess, ulcer
A%
Mj\, to lay in neat piles; yard (of

c ~ o t ~ ia)counter
;
or marker
~ iHow
, can it be that ...?
d+'ifiEqiyOu dli.
outrageous! Bunkum!
G
cL
'is
CHUANG, to begin; C H U m G ,
ZIIU, to spread out, lo drsplay,

be d~splayed,to author
together, successron, dynasly,
H U ~to
, break apart; to destroy
Q U m , circle; to encircle;
JUAN, to imprison; JUAN, pen,
fold (e.g., of sheep)
DONG. cave, hole; incisively
Q U m , bond, deed, contract,

diploma
GU, to hire, be liired

Often seen with the "side-man:"
REG
-
CHARACTERS
BAN,to lift (a heavy object)
palms up (not above the head); r~

transport
Ji, season (of the year); family

name
P a . plate, tub, dish; to coil up;

to move; to sell; price; a measun
for games
d
ZM,to oversee; job, duty
-1.
to appoint; to abandon;
really
m,grain in the ear; to flourish;

be elegant; be accomplished
T h , attitude, manner
r;iidu, attitude, manner
m,to embroider
H U a , to encircle; ring, bracele
Sometimes written &i

i%
x i ~i
i l&
n ~to&embroider
37
YOU, to lead on, to mislead

$$# yduji*, to seduce
ZHi, disposition; substance; to

question; (bookish) to pawn.
pledge
TOU, to go through
Biit shitdu, get drenched
ZHi; a particle similar to h 5 :

(nounlpronoun)'s; him, her, it,
them
windstorms or rainstorms
YUN, cloud; family name

I % ylinji, to congregate
FA, be exhausted; be feeble in

ability; low (said of a fire)
Qm,herd, crowd (% and

may appear in the form
I.)
A% rsnqnqlin, a crowd
Lao, material, grain; to expect
J&,
B-,
to Lransport; to distribute,
to classify. classification,
category
DA, to reach
(Distinguish +
1010,
I, above).
$4-88 lliioxi;ing, to expect
to exhaust; J&, as much as

possible; to put fust
SS'I d m o , to reach, arrive at
QUAN, (political) power
REMAJNING CHARACTERS
for (a person's social) class;
h 'ajinghuii~~g,
be scared
with someone; secondary
1"LqkuZnzh;ii, width, breadth
df ill y'bgshir, poplar tree
qingtang. consommi
i%
Ilk fiibji, be putrid
to heat up; to iron; to get a
m,
be evenly distributed; to
spare (space, time, money)
BfNG, soldier; weapons

& bin@, art of war
fi, boundary; occasion; at the

time that
...
E
D h , a bullet; T h ,to hurl; to
Ji. skill
4kr jigiing bkillrd worker;
mechanic
Z H h , war; family name

;%8Ry6ujiz1ii?nn"rove-andstrike" (=guerrilla) war
Sm,craft, art, profession;

device
41%jish8, technique.
technology
JbI, barely
fX fll jinjin, barely, merely
$?
(5
SHI'], to tell a story; to transmit

$114 shBzl~i,to report on your
work
QiN, be hardworking, diligent;

be frequent
3%4& qinjign, be hardworking
and thrifty
XU, introductioii (to a book);

order, sequence
$ % xBtvtin, preface, foreword
IWO, to expand
4R k kuddi?, to enlarge
Distinguish cifrom "bundle" $i

(657. above).
~ ithorn;
,
splinter; fishbone; to
stab, to pierce; to murder; be
"thorny," unpleasant
CHOU, to repay; (bookish) to

pledge with wine
iiiii& chdujin, remuneration
ZAO, jujube; date (f~uittree)
YA, be inferior; used to write

foreign words (the short form =
H rad. 168)
I'nh zlizl~i,to prevent
SHE, to ford; to pass through; be

connected with
jintdu, to saturate
Z H ~ N Gend;
,
to the end of.
ASYE zli6nHiii, after all
FU, (woman with broom:) wife;
ky Efi, t~usbandand wife
33
2p
,j--b
H f j ~ lo
, mix up; to fool around:
IdJN, be muddy; be foolish;
wl~ole
M E , to extinguish, to go out (a
fire, lights); to wipe out
~gauze,
, slieer cloth
W @ fdngshj; spinning (i.e.,
making thread)
HUB,to grab
dB4:+ hudde, to obtain
$9
MIAO, be slender, be graceful,

be beauliful; be marvelous, be
K
ZHU, to wish; to pray; family
MIAO, beard of grain; smallest

part; a measure for seconds (of
time or angles)
Wm,spring (of water), source
BU, to lay out; to info]
8 8 yudnqudn, source
I
z H ~ ,order, arrangement
RR zh130, order, sequence
Z U , disaster (often written %)

'$ X hdnzZi, drought
section; to restrain, restraint; to
loose, be baggy; fertilizer
HAN, the Han (Chinese) race;
hi%
dGing, to dig a well
%i'% hdol~dn,brave man
CHAO, to copy; to confiscate; to

parboil
49 :lG clijbsib to copy
G&NG, to plow, to till

8b.('fge'ngzud, farming
C M O , to quarrel; to make
Z W , bright red; a family name

HI z11U116ng.be vermillion
I I
~ chdondo,
1 ~ to~ wrangle
1
c M O , to fry (in oil, stirring all

\ the time)
fiY;+fSr clldo 1~ngf;in.to rehash
ZHO, pearl, bead

W&J$. susnpdn ~1117,abacus
SHA, sand, gravel; to sound

gravelly, be hoarse; a family
m,boundnry; to keep within

bounds; region
%
, & y;y0, foreign lands
is form is used as part of
suffix: "away, oul"
onfucius; a family name
R E W I N G CHARACTERS
4EB jlising reclangle
mistake, by mistake; lead astray
to do a job for you (often
REMAINMG CKARACTERS
.&I, to get in the way
fbng'zii, to obstruct
E N G string
%,
3:
Ci. word, term; statement; a ci
(old style "tz'u") poem
Y m G , fly (insect)
~tfi~gpii,
fly-swatter
B o , to seize, to arrest
BkdK bdhud, to capture
JIA, armor, shell (as, n turtle's);

first; the first "heavenly stem"
Bi], to patch up, to fill in

$51 tiiinbd, to replenish
BU, notebook. ledger

3 bDji, booboeeping
I XIA. small box
&-& I ~ icraft.
. art
+
&9
I
yishh
&
art
44-
2
s
BO, BAO, be thin, be weak
3iW b6rud, be weak
F h , to peddle, to deal in
11. I siiofin, pedlar
BO, be broad or comprehensive

(in knowledge); of all Icinds; to
win, to gain
B h J , board; printing plate; a

measure for editions; be
"wooden" (lifeless)
Yi, to shift
@
yiddng, to sl~ift
I
B h , printing block; edition

h'h+?ibbnqubn, copyright
SHU, mouse, rat. MOUSE rad.

(20Wf125)
?i5$ shdbdi, bad guys
DAI, to grab, to catch hold of.

GRAB rad. (171)
Now used as the short form for
i l t 1; (p.298a).
Uf, tortoise. TORTOISE rad.
1-G,
good health; family
% k f ijia'nkzing, health(y)
MiN, toad. TOAD rad. (205)
(the short form is H rad. 207)
I(ANG, be dry and pulpy; chaff
37 S b;iob2i, a treasure
FENG,be abundant, fruitful,
ngying, to toady to
sornetl~in~
off the surface of a
to grind; millsto~le
in front of you; be uptight; tip
visits; column, tow
B WIy~jngjin,to work hard
, mowliead; m o w
t&#.
jixiei,machine, mechanism
REG
-
CHARACTERS
REh4AlMNG CHARACTERS
REMAINING CHAMCTERS
ZGhui;Cn, lose
he'ut
CH'I, be bnght red. loyal, bxe
DIAN, to rent land to farm

41aAdi3nn6ng tenant farmer
n, undershirt, T-shirt
4M
pingtan, be level
4fl hU,vi, to breathe
siteins, bands, gangs, surges, anc

sllares of stock
out; break through;
SHI, shit, feces; secretion

&Jil l;isl~i,to defecate
.B?&liinii, get nngry
Jii& juSnku5nn,to contribute
wine. MIXED WETI! rad. (192)
chengpin, balance pan
EMMNING CHARACTERS
ill 4+ bi116,to close
with hook and line
potent (as medicine); suddenly
~noldwirh rhe fingers
di';in, dyke, embanhnent
(as, of houses): neighbotl~ood
with a "chop;" family name
&$JL qingzliir, to celebrate
1v2i11~6n,
to console
REMAINKNG CHARACTERS
$&
XT,tin, copper
%$;$an,
$8E x7jiBng tinsmith
cake
RAN, to bum, set on fire

%%jkrrjnsl1i70,to bum, to set on
fire
$$k
,f&
45
C H U ~hammer,
,
to hammer;
iveight on a steelyard
4%
\\\
RONG, to smelt
$?k* r6ngh.6,to fuse
kP;-~ mto ram

, down, build
& % ji5nzh0,build, building
REMAtNING CHARACTERS
IGtirTn, be outdoors
spirit, soul; remains (of the dead)
QIM, be shallow, superficial:
W f3 % -Y jbta biping, be full of

holes and bumps, uneven
No pronunciation. H rod. 139.

tile short form 3 of R xizng,
"country" (350, above); f t min,
"folk" (624, above); and the
short form @ of 4%j& "to lift"
STUDENT'S GUIDE
following. One, the use of simple variant forms which were already widely
used in casual and informal wiiting, such as % for @, t6u "head;" and
for @I,g2, a measure-word or "enumerator." Two, the use of forms from
the so-called "grass script"-a lcind of "Chinese shorthand"-such as ?J
for ,E m2 "horse;" and ?J? for % dong "east." Three, the use of one part of
a complex character to stand for the whole character, such as for yi
"to heal;" of % for lic'to depart from;" of @ for $!$ En "to rouse."
Four, where the character is composed of several repeated elements, to
devise a new character in which the repeated element appears only once,
such as & for & ch6ng "bug, worm" and I& for & du2n "brealc into
segments." Five, the replacement of a complex element with a simple
element such as X -as in ~kfor f i huiin "be pleased;" as in XE for #k
niin "be difficult;" and as in X$ for %' duj "to face."
We have used the unsimplified forms (most of which are still in use,
in mainland China, too) as the basis for this book's presentation. Officially
adopted simplified forms have been included since students who want to
read what is now published on the mainland will have to learn them sooner
or later. To learn only these short forms, however, is a great mistake. In so
doing, students effectively cut themselves off from much traditional
Chinese literary and historical material (except where such material has
been reprinted on the mainland in short-form versions) and have cut
themselves off from many of the Chinese boolcs available in Western
libraries, which were printed before the process of simplification began.
Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters.
Modern Dictionaries
After the simplification of many characters, the traditional 214-radical
system of organizing dictionaries did not worlc as well as it had.
Furthermore, simplification in one area led to the perception that
simplification in another area, like the organization of dictionaries, might
be a good thing, too. The modern, classic, encyclopedic dictionary, Ci
Hai (Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishers, 1979: 2,216 pages), for
example, is organized exactly like a traditional dictionary except that the
dictionary's makers have modified the traditional radical system to get a
new system of 250 radicals-a system which can be very quiclcly learned
by anyone who lcnows the traditional system presented in Reading and
Writing Chinese.
19
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Hnizyzi Pilzyiiz system of romanization. A character with two or more

pronunciations will appear under each pronunciation.All characters with
the same Hnrzyu Pinyin spellings are listed in order of ascending tone.
Exceptions to this arise in the case of phonetic-series listings; here, the
character that provides the ley to the phonetic series appears first, followed
by characters sharing that element and having the same reading. Since the
tone of the key character may sometimes be numerically higher than that
of a character in its group, the student should make sure, when using this
index, to scan up and down a group of characters sharing the same spelling.
This kind of index arrangement reflects the nature of the Chinese writing
system and therefore provides a convenient visual review aid.
If a character is in the first character group, that character's series
number (1-1062) is given in roman type. If a character is also a traditional
radical, its number in the sequence of 214 radicals is_-givenin superscript.
Characters in the second group are referenced by the page number (pp.
245-301) set in italic type and followed by the letter n or b to indicate
whether the character appears on the left (a) or right (O) side of the page.
A-BU
-A
1
I'T
Orv
-.
a1
iii
iii
iii
iii
iii
Bn
Bn
Bn
iin
Sin
iing
iing
30
go
50
?%
Aft,
L
k%
/A
&
2
d*
3
%
R&
SIR
GF
w
4%
I&
-B
bii
bSi
b6
bii
ba
b5, bii
bii
bii
bii
bii, bii
bii
bsi
b5i
b5i
b&i
biii
biii
biin
biin
/\
/L
\I
e
pe:
M
46
@
$j
el
$
3
ItE
#?
&
I
na
bZn
bgn
bgn
biin
biin
biin
biing
bang
bang
biing
biing
biio
b b
bgo
biio
biio
biio
biio
b8o
biio
biio
biio
bei
b6i
b8i
bei
bEi
bai, bEi
bai
bai
bai
b&i
bEn
ban
bi
bi
bi
bi
bi
bi
dPQ
dk
ink
4+
9
6
?iZ
%
?$
#&
3
&
#&
i&
$
;
4%
2
9-s
Y!
Xi
3%
$@
:
#%
&!
:It.
2
1
;
4
3t
-'ot
444%
4k
3
&
$
ig
8
k
tt;
jlk
$
bi
bi
bi
bi
bi
bi
biiin
bign
bib
biiin
biiin
biiin
biiin
biiin
biiin
biiin
biiio
biiio
biiio
biiio
bii:
bing
bing
bing
bing
bing
bing
bing
bing
b6
b6
b6
b6
bd
bd
b6
b6
bii
bii
bii
p.2736
p.255a
p.255a
494
950
p.289b
575
p.253b
p.253b
p.253 b
126
p.268b
667
550
p.297a
5 16IG5
p.264b
946Ig0
110
111
208
p.262b
56415
p.282a
533
534
p.271 b
p.272a
653
p.288b
p.273b
p.252b
p.245a
p.264a
p.270a
p.270a
632'"
118'5
p.270a
p.270a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
bii
bii
bii
bii
bii
bii
T
$
73
668
.f; 958
(6 p.265b
603
ar
4
p.270a
-Cci
%
cii
$8
c5i
if
cii
.Sjf'
cli
Rif
c5i
-%
cii
&
ciii
$cii
3
c
cli
X
can
&
c2n
ciin
%
cin
%
ciing
&
cing
&
cing
&
ciio
%
cio
9
H
caoc80
-%
CB
%
ci?
I
cE
fi
ci:
IRll
c6
%
c6ng
@
c6ng
chii,
5L
chS, chi3
n
i %-
JiE
chi5
@
chi5
&
chi5
%
chl,
&
chii, chli
chii
$6
chi5i
%
chin
&
chSn
@&
chiing
8
chiing
4
chlng
8
981
914
361
501
ch6ng
jfE
chbng
{&
ch6ng
&
ch6ng
j&
ch6ng
5k
p.284a
ch6ng
771p.288a
cheng
315
626
cheng
V
p.298a
p.300b
chi
VC
p.M8b
344
chi
$+?
596
p.257b
chi
;$
p.249b
345
chi
S
p.249
226168
chi, chi K
358
chkng
& 88916"
chi
JC~p.269b
chkng
368
chi
&
517
chiing
j$
p.261b
chi
p.289b
ching,
995
chi
$k
p.267b
ch5
chi
6
518
ching
& p.264b
chi
d
945
chkg
B ~.287bI!'~ chi
p.294b
chiio
& p.254a
ch6ng
p.254a
chiio
$9 p.265a
ch6ng
%C
p.279a
chiio
$9 p.265a
chdng, 4Q
p.248b
chiio
9 p.265a
ch6ng
p.2486
chSo
$A p.254b
ch6ng
d
chdng
&
p.266a
chko
A
p.254b
p.280a
chE
41215g
chdu
he\J6'
Lk'
46Y5
ch6u
i j ~
1-92LchB-'R-pr279b-c~I~u-~&-chdu
%
992
chi?
diik p.279b
p.281b
ch6n
I
p.294b
ch6u
ffl
p.259a
ch6n
iZi p.2826
chdu
p.259a
ch6n
E 491"'
ch6u
d
p.259a
ch6n
1 76616'
ch6u
p.262a
ch6n
%. p.278b
chBu
328
ch6n
d p.264b
chii
&
p.249a
ch8n
8 784
chii
4n
p.281a
chEn
&i
p.269a
chii
1$5
chii
$#
chEng, $4 784
p.291b
chkng
chii
%!I
<
BU-DIAN
chi3
%
chi3
f*iq
h
chii, chi3 k
chii, chii E
chii
63
chuiin
111
chuiin
{<{
chuiin
(<
chuiin
75'
chuBn
4$
chu&n
chuiin
v%
chuiin
%
chuiin
$
chuiing &
chuiing 8
'8
chuiing X@
chuiing, $11
chuiing
chuiing 8
chui
vk
chui
k
chui
3k
chui
$&
chiin
%
chiin
%chiin
$&
chuB
j&
chuB
&
chuB
L.
ci
1
ci
$J
ci
%
ci
3k
ci
jlt
ci
$4
ci
;k
cBng
&
cijng
,a
cijng
Jl@
cBng
c6ng
CBU
cii
cii
cii
cui
ciin
ciin
ciin
cuo
M
.f%
426
427
;& p.290b
& p.263b
i%
p.286a
% p.296a
4% p.294a
&- 938
18GJi
#- p.249b
&+
554
-Ddii, d5
dii
dg
dB
&
dii, dB
.ff
dii
k
diii
%
dji
7
diii
9
diii
4
diii
diii
9
diii
k
dji
@
diii
diii
zsi
diii
&
diin
$2
diin
f i
d%n
diin
$$
diin
a
djn
4%
diin
i&
diin
;S
diin
@
diing,
diing, d5ng
4e
882
p.284b
p.256b
520
50j7
791
727"
64678
699
700
p.294b
50j7
540
p.248a
359
p.270bi7'
p.257b
p.257b
772
p.262b
437
590
674
664"'
1026
545
diing
diing
dl0
diio
diio
diio
diio
diio
diio
diio
diio
de
d6
dC, de,
d6i
d6ng
dEng
d8ng
dGng
di
di
di
di
dl
di
di
di
di
di
di
di
di
di
di
diHn
diiin
diiin
dijn
diiin
diiin
p.297b
625
102i8
20518
429
p.246a
p.266b
267
p.260b
p.249b
p.2972
234
965
296
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
diln
diao
dilo
dilo
dilo
dilo
dig
diE
di6
di6
di6u
ding
ding
ding
ding
ding
ding
dong
dong
d6ng
diing
diing
d6ng
d6ng
d6u
diiu
d6u
dbu
d6u-17dii
dii
dfi
dii
dii
dii
dii
dii
dii, dii
duZn
duiin
'8 717
-7
5
#
$4
4
9
&
&
4 1,.
i
&
h
$1'
;I
k
$;$-
3
%J
Fl
3
#
d
*P
&
-&
33
&.
@
4~
5%
$3
p.281a
219
p.266b
p.259b
p.289b
p.288a
p.292a
p.293a
p.297a
805
519
p.247b
p.247b
p.247b
p.274aZoG
424
91
165
p.286b
243
244
845
p.251a
140
1009G8
p.282b
453Is1
67919'
140
p.250b
p.2856
p.258b
p.247a
798
p.290b
p.283b
p.274a
p.274b
566
duln
duiin
dui
dui
dui
dui
diin
diin, diin
du6
du6
du6
du6
du6
du6
fa
f5
fii
fa, fii, fii
fa
fan
f h
fan
fiin
f fin
ffin
$k
@
%
35
-uf
V&-
A
$3
3
$I%
11%
%
4%
-%
2
$11
R
11IR
Bl
3:
d
fln
fiin
fan
fan
fang
fang
fhg
fiing
fiing
fang
fang
fang
Ei
fei
f&i
Pd
I?&
$6
-6'i
E
Yj
%
l%
1%
W
$$
&
IB
9%
fiC
fen,En &
En
f6n
$.
En
4&
f6n
tit
En
16
E
En
@
feng
-5
-feng-gEng
J!$
fEng
&
feng, Eng&
feng
%feng
4t
Eng
3%
feng
8%
f6
at;
f6u
5
f6u
fii
DIAN-GUAN
fil
fii
f6, fi
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
87
4%
a:*
4k
sf;
;M.
I
4K
fii
fii
4K
f5
fii
fii
fii, fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fii
fi
Q
911
r;l
nr;
?fi
44.
%-%
I&
$5
R
4f+
*fi
X
-F
P
-G-
giii
g%
giii
giii
giin
giin
giin
g5n
giin, grin
gitn
g8n
926
734
4% p.296a
% p.295a
$5
617
-kf 144g9
-7- 8751
RS p.247a
#? p.247a
in? p.247a
& p.247a
iik
giin
gb
g5n
gsng
g&g
ggng
giing
gsng
ggng
gang
giio
giio
g50
g80
giio
giio
g50
ge
ge
gc
ge
g8
gi:
t%e
gi
gi:
g&
g6i
g6n
gEn
gen
geng
gEng
g6ng
g6ng
gong
g6ng
g6ng
g6ng
g6ng
g6ng
g8ng
g6ng
geng,
g6ng
gong
g6u
giiu
g8u
g6u
g6u
g6u
g6u
gii
@I
gfi
gii
gii
fi
gii
gc
gc
g6
gG
gfi
gii
ga
gug
guii
guii
guii
guiii
gu%
guiin
guiin
gu&
guiin
gu8n
gub
85
i-
K
4%
988
p.286b
14155
297
p.255a
& p.255b
p.28lb
p.249b
978
4
290
35: 634
:& p.275b
I& p.275b
168
W p.276a
-r(&
p.276a
El 169
-h& 441
-IL p.284b
& p.295b
K p.284b
& 373I5O
817
% 511188
& p.261a?07
4% p.2556
& p.255b
1 p.284b
Jk. ~ . 2 8 1 b ~
J$ p.294a
# p.246a
469
592
fit' 504
inF 505
infl 506
$ 407
742
408
$4
ALPI-IABETICAL INDEX
guh
guh
guiin
guHn
guiin
guiin
gubg
gubg
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
gui
giin
giin
gu0
gub
gu6
gu6
hH
hfii
hZhiii
hC
hiii
hln
h h
h h
hiin
h h
h5n
hiin
hbg
769
105
193
$@l
796
i
p.257b
5q$ p.257b
748
& 972
422
% p.287b
p.269b
8R 795
& p.270$13
&$ p.288b
$16
p.268a
/$ 291 I".'
3% 124
& p.299b
%? p.294a
4% p.264a
84 p.276a
23. 514
A 114
8 597
hang
hao
hlo
ha0
h5o
hao, hiio
hiio
116
h6
hi
hi
ha, hB
hi
hi
hE
%T
4211"
-.- p.288b
Q
p.294b
19
690
L 69 1
/$% p.288a
.I.r 823
$T 557
16 p.2896
4? 176
p.245a
387
388
4% p.287b
% 65Il5
*-?
hii
hC
hii
hii
hii
hul
hu2
huii
hug
huii
huii
huii
hu5i
hu&i
huiii
.$It
280'03
h6n
%k 32
hBn
tbk p.264a
hing,
p.296a
hBng
h6ng
% p.255b
hdng,
% p.255b
-Hhdng
h0ng
:!$ p.264b
9 p.272a
3 448
hdng
b 697
2%-602h b u A l & -457-huiing% 250
hdu
*/k p.276b
% 251
h6u
R p.276b
hdu, hbu % p.283b
I001
ep.271a
hbu
& 763
hbu
$2 452
$ p.290b
in 154?'
hii
4 p.284b
*& p.251b
hii
Q 893
in p.247a
hii
& p.263a
.;;fl 182
hii
+A 620
$2 p.265a
hi3
$A 62 1
ilk 953 -- hii
F 66914'
hu5n
huln
hub
huiin
hu5n
huiin
huh
uiin
huHng
huiing
hulng
huang
hulng
hui
hui
hui
hui
hui
hui
hui, hui
hui
GUAN-JIAO
I~iin
hiin
hfin
hiin
hu6
hu6
11u6
huti
huti
hu6, huo
hu6
hub
hu6
hu6
hu6
hu6
%
4@
$EL
%
,..,
1k
3$
&
%
$4
&
jg
.k"
-J-
ji, ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
JL
2-99
;X
t&
@
+&
$4
h
EP
B
I&
&
4%
,%
&
&
X
%
Z
Ci!,
ji, ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
jiii
jiii
jiii
jiii
jig
jig
jig
jiii, jig
jiii
jiii
jiii
jiiin
jiiin
jiln
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin '
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
,EB
I
$&
j$(-
;$
t&
+4*.
T
3-
&
8%
$&
<jl&
2u
$5
A.
%
&?
%$
Fn
#L
'CP
66
I.,
4@
&.
&
h
&
%
47
4
in
1%
%
f.9
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiln
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
jiiing,
jilng
jiiing
jiiing
jiiing
jiiing
jiiing
jihg
jilng
jiiing
jiiing
jiiio
jiiio
jiii0
jiiio, jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
jiiio
@ 771
I& p.254b
& 1015
p.277a
%? p.277a
Y
p.277a
1002
d$- p.291a
W 885
4
477
& 848
.(& p.290a
$7 p.253a
24 p.298a
R 21414'
4% 947
!I.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
jilo
jig
jiE
jii
jii
jii
jii
jii
jii, j i
jig
jig
ji5
jig
jig
ji5
jig
jin
jin
jin
jin
jin
jin
jin
jin
jin
gk
552
423
I%
p.264a
p 84'"
5 76OZ6
& p.269b
$ p.295b
s'; p.265a
& 778
4%
Wt
221
3f- 601
$
701
+& p.277a
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
jing
&k
%
&
jiii
jiii
&
jiii
382
jiii
35250
jiii
fi 26269
jiii
& 580
jiii
?* p.285a
jiii
$6 p.292a
jiii
& 94'67
j ii
2 p.262b
jii
F 492
j ii
.----.
Jm
;E p . 2 6 3 a j G p
jin
& p.256b
jii
+
,.
p.283a
jii
jin
4 484
jk
jin
jing
d 299
jii
jing
774
jii
jing
444
jii
E 445
jii
jing
jing
$2 p.276b
ju
jing
3% p277a
jii
jing
F%
p.294a
jii
..jlng-!!-p.252a
JU
juiin
dfi
ju&n
.ni
juiln
5%
juiin, juiin
ju&n
#+
jurin
4%
juE
Jk
jui
&
jui
1
jui
&
jui
$3
#i
if:
8
*:t.
.Ib
%
;.p
8
2%
JZ
631
p.282b
jiin
jiin
364
p.268aI7Vki
300
kiii
$k 747
lch
cIj 229"'
kiln
3 p.294a
kiin
@ 356
krin
& p.255b
lciing
& p.255b
kiing
k 898
klng
$-934-Rh~-&-p258b
6 289
k&o
& p.268b
kilo
4% p.269a
kiio
496
kE
% p.2686
kE
d p.268b
kg
5E p.2686
Ici
/ft 679
k5
4
p.248a
kE
4g 671
kE
?8 p.2776
k5
&
&
Y
$
p.262a
649
-K4%
p.264a
503
711 p.247a
U 464"
p.285b
% 121
f i p.270b
@ p.270b
2 952
PA
689
% 942
846
% 1010
%2 p.298b
T 77
p.256a
k, p.268a
4
eL
507
321
598
JIAO-LIN
k6n
k6n
k6n
k6ng
lcdng
lcdng
lcdng
lcdu
lc6u
kfi
lcii
kii
kii
kii
kuii
kuii
kuii
ku%
kuiii
kuiii
kuiii
lcuiii
lcuiin
lcuiin
kuiing
lculng
kuiing
Icuiing
lcui
l&n
leu6
lcu6
ic~a
la
la
1%
15
lli
liii
Iln
1611
l h
liin
1ln
liin
1iin
liing
liing
1Ho
Ilo
150
lFl0
120
le
ie
1Bi
16i
lei
lii
lii
lii
l6ng
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
li
liln
liln
lih
liiin
liiin
liiin
li6n
liiin
liiin
liiing
liiing,
liiing
lilng
lilng
liiing
lilng
liiing
lihg
liiing
liiing
liiio
liFlo, liiio
liiio
lii
1iE
1iE
lie
1iE
lin
lin, lin
lin
105"'
p.289a
1004
1005
1006
1007
p.298a
p.254b
p.268a
p.248b
p.275b
p.275b
1059
606
585
p.299a
p.293a
1003
305
756
p.261 b
731
p.295b
p.266a
p.266a
307
p.295b
647
17
p.298b
p.256a
p.247b
p.247b
p.248a
p.282a
p.275a
156
p.288b
p.298a
+k
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
lin
ling
ling, ling
i n
ling
ling
ling
ling
liii
1 1
liii
lii
liii
16ng
16ng
16u
16u
16u
lii
la
lii
lii
lii
lii
1ii
lii
lii
lii
18
18
1fi
16
18
18
lii
18
luIn
luiin
1iiZ
liin-
m6i
% p.272a
m6i
& 116
mZi
4% 223
min
P? 4516g
men
%"J 46
mEn, men P4 p.292a
m6ng
3 p293b
ming
%Ti p.290a
lning
p.266a
-MmZng
% p.252a
mii
157'0
mi
101119
mI
@ p.273b
mi
& p.285a
rn2
5 35187
mi
55 p.297a
ma
r4, 36
mi
47"
mI
46 p.249a
mi
I&
p.248a
mii
A6 p.249b
mi
p.248a
+
$&
p.249a
mi
p.248a
W p.294a
mil
p.287a
miIn
+
127"O
mji
?i 133
miIn
$8 p.91b
,hi p.275a
miii
% 135
miiin
L
439
p.2936
Nf p.288a
miiin
% p.286a
& p.251bIg7 miii
iniii
$ p.289algP miiin
6% 610176
& 675
miin
nth p.2976
miiin
b p.299b
f
676
& 903
mi50
p.271b
998
m2n
4% p.271a
m5n
% p.266b
migo
?
p.271b
mln
471
migo
92 p.271b
% 530
miin
,E 472
mi20
8 p.2656
2% p.299a
miso
49 p.265b
m5ng
$ 1 69
& --8091g8
U p.275b
m b
&-29382--milo-fi--p.25cCb
& p.275b
m5o
84O1I0
miS
;& p.265a
@ p.295a
miio
?,& p.271b
min
I% 624
R p.296a
miio
4P p.272a
min
921f08
954
miio
1 353
min
1 p.270a205
# p.262a
miio
8 354
ming
% 256
9 p.280a
miio
$7 p.292b
ming
Vl 380
% 999
me
159
ming
800
I P p.301b
mii
k 184
m6
$ p.273b
i$L 832
m6i
% p.260a
m6, m6 i$ p.274a
p.263b
m6i
p.285b
m6
d p.274a
".
&- -730-mei-------%
589---m6-3 - - p . 3 0 1 b-
p.248b
p.299a
284
4% p.260b
$ 285
Sfi p.260b
3 207
0 p.301b
739
il p.293a
5&
p.259a
P
p.272a
; 149
#& p.275a2"
p.275a
$4 394
1
2%
liin
liin, liin
lu6
11.16
11.16
lu6
lu6
p.295b
751
$2 p.299a
p.300a
%- 1055
X 1056
It p.292b
$&
LIN-PIN
m6
mo
mc?
m6
mti
ma
1n6u
mdu
m fi
mfi
ma
ma
ma
mii
mii
mii
mii
mii
nri
nii
nii
n8, na
n8i
niii
niii
nrin
nrin
nrin
nrio
n80
niio
ne
nB, nBi
n6i
nBi
nBn
n6ng
ni
ni
ni
ni
ni
nirin
nirin
niln
niiin
niring
ni8o
nil0
.nle
nin
ning
niii
niii
niii
ndng
n6ng
nting
nii
nii
nii
nU
nu8n
niiE
niin
ou
6u, ou
6u
~5
PB
p6i
p i
f t p.261 a
prii
b$ p.250a
pli
A 833
pli
8~ 834
p8n
+& p.256b
pln
& p.260b
piin
$11 p.300a
piin
$K p.301 b
pgng
& 785
piing
lkl p.273b
pno
d& p.283a
prio
463 p.272b
p80
36 510
piio, pa0 &
;
p.272b
plo
J&
p.272b
p6i
J%
p.273b
p6i
1% p.273b
pM
a6 p.2670
pen, pBn "k p.274a
pen
& p.260a
p6ng
flfl 209
p5ng
4f$ p.273a
pBng
d&
p.254b
pi
4tk p.258a
p.258a
pi
Fb
pi, pi
!8 p.255a
pi
h 662'07
:& p.245a
pi
pi
PF. 146
pi
x 245Io3
pi6n
4& p.253b
piHn
% p.253b
piiin
16 p.253b
pirin
4E 126
piiin, piLn f: 927g1
piiio
% 957
pi60
2% p.264b
pi& pi5 dibk p.273b
pi5
I 14
pin
4% p.272a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
pin
pin
ping
ping
ping
ping
Pd
Pd
P6
Pa
Pb
pa
pb
Pfi
% p.2606
S
4
%.
4%
$?
j~k
2%
&
9k
i&
k
k
p.257a
543
p.297a
p.272a
p.258a
p.245a
p.273b
p.245a
p.245a
p.264a
qiiin
qiiin
qiln
qiHn
qiiin
qiiin
qiiin
qian
qi5n
qiiin
qiln
p.276aGG qiiing
384GG
qiang
qiiing
714
-f.
qiii
q
qii
qii
qii
qii,qii
Clii
qii
qii
qii
746
1017
p.257a
.% p.257a
p.272a
$4 478
% 365
% p.277b
1028
h 432
k.
84gg0
quan
#!
&
IF
$
@
&
4%
i n
% p.285a
251
584
p.254b
p.254a
p.280a
p.271b
100
451
167
p.300a
1917"uiin
qiiing
p.254a
qiiio
&
qi
p.252a
qiao
&
qf
% 871
qiao
L
1k p.264b
qiiio
J5
cli
3& p.253b
qiE, qi8 k
& 930
qi6
qr
d 163
qin
4E
qi
3$ p.299a
qin
%
qi------?~-l
045"'L--qin-3%
/-L
322
qin
5
ST
4
qing
~i
% 324"
qi
I%
qing
413
qing
cli
& 325
6
qing
~i
A% p.288b
qing
$$
Cli
?& p.249b
$7
qing
ST
& 435
qing
@
qi
% 1052
p.282a
qi6ng
%
~i
% p.290b
qiii
4k
qiii
p.272a qiii
R
--
p.257b
quE
kk p.263b
p.276a
quC
p.259a
p.277b
quC
x/i p.246a
p.277a
qiin
Y p.256b
p.271b
698
-R12
k 230
p.263a
rlin
8 593
215
rh
i%
p.297a
-p;262b-rBn-*473
-p.291a
riin
% p.285a
707
1051
riing
198174 riio
fik p.277b
rlo, riio tk p.277b
3 17
d& p.2716
p.252a
riio
rC
%& 678
736
rEn
h 2'
199
r6n
4 4'
p.295b
989
r6n
JL 591
730
r6n
4= 341
r6n
821
923
ri?n
ri?n
rBn
ri?n
rEng
ring
fi
r6ng
r6ng
r6ng
r6ng
r6ng
r6u
riju
r6u
r6u
rCi
1-6
rii
ruiin
mi
riin
rub
ru6
sii, sii
s8
siii, siii
siii
siin
siin
siin
s h
skg,
skg
sting
s80
s80, stio
si?
si?
sEn
shii
shii
shti
sh5i
shiii
shiin
shiin
shiin
shh
shiin
shiin
shiing
shting
shting
shiing
shiing
shiio
shiio
shiio
shb
sh8o
shiio
shiio
she
shi
she
shB
she
sh6
shi?
shi?
shi?
shi?
sh6i
shEn
shEn
shEn
shEn
shin
shEn
shin,
shen
shBn
shBn
sh6n
shBng
shsng
shEng
sh8ng
sh8ng
shing
shing
shi?ng
shi?ng
shi?ng
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
shi
slii
ALPI-IABBTICAL INDEX
slii
38915'
shii
8 948
si
shi
-iE 599
shii
949
si
slii
W p.246b
shii
$% p.294F0' si
% 873
shii
,%i
p.270a20hi
slli
$ 316
shii
1 3?
si
shi
shi
-jr
13433
shii, shii -$k 586
s6ng
shi
$ p.285a
shii
$- 657
s6ng
slii
680
shii
;f%
661
s6ng
slii
$ 711
shii
W i p.262a
s6ng
slli
& 943
shii
i?i. p.262a
s6u
shi
2 246
shii
!k? p.295b
s6u
shi
b
shuii
$11
p.267a
s
shi
huii
4$ p.285b
s
shi
ijL;
807Ii3
shuiii
$t p.269a
sii
i 480ii3
shuiii
p.280a
sii
shi
slii
R p.272b
shuiii,
# p.280a
sii
shi
963
sliu%
sii
sh
.253a
shuiii
till1 p.272a
sii
sh6u
~lk 718
shuiin
& p.285b
sii
sh6u
!
1042
shuiing
1023
sii
sli6u
p.258b
sliuiing % p.278a
sii
sli6u
3- 4lG5
shuIng J? p.289a
sii
sh6u
3 14G4
shui
71C
36285
suiin
sh6u
266Is5
shui
j
181K5
suln
sh6u
339
shui
il&
539
suln
sh6u
4? p.289a
shui
jhi
239
sui
sh6u
@ p.290a
shiin
@ p.277b
sui
sli6u
$ p.279b
shiin
J
p.245b
sui, sui
s h 6 u d k - - p.25Oa--sliu6--~t-24O--sui-l%---754shii
p.253a
shu6
tilp
p.272a
sui
2 18379
si
A 24?"
sui
shii
shii
$$ 83
SI
& 1008
sui
shii
@ p.246a
si
4 1062
siin
shii
& p.297b
si
,% 348
siin
shii
8~p.289a
si
1Fi. p.267a
siin
sliU
J$& p.250b
si
41% p.267a
su6
SI
b 28Iz0
su6
shii
L
1041
shii
?k-!
1042
s1
$ 174120
su6
Jj"
I.
p.247a
si
3 665
su6
shii
shii
p.250b
sf
& 728
dW
W
6
@$
il:*
,
3
iZ.
49
&
p.2466
147
455
275
p.293a
p.284b
p.299a
264
485
p.280b
p.280b
% 1061
#- 726
@ p.280b
%
p.280b
.291a
p.287a
$
264
d p.287a
p.271a
tnk p.294b
$ 521
8 p.295a
3% 33735
& p.283b
5
642
I&
7%
J?
%
!'6
4
4
755
499
p.250a
p.2630
p.261a
p.292a
p.280b
411
p.286a
p.278a
SHI-WANG
-Ttii
i&
tH
4L
tii
&
ti7
t8
3%
tl
F$
t5i
f:
tiii
It?
t5i
46
tiii
k
tiii
j&
tHn
.5.@
tiin
1.7
t8n
#?$
tBn
$.c
t5n
t8n
&
t8n
3
E
tiin
4%
tln
$k
tln
&
tiing
f%
tlng
3%
tgng
&
t6ng
?@
t5ng
$&
tang
tHng
t8ng
%
tiing
+&
t8o
fB
t8o
ig
t8o
-$+
tiio
Q
ti
rt+
t6ng
tBng
Il&
t6ng
i&
t6ng, tBng nb
%
7
ti
&$
ti
$I]
ti
J$
ti
$4
ti
4%
ti
&
ti
F4
ti
+$
tiiin
X
tiiin
;$
ti5n
*&
ti5n
;rdti5n
W
tiiio, ti80 &
tiiio
1B
ti80
4%
ti50
<fl
tic
lie
tie
J!&
ti8
&k
ting
$&
ting
&
ting
ting
&
ting
4*
ting
t6ng
&
t6ng
$9
tBng
3%
t6ng
fl
t6ng, t 6 n g g
t6ng
fi
t6ng
?&
t6ng
$&
t6u
46;
t6u
t6u
4%
t6u
5%
tBu
i&
tii
%
tii
tii
tii
tii
tii
tii
tii
ta, tii
tii
tu5n
tui
tui
tui
tiin
tiin
tu6
tu6
tu6
tu6
tu6
wii
w8
w8
wl
wli
w iin
wiin
w5n
w 8n
w b
w Bn
w6n
w8n
w 8n
w iin
wLng
w5ng
w8ng
&
b
Sfr
&
f
01.
a
-1C
P
%
$%
&
&
%
4&
8%
-%
p.301a
996
p.294b
p.250b
p.288b
p.253b
8G3?
p.275a
p.284b
1039
881
p.248a
p.248a
p.283b
p.301b
p.269b
p.269b
p.284a
p.290a
p.283b
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
wiing
wiing
wiing
w5ng
whg,
wiing
w5ng
wiing
whg
whg
w5ng
w6i
& p.282a
8 500
3.
.%i
&
E
F4
El
.ii=
&
wei
w6i
R
w6i
w6i
w6i
wii
d$
w5i
@?
w6i
Ifr
w6i
&
w6i
fi
w5i
42
w6i
%
w5i
w5i
&
w5i
%wii,-w6i-%w5i
4&
w5i
w6i
""
jn
wen
wen
w6n
&
win
Ji;
w6n
$2
w6n
h?
wen
M1
w6n
46
wen
w6ng
wij
696
w6
92
588
w6
w6
wii
p.281a
wii
p.28la
wii
446"?
wii
63712?
~ . 2 6 6 b l ? ~wii
p.286a
wii
wii
761
wii
wii
2131
875178
wii
876
p.2586
p.258b
wii
p.300b
wii
p.260a
wii
p.256a
wii
p.257b
wii
270
wii
p.292a
wii
p.296a
wii
222
wii
831
459p.290a
xi
p.259b
xi
p.259b
xi
924
xi
925
xi
xi
p.294b
3606'
xi
p.281a
xi
p.281a
xi
202
xi
p.271a
xi
P-7
$
i
;
%
&
&
irh
d
i5
6
fi
f
4%
,I%
5
23
200
p.288a
p.276a
44
p.291b
p.284a
397
p.281b
p.288a
6O7I
21280
749
p.286a
148
867
p.282b
& p.284a
$i
p.255a
L 58
57 375
% p.251a
8 p.263a
J% 497
841
& p269a
-X-
11736
p.264a
2& 1033
;tir 695
% p.292a
+$ p.284b
p.300b
Pi"r p.252a
25 130
& 1019
I
1020
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi
xi5
A&
48
@
$4
4%
f
2ki
;.
%
@
xi5
3%
xi5
1:
xi5
xi5
xi9
it~i
xih
4
xih
k,
xih
j(rfi
xi&, x i h e
xiiin
%k
xi5n- -A-884xih
&
xi5n
fi
xi5n
%
xih
Pd
xih
in
xiiin
83
xitin
xih
%$.
xih
%
xiiin
xiiin
I'
JL
710
p.278a
p.278a
p.300a
p.297b
553
826
782
190
587
14Y3
860
968
p.258b
825
p.296b
p.277a
351
p.298b
919
1221~
p.281b
247
p.278a
p.298b
p.2686
p.251b
p.295a
p.295b
203
762
p.251a
p.268a
896
861
303
p.289b
WANG-YAN
xiiin
xiiing
xihng
xilng
xiiing,
xilng
xihng
xilng
xiiing
xiiing
xiiing
xihng
xihng
xilng
xilng
xihng
xilng
xilng
xiiing
xiiing
xilo
x i
xilo
xiiio
xi30
xiiio
xilo
xi60
xilo
xilo
xB
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi6
xi5
IF%
$
915
349
350
% p.258a
$8
294
6 p.278a
& 295
& 706
% p.299b
+? 1044f86
;iq
>.,
4
p.287a
824
890
1040
& p.255b
6
84-
793
643
644
5%
p.246b
11.
2Yd2
385
939
tti
dl1
I$
&A
3k
$5
&
2
&
8k
%
dk
&\
3F
p.2776
940
p.277b
p.261a
402
1014
56
269
p.293b
p.284a
p.277a
p.289b
p.283a
964
347
923IJ3
h
C p.298b
xi5
xie
xi&
xin
xin
xin
xin
xin
xin
xin
xin
xing
xing
xing
xing
xing
xlng
xing
xing
xing,
xing
xing
xing
xing
xitjng
xitjng
xi6ng
xitjng
xidng
xi5
xil
.XlU
xi6
xiii
xiii
xiii
xii
xii
xl
xii
xl
xii
xii
xii
xii
xii
xii
xii
xii
xuiin
xu6n
xuln
xuiin
xu6
xu6
xu6
xu6
xiin
xiin
xiin
xiin
xiin
-rl
5 ' ~ p.299b
3
595
% p.247a
If-
p.262a
*i p.289b
i
p.266a
p.266a
%- p.256a
,+& p.250b
r3
~r p.263b
5% p.288b
& p.248aQ5
@
a=
34
k
h
777
253
574"6
922j4'
993
TP p.295a
p.291b
776
p.286b
311 p.245b
-YYB
YR
Y&
YE
YZ
YB
yl, y l
Yl
yiin
yiin
y6n
yln
yln
y6n
yhn
y6n
I@
7%
p.258a
p.2976
57G9?
"4
0
&
kf?
p.280b
p.280b
p.280b
p.262b
p.263a
p.288b
969
&
p.285a
p.268a
672
3 p.252b
@f 767
t 38IJQ
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
yiin
99
B p.3006
yiin
yiin
in
yiin
i n p.2646
yiin
8F- p.248b
yiin
8 966
yiin
&? 967
y h
Kk p.258a
yiin
.$i% p.254b
ylng
k 278
Q p.281a
ylng
yiing
% 686
ylng
yiing
yiing
yiing
ylng
yBng
yBng
yiing
yiing
yHo
yao
ylo
ylo
yiio
yfio
y 50-%ylo
yiio
yiio
yiio
ylo
yiio
yiio
YB
YE
YE
YE
4%
I
3
3%
$5
h
A.
X
4,
k
;i&
&
2
02
%
qL
A&
&
%
q
&
&
p.261b
687
115'23
475"3
611
p.249a
p.299~
561
562
158
53
p.283b
2!i5'
1012
p.267a
~-76%-p.267a
25289
p.261a
131
p.2936
1016
p.300a
p.293b
p.2466
yin
6
yin
495
yin
El 486
4B p.269b
B 685
yin
-$
+
yin
A
yin
4k
yin
51
yin
yin, yin $k
yin
k&
yin
tp
ying, yingg.
ying
%
ying
fk
ying
&
ying
iig
ying
ilC.
ying
$4
ying
d
y6ng
4%
y6ng
7jc
y6ng
fi
ybng
ih
ybng
3
ybng
%
;
y6u
kk
y6u
2
y6u
$2
y6u
7
c
y6u
'8Jy6u
&
-y 6u-4t$yciu
&
y6u
kb
y6u
gP
ydu
h
ybu
$-i
y6u
Ei
y6u
iC
yau
;f;
y6u
p.281b
ybu
%%- p.256a
y fi -7692
YAN-ZHAO
yii
YG
yii
YC
YG
yii
~6
yii
yii
yii
yus
yu8
'7%
yu8
KI
yu8
T%
yiin
9
yiin
2
yiin
S
yiin
k
yiin, yiin $
yiin
3
YG
yii
yii
Y3
yii
YC
YG
yii
YG
yii
YO
yii
yuiin
yuan
y uiin
yuan
yuan
yuiin
yuln
yuln
yuBn
yuBn
y uBn
yuln
yuan
yuln
yu8
yue
yus
yus
"I2
T
.
-zz5
zl
ziii
z
ziii, zBi
-.
zal
ziii
ziii
zln
ziin
z6n
ziing
ziing
ziing
ziing
zHo
zEio
z50
ZBO
ZBO
ziio
ziio
ziio
z6
z6
z6
z6
z6i
p.286a
912
863
k p.2696
& p.2696
X p.2656
474
8 304
e$
p.2866
p.254a
32. p.254a
p.280a
f
p.280b
& p.266a
1%. p.266a
# p.280a
& p.280a
438
% p.262a
% p.2800
kk p.2826
& p.2836
& 655
fill p.259a
3~i
p.246a
-#$ p.253a
p.253a
I!& 977
zBn
zEng
z8ng
z6ng
zhii
zh6
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhiii
zh5i
zh%
zhiin
zhln
zhiin
zhln
zhiin
zhgn
zhln
zhiin
zhiin
zhiin
zhiing
zhBng
zhEing
zhiing
zhiing
zh5ng,
zhiing
zhiing
zhiing
zhiing
zhiio
zhlo,
zhho
zhio
zhBo
zh5o
zhiio
zhiio
425
328
p.249a
p.249a
p.2906
342
p.2606
p.260a
p.260a
p.258a
p.260a
p.246a
28 1
p.279a
p.279a
648
433
802
627
628
p.2626
p.279a
p.245a
p.279a
226168
227
p.2786
p.294a
p.2786
p.2616
p.2616
p.2546
476
508
p.273aS7
33P7
740
p.255a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ZIIBO
zhiio
zhlo
zhiio
zhe
zhE
zhi, zhE
zh6
zhZ, zhei
zhEn
zhEn
zhEn
zhEn
zhEn
zh6n
zhEn,
zhEn
zh6n
zhen
zhen
zhen
zhEng
zhEng
zhEng
zheng
zheng
zhEngzhing
zheng
zheng
zheng
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
!a
891
892
720
p.266b
& 476
E p.294a
46 p.283a
& 139
4 172
.(fi p.290a
4% 302
88
9b
St
p.255a
944
% p.269a
% p.269a
@ p.269a
$
dk p.284b
$& p.278b
p.278b
I
p.256a
4%
p.2786
?' - 618
aij'- p.293b
& p.295a
L 493
4E-p:268a
% 659
Jk 814
& p268a
252 899
=C p.256b
+& 525
11k. 907
@k p.256b
271K5
dk 272
p.281b
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zI1i
zhi
265
p.271a
RS p.249a
dI p.249a
3E 1022
$L
p.289a
& 301
d& 973
& p.278b
3 p.278b
,
D
607
J.L 19577
zh6u
zhdu
zhdu
zhBu
zhBu
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhii
zhi
zhi
zhi
;Lk 225
zhii
-8 p.27laZM zhii
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi
zhi, zhi
zh6ng
zh6ng
--zh6ng-?%zh6ng
zhbng
zhbng
zhdng,
zhbng
zhdng
zhiju
zh6u
zh6u
zh6u
zl16u
4-
3L
Q
%.
31934
zhii
1057
zhii
1058
zhii
i%866
zhii
& p.265a
zhii
2 396133 zhii
?ti p.286b
zhii
3k p.247a
zhuii
5f p.256b
zhuiin
112
zhuiin
,& p.267b
zhub
p263bzhuiinU 108
zhuiin
% p.257a
zhuiing
2 242
zhuiing
$3 636
zhuiing
zhuiing
82 p.267b
zhuhg
@Ip.259a
zhuiing
3 p.259b
zhui
9r.l p.262b
zhui
;$+I p.262b
zhui
$+? p.291b
zhiin -
-A
Rzr
2k
s-
&k
#i
2%
fi,
*L
$$
Sf-
%I-IAO-%GO
zhtin
zhuij
zhu6
z1
zi
zi
zi
zi
zi
zi
zong
z6ng
-@;%
&
24:
%
-3-
$k
il
Sm
z6ng
?$.
z6ng
#
,!
z6u
k
zii
jfa
zti
$R
26
$.
zti
b
zii
2k
z6
K
zuiin,
+%
zuZn, zuiin
zui
p%
zui
zui
zui
ziin
ziin
zuci
zuB
zu6
zu6
zuB
zuB
zu6
& 366
% p.246b
@ p.250a
$
p.267b
% p.267b
a?
4
f
k
18k
&
436
343
179
572
p.267a
430
p.289a
STROKE COUNT-STROKE ORDER

INDEX
This second index of characters is arranged by strolce count and strok

order and therefore enables the student to find, for reference or reviev
any character in this boolc whose pronunciation he or she does not l a 0 1
or is unsure of. The index has been organized by the strolce count-strok
order system rather than the traditional radical system because mastery c
the latter requires considerable time. Mastery of the radicals is one of th
goals of this book, not a slull assumed of its users, whereas the strok
count-stroke order system can be used by a student almost immediately.
is also a system that, as George Kennedy says, "appears to be widely use
in China today."
In order to use the index, you should first count the number of strolte
in the character under consideration. As you learn new characters an
how to write them from the diagrams, the ability to count correctly th
number
of strokes and- learn the little tricks familiar to every first ye:
-- - -.student of Chinese will come naturally. (For example, the shape I i
counted as one stroke rather than two.) Characters in thjs index are groupe
according to the total number of strokes in the character, beginning wit
characters having the fewest strokes (1 to 3 strokes) and concluding wit
those having the most strolces (18 or more). Where a discrepancy existl
count the strokes that are actually made as you write the character b
hand rather than use the "official" count traditionally used in Chines
dictionaries.
You must then determine into which of the following four categorit:
the first stroke in the character falls: 1) a dot, including any strok
.downw~cLto~theright;2)~ahoriZontal_
angle-th;
STROKE INDEX
begins with a left to right horizontal; 3) a vertical strolce, including angles

that begin with a vertical; or 4) a left, downward-slanting stroke, including
angles that begin this way. To summarize:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dot
Across
Down
Left
'
or
or
or
or
-?
<
All characters with the same number of strokes are subdivided into
these four categories of "first strolces." Much like an alphabetical system,
these categories are further ordered according to the category (dot, across,
down, left) into which the second stroke of the character falls. For example,
if one character has twelve strokes and its first and second strokes are
"dots" (&) ,it will appear before a character of twelve strokes of which
the first is a dot and the second a horizontal stroke (&), and so on. Note
that characters whose first element is the common "grass radical" * are
classified in the stroke count-stroke order system as if the first stroke
were a downstroke, though this differs from the writing diagrams in the
text.
All of the characters appearing in Rending nlzd Writing Clzilzese are
given here, with the exception of characters that appear in modern texts
only as parts of other characters. The index does, however, include all
forms of traditional radicals. On pages 300-301 of the text itself are
introduced all Hnrz-Yi~zgCidinn radicals which have not been introduced
earlier. A complete chart of Hnn-Yilzg Ciclialz radicals appears as the back
endpapers.
The system of reference to characters and page numbers is explained
in the introduction to the Alphabetical Index on page 304.
STROKE INDEX
1-3 strolces
[,I
i
7
i
.
i
2.
-;f
3
Af
613
56415
88"
181"
12740
378
4714
171i6'
2.
155~~
p.2566
-w-
%
k
A
Z
e
8
a
5
'F
g7
10
84754
8 0 ~ ~
2 1857
8751
n
h
a
n
k
18641
1464
596
15P7
142
14155
5037
p.261 b
p.2812
85'9
p.281a
275
274
6
10218
20619
522
58
5943
[I
A
/\
5
L
k
R
A
3
3
A
f
9
/\
IL
h
4
{{
l4
2428
98"
232?O
64516
151
682
677
11736
233
63 1
24 1
99758
261'
571
152"
49
p.245bM
56047
P
-t
t
5
E---1-43E--
22'4
689
145=
842G
760'~
7617"; 136IG3
35 1
44348
8632
13433
612
5 19
150 - _
P
p1
[I
1;
L
f.
-f-
'f7
-k
I
L
b-
G:
n
17
11
9
U
A
4' '
11.
136
55
1-1Xz5
137"
346
2013
2l3[
3330
205j8
35250
46417
9SdG
465J5
274' -_
4
9-
2552
30G0
8 1959--
({{
44247
4,
4 strokes
['I
,
$
.
,
3
d
5
K
3486
1O0gfi8
48O1I3
39270
952
1-3.4.5 STROKES
k
@
42
4-t
tlJ
4 j ~
475
It:
4,
f?7
fi
d
k
h
19176
p.281 b
341
p.281 b
810
581
p.281 b
p.300A
703
p.301 b
375
22483
262"
308
878
p.273aS7
5 strolces
STROKE INDEX
$-
?I
Jb
%
33
JE.
p.300b
p.247a
869
409
p.271 b
p.246b
493
25
245lo'
432
p.271 bQ8
496
77
533
1449g
599
EL
E
9h
Zt
5 , 6 , 7 STROKES
901'39
p.282b
p.282b
709
p.282b
229134
p.246b
p.260b
477
822
51513'
793
922Id3
418
41513'
42 1Id4
p.247b
19
12
787
28120
174""
7 stroltes
STROKE INDEX
A
%i
4n
;f.t
$4
%
3,
%k
p.262a
305
p.245a
797
p.300a
220
238
p.282b
7.8 STROKES
8 stroltes
S T R O K E INDEX
a;
$11
R
%
4iL
lq
ifg
p.2546
p.267a
p.272a
p.269b
p.284b
78
p.263b
p.253a
$+[I 1
$
3
&
-5
&
3%
5
k
&j
367
-+
4%
p.284b
688
k
-&
[I]
k
Jr
&
;r'
E
r9
an
SF.
%
S
p.284b
704
p.281 a
451G9
380
p.2686
410
p.284b
D
w
-
344---
376
p.267b
913
96
169
p.279b
p.247b
p.250a
p.300a
Q
4%
fi
$Irk
%
;lk
3$
8%
nr;
M
R-S_
&.
j
&
4%
if11
4-
tk
@
&
60
339
618
517
p.273a
p.266b
383
9416'
3 15
800
750
265
538
p.245a
p.256a
p.265b
839
209
p.284b
893
309184
~.2-5.7~--+-830
p.255a
p.247b
39172
p.264bI7O
p.270b
p.285a
p.264a
536
230
- 234
%%
8P
33
fit
4
4%
)ff?
.%E
ilk
&
!
4b
$4
779
p.301 b
p.249b
p. 2 78a
41 1
588
p.2736
p.2688
877
p.285a
223
p.260b
p.285a
['I
;J+I
4
&
$$
i&
5%
,.
L
$It
2
%
,2.
2
%
8
&
a...
&---
p.2626
61 I
p.285a
p.285a
1055
663
p.285a834
p.301 b
p.263b
p.285a
577
p.2852
321
p.259b
p. 255a
p.285a
485
8 , 9 STROKES
848
p.248a
p.285b
p.285b
397
p.285b
25 1
915
1030
1053
417Ifl3
STROKE INDEX
w
3P
-P
Rifi
@
)I5
a&
I
7%
p.259b
60 1
p.257a
p.286a
p.288a
p.286a
p.273b
p.274b
955
908
974
10 strokes
['I
.
IXL
.
+
42
4E
4%
4%
4%
A
I%
f&
- --
72518?
487
126
p.263a
792
p.286a
p.274a
726
1000
p.286a
855
p.259a
?@
;$
%-p286a----i~-
p.261 a
p.287a
A
p.300a
&
3 11
p.287a
&
p.269a
@
p.266a
-J+-~28%
44
p.266a
i$ p.2726
41k
936
@
p.287a
4%
p.272a
7%
p.287a
b
p.252a
%
p.268b
4p.256a
$&
104
1-p.257a
-kt
.$
R
2%
g
-$
rtr
C
%
&
11%
364
p.263a
940
p.263b
p.274a
p.286b
602
390
p.286b
374
p.260a
1001
745
p.286b
E-I
E
,,
*
3%
SYF
d
@
J~G.
+k
%
*I
&
i
;
L
9,
&
&
ig
i&
-8f
%
fit5
$k
p
A
;Mi
4&
+k
$A
$3
M
4x
4:
X
4%
4&
$5
STROKE INDEX
i6
973
p.246a
46
p.274b
p.269a
p.257b
170
457
563
710
p.279b
&
61
187
p.272a
44
PI
t&
ifL
48
43
4g
+%
,&
ik
$&
:en
(.+-
;*
;;li
i*
%i
@
;
ig
%
$-
p.288b
p.288b
p.266b
674
736
p.288b
p.300a
p.288b
p.266a
p.263b
619
561
p.248a
3.3,
673
4
k
a~c
p.275a
p.277a
4%
953
7%
p. 256a
dfk
p.288b
fik
327
$4
p.2886
4Fp.255b
4%
p.288b
!L
p.281a
k$---,.---&
-5--263a-p;
+;
p.265b
!14
p.267a
+&
p.300b
?&I.p.264a
1PG
225
?&
p.260b
3!k
%
7%
+:
$2
,I*
it%
$1~
4%
$&
22
d
&
I%
@
&
11 stroltes
['I
$+
731
p.245a
p.250b
603
962
622
p.263a
595
317
826
p.288b
1041
p.288b
p.259b
696
626
582
157'0
p.270b
8O9lg8
p.280a
p.280a
&
iR
4j
q
43
4b
42
p.288b
p.2726
476
p.277a
p.289a
p.279a
p.263b
[-I
g
3-
993
p.246a
795
747
386
p.289a
j&
p.2656
%
p.260a
?IF
p.277b
dfp
140
4~
p.289a
$8
627
639
658
81
p.254b
@
p.257a
B--p;289ap
%
957
&1054
3
604")
%
370
qf+
540
8
617
$&
702
R
p.266b
%
p.251 b
46
p.273a
44.
p.248a
4k
10, I I STROKES
p.290a
p.290a
p.270a
290
p.290a
9941q6
558Iq5
p.259b
484
p.290a
753
p.253b
p.290a
p.267a
p.290a
932
p.290a
p.259a
p.2476
975
700
883
71
765
505
378
p.248b
p.2506
p.290a
416
p.262a
296
427
945
p.263a
780
741
906
825
p.263b
STROKE INDEX
12 strolres
4%
?&
&
[-I
%
;
&
$6
$3
&t-..
:.
3
$11
i&
j&
%
rsi
e
$1
'&
?ij;
&
jk
-3
$8~
<+
"1
$+
$6
p.257a
p.290b
p.290b
p.254b
621
p.290b
p.290b
p. 259a
885
p.249b
p.290b
p.254b
p.290b
p.251a
p.290b
525
107
p.278b
p.258a
p.270a
p.269a
p.260a
264
&-----p257' a
g
i&
i&
,I+$
&
I%
5%
&I
bv
%
AT$
650
p.253b
267
p.290b
p.290b
p.290b
300
1011
p.259a
p.2906
p.253b
~g
*el
e5
p.270a
p.291a
p.291a
p.267b
7 14
328
p.254a
p.246b
p.254b
$3
p.291a
.@i
p.253b
4%
&%
Ym'
4g
[-I
,$?
p.256a
5
%
p.291a
803
p.269b
&
ik
4
4%
4%
4%
49
&
&
p.291a
p.291 b
p.271 b
916
p.261 b
p.264a
p.245b
p.280b
p.273a
p.279a
.)h:
@
4
ig
p.256b
p.291a
$fi
90
$k
p.269a
j ?
p.291 a
>%
995
%
p.246b
3k
652
&
p.255a
&
651
&----- p269a
3%
1012
&
190
i% p.270a
,%
p.263a
$?
p.250b
&
p.291a
%
p.291a
$
p.262a
&
930
$!k
p.264b
$4
p.267a
4%
&
4%
3$
&.
9%
?$i
d
&
@38rrr
$
G&
f?
f%.
I%
1%
re
37
A
569
p.291 b
p.264a
p.291 b
p.266a
p.279a
p.248a
p.291 b
p.291 b
712
633
228
p.291 b
p.291 b
870
p.261 a
754
687
p.264a
p.252a
1005
12, 13 STROKES
j$-
%
11lJj
43
$6
$f%
4%
%&
%B
&
:"t
$&
&
&
:
a
$8
%I
+
+
l
$
p.250a
p.257a
p.245b
p.292b
p.292b
p.292b
p.276b
423
909
p.245b
p.280b
880
778
p.292b
177
p.292b
p.245b
665
419
_-
STROKE INDEX
-$?
-$
$3
el&
at%
&
%
@J
A
Y
,fi!l,
&%
BI
p.276a
1027
314
p.279a
p.259a
449
p.274b
p.254 b
p.276a
935
p.277a
p.293a
p.260a
p.245b
[-I
p
@7
@
%
7%
4
*&
3%
3
$,
&
8
$
9
@
3%
St"
d
4%
%
&I
4cCp
*&
1g
p.249a
p.256b
p.293a
737
295
p.261 b
p.249b
p. 250a
p.254b
p.293a
693
If&
p.293b
32
.liia
$$
%!
&
4%
J.&
9
$ii
n$.
[I]
p.293a
p.293a
717
285
p.293a
p.293a
p.279a
p.274b
292
p.293a
p.269b
p.261 aZo7
579-- p.258b
873
1047
p.2626
p.262b
p.247a
817
p.275b
p.274b
p.261 a
p.267a
d?
&
d
I
?ti%
@
X
#k
2-
4%-
4%
.--
$
r5
ok
d
a$
&i
%
@
3
an
,...
p.273a
479
691
p.293b
p.276b
197
72 1
530
1018
p.253b
876
3
%
Rk
8%
8%
DL
%-
2.-
p.2466
447
p.266b
545
1019
p.293b
499
p.2 7OaZo5
1056
1037
p.280a
490
979
243
p.274a206
948
p.251 a
p.293b
36
p.279b
p.252a
p.293b
539
977
p.245b
p.293b
892
b
%
,g
[)
6
ix
1049
340
832
4
p.267a
3$
p.293b
.I;#
p.293b
#&
p.272b
4$
p.260b
4%---1 00
%330
&
584
f&
p.293b
RP
p.265a
8
p.251 b
kt?
66
8
p.293b
A
p.293b
@
p.248a
%
p.261 b
EL
p.250a
%L
*P
--
STROKE INDEX
14
4t
202
p.25Sb
1039
996
p.251 a
236
p.269b
p.276b
a
4
4.t
42
,gg
$A
;$f
&
if4
%&
8
35
&
i&
[)
I
p.260b
4k
982
984
742
521
p.252
p.261
4ll
54
%
&
g
p.295a
784
636
644
p.295a209
p.295a
p.256b
p.295a
p.250b
$4
%
49-
4$7
&
+%
?&
$#--p;259b
-?El
$%
&%
p.259b
p.259b
p.260a
999
Ah
ern
$I
I&
i%
@
&
d
&
g
&
$
$
-
I-'
g
3%
i$j
15 strokes
?&
&
[,I
:z
&
&&
p.295b
p.277b
ih
p.254b
p.254a
p.273b
p.295b
p.280a
347
989
963
p.258a
p.295b
673
4%
751
p.259b
40
p.295b
p.254b
p.273b
p.273b
p.2956
p.2646
p.2
p.267b
p.260b
p.249a
p.278b
p.252b
p.295b
p. 249a
p.274a
1028
p.274b
135
678
&
A
~tg
&
g
54jg
ig
@
@
Pi
.hk
b
4%
d&
ti
%
p.295b
p.2956
628
p.257b
p.295b
p.295b
p.271b
777
p.296a
p.250a
p.296a
p.296a
p.279b
p.254a
p.267a
p.2796
p.2736
p.273b
p.296a
46
p.252b
$,
p.280b
+$
562
+$p.296a
.264b
43%
p.296a
$2
854
4&----439S
;f%
!
p.296a
@
p.246a
615
p.249b
d
p.296a
3k
p.271a
%
p.262b
4
p.249~1
A
p.296a
48
p.296a
3
p.255a
r&
755
14, 15, 16 STROKES

am
sn
d
11%
b
$&
?kg.
AI~
j&,
L
A%
16 strokes
p.259b
p.248b
555
244
p.274a
312
p.297a
p.248b
1013
713
p.297a
STROKE INDEX
%%
flHj
4%
~4
v%
;
@
22
$k
4
86 1
p.297b
1014
p.297b
p.297b
p.258a
p.249a
1052
p.262b
448
&
$jk
2'C
F,K
$6
&
jE
@.
.K
4%
%i!
&
111
%
4k.
4%
.fn
1
92
%
4%
9%
0
%?
&
$+-
$?
$i!4
-T
%I
.Iki
p.255b
97
p.297b
p.297b
p.260a
p.271a
1060
p.297b
p.246a
p.270azi3
-g3499 1
253
p.258b
p.300b
p.273a
p.251a
p.298a
635
p.259a
p.267a
188
706
544
48 1
p.270b
p.280a
#$
p.298a
p.298a
p.298b
d
g
282
p.298b
p.277a
p.298b
p.268b
p.275b
p.298b
p.2986
?&
n.5t
Ilk
Q
fik
R&
Q4
dh.
[-I
a$
&c
Z&
Jl$
&
9
If$
fi%
%
F~4R
A*
&k
@
%
%!I
537
705
379
1059
359
p.258b
p.298a
p.298a
37 1
p.298a
p.298a
p.262b
p.298a
1015
p.258a
p.298a
p.271a
S
fi&
fig
@
{g$
i&
$6
?jf
s9c
C. I ,
'K-p398b18 and up
[,I
;,%
9%
17 strolres
[I]
p.276b
p.276a
p.294aZi4
p.268b
585
p.257b
p.298b
p.298b
p.271a
p.265a
p.280b
p.246a
605
p.2986
p.266b
p.298b
p.257b
10. 17.18
STROICES AND U P
743
796
194
$%
p.266a
I
%
p.252a
@.
1061
&
980
?&
p.251 a
$1
$%
7
2%-
laa
$8
f!#
Jj7
@
*+It
tlir
Ffi
$J:
4%
2
3
%
$k
Str
+$
356
1016
729
506
p.299b
p.249a
p.247a
p.280b
806
p.251 a
p.299b
p.270b
p.299b
p.293b
p.268a
p.250a
p.296b
p.276b
STROKE INDEX
$A
qi
%
4%
trir
fi
%
2%
%
IE
iiij
p.279a
p.278a
p.300a
p.300a
p.254a
p.270a
p.275b
p.300a
p.279b
p.252b
77 1
p.254b
__
;g&$q&.
The Chart of Modem Radicals

-11.
dot61
2.
one 8
3. 1 down3
4. J left 1
5.
"back-turned stroke"
p. 300
6. 7 "top of -7 , " p. 300
7. t twistp. 281, 5
.
-
-340.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48,
49.
f "three-dots water" 181
4t heart 67
:I bed 849
i
to die 68
/- lean-to 155
roof 127
il gate 45
ihalt 171
r worlc43
L ( -k ) earth (knight) 86
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
k fire 414
5 pattern 360
iS square 392
P door 391
i (side-) sign 480 (cp.
H132)
88. 3. Icing 92
89. 1. "top of -fi" p. 301
90. % ( k ) heaven (tender)
52 (53)
91. 4 walk off 875
95. % not73
59. R surround 21
16. 1- ( I- ) divine 118
17. 1' knife 205
60. J, mountain 95
crown 47
61. 'I' sprout 465
18.
62 1 ctep 30
19. O borders 20
20. ' "top of & " p. 300
63. 3 streaks 819
21. 4 (side-)man 4
64. 9 dusk 117
65.
A follo~v,slow 319,337
22.
"top of f i p. 300
66. 1~ bullet 677
23. A ( A ) man (enter) 2
(152)
67. P corpse 329
24.
( ) eight 98.88
68. 4 (side-) food 309
25. X "bottom of X "
p. 300
26. 9 wrap 232
27:-n-(+-)
knife (--)-lo2 28. h strength 206
997
71. 4 bow218
29. JL legs 57
30. JL
table 645 (p. 301)
72. ( 6 )self (--) 273, (275)
73. -k woman 11
31. ' "topof?"p.301
74. -3 ( 7 ) cliild (--) 18
32. P seal 84
33. f (on tile left of
75. $ horse 35
characters) mound
76. k, coil 25
("left ear") 76
77.
(h ) silk 28, 174
78. ((( river 442
34. P (on the right of
characters) city ("right
79. '1, ( " ) small 27
ear") 136
35. X right hand 85
36. ?c march 847
-437.
cocoon 24
80.
"fire-dots" 34
38. U bowl 464
81. 'a heart70
3932ladle-137---8-?--+peck-1009
"
.,
(n)
'
.*.
102. It toe 195

103. Q sun 160
104. W say 82
105.
middle 112
106. fi cowrie I23
107. JL see214
108. 5i father 211
109. 'i breath 324
110.
cow 260, 15
111. 3 hand 41
112. 6 fur 293
113. L! knock 384
114. 1: slice 927
115.-k axe 262 --..-- ..
116. JL (.* ) claws p. 273
(338)
117. K foot (lengdl) 857
118. fl moon 178
119. 6 club 183
120. % yawn 191
121. W wind 725
122. k clan 224
123. ti; compare 567
124. -? "lop of $ " p. 301
125. 7k water 362
-5126. li stand 105

127. f sick 531
128,k- cave57-
129. I (side-) gown 910

(cp.Hl61)
130. a ..tp
of
p. 301
131. 5 jade 62
132. ii: sign 807
133. z?? go 432
134.
"top of 5 "p. 301
135. "b- sweet 144
136. Z rock 664
137. & dmgonp. 275
138. & 5th heavenly
stem 497
139. * "top of $ p. 2950
140. 3k business 623
141. R eye 120
142. r? field 23
143. & from 799
144. 9 stretch812
145. e net 637
146. .zl, dish 921
147. 4 (side-) gold 94
(cp. H209)
148. k mow 63
149. ;5c ,gain65
150. k! white 231
151. Ih melonp. 281
152. 4 bud 994
153. & skin 662
154. fi back 632
155. f spear 840
156. iE bolt W
a.
"
1721 5% light 748

173. W tiger 669
174. & bug 641
175.
crockp. 257
176. %
1029
177. C tongue 313
178. 4 f ( = )bamboo 54 (55)
179. C mortar 229
180. k?i small nose 515
181. h blood 922
182. f: boat415
183. % wings 781
184. L ( E )stubborn 31
"
-6157.
(1,
)sheep 115
(475)
158.
roll,p..2jl
159. L rice 101
160. -$- line-up I045
161. R gown 109
162. * ( ) also @. 301)
163. 4 ear201
164. E bureaucrat 491
165. 4 "top of &. " p. 301
166. Ei ( S ) cover (west)
122 (130)
167. B thornp. 262
168. 3E inferiorp. 262
169. 6 beard 609
170. W head 333
171. Z reach 396
216. % ghost 291

217. 'k food 306
- 10218. & tall75

219. %
I cauldron,11. 268
220. % hair 916
- 11 221. f i hemp 157
222.
deer 809
- 12223. X black 280
-I-
185. d words 38
186.
bitter 549
187. b early 756
188. & wheatp. 289
189. ff walk434
190. ;ii: redp. 282
191. d flask453
192. .k bundle 657
193. E wine 363
194. I pig 389
195. 5 village 106
196. /e foot 196
197. % cull 517
198. R snakep. 271
199. valley 373
200. 8 torso 185
201. fi horn904
-8202. -% green 198

203. 3 "side of 4 "
p. 301
204. 13rain 283
205. -ib wrong 654
206. tk teethp. 296
207. t toadp. 270
208. Q dove 39
209. 4 gold 94
210. 6 fish 558
-9211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
%?tone 335
$ hide 369
& am, is, are 246

'i?
hone 511
scent 1044
-13224. 3i drum p. 26 1
225. R mouse p. 270
226. '$ big nose p. 205
The CHART OF kIODER\

RADICALS gives rile \! \ten1
of modem radicals 11~i.d
In 111i.
dictionary d$$+IS
/ Tlrc
Cl~bleseEnelis11Dic.rio~rif~~
discussed ;the Stud! GU&.
The chart gives the nomher of
each radical, irs fomi cir ti~rnir.
and a reference to ila rrenrrneol
in Reading and 1V1-iri~r!:
Cllirrese. Numbers i l l Ruman
type refer to radical5 ii~cluded
in the first character proup 01'
basic characters. Pape ntlmherr
in italics refer to mdic:11>i n 111s
second character group
(pp. 245-301).
Reading and W t i n g Chinese has been the standard tan for foreign
students and self-teachers of the Chinese writing system since Tutde
&st published it in 1978. In this new, completely revised edition, the
experience of the book's use in classrooms has been drawn on to produce a more convenient, efficient, and up-to-date introduction to the
Chinese writing system. Over 1,100 new combinations of characters
have been added, increasing the total vocabulary significantly, to
about 4,500 items. Seventy new notes on usage appear, enhancing
students' insight into the contemporary state of the language.
For each of the basic 1,062 characters, the pronounciation, definition, and derivation are given, with examples of the use of most
characters, and there is a chart showing how to write each character.
Hints for memorization and cautionary cross-references to look-alike
characters are provided here, as well as information that clarifies
ofien-overlooked aspects of the writing system.
William Maaughton began the research that led to Reading and

Wn'ting Chinese when he was the founding teacher of Chinese at
Oberlin College, one of the best-known U.S. undergraduateprograms
in Chinese. Since 1986 he has taught at Hong Kong's City University,
where he was the founding program leader of the BA (Honours) in
Translation and Interpretation. He is the author of numerous books
and journal arricles on Chinese literature and language.
Li Ying was born in Beijing. She has a BA from the Beijing Foreign
Languages Institute and an MA from Middlebury College. She has
taught at Beijing's Capital Normal University and now teaches at
Hong Kong University.
ISBN 0-8048-3206-4 US $1 8.95

Reading Writing Chinese

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reading Writing Chinese

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Revised Edition

11 The CHART OF TRADITIONAL RADICALS

21. L ladle 137

3.1- divine 118

-4heart 70, 67.p.248

72. 8 sun 160

113. TT: sign 807,480

190. 5% hair 946

118. St bamboo 54.55

204. ?$ embroider p.271

9.k drum p.261

209. +?- big nose p.295

146. i4 cover 122

181. R liead 333

212. 4% dragon p.275

185. -if chief 266

READING AND WRITING CHINESE

READING AND WRITING

A Guide to the Chinese Writing System:

Published by Tuttle Publishing of

by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1999

While the traditional system of 214 radicals is still presented in f~

lictionaries, many of wluch are vely good-to both English-Chinese and

Learning to read and write modern Chinese with reasonable fluency hi

can now reach that goal

1. To teach the student the most useful characters, as determined by tl

See George A. Kennedy, ed., Miizi17zzci~zVocnbz~knriesof Written Clziize

See Henry C. Fenn, ed., Clzirzese Clznl-actem Easily Coizfiised (New

When I teach, I assign six or seven characters a night as homewor

The Writing System

logic in the juxtaposition of the two component characters. The

character an element that is itself a character. (The element and serial

Understanding the Entries

Stroke and Form Discrepancy

Also, twenty-two characters are identified as "heavenly stems" or

Many modern Chinese-Chinese dictionaries are organized

characters within important expressions and words. Learning the

The Chinese Writing System as Cultural Artifact

including the modem form of it which is studied in this book, is that a

How to Write the Characters

3. Upper left corner to lower right corner:

6. Slanting strolce to the left before slanting strolce to the right:

7. Center strolce before symmetrical wings:

The Pronunciation of Chinese

lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instead i as in machirj

nounced as described: e after i or y, as i

third tones in succession in a single expression, native spealcer

The musical diagram is from Chao Yuen Ren, A Granznzar of Spolce

1,062 BASIC CHARACTERS

character and means "man" or "person".

5-9 * BASIC CHARACTERS

see p. 281a, below -and also the form 2,

Note that C has "down" and "twist" in it.

"man" rad. (here, "sideman") suggests the

BASIC CHARACTERS 10-14

compound. The "woman" rad. suggests the

Tile "hook" rad. has a little hook on the

15-19 BASIC CHARACTERS

s a picture. In older forms, it is easy to

?- is a picture. In older forms, it quite

BASIC CHARACTERS 20-24

s sometimes gloss this character

ply an arbitrary symbol