ASCE 77-10 Seismic Provisions

Time-History Scaling for 3Time3-D Dynamic Analysis

Liquefaction Provisions

Site--Response Analysis for Liquefaction

Site

Model Calibration
Array Data & Results
C. B. Crouse
URS Corporation

2008 USGS SS and SI Maps in ASCE 7

7--10 will be

Acc. in H
H2
direction
n (g)

Max Sa
H1
t

1d
d.o.f.
f
Acc. in H1
direction (g)

H2

H1
t

H2

2002 USGS SS and SI Ground Motion Maps in ASCE 7-05

7 05 are
S 1*S
Sa
Sa2 (geometric
(
t i mean))

Geometric Mean =

Accelerogram
Horizontal Components
a

Response Spectra
Sa

H1
t

Sa1 * Sa2

Sa1
Sa

H2
t

H1
T

Ti
H2

Sa2
Ti

Geomean Sa vs Max Sa
Bedrock Response Spectra
x 1.1
Based on:
Sa

x 1.3

Max Sa
Geomean Sa

1.0
T (sec)

Time--History
Time
y Scaling
g for H1 and H2 components
p

3D Analysis

ASCE 7-05

ASCE 7-10
ave. SRSS Sa of scaled
a(t) records - R > 5 km
or
ave. Sa of scaled FN comp.
of a(t) records - R < 5 km

ave. SRSS Sa of scaled

a(t) records
Sa

1.3 x Target

Sa

Target
(max Sa)

Target
(geomean Sa)
0.2 T

1.5 T
Period (sec)

0.2 T

1.5 T
Period ((sec))

Ground--Motion Records
Ground

Design
g Ground Motion Library
y

Transform FN & FP a(t) into X & Y a(t)

Fault

Liquefaction Assessment

ASCE Standard
7-05

Ground--Motion Parameter
Ground
SS / 2.5

7-10

PGA (geomean)
ffor
or
Site Class

MCE Geometric Mean PGA, %g, Site Class B

Site Coefficients FPGA

Site
Class

Mapped Ma
Maximum
im m Considered
Geometric Mean Peak
Ground Acceleration, PGA
PGA < PGA = PGA = PGA = PGA >
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

A
B

0.8
0
8
1.0

0.8
0
8
1.0

0.8
0
8
1.0

0.8
0
8
1.0

0.8
0
8
1.0

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.0

2.5

1.7

1.2

0.9

0.9

See Section 11.4.7

Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of PGA.

Site Response Analysis Liquefiable Soils

1964 M7.5 Niigata,

g , Japan,
p , Earthquake
q
Damage
g from
Liquefaction

1964 M 7.5
Niigata
Earthquake
Liquefaction Onset
~ 8-10 sec after
start of strong
shaking

Onset

2003 M 8
8.3
3 Tokachi
Tokachi--oki,
oki Japan,
Japan Earthquake

HKD 086

Fault
Rupture

2003 M 8.3 Tokachi

Tokachi--oki Earthquake
HKD 086 NS Comp
Comp.
0.6

liquefaction onset
upper 10m fine sand

0.4
0.2

a-g
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

t - sec

3.5

= 5%
3.0

2.9 g @ T = 0.36 sec

2.5
2.0

Sa-g
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

0.5

1.5

2
T - sec

2.5

3.5

Acceleration Response to HKD 086 NS Comp.

Comp
4
3

2 9g
2.9g

2
1
a-g 0
-1
1
-2
-3
-4
25

-2.9g
30

35

40

45
t - sec

50

55

60

30

35

40

45
t - sec

50

55

60

0.6
0.4
0.2
a-g

0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
25

T = 0.36s
= 5%

Soil Properties Liquefied Layer

or G (or Vs), d
constants

Ground-Motion Data
GroundSite--Response Calibration
Site

Port Island, Japan. 1995 Kobe M 6.9

Wildlife Array, CA. 1987 Superstition Hills M 6.6

Port Island,, Japan

p
Vertical Accelerometer Array
-10
-20

Depth (m)

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80

Ref: Elgamal et al. (1996)

0 20 40 600
200 400
SPT N values
VS (m/s)

Port Island Array

y EW Records
1995 M 6.9 Kobe Earthquake

Ref.: Davis & Berrill (1998)

Port Island 1995 Kobe Earthquake

q
VS versus Time
Depth
p

Dis
splacement (m
m)

0m

16 m

32 m

Ref.: Davis & Berrill (1998)

Port Island 1995 Kobe Earthquake

q
VS versus Time

VS (m
m/sec)

400
300
200
100
0
0
Ref: Elgamal et al. (1996)

10

20
30
Time (sec)

40

Location Map of Wildlife Array

Ref.: Holzer & Youd (2007)

Wildlife Array Instrumentation

VS (m/sec)
99
116
116-141

168

Ref: Bennett et al. (1984)

Holzer & Youd (2007)

Wildlife NS Accelerograms
g
1987 M 6.6 Superstition Hills EQ

Surface

cm
m/sec/sec

200

-200
Accceleration

200

Downhole

-200

10

Ref.: Zeghal & Elgamal (1994)

20

30

40 50 60
Ti
Time
(
(sec)
)

70

80

90

VS (m/sec)

Wildlife 1987 Superstition

p
Hills EQ
VS versus Time

Ref.: Zeghal & Elgamal (1994)

Estimation of Material Damping

p g Ratio ()
Liquefied Soil

a(t) records
from
Port Is. & Wildlife
~ 20%

Wildlife Site
Surface Accelerograph Station

USGS El Centro Station 6

Y
1.22 m
0

0.51 m

2
1.14 m
Depth - m

6
8
10

free
ee field
ed
a (t)

12

()
recorded a(t)
0.10
0.15

14
X

100

200

300

VS m/sec

400

Experimental Transfer Function (low strain)

2
Station 6

Recorded
Free Field

10

20

30
f - Hz

Ref. Crouse & Hushmand (1989)

40

50

60

Approximate
pp
Transfer Function (liquefaction)
( q
)
VSliq = 1 VSlow strain, Pad Thickness = 6
10
2
Station 6

Recorded
Free Field

3
f - Hz

Approximate
pp
Transfer Function (liquefaction)
( q
)
VSliq = 1 VSlow strain, Pad Thickness = 12
10
2
Station 6

Recorded
Free Field

3
f - Hz

Site Response
p
Analysis
y
(liquefaction & nonnon-liquefaction cases)
o
Sa

Ratio,

o
Sa

i
Sa

non-liquef.

i
Sa

liquef.

Summary

New Seismic Provisions in ASCE 77-10

1. 3-D Dynamic Analysis Accelerogram Scaling
Scale SRSS to Target Sa (not 1.3 X Target Sa)
2. Ground-Motion Parameter for Liquefaction
Geomean PGA (not SDS / 2.5
2 5 or SS / 2.5)
2 5)

Summary (cont.)
(cont )

Liquefied Soil Parameters for Equivalent Linear

Site--Response Analysis
Site
Use Vertical Accelerometer Array Data
VS = 15 30 m/s
~ 20% w/o
soil-pad interaction

Port Island &

Wildlife