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High Voltage Techniques Course
High Voltage Techniques Course
TECHNIQUES
Dr. K. aatay Bayndr
Course Content
1)Introduction
Definition of High Voltage and Standard Voltage Ranges
Transmission of Electric Energy (AC and DC)
Standards and Regulations
Course Content
4) Electrostatic Fields
Field Analysis Methods
Experimental and Numerical Methods
5) Electrical Breakdown in Gases
Ionization Process
Electronegative Gases
Streamer-Kanal mechanism,
Breakdown in non-uniform fields
Partial Breakdown and Corona Discharges
6) Electrical Breakdown of Liquids
Breakdown theories for liquids
Liquid insulating materials
7) Electrical Breakdown of Solids
Breakdown theories for solids
Solid insulating materials
Course Content
8) Generation and Measurement of High Voltages
AC, DC Voltages
Electrostatic Generators
Testing Systems
References
High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals by E. Kuffel , Newnes
2000
High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals by E. Kuffel , W. S.
Zaengl, Pergamon Press 1984
Yksek Gerilim Tekniinin Temelleri by Prof. Dr. Sefa Akpnar,
1997
Yksek Gerilim Teknii by Prof. Dr. Muzaffer zkaya, 1996
Various Industrial Booklets
Introduction
The potential benefits of electrical energy supplied to a number of consumers from
a common generating system were recognized shortly after the development of the
dynamo commonly known as the generator.
Power transfer for large systems, whether in the context of interconnection of large
systems or bulk transfers, led engineers invariably to think in terms of high
voltages.
The rapidly increasing transmission voltage level in recent decades is a result of the
growing demand for electrical energy, coupled with the development of large
hydroelectric power stations at sites far remote from centres of industrial activity and
the need to transmit the energy over long distances to the centres.
Introduction
In order to meet the growing demand, more and more power stations, substations
and transmission lines are being built and the transmission voltages are being raised
for efficient transmission.
Increase in transmission voltage by 20 times results in 400 times reduction in
transmission losses. This illustrates the main reason for the need of High Voltage.
It is desirable to increase the transmission voltage to obtain higher efficiency, but the
insulation of high voltage system limits this desire. The insulation of all parts of high
voltage power system (generators, transformers, cables, insulators, circuit breakers,
etc.) should be preserved in order to provide an uninterruptable energy supplyor
continuous energy flow.
Gas, liquid and solid insulating materials are utilized for the insulation of high voltage
systems. The loss of insulation is technically called breakdown. Mechanisms of
electrical breakdown of insulation is one of the subjects of this course.
Introduction
In High Voltage Installations Regulation (Elektrik Kuvvetli Akm Tesisleri Ynetmelii)
published by Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Sources ;
Low Voltage is the phase-phase voltage with rms value of 1000 Volts and less than
1000 Volts
High Voltage is the phase-phase voltage with rms value of greater than 1000 Volts
These voltage ranges are also valid for IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
Definition of some important standardized rated insulation levels for high voltage
equipment according to IEC 62271-1 is given above
Introduction
Rated voltage: Upper limit of the highest voltage of the network for which a switching
device is rated.
Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage : rms value of the sinusoidal
a.c voltage at operating frequency that the insulation of a device must withstand
under the specified test conditions for 1 minute.
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the standard voltage surge
1.2/50us that the insulation of a device must withstand
Rated switching impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the unipolar standard
voltage surge 250/2500us which the insulation of a device with a rated voltage of 300
kV and above must withstand.
Introduction
Table of 154 kV and 380 kV insulation levels and table of electrical parameters used for
design of power distribution substations as stated in Elektrik letim Sistemi Arz
Gvenilirlii ve Kalitesi Ynetmelii is given below .
1.Anma Deerleri
a) Normal iletme gerilimi kV rms
380
154
33
10.5
420
170
36
12
c) Anma frekans Hz
50
50
50
50
d)Sistem topraklamas
Direkt
Direkt
Direkt veya
diren zerinden
Direkt veya
diren zerinden
2500
2500
50
31.5
25
25
2.5x(Ith)
2.5x(Ith)
2.5x(Ith)
2.5x(Ith)
35
20
15
15
(sn)
2.zolasyon Deerleri
(G Trafosu Hari)
380
154
33
10.5
1550
1550(+300)
750
860
170
75
1175
(900+430)
620
760
325
375
70
28
1425
650
170
95 (YG ntr)
1050
630
275
70
38 (YG ntr)
380 V + % 10 - % 15, 50 Hz
220 V + % 10 - % 15, 50 Hz
110 V (veya 220 V) + % 10 - % 15
between 1000 1500 km. Atypical scheme consists of two stations that convert AC to
DC and vice versa. It uses overhead lines or cables with only two conductors.
of solar power. If it could be harnessed properly and combined with hydro, wind and
pump storage a totally renewable electrical system is possible.
Insulators
to insulate means "to separate or cover with a nonconducting material in order to
prevent the passage or leakage of electricity, heat, or sound." Communication and
electric line wires in service must be kept as dry as possible in order to function
efficiently, and to cut down on loss of current. The wires are kept off of the ground by
being strung between poles. But something was needed to keep the wires and
(sometimes wet) poles apart. This "something" had to meet three basic needs:
it must be made of a fast-drying nonconducting material
it must be able to hold the line wire in place
it must stay on the pole
This "something" is the insulator. It was developed and improved upon over the years
to meet those basic requirements is most commonly made of glass or porcelain
Insulators
There are a lot of insulator types used for various purposes:
Post insulators
Pin type insulators
String insulators
Transformer bushing insulators
Lightning arrester insulators
Wall bushing insulators
Capacitive voltage transformer bushings
Special type insulators.
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Insulators
Disconnectors
Disconnectors are used for galvanic isolation of networks or sections of
switchgear installations. As an independent air insulated-device, they form a
visible isolating distance in their open position.
More than 10 different designs are in use around the world. The most
important are:
knife -contact disconnectors
rotary disconnectors
two column vertical break disconnectors
single-column disconnectors.
Disconnectors
Knife-contact disconnectors
The classic design of the disconnector is the knife-contact disconnector. Their
moving contacts have the knife shape. There are indoor and outdoor types.
They can be actuated manually and in remotely operated installations by
motor or compressed air drives.
Outdoor knife-contact
disconnectors
Outdoor types are used out of the buildings and are subject to environmental
conditions like rain, dust, wind etc.
Circuit Breakers
High voltage circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices capable of
making, carrying continuously and breaking electrical currents both under
normal circuit conditions and for a limited period, abnormal circuit conditions
such as in the event of a short circuit. Circuit breakers are used for switching
overhead lines, cable feeders, transformers, reactor coils and capacitors. They
are also used in bus ties in installations with multiple busbars to allow power
to be transmitted from one busbar to another.
The following points are important when selecting circuit breakers.
Circuit Breakers
Important standards are
IEC
62271-1 General and definitions
62271-100 Classification, Design and construction, Type and routine testing,
Selection of circuit breakers for service, Informationin enquiries, tenders and
orders
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
C37 04 1979 Rating structure
C37 06 1979 Preferred ratings
C37 09 1979 Test procedure
C37 10 1979 Application guide
C37 11 1979 Application guide for transient recovery voltage
C37 12 1979 Capacitance current switching
Electrical Characteristics
Rated value: Value of a characateristic quantity used to define the operating
conditions for which a switching device is designed and built and which must
be verified by the manufacturer.
Rated normal current: The current that the main circuit of a switching device
can continuously carry under specified conditions.
Rated short-time withstand current: Current that a switching device in closed
position can carry during a specified short-time under prescribed conditions.
Standardized rated normal currents: 200, 250, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1000,
1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150, 4000, 5000, 6300A.
Standardized rated short-time currents: 6.3, 8, 10, 12.5,16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40,
50, 63, 80, 100 kA.
Electrical Characteristics
Rated voltage: upper limit of the highest voltage of the network for which a
switching device is rated.
Standardized rated voltages: 3.6, 7.2, 12, 17.5, 24, 36, 52, 72.5, 100, 123,
145, 170, 245, 300, 362, 420, 550, 800 kV.
Peak making current: peak value of the first major loop of the current in one
pole of a switching device during the transient period following the initiation
of current during a making operation.
Breaking current: current in one pole of a switching device at the instant of
initiation of an arc during a breaking process.
Electrical Characteristics
Applied voltage: voltage between the terminals of a circuit breaker pole
immediately before making the current.
Recovery voltage: voltage occurring between the terminals of a circuit
breaker pole after interrruption of the current
Electrical Characteristics
Break time: interval of time between the beginning of opening time of a
switching device and the end of the arcing time
Make time: interval of time between application of the auxiliary power to
the closing circuit of a switching device and the instant in which the current
begins to flow.
Rated insulation level: standardized combination of the rated values for the
lightning impulse voltage, the switching impulse withstand voltage and the
short time power frequency withstand voltage assigned to a rated voltage.
Electrical Characteristics
Rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage : rms value of the
sinusoidal a.c voltage at operating frequency that the insulation of a device
must withstand under the specified test conditions for 1 minute.
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the standard
voltage surge 1.2/50us that the insulation of a device must withstand
Rated switching impulse withstand voltage: peak value of the unipolar
standard voltage surge 250/2500us which the insulation of a device with a
rated voltage of 300 kV and above must withstand.
Electrical Characteristics
During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas
removes the heat from the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a
result, the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing mode of the current
wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and the arc is
extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6
gas regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of
dielectric strength is very high and the time constant is very small.
Switchgear
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and
protection of high voltage power distribution systems. One is metal-clad
switchgear using draw-out circuit breakers and relays for protection. The
other is metal enclosed switchgear using interrupter switches for load
switching and power fuses for fault protection. Metal-clad switchgear
contains drawout circuit breakers which are removed for required scheduled
maintenance and removal of a breaker interrupts its load. Metal-clad
switchgear also contains insulated bus which, when tested periodically,
requires a shutdown of the gear.
Metalenclosed switchgear is available with interrupter switches and fuses
that require no scheduled maintenance, and the air-insulated bus does not
require periodic dielectric testing. Annual maintenance normally
consists of little more than a visual inspection through the windows of the
gear. This switchgear should be seriously considered if only infrequent
Interruptions can be tolerated by plant operations.
Switchgear
Switchgears are designed to comply with fixed minimum clearances of live
components from one another, from earth potential and from protecting
barriers.
When setting up these installations in electrical equipment rooms with
restricted accessibility, protection against accidental contact with live
components is sufficient.
Metal enclosed switchgear are generally assembled from type-tested panels.
The metallic and earthed enclosure protects personnel against approach to
live components and against contact with moving parts. It also protects the
installation against the penetration of foreign bodies.
Switchgear of this type has the largest market share worldwide.
Switchgear
Switchgear
Switchgear
Switchgear
Switchgear
Switchgear
A third type of switchgear is the gas insulated switchgear (GIS). The term gasinsulated refers to the fact that atmospheric air is not used as the gaseous
insulating material inside the panels, i.e. The enclosure of the installation
must be gas-tight against the environment.
The advantage of gas-insulated switchgear compared to an air insulated
installation is its independence from environmental influences such as
moisture, salt fog and pollution. This results in less maintenance, increase
operational safety and high availability. The samller dimensions due to
compact design and increased dielectric resistance of the gaseous insulating
material are also advantages.
Switchgear
Surge arresters
Surge arresters are used for protection of important equipment, particularly
transformers, from atmospheric overvoltages and switching overvoltages.
Arresters are primarily selected on the basis of two basic requirements:
-the arrester must be designed for stable continuous operation
-it must provide sufficient protection for the protected equipment.
Today surge arresters are based on metal oxide (MO) resistors, which have an
extremely nonlinear U/I characteristic and a high energy absorption capability.
They are known as metal oxide surge arresters.
The metal oxide arrester is characterized electrically by a current/voltage
curve. The current range is specified from the continuous operating range
(range A of the curve, order of magnitude 10-3 A) to a minimum of the double
value of the rated discharge current (order of magnitude 103 A). The MO
arrester corresponding to the characteristic is transferred from the high
resistance to the low resistance range at rising voltage without delay. When
the voltage returns to the continuous operating voltage or below, the arrester
becomes high ohmic.
Surge arresters
Surge arresters
Surge arresters are preferably installed parallel to the object to be protected
between phase and earth.Because of the limited protection distance with
steep lightning voltages, the arresters must be installed adjacent to the
equipment that is to be protected as much as possible.
Monitoring systems (surge counters) may be used to monitor surge arresters.
They are installed in the ground conductor of the arrester.
Surge arresters
Surge arresters
Transformers
Transformers
Hermetic
Inside view
With conservator
Inside view
In metal encase
1.Core limbs
2.LV winding
3.HV winding
4.Tapping winding
5.Conductors
6.LV bushings
7.HV bushings
8.Pressing equipment
9. On-Load tap changer
10.Motor-drive mechanism
11.Oil conservator
12.Radiators
The difference between Transformers and Reactors ; Reactors have only primary winding and their
core has air-gaps as shown below.(But their periodical test and maintenance are the same as
transformers except turn ratio and magnetizing current measurings)
Single
phase
reactor
core
INTRODUCTION
Upper clamping ring
Active part of a transformer
INTRODUCTION
Active part with on-load tap changer
Due to the voltage variations in
the networks or in the substations,
transformers are normally equiped
with tapping windings having
necessary taps to accomplish the
requested voltage level. The
connections of these taps are
either made with no-load tap
changer(off-load tap changer)
when the transformer is
deenergized or with on-load tap
changer when the transformer is
under operating conditions.
The motor drive mechanism is
used for the, control of on-load tap
changer.This control can either be
made locally on the transformer or
remotely from the control
room.The operation of off-load tap
changers can either be made on
the cover or on the sidewall of the
transformer by manual drive
mechanism.Upon request, motor
drive mechanism can be provided
to operate the off-load tap
changers.
INTRODUCTION
Protection and control equipment
Bucholz relay
It is mounted on the pipe
connection from transformer tank
to conservator.The gasses which
occur in transformer for any
reason are collected here and
depending on the volume of gas it
gives an alarm or tripping signal.
INTRODUCTION
Dehydrating breather
It is mounted onto the
conservator.It takes the moisture
and dust in the air that enters the
conservator and increases service
security of the transformer, the
amount of silicagel particles in it
varies with the amount of the oil in
the transformer.
Oil thermometer
Winding thermometer
It controls the temperature of the windings
with its monitoring circuit and gives alarm
and trip signal at the adjusted temperature
limits.Like the oil temperature,it is used for
the controls of fans and pumps and if reqired
Pt 100 resistance or 4-20 mA output is
added to it.
CF101 air
cell alarm
relay
CL060oil level
CF 050
BUCHHOZ
AT001 aircell
breathing
Main Tank
HV Bushing
turret
CT033 winding temp. indicator
RADIATOR
Air Cell
SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
RADIATORS
Butterfly
valve
O-ring
Lifting eye
Transformer
Tank
Radiators are important part of the cooling of the transformers.Radiators have two ducts for connection to transformers.
On upper and bottom connection pipes ,there are butterfly valves.
On upper side there is a ventilation plug.
On bottom side there is a draining plug.
On top of it, there is a lifting eye.
SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
RADIATOR
CONTROL
CUBICLE
FAN
FAN
TANK
Transformer Power Efficiency can be increased by adding fans. They are built under radiators to blow air upwards
for cooling the oil inside the radiators. They are operated automatically / manually when the oil temperature rise.
The basically cooling operations;
ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural) (without fan or pumps)
ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced) (air forced with fan)
OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced) (air forced with fan or oil forced with pumps)
OLTC - MR Type
SECTION .2 - CONSTRUCTION
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers
Transformers