.

:
.

:
(6264)

2014

1.

. , ,

.
, ,
1986,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.

2.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, .
, .
, , (1 =1,660539 x
10-27 kg) :
, mn = 1.008665
, mp = 1.007276
, me = 0.0005486
, ,
. ,
Z, ,
A.
X e zXA
. .
,
, . ,
: 92U238, 92U235 92U234.

 ,
:
C + 2H2 CH4
,
, ,
, ()
() , .
,
,
.

. . :
Z1AA1

+ Z2BA2 Z3CA3 + Z4DA4

:
1 + 2 = 3 + 4 Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4

2HE4.
:
13Al27

+ 2HE4 14Si30 + 1H1

(1)

( ). (31) (15)

.

.
,
6C12.
. 3200
.

. ,
.
:

 13Al27 = 29.981538
2He4 = 4.002603
14Si30 = 29,973770
1H1 = 1.007825
(1),
29,981538 +4,002603 = 30,984141 ,
29,73770 + 1,007825 = 30,981595 . !
. m = 0.002546 ,
:
= 2
3 106 m/sec. :
2
2
14
= = 0.002546 (3 10
) = 2.2914 10

2
2

2 1.660539 1027 2

= 2.2914 10

14

= 3.8053 1013

= 2.375
1.602176 1019 106

(1) 2,375 MeV

.
Z (A-Z)
, . , ,
.

.
,
: , .
( )
; ,
.

, .
, , ,
.

 - (1984),
,
: 92U235, 94Pu239, 92U238, 90Th232
94Pu240. ,
, .
1: :
92U235

+ 0n1 54Xe140 + 38Sr94 + 20n1

:
( ),
:

92U235

= 235,043923

0n1 = 1,008665
54Xe140 = 139,921640
38Sr94 = 93,915360
:
= 235,043923 +1,008665 = 236,053
= 139,921640 + 93,915360 + 2 1,008665 = 235,854

:
= 235,854 236,053 = -0,198
:

= = .
. = .

,
,
.
,,, , ,

.

 ,
84 ,
,
84.
,
.
,

.

N , t,
N. ,
:

(2)

. (2)
, N0 t = 0, :

=
0

= exp()
0

(3)

, .
, ,
. ,

.

. , 84Po212
0,298 , 92U238 4,51 109 .

2.1

() ,
- -.
:
2He4.

88Ra226

86Rn222 + 2He4

(4)

 -, Z 2 A 4,
(4), Ra Rn . -

.
. -
(
) . -
, .

2.2
()
, ,
. ,
, -10. :
82Pb214

83Bi214

+ -1e0 +

(5)

,
5% .
, (5) .
.
, 1
.

2.3
,

, ,
, +10. :
11Na22

10Ne22

+ +1e0 +

(6)

, .
, ,

, ,
0,511 MeV.

2.4


.
,
. ,
.
,
.

2: 53I135,
54Xe135. 53I135
90 %.
:
, 53I135 6,57 .
90%, 10%
.

= 0.10
0
:

) = exp (0.69315
)
= 0.1 = exp (0.69315
0

6.57
t :
=

6.57
ln
=
ln 0.1 = 21.82
0.69315
0
0.69315

3.
1 ,
10 .
, ,

. 1 MWd (-) 24 000
kWh.

3: 92U235 1 MWd,
200 MeV
35%?
: 200 MeV,
1MW :
1 = 1 000 000

=
3.121

10
1.602 1013 200

92U235 : 235 g
92U235 6,023 1023 / g mol,
=

235

22
=
3.902

10
6.023 1023

, 1 MWd ,
:
86.400 3.902 1022 1

3,121 10

= 1.052

16

1 MWd
35% :
= 1.052

= 3.536
0.85 0.35

, 3,54 92U235
1 MWd (24 000 kWh).