Fire Alarm Systems Chapter-8 Smoke Detector

Chapter-8 Initiating Devices: Smoke Detectors
Chapter-8
Initiating Devices: Smoke Detectors
Smoke detector
Smoke-sensing fire detector
fire alarm system
smoke detector
Smoke detector
() (able to detect fire early)
()

(allows emergency personnel to respond)
()
(life safety)
() (highly reliable)
smoke detector ionization spot-type smoke detector photoelectric spottype smoke detector liner beam-type smoke detector air-sampling smoke detector duct-type
smoke detector
- (smoke detector spacing with beams less than 0.1 H.)

8-1
Fire Alarm Systems
-() Smoke detector spacing with beam
-() Smoke detector spacing with beam
depths greater than 0.1 H and spaced more than 0.4
depths greater than 0.1 H and spaced less
H.
than 0.4 H.
- (smoke) (stratification)
- Air sampling detector smoke detector heat detector
- Smoke detector with protective

mechanical guard
8-2
- Ceiling jet formed by fire plume
..
smoke detector
(ambient conditions exist)
() () (temperature below 32F (0C))
() () (temperature above 100F (38C))
() (relative humidity above 93 percent)
() 300 ft/min (300 ft/min or 1.5 m/sec)
.. Smoke detector
Smoke
detector
(environmental conditions that influence smoke detector response)

Air Velocity
Altitude
>300 ft/min
>3000 ft
Humidity
<32F > 100F
Color of
(>91.44m/min)
(>914.4 m)
>93% RH
(<0C>37.8C)
Smoke
Ion
Photo
Beam
Air sampling
Protection
Temperature
X: Can affect detector response. O: Generally does not affect detector response.
.. Smoke Detector
Smoke detector ()
() Photoelectric
() Ionization
Smoke detector heat detector alarm activate

(very early in a fires development or incipient stage)
Photoelectric smoke detector (smoldering fire)

. Ionization Detectors
() Ionization detector ionization chamber ionizing radiation (source)
Ionizing radiation Americium-241
Ionization chamber Alpha particles(helium nuclei) ()
(+ve plate) (-ve plate) ()
(+ve plate)
(-ve plate)
()
(ionization
chamber) () current
smoke detector activate
8-3
Fire Alarm Systems
(flaming fire) (smoldering)

reset
-() Multi-criteria
() Projected beamtype smoke
() Typical projected beamtype
detector
detector with reflector.
smoke detector.
- Device programming
Addressable smoke detector
Typical spot type smoke detector.
unit and smoke detector.
showing programming switches.
-() Initiating device base showing
-() Smoke detector with base showing incoming
duplicate terminals.
and outgoing terminals.

Photoelectric smoke detector
(1) optical chamber

(2) cover
(3) case moulding
(4) Photodiode (detector)
(5) infrared LED
- Photoelectric smoke detector

8-4
- Manufacturers calibrated test instruments
- Circuit of an ion chamber detector.
Sensing chamber in a photoelectric smoke
Combustion particles reduce electrical flow and
detector. Smoke particles deflect the light
trigger the alarm.
beam and trigger the alarm.
- Typical single- station smoke alarm
- Technician removing wire from device
- Operation of an ionization smoke detector
- Aerosol smoke product for functional

8-5
Fire Alarm Systems
to check electrical supervision
test of a smoke detector
- Functional test of a smoke
- Technician using a
- Compressed-air
detector
heat detector tester
smoke detector cleaner
Photoelectric optical smoke detector (smouldering

fire) (more sensitive to large
particles) flaming fire (less
sensitive to small particles)
Ionization smoke detector (sensing chamber/metal chamber)
(ionization ) (radioactive material)
(radioactive
material)
radiation
(low, and steady electrical current) Electrode

current
(smoke
particles)
chamber
(air molecules) (ionize) electrode

conductivity Conductivity electronic circuit
current fire alarm signal Conductivity
(pre-set threshold)
fire alarm signal
- Ionisation type smoke detector : Normal operation
8-6
- Fire operation
Ionisation
type
smoke
detector
(fast flaming fires)

reset (automatically resets when the atmosphere clears)
- Ionization smoke detector
- Ionization smoke detector
.. Ionization Smoke Detector (Advantages)

() (detects invisible products of combustion)
()
(aerosol) (detect other aerosol)
()
(quick acting)
() Clean room computer room
.. Ionization Smoke Detector (Disadvantages)

()
(detects the
8-7
Fire Alarm Systems
presence of smoke only, not toxicity)

()
False alarm (high false alarm rate)
()
(radioactive material) (hazards

for ionization detection)
- Operation of a photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector
- Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector
. Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detector

.. Light-Scattering Smoke Detector
Photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector (light source)
(photosensitive sensor) Light Emitting Diode(LED)
(light source) Dark chamber
(beam of light) photo diode chamber
photosensitive sensor Light source (rays)
photosensitive sensor
- Operation of a photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector

8-8
(smoke particle) (chamber)

photo cell (smoke particle)
(light path) (reflection) (scattering)
Photo cell photo cell current
current
fire
alarm signal
ionization smoke detector
photoelectric smoke detector
System

smoke detector Ionization smoke detector

Photoelectric smoke detector
Photoelectric smoke detector smoldering fire sensitive
- Circuit of photoelectric smoke detector
-Ionization smoke detector
- Projected-Beam smoke detector

8-9
Fire Alarm Systems
- Light-Scattering smoke detector
- Reflected type beam smoke detector
- Smoke detector
Smoke alarm
Intelligent smoke detector
.. Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Advantages)

()
(sensitive to visual particles of smoke)
()
(detects smothering low heat fires)
()

(provide early warning)
.. Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Disadvantages)

()

(early contamination by dust causing reduced sensitivity)
()
(detects presence of smoke, not toxicity)
()
(must be cleaned on a regular basis)
() False alarm (high false alarm rate)
.. Photoelectric Detectors (Locations)

(office) clean rooms raised floor spaces (computer rooms)
(telecommunications rooms) (electrical equipment rooms)

(sleeping rooms) smoke detector
8-10
- Photoelectric type smoke detector : Normal operation
- Photoelectric type smoke detector : Fire situation
- Beam detector deflection characteristics (Vertical plane view)
. Beam Smoke Detector

Photoelectric device (light beam)
Photocell activate
- Photoelectric linear projected beam smoke detector(Light obscuration smoke detector)

8-11
Fire Alarm Systems

(diffusing the projected light beam by a specified percentage of obstruction)
beam detector alarm Beam blockage trouble signal
Optical Beam Detectors
- Beam detector coverage characteristics (Horizontal Plane View)
- Beam Detector Spacing
- Sitting of supplementary optical beam detectors
8-12
Optical Beam Detector
Difficult access for detector installation, maintenance, testing and replacement
Exposure to direct sunlight
Multiple reflective surfaces causing false alarms
Building movement
Multi-level detection
Aesthetics
Smoke detector false alarm

()
Cooking smoke
() Spray paint
()
Steam from a hot shower
() Sanding dust
()
Dust stirred up while cleaning
() Solder smoke
Flaming fire (small particles)

Smoldering fire (large particles)
Smoke detector
. Ion Smoke Detector Photo Smoke Detector

(Sensitivity)
() Ion Detectors
Ion smoke detector sensing chamber
(ionizes) (smaller smoke particles)
smoldering fire (large

particles) smoldering fire sensitivity
(smaller smoke particles)
oversensitive

(ionization )

() Photo Detectors
Photo smoke detector chamber smoke particle
(reflection) Photo smoke detector
smoldering fire (larger smoke particle)
(flaming fire)
(small particles) smoldering fire
sensitivity (large particles)
oversensitive
8-13
Fire Alarm Systems
smoke detector
Ion Photo combined smoke detector (enclosure)
ion smoke detector photo smoke detector Combined
smoke detector smoldering fire (large
particles) flaming fire (small particles)
Combination smoke detector less sensitive
false alarm
- Pendant-mounted air duct installation.
Inlet tube orientation.
.. Smoke Detector (Location)

Beam (affect air flow)
() smoke detector beam
(underside)
(open areas) flat ceiling smoke
detector (distance between smoke detectors) (.)

. Air-sampling Smoke Detector

Air-sampling smoke detector (tubing) (sampling
port) (protected space) (smoke particles)
detection
chamber
(particle)
detector fire alarm signal
- Aspirating detector ceiling mounted pipework

8-14
. Air Sampling Smoke Detectors

air-sampling system
Air sampling aspirating type fire detection system () (five
primary components)
()
Air-sampling system
() Detector
()
Aspiration system
() Control system
()
Filter assembly
- Use of Sampling Tubes to Convey Smoke-Laden Air to the Central Detection Unit of an AirSampling Detector.
- Air Sampling Type Smoke
- Air Sampling Smoke Detector with Cover
Detectors
Removed
- Internal View of a Duct-Type Smoke Detector.
8-15
Fire Alarm Systems
. Air Duct-type Smoke Detector

Air duct smoke detector
(detect) duct
(air outlet) Heating, ventilation and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) system
Air duct smoke detector
() (area smoke detection)
() (early warning)
() (buildings regular fire detection system)
- Duct detectors
- Duct-type smoke detector
.. Duct Detectors
() Duct detector photoelectric detector Duct
(outside the ductwork) Duct (sample the air
inside the duct) duct probe
()
Smoke control device duct

(control the flow of air in ductwork) Air Handling Unit(AHU)
Table 8-1 Environmental Conditions that Influence Smoke Detector Response

Air Velocity
Altitude >
Temperature
Detection
>91.44 m/min
9.4.4 m (>
Humidity >
<0C>37.8C
Color of
Protection
(>300 ft/min)
3000 ft)
93% RH
(<32F>100F)
Smoke
Ion
Photo
Beam
Air sampling
X = Can affect detector response.

O = Generally does not affect detector response.
8-16
. Smoke Detector (Placement)

Spot-type smoke detector (area of coverage) 21 feet
(6.5m) Detector (L) (W)
() (9.1m) (diagonal measurement) 42
feet (13m) detector
smoke detector national
and local standard manufacturers specification Smoke detector
NFPA 72 () feet(9m) apart Fire
detection and fire alarm systems for buildings(BS 5839-1:2013) () ()
- Smoke detector with listed heat

detection
- Duct probe unit installed in return air duct
- Partitions extending higher than 85 percent of the floor-to ceiling height

(thickness of the ceiling jet)
() () (approximately one-tenth the floor-toceiling
height.) () (8 ft (2.4 m ceiling) ceiling jet thickness
() 9.6 in. (244 mm)
() joist heat detector ceiling jet
(Locating a heat detector on the bottom of a 4
8-17
Fire Alarm Systems
in. (100 mm) joist would place the detector in the center of the ceiling jet, an ideal location for
undelayed response.)
detector
() (space is not accessible
for storage purposes)
() (steam pipes) (electric wiring) (conveyors) equipment

() (floor over the space is tight)
()
detector (No flammable liquids are processed,

handled, or stored on the floor above)
- Detector coverage and spacing under flat ceilings
- Detector coverage for pitched

8-18
- Ceiling Obstructions Treated as Walls
- Proximity of Detectors to Ceiling Fittings
- Horizontal ceiling comprising a series of small cells (Honeycomb Ceilings)
. Detector (Coverage)
Detector detect (range) Smoke
detector
heat detector detect
smoke detector coverage heat detector

detector
Detector
(construction
characteristics)
()
Corridors
() Pitched ceilings
()
Flat ceilings
() Shafts/Flues
()
Honeycomb ceilings
() Stairways
8-19
Fire Alarm Systems
Spacing and Siting of Detectors for Honeycomb Ceilings(Horizontal ceiling comprising a series of
small cells)
. Detector
Conventional addressable analog addressable fire alarm system
detector
(full
coverage) detector
(environment)
(potential
fire
hazards)
detector
- Joists: 3 ft (0.9 m) or less on center, more than 4 in. (100 mm) deep Beams: More than 3 ft
(0.9 m) on center, more than 4 in. (100 mm) deep Effect of Joists and Beams on the Ceiling Jet.
. Environmental and Fire Type Considerations

detector
smoke detector

heat detector flame detector
smoke detector activate
8-20
(combustible
materials)
detector
(combustible materials) detector

(areas with materials that overheat, smolder, or
ignite) (electrical equipment) (paper) (wood)
(visible smoke is the first indicator a fire has started) optical
(photoelectric) smoke detector (best protected)
ionization smoke detector

detector

flame detector

. Selection of Detectors for Different Area

S.No
Plant Area
Type of Detector
Main control room, Computer

1
room, Electronic cubicle
Combination of - Ionisation smoke detector and Optical
room and control rooms in
type smoke detector
outlying areas.
Switchgear rooms in main
Plant and outlying areas,
2
battery charger room, record
Ionisation type smoke detector.
and shift-in-charge engineers

room
3
4
Office rooms / storage rooms
Ionisation type smoke detector
Battery rooms and
Corrosion resistant, Rate of rise of temperature heat
chemically corrosive areas.
detector with fixed temperature setting.

Combination of Optical type smoke detectors and Linear
heat sensor running above all HV and LV power cable trays.
Unless the vertical distance between cable tray is less than
Cable gallery
500 mm in which case alternate trays (in addition to the top

and bottom trays). The optical smoke detector and LHS
detectors along with necessary number of interface units in
the cable gallery will be cross zoned to actuate the water
spray system
Station building / Plant area
Infrared flame detectors (where oil tanks are located),

spray tanks rate of rise of temp. detector with fixed element
8-21
Fire Alarm Systems
. Smoke Detector
Smoke detector (power sources)
() (can be batteries or household power)
() smoke detector
(battery operated are easy to install and are economical to purchase)
() (independent of house
power so they will operate during power failures)
()British Standard fire code smoke detector
(British Standard fire code will permit battery operated units (existing buildings))
() hard wired smoke detector
(British Standard building code requires hard wired smoke alarms for new construction)
() (should install both on every level of home
plus in the sleeping rooms.)
() smoke alarm (British Standard
fire code (British Standard fire code requires hard wired smoke alarms for
new construction)
() (lack of maintenance (ie. not replacing batteries) is greatest
concern)
. Fire Detector (Criteria to Determine Layout)

()
operation
(design, construction and operational features of all types of

detectors shall be in accordance with relevant standards.)
() fire detector
() (total area to be protected)
() (type of building construction)
() (air movement & air velocity)
()
(ceiling obstructions)
() equipment (concentration of equipment in the area covered)
() sensitivity
() (area is divided into zones to be protected)
() detector detector
(the zones of individual detectors should overlap and no blind zone should
be left. )
()
(Areas above false ceiling and below false flooring shall be considered as
8-22
separate zones.)
() detector
(Under ideal conditions of smooth ceiling and average room
size, one detector is recommended to protect the area.)
() (largest combustible gas concentration)
ionisation detector
()(air conditioned areas) ionization optical type
smoke detectors
()Detector (highest point of the ceiling)
(manufacture) minimum coverage
()Complete coverage
detector (location)

() smoke detector () () () (35
to 40 sq.m per detector for general application.)
()Main control room electronic cubicle room computer room ()
()(20 to 25 sq.m per detector)
() IS/NFPA (the exact requirement
shall calculated based on relevant IS/NFPA standard)
Table 8-5 Common sources of aerosols and particulate matter moisture
Moisture
Humid outside air
Atmospheric
Corrosive atmospheres
Humidifiers
contaminants
Dust or lint
Live steam
Excessive tobacco smoke
Showers
Heat treating
Slop sink
Linen and bedding handling
Steam tables
Pneumatic transport
Water spray
Sawing, drilling, and grinding
Textile
and
agricultural
processing
Combustion
Chemical fumes
Engine
products
Cleaning fluids
exhaust
and fumes
Cooking equipment
Curing
Cutting, welding, and
Diesel trucks and locomotives

Engines
not
vented
to
the
outside
Gasoline forklift trucks
8-23
Fire Alarm Systems
brazing
Heating
Dryers
element
Exhaust hoods
abnormal
Fireplaces
conditions
Machining
Ovens
Paint spray
with
Dust
accumulations
Improper
exhaust
Incomplete combustion
Smoke detector (sources of electrical and mechanical

influences on smoke detectors)
Electrical Noise and Transients
Airflow
Vibration or shock
Gusts
Radiation
Excessive velocity
Radio frequency
Intense light Lightning
Electrostatic discharge
Power supply
- Smoke detector with protective plastic
- Concealed Smoke Detector(SD) in
cover.
Locked Room with Remote Indicator(RI).
detector (predicting detector response)

(anticipated fires) system (intended respond)
() (ceiling shape and surface)
()(ceiling height)
() (configuration of contents in the protected
area)
() (combustion characteristics
and probable equivalence ratio of the anticipated fires involving the fuel loads within the
protected area)
()(compartment ventilation)
8-24
()
(ambient temperature, pressure,
altitude, humidity, and atmosphere)
Table 8-x Comparison of combination, multi-criteria, and multi-sensor detectors
Detector Type
Features
Multiple sensors
Combination
Does not utilize a mathematical evaluation principle, just a simple or function

Multiple listings
Multiple sensors
Mathematically evaluated
Multi-criteria
Only one alarm signal

Single listing
Multiple sensors
Mathematically evaluated
Multi-sensor
Capable of generating multiple alarm signals

Multiple listings
. Mounting
- Mounting installations permitted (top) and not permitted (bottom).
. (Detector Spacing)
beam detector
(for sloping ceilings with beams running perpendicular across slope, the following shall apply)
8-25
Fire Alarm Systems
() Spot-type detector beam (bottom of the beams)

() (average height over slope) (ceiling height)
() (spacing
shall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling)
() Beam
(smooth ceiling spacing shall be permitted within beam pockets)
() % beam spot type detector
(For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of the
ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shall be located with smooth ceiling spacing.)
() 0.4H % % beam
spot-type detector (For beam depths greater than 10 percent of the
ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shall not be required to be located closer than (0.4 H)
and shall not exceed 50 percent of smooth ceiling spacing.)
beam

(for sloping ceilings with beams running parallel up slope, the following shall apply)
() Spot-type detector(s) shall be located on the ceiling within beam pocket(s).
() The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height over slope.
() Spacing shall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling.
() Smooth ceiling spacing shall be permitted within beam pocket(s) parallel to the beams.
() For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors
shall be located with smooth ceiling spacing perpendicular to the beams.
() For beam depths greater than 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), the following shall apply
for spacing perpendicular to the beams.
() For beam spacing greater than or equal to 40 percent of the ceiling height (0.4 H), spot-type
detectors shall be located in each beam pocket.
() For beam spacing less than 40 percent of the ceiling height (0.4 H), spot-type detec-tors shall not
be required in every beam pocket but shall be spaced not greater than 50 percent of smooth
ceiling spacing.
beam (for sloped ceilings with beam pockets formed by intersecting
beams, the following shall apply)
() Spot-type detector(s) shall be located at the bottom of the beams.
() The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height over slope.
() Spacing shall be measured along a horizontal projection of the ceiling.
() For beam depths less than or equal to 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type
8-26
detectors shall be spaced with not more than three beams between detectors and shall not
exceed smooth ceiling spacing.
() For beam depths greater than 10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1 H), spot-type detectors shall
be spaced with not more than two beams between detectors, but shall not be required to be
spaced closer than (0.4 H), and shall not exceed 50 percent of smooth ceiling spacing.
- High Air Movement Areas (Not to Be Used for Under-Floor or Above-Ceiling Spaces).
Smoke Detector Spacing Based on Air Movement

Minutes per
Air Change
Air
Changes
Spacing per Detector
per Hour
ft2
m2
60
125
12
30
250
23
20
375
35
15
500
46
12
625
58
10
750
70
8.6
875
81
7.5
900
84
6.7
900
84
10
900
84
Smoke Detector Spacing Based on Air

Movement
- Ceiling height limits (general)
8-27
Fire Alarm Systems
- Remote Indicator Used for Concealed
- Beam Measurements for predicting
Detectors.
effects on detection
- Four-Wire Smoke Detectors Supervised for the Absence of Operating Power by an End-ofLine Power Supervision Relay.
8-28
- Alarm verification timing diagram.

A Smoke detector goes into alarm.
AB Retard-reset period (control unit)
Control unit senses detector in alarm and retards (delays) alarm signal, usually by deenergizing power to the detector. Length of time varies with design.
BC Restart period (detector power-up time)
Power to the detector is reapplied and time is allowed for detector to become operational for
alarm. Time varies with detector design.
AC Retard-reset-restart period
No alarm obtained from control unit. Maximum permissible time is 60 seconds.
CD Confirmation period
Detector is operational for alarm at point C. If detector is still in alarm at point C, control unit
will alarm. If detector is not in alarm, system returns to standby. If the detector re-alarms at
any time during the confirmation period, the control unit will alarm.
DE Optional region
Either an alarm can occur at control unit or restart of the alarm verification cycle can occur.
AD Alarm verification period
Consists of the retard-reset-restart and confirmation periods.
8-29
Fire Alarm Systems
- Inclined Manometer for Velocity Pressure Readings in Low Velocity Ducts, 400 ft/min to 2000
ft/min (2.0 m/sec to 14.2 m/sec).
- Smoke Alarm with Integral
- Single-Station Smoke Alarm with Remote
Notification Appliance for the Hearing
Notification Appliance.
Impaired.
If appropriate, the Plans and Specifications addressed in D.3.3 should be updated based on the results
of the test.
8-30
- Hard-Wired Multiple-Station
- Multiple- Station Smoke Alarm Auxiliary
(Interconnected) Smoke Alarms.
Relay Module for Remote Notification Appliance.
- Wireless Interconnected Multiple- Station
- AC-Powered Ionization Smoke Alarm with
Smoke Alarm Device.
Battery Backup.
- Fixed- Temperature Combination Smoke
- Low-Profile Rate-of-Rise Heat Detector.
Alarm and Heat Alarm.
8-31
Fire Alarm Systems
- Wireless Interconnected Multiple- Station Smoke Alarms.

Table 8-5 Ceiling height limits (general).
Table 8-6 Ceiling height limits (category P systems and 5 minute fire service attendance).
8-32
Table 8-7 Ceiling height limits (category P systems and 5 minute fire service attendance).
-EndContents
.. ............................................................................................
.. Smoke detector .........................................................
.. Smoke Detector ...............................................................................................

. Ionization Detectors ....................................................................................................... 3
.. Ionization Smoke Detector (Advantages) .................................................

8-33
Fire Alarm Systems
.. Ionization Smoke Detector (Disadvantages) .........................................................

. Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detector .................................................................. 8
.. Light-Scattering Smoke Detector ..................................................................................
.. Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Advantages) .....................................................
.. Photoelectric Smoke Detector (Disadvantages) ..................................................
.. Photoelectric Detectors (Locations) ...........................................

. Beam Smoke Detector .................................................................................................. 11
. Ion Smoke Detector Photo Smoke Detector

(Sensitivity) .................... 13
.. Smoke Detector (Location) ..............................................................................

. Air-sampling Smoke Detector ......................................................................................... 14
. Air Sampling Smoke Detectors ....................................................................................... 15
. Air Duct-type Smoke Detector ........................................................................................ 16
.. Duct Detectors .............................................................................................................................

. Smoke Detector (Placement) .................................................................... 17
. Detector (Coverage) ................................................. 19
. Detector ................................................................................................... 20
. Environmental and Fire Type Considerations ................................................................. 20
. Selection of Detectors for Different Area ....................................................................... 21
. Smoke Detector .............................................................. 22
. Fire Detector (Criteria to Determine Layout)......... 22
. Mounting ................................................................................................................... 25
. (Detector Spacing) ................................................................. 25
8-34
8-35

Fire Alarm Systems Chapter-8 Smoke Detector

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Chapter-8 Initiating Devices: Smoke Detectors

- (smoke detector spacing with beams less than 0.1 H.)