Szapr-BrsLieraex es FRANKFURT ax MAIN, THE Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD Cyaus Aputn, PHD. (Departments of Port Kaurwann Koutes, PuD. (Departments of Biblical Antiquities ; the Joos of America). ‘Theology and Philosophy) Gorruann Deurscs, PuD. (Department of Wenwan Rosenruat (Department of the Jews of History from 1492 (0 1903). Russia and Poland). Ricuarp Gorrusn,, PuD. (Departments of io from Bas to ties; Peer of Posy, SOLOMON ScuncHTER, M.A, LireD. Depart Talmudic Literature) ‘ment of the Talmud). EMt G, Hirscx, PHD., LL.D, (Department of SORE SINGER, PH.D. (Department of Modern ‘the Bible) Biography from 1750 (0 1903). Joven Jacous, BA. (Departments of the Jews CRawror H. Toy, D:D. LL.D. (Departments of Englandand Anthropoiagy; Revising dior), of Hebrew Philology and Helleniste Literature). ISAAC K. FUNK, DD, LLD. FRANK H, VIZETELLY, FSA. ‘Chairman ofthe Board ‘Seertory of the Board Wruuzam Porrer, MA, Pu.D. Associate Revising Editor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE* SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS COMPLETE IN TWELVE VOLUMES EMBELLISHED WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY Mpccccrir ped. BsAMALNZD HINDELHOIE BAL JO NUITWLI KTOVEDHS (4v71103") a3H1S3 40 TI0NDs GSLvNINATISrapr-BIsLIOTHEK FRANKFURT ax MAIN, THE Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists CyRUS ADLER, PHD. (Departments of Post. Kaurwany Kowtxr, PuD. (Departments of ‘Biblical Antiquities ; the Jews of America) Theology and Philosophy). Gorruann Duvrscit, PuD. (Department of Henstax ROSENTHAL (Department of the Jews of “History from 1492 t0 1903). ‘Russia and Poland Ricwarp Gorrnen, PH.D. (Depariments of, p ronanD Gormetty Peed. (Dearment, of sovonon Scuecuren, MA., LirnD. (Depart ee re ee vf ‘ment of the Talud). Ewe G. Hise, PH.D., LL.D. (Department of Isiwone Sivan, PH.D. (Department of Modern the Bible Biegraphy from 1750 t0 1903) JosEPH Jacons, BA. (Departments of the Jous Crawrorp H. Toy, D-D, LL-D. (Departments of Lnglandand Anthropology; Revising Editor), of Hebrew Philology and Hellenistic Literature). ISAAC K. FUNK, DD, LLD. FRANK H. VIZETELLY, FS.A. (Cladrman ofthe Board ‘Seertary of the Board Wrutiam Torrex, MLA, PH.D. Associate Revising Béitor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS VOLUME V DREYFUS-BRISAC—GOAT NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY MpccccrirCorvricier, 1903, nv FUNK & WAGNALLS ComPANY All righte of tranaton reserved (Printed inthe United States of America) Stapr-Brsw0raex FRANKFURT 2x MAIN,LITERARY DIRECTORATE EDITORIAL BOARD CYRUS ADLER, Ph.D. Departments of Postel Angin; te es of fer.) resident of the Ameriean Jewish Historical Solety Litrax an, Siitasonin Tasltation, Washington, D. 0. GOTTHARD DEUTSCH, Ph.D. (Department of History from 12 to 908.) ‘Professor of Jewish istry, Hebrew Ualon College, Cincinnath, ‘biog Eaitor of" Debora.” RICHARD GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (Departments of History from Bara to toe: History of Postamaaic Literature) Professor of Semitic Languages, Coluibin University, New Yor ‘Chet ofthe Oriental Department, New York Publle Library ‘President of the Federation of American Zionist, EMIL G, HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the BO.) ‘Rabbi of Cuero Sina Congregation, Chicago Is Professor of "abointeat Literature end Philosophy, Universi of JOSEPH JACOBS, B.A. (Departments of the Jews of England and Anthropotoay ‘evtsing Eattor.) Formerly President of the Jerish Historea Society of Englands ‘Author of Jets of Angeria England,” es. KAUFMANN KOHLER, Ph.D. (Departments of Theology: PRtosoph.) President ot Hebrew Union College, Cncinottl, Oo; Rabbt ‘Buertue of Temple Both-E, New York. AMERICAN BOARD OF BERNARD DRACHMAN, Ph.D., ‘Rabbi of the Congregation Ziehron Bpbraim nstructor fo the ‘ible aud in Hebrew Graminen, Jesh Taeologieat Semi- ‘ny of Ameren, New York, B, FELSENTHAL, Ph.D., [Rabbi Bmerts of Zion Congregation, Cheaso, -; Author of od Practical Grammar ofthe Hebrew Language.” GUSTAV GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (DeceaseD), ‘ate Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Brnanu-tl, New York. HENRY HYVERNAT, D.D,, Head ofthe Department of Semitlo and Rgyptian Literatures, ‘cauolle University of America, Washington, D.C. ‘HERMAN ROSENTHAL. (Department of the Jews of Russia and Poland.) Ceaet ofthe Stavanie Department, New York Library. SOLOMON SCHECHTER, M.A., Litt.D. (Department of the Tatmu.) resident of the Faculty of the Jewish Theologial Seminary ot varies, New Yorks tthor of "Studies in Judaism.” ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. (Department of Mestern Biography from 1950 to 108.) CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY, D.D., LL.D. (Departments of Hebrew Philology and Hetenistic ‘Titerature.) Professor of Hebrew in Tarvard University, Cambridge, Mas. ‘Author of "The Religion of Tae," elo. I. K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. (Chairman of the Board.) ‘atorsn-Chiet of the SraxDand DIcrioNanyY OP TH EXGEISHE FRANK H, VIZETELLY, F.S.A. (Secretary ofthe Board.) “Associate Etor of the STANDARD DICTIONARY, ian Cytopedia.” et. ‘tbe coum ‘WILLIAM POPPER, M.A., Ph.D. (Associate Revising Bator: Chef of the Bureaw of “Pranstation) Autor of *Consorsip of Hebrew Books.” CONSULTING EDITORS MAROUS JASTROW, Ph.D., ‘Rabb Emeritus of the Congregation Rodet shalom, Philadel bila, Pas Author of" Desonary ofthe Talmud. MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Librarian inthe University ‘of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pan; Author of “Re- higion ofthe Babylonians and Assyrians,” ee J. FREDERIC McOURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Orfental Languages, University Ollege Toront ‘Canada; Author of" History, Prophecy, and ‘the Monuments? H, PEREIRA MENDES, M.D., ‘abot of the Shear steel Congregation (Spanish and Porte ‘guest, New York; President of the Board of Jewish ‘inisters, New York. i Stapr-BIBriorHEK PRANEFORT ax MAIN,MOSES MIELZINER, Ph.D., D.D. reKasen, te Present ofthe bres Union College, Chetnnat, Oho: shor of * Tatmaduetion to the Tat” GEORGE F. MOORE, M.A, D.D., Profesor of Hillel Liter and the History of Religions fn Harvand Univesity, Camtirdge, Mass Author uf | A Commentary on tho Book of Judges. oe DAVID PHILIPSON, D.D., ‘Rabbi ofthe Congregation Bene Ise: Professor of Hone, Hebrew Union Colle, Cheingat, Ohio: President at | Hebe Seat Schou! Union of Ameren, 1 LITERARY DIRECTORATE IRA MAURICE PRICE, B.D., Ph.D., Profesor of Sethe Languages and Lieratares, University of “Author of "Te Monnens nd ‘President of Centrat Confer ‘Temple JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D., Rabbi oF the Cmgregation Fmant-Fl San Francseo, Cals Pro fessor of Senltie Languages and Literatures, Uni- ‘versity of California, Derkeles Cal EDWARD J. WHEELER, M.A. itor of “The Literary Digest," Neve York; Author of "Stories sn Royane,” et avutot FOREIGN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORS ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A., uettorof The Jewish Quarters Levi’ thr of * Je Ish Life inthe Mile ages" tes Render tamu, ‘Ctr Univers, Ens W. BACHER, Ph.D., Profesor tn te Serieh Theol Sema, Bape tunsar. M. BRANN, PhD., Profesor In the Jen Theological Seminary, Brion, Ger Tuan Eto of" Monnet Fr Gace und "wisest des Judes.” ¥. BRODY, Ph.D, Rabb, Nacho, Hotei, Austin Color ot "Zatch fr etre Bavaria" ABRAHAM DANON, Prin of the Jevish Teolglea! Seminary, Constantinople ark HARTWIG DERENBOURG, Ph.D., Profesor of Literal Arable a the Speci Seo! of Orlental Tanguages, Pri Sener ofthe tnt ae Prane 8. M, DUBNOW, Author of" Istria Weegee, Rast, MICHAEL FRIEDLANDER, Ph.D. rio of Jens Cotes, Lon, gt; Author of "The doris Relig IGNAZ GOLDZIHER, Ph.D., Profesor of Semite Plots, Culrersy of tapes, nga. M, GUDEMANN, Ph.D, cuir Ratt of Venn, Attra, BARON DAVID GUNZEURG, Petersburg, Rus A. HARKAVY, PhD., jbnee Department ofthe rial Pub, Se Petosturg hon, ZADOC KAHN, Clef Rab of Frances Honorary President of the Alliance arte Ulcers: mer ofthe Lehn of Honor ar rane. M, KAYSERLING, Ph.D., Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary; Coresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Wsory, Mri. Spain. enter of 4 MORITZ LAZARUS, Ph.D. Grexass0), Late Presor Ener of Papetology Univers of Resins ‘eran str ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU, Meter of me renehinsttaies Profesor st tho Pree Stoo! (of Pia seins, Pig ante Author of * met ee es ations ISRAEL LEVI, ofesorn the Jewish TuecogtalSehinaryj Ealtor ot “ue a Bes Sven" Pars, Hr, EUDE LOLLI, D.D., Cet navel ot Patan: Professor of Habra tte Culver, ay Has. IMMANUEL LOW, Ph.D., ‘ner nanototSzegein, Hungnry; anthro Die Arama ‘panzer. 8, H, MARGULIES, Ph.D., rina ofthe Jovish Tholorea Seanarys Cle Rab of Foren H, oorr, DD, Profesor of Hebe Languase nl Amieology at the Sate ‘nite. Leyden, Hola ABBE PIETRO PERREAU, Formerly Uaran ofthe Reale Mote Palatina, Par, aly. MARTIN PHILIPPSON, Ph.D., Formery Potess of History atthe Universe of Hoon and Inseey Preset ofthe Deter stare Gemetndeand, bert German SAMUEL POZNANSKI, Ph.D., alot Wana Hus B, SCHWARZFELD, LLD., secretary Genert of he Jovi Cloniaton Seaton. Pa, Trance LUDWIG STEIN, Ph.D., Profesor of Pils, niversyof Ren, Switzrin Eltor ti" Archi fr Geschhte der Patri” HERMANN L. STRACK, Ph.D., Proesr of OH Testament Rxoresie and Semie Langoages, ‘very of Deri, Gerany CHARLES TAYLOR, D.D., LL.D, Master of St, Jobiv's College, cambridge, Bagand; Bator of stag of te seis ater” etSYSTEMS OF TRANSLITERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES * ‘A.—Rules for the Transliteration of Hebrew and Aramaic. 1, All important names which occur in the Bible are cited as found in the authorized King James ‘version; eg., Moses, not Mosheh; Jeaae, not Yizbak; Saul, not Shalul or Shaiil; Solomon, not Shelomoh, ete. 2, Names that have gained currency in English books on Jewish subjects, or that have become familiar to English readers, are always retained and cross-references given, though the topic be treated under the form transliterated according to the system tabulated below. 8. Hebrew subject-headings are transeribed according to the scheme of transliteration ; eross-refer~ ‘ences are made as in the case of personal names. 4, The following system of transliteration has been used for Hebrew and Aramaic: & Not noted at the beginning or the end of asword ; otherwise’ or by dieresis; o.g., Zeed or Meir. ad re be B with dagesh, p sh ag nh om B without dagesh, 7 be aa ot a0 ae vat nh ‘ou De pe ye ak pe ae Nore: The presence of dagesh lene is not noted except in the case of pe. Dagesh forte is indi- cated by doubling the letter. 5, The vowels have been transcribed as follows : « -a ze io acl -a yu ‘Kamer hatuf is represented by o. ‘The so-called “Continental” pronunciation of the English vowels is implied. 6, The Hebrew article is transeribed as ha, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the following letter, [Not liak-Kolen or hak-Cohen, nor Rosh ha-shshanah.] B,—Rules for the Transliteration of Arabic. |. Al Arabic names and words except such as have become familiar to English readers in another form, as Mohammed, Koran, mosque, are transliterated according to the following system : 4 See Rabove ZI ube em we oo oa we oh wt 3m ae 9” wan 2 be wy tu je be tt Us ee 2, Only the three vowels—a, i, u—are represented i tu _No account has been taken of the fmalan; i has not been written ¢, nor 1 written 0. nail oticr matte of orthograpis tho spelling preferred bythe Staxnano Dierioxany bas usually Deen followed. ‘Typo sraphiea esigeces have render occasional devatlons from the epee neccesary. vmviii SYSTEMS OF TRANSLITERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES "The Arabic article is invariably written al; no account being taken of the assimilation of the 7 to the following letter; eg., Ab@ al-Salt, not Abn-tSalt; Nafts al-Daulah, not Nafts ad-Daulal, ‘The article is joined by a hyphen to the following word. ‘At the end of words the feminine termination is written ah ; but, when followed by a genitive, ty eGuy Risalah ahat al-Kursiy, but HVat al-jta 5. No account is taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguish the cases; e.g., ‘Amr, not ‘Amru or ‘Amrun; Ya'had, not Ya'kibun ; or in a title, Kitab al-Amanat wal-Ttikadat. ©.—Rules for the Transliteration of Russian. All Russian names and words, exeept such as have become familiar to English readers in another form, as Czar, «Alewander, deviatine, Moscow, are transliterated according to the following system : Aa @ Hu n Thay shel Bo b 00 ° be mute Bs » Tu P Bla v rr h,vorg Pp r bs hhalfmmute Ax a Ce 8 BS ve Ee eand ye Tr t 90 e epi. We sh vy w Wo ye 33 2 oy f Aa va Huli i Xx th G0 F Ke k Tn te vy © aa a Ua ch ita a Ma m Im sh Rules for the Citation of Proper Names, Personal and Otherwise. 1, Whenever possible, an author is cited under his most specific name e.g., Moses Nigrin under Nigrin; Moses Zacuto under Zacuto; Moses Rieti under Rieti; all the Kimhis (or Kambis) under Kimii; Israel ben Joseph Drohobiczer under Drohobiczer, Cross-references are freely ‘made from any other form to the most specific one ¢.g., to Moses Vidat from Moses Narboni ; to Solomon Nathan Vidal from Menahem Meiri; to Samuel Kansi from Samuel Astrue Dascola ; to Jedaiah Penini from both Bedersi and Hn Bonet; to John of Avignon from Moses de Roquemaure. 2, When a person is not referred to as above, he is cited under his own personal name followed ‘by his official or other title; or, where he has borne no such title, by “of” followed by the place of his birth or residence; e.g., Johanan ha-Sandlar ; Samuel ha-Nagid ; Judah ha-Hasid; Gershom of Meta; Isaae of Corbell. Names containing the word a de, da, di, or van, von, y, are arranged under the letter of the name following, this word: e.g., de Pomis under Pomis, de Barrios under Barrios, Jacob aMeseas under Meseas. 4, In arranging the alphabetical order of personal names ben, da, de, di, ha-, tbn', of have not ‘been taken into account, These names thus follow the order of the next succeeding capital letter: Abraham of Augsburg Abraham de Balmes Abraham ben Benjamin Aaron ‘Abraham of Avila ‘Abraham ben Barach Abraham ben Benjamin Ze'eb ‘Abraham ben Azriel ‘Abraham of Beja “Abraham Benveniste ™ When Taw bas com to bea epecte parbof « name, a¢ Tax Hana, such name is rented ints alphabetiea! place under “T"LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [Self-evident abbreviations, particularly those used in the bibliographies, are not included here-] ab cseeoh Po ARS We Raabe ta satan A Basi Noda Zarek leat ee ia MRSS Be fie ‘Hist. Soe. American Jewish Historical Soctety 4s Jot. Seni"feriean Journal of Seite Languages ano ik angnget Aoetton Becca ie cc Strakin (Pam) Bi eae Aronlnsocsten sie setioe Gor Sader wo ar et "peg ago ur Bonen Amore 1a gps er Paice Se maser, ‘pithet Ahi: aeber, Awad der Tannaiten BB. ‘aba Die (Tad) Beg cro etone the christian era Bak Sa soa Henaigan And tenrinrer, Hebedlsce Arefologe Bers Derakot tEatmua) BeeiiiGe RSC pent sm Then Geburtstag Bertiners ‘enrtt | Berliners Magnan for die Wissenschaft des covet dude pasar (tala “Ba ata CPam ta eg Cama) Biol i200 blloenees eapbinie, ots seat i | He e eaAcadeni de a Historia Je. | Bali abrnce Or Sedsede Genet Dubin af. lif the Aliance adit Universi Gani 00 Etntetes Gone of solomon) GSE gic” chee of Aceh sso x iit xian. fn cots Notes ‘i | cart, Notes Ho CMirsehigues.- 5 tare eerie oe chapter oF chapters Sips | Cpesue and Bet, Bueyeomedin Bi REALE cove te totem ee pena a age Bate ss ah TH NS ce ee aun a i Ho are See ee Ceca -ega eetan a See a See oe (Bees aoc mats del sie canaa tc ters stds Pat eta are PSU och nA ESERGIS oe nrnevaen sl i a mt BE erage Dera in | Pa ria Degen eget i a ano Peat ane bee [EE ena hen Da Gai, fog nf given” } og Gute Seam HS Phen sbncion seer te et da Betehtee Beha Wisi Beasts Bag RAN rama era sigs oe (MEE der ec = Satna Jooye Bric. paepees rtanca Bi tah 3 ee Bibi Wise otptantug,Adversostereses : ruin Cit) ren and ree ana Gruber, Allgemeine Bneyktontaie grb nes. | "de eset Rate Pc emtereien Sand foowtng ‘osoaa ia sa hmebiue, Hitora Bectesastion Janke Meno, Frankel, Nobo Yerustaimal ry i fu Pars, witioteca Judaica ‘list Ges. 4 port, Gesbtete ds Nardertnams ‘ati Hist of | Gaston, Bevis Marka Memorat Volume ‘Geiger Uracrit und, Ustersstzangen dor aig, wae SSG inner Abana yom aoe tae ‘aren Eng cog des face eters soz, | Cea lee atch Hr Wissen Gelgers Wiss. | Gelger's Wisenschattione Zeitschrift thr aU -Theot. + °Stiache Frenne Gon veneers =Car (Ges 020002 Gavenfehte (Gece, G02 Gesentu. Grammar SGesontog: Th. 2tentus, esas fioonBactde’"/ Cinbom lstory of tbe Decline and Pat! ot ‘ad Fal the Haman eptre ontario. | Saban Nagin Coie, Baton of oH ssn (Ge isi? 02getn Htory of te Jews (Grats Geaui.-°-Grat Gowentete der Jaen cae cea ns, {tian Gescblehie des, Praiehu isch Neeson nd dor Cattur der Abendlanal- rev ab en em (tuys) aa (raya) “fila ateneseopiale fir Bibel "| sastngs,Dietionary of the Bible pl oie Hebrews Hee 02 Moped Text HeraiPit 6 ie Eacslopadie ty Protstantigche Ther Hertog-auely ("ologie und Kir (Sd and St editons re Realtnere ~~”) ith: biograpnlaches Lexikon deri irseh Big. Lex. "Tagender tore le deen und VOIR oravot Crain) Bui (ia) sce ee iets uetersoae Searsokun 7 Ugeiexen voor de Uraetten tm Neder Soin, source Jl aguly ote Soares of Spans Sagrado | sets and Wot iotera Anglo Judea sR HESS ae Gest er Jen und | rohit of me erga, Tak dastrow, Dick. | Shab nd Sirashin Jellinok. B. H.-sdoltine, Bet haere Jew 22 Jewh eurontee, Loudon 3b Shee ste dew Encylopedia, JEN: ARES Jowih Historic! sey of Diand Jens Quart Rev. Ceyish Quarterly Review Jes Woria 0." zewish Word, Yonon Jee hii. 2owepun Amiga of the ems Soceps: Beggs, De ell Sudo {eae geen Coat Aone se Posn ES Maat. Teme Annaten one BANU: - "Journal ef snbieat Literatare ‘Tun, Dial: Git yystn, Diatogus eum Trypbone Judeo sci bait Gi Gedeukbue zr rinnerung an Dovid ate ‘dense, sSaqecring i | Kayseri. BbliotectFspaiols-Portagueza- Gps bore-iua. | Juaaten Ker een enese-Kertou (Fanaa) Ket ‘Reta egy en a vented Mar se ia gland) At ftayim (Patna x ‘nin (Fam Rah era ‘Vote Semitic Studies tm afemory of A. Kohutx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS wee, Grech wd Latlnise Lot ‘Sorgen atm Sistecar ‘nace Grand Dietonmaire Uutverse tt 1 EIN State jute pace sea Haye Ginidaiches weetuen aber de 1 Saami Paes ie ‘Neufcbriectes, ant Chaldictios sagen arouse, Die. wy : “Weare doer die Bison od Me Nokes sti scesssesssnevalie Ly akc | ile bens a der en 1 L : st Basic Ba 2.000000 Maer cratmat Baa Si Savior Shel (Hatand) Be a fh RETEST satmonides, Moreh Neboste. yatmonids, $i" wagnonider, Yad nw-ttazas Mae cc aaksor Coa) Sage 2 000 SR an See ca seeteca ant(MsCliatk and Strom, Crete of Biv Secure seal re ical Mheokieal tid Beclestaateal Liter: Beg ees eee AHS at) Secu a as Meh Meg 00 Mey eran) MGR Mb ccna SU 2AM rau crs) ae ‘tlio ana Bg Ma tn ‘fontaine flr Geschichte und Wissen- seat des Judean Mortars nite Altabeticn {Mille Ppoent Hisrcoram Grea nace ‘Mortara, Indice. i rie: ak, Meanges, {MEM RENEE G0 Phone, Jaive Murray's Ene Dic. 1 Huta. Now Engh Dletona aera Gad) * cc Nedetin ra {ens cataionue of tho Mebrow uss ‘Boal He Mss. § inthe Hoste Litenrs [Nematuer, 7 -Neuter, Geoursphie at TaIn ud bauer MJ. Neubauer, Sedoral Jewish Chronicles ‘po place of pulicatton sited ‘Row Testanent Gest Ae emereetace Wochenschr “Dialed ‘Sida at Prestip Code ‘Pg. Blosraphiaehes Lexikon Hersorrazen. Pagel, Bio. Lex. | Per lesa te Nisiaten broncos ul. Explor. Fund.palestne exploration Fund uA Paulsson Nel Eneseoptate dor Tetizucye....{ sloehen alterimpewisoebsolatt ‘Pike Rab Bltezor ‘Ran oF Rabbi or faba i naimersJaiehes itera Bate "FRevue des Btudes Juives ar Titer, Erdkunde, } "Nacir und aur Geschichte des Menschen Tontauge me nadicehaea ae Pe ant a eat los, Hist. Rlinsony Later! Robfaon: Later Molen Reverted {a Pale Tesearches "Nestea the adjacent Regions, 1632 Reese Gat Roe ata den ebraie un” Sunien, ‘Norentual. ib. { "aug der I~ Woseathat sehen Dibiochek x, Revised version Sines” sade Ba er Mereton ce steer ae 0. Teovsvooe} “chroine Bible, ed. Pan Haupt ‘ Scqataerme. | enuttemg, A Telos Prercoweta CLOT... Poole Bement Bug te Sschmader Relineuriien ul das Alto Tes Ssohrader, KA. S51 Seuruder, KB.....Schraler, Resinenrtiiche Ribot oe dev, jtehrader: Metlife ul Gest Setrader, . G.¥-] Senter ehirer, Geseh...-gehter Gusehiehte des JidisctenVorkes Sein oer. Smaoe Cran) Shi 2000002003Rhaie Grand) suerte ei eee | Sey bet oat Soingcinelder, | uetnecnlder,Hetedlche Biblographlo Saint inner, Here Vebeetacen sc Dov aca, Bt Suen und der Suk. oeoe Steal Cha) ner the ond ‘Rea fay ‘Targa rar neo Tang Gi. Tong. Yer argu erator Targum Jonathan Tenn fear Chun) Ter ‘Teramot Crain), Tee it ‘enioos of the Bete Pires ce Toast ‘Tesch Posetta frna ranstaion (Transactions of the Society of Dblieal Ar a i a Lp cramuay Aigo A tg SiVIRSEISE oe mete ae Wet ie. Wes Dor por we-Dortave Fae anf Nese whi B00 ine iliches Reabwarterbueh Wado ‘Wisin of Solomon Waits Bibi oie “avoir, tnbotneca et Wea Reales | When zeit TOP io Koni dex Yai Catnad) 2: Feral erate amug) SCOSESENER Senora Jatin akin) Zetatin (rained) obi Heder, Catalonue of the Hebrew Books in “hooks Unit avus.| the fits Mase gele tir Aspe. zeit Sr Asay oat Zot tr Hone: i Zeneenrit fr Hebrneke biographie Zein, ii Pot |, HitioeaHebraien Pt ene ganar. an" Smee seen Fase 6 es Gorcallensithe etree IRE mat" ZONE {Suteeeparnts Oo Souaeogten eee as | ines Ble tus des Synagogaten Gott sama, Rts. |G Ble : ana, §. Penns ie Stree Pes des tears Ban fe 00a Genie ad Lior Nore ro Tie Reanen, Subjects on whieh further information is afforded elsewhere in this work are indicated by the use of eapitals and small eapitals in the text; as, Anna Anka; PestmeprrayCONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME V cyrus Adter, Ph.D. Proutentof ihe meriean Jowlsh Hitoreat Soviet Prestdetot the Board of Divers of ihe sevih Meo! Semtaay of Ameria Taran of the Sulton Tstitulon Washington,» Amélie Andxé Gedatze, ars, Frce Armand Bloch, Ec Nai Brees, Beles. LA. Blamazand, Ph.D., nahi Caisrabe, Baden, Germany. Bii.......Alexander Biichler, Ph.D., bod ovine, Coultat 2a; Hunry- Adolf Biichler, Ph.D. Profesor, Jewish Thcdlonical Seminary lees ast dk, Rokstein, Ph.D», atic amber, Geran. .A, Freimann, PhD., ‘ator of tig "ete for aebrieho Dinogagble™ Lior of We Hebrew Depend, sattiloteky Mankiorvone feta, Gennaey soBlfved Fetlohenfeld, Ph.D, Trinh! of the Teale, Fe, Bavara, Germany. Adolf Guttmacher, Ph.D., abo, Baltmore, a A, Geiger, Ph.D. ‘panttoreon sh Aino, Germany. Alexander Harkavy, New Yore Oty [A. amintea, Ph.D, Tat; Secretary of the Wiener Iuelische ‘ilen, Vienna, sos, Alois Kaiser, Cantor Tene Obed Stalom, Hatinare, 2, Alexander Kiseh, Ph.D», Eno Prague, oni Ata. Adolf Kohut, Ph.D., ier, en A, Kurzein, Ph.D., itbui, Tepe, Bobet, Austria Adolf Lewinsky, Ph.D.» inet at Midebeh, Geman. AG. BL Blum, br bP P Bich, > P Albert M. Friedenberg, B.S., LU. B. ‘Connsclor at awe Correspondent of “Te Jovwish Comment,” Baltinore, At: New Yors city. A. Porter, Formerly Associate Baitor of “The Forum.” ‘Kew Yorks levising Bator" Standard CyIO- Dia.” New York C1. AL Pevssssedhe Poiginsky, Ph.D.y "kew Yook city AR. A. Rhine, aati, Hot Springs, ark. A.S.W. R...A. 8, W, Rosenbach, Pailadetpia, Pa Albert Wolf, Tesden, Stxoby, Germany. .o-Benwel Z. Brumberg, ‘Contributor "National Cslopetiaot Amer- {ean Biography," New York Ci). +: [B. FHedbere, Pravkforvom-the-ai, Germany. Benno Jacob, Ph.D.» Rabbi, Gottingen, Gennany. Bernhard Pick, Ph.D., D-D., ormerly Pastot of Se Joba's: tatheran (Chute artany, X. 5 New York CU. Baer Ratner, ‘Wilna, Rosi. ©. de Bethencourt, fon, Portage Charles Foster Kent, Ph.D. Professor of Bical Literature ad story, ‘Yale University, New Haven, Con. 0.5. M,,.....Charles J. Mendelsohn, Philadephia, Pa. ©. Tsssenees Caspar Levins, MAW, Tnstrucior m Exbvesisaitd Tame aramate, Habre Union Callege, Cinema, Obio. Carl Siegfried, Ph.D., LL.D. (deceased). Tate Profesor of ‘Theology atthe Univers of Jenn, Germany. Da vsessnssnGotthard Deutsch, Ph.D., Professor of Jewish’ History, Hebrew Union + cottege Cincinntt, Obi David Philipson, D.D., Tabb, ue Teruel Congregation; Professor of Homiletiey Hebrew "Union Calege, Cinetn- at, Ono David Samuel Margoliouth, ‘aintian Professor of Ame In th Uulversiy for Oxford, England D, St....-David Sulzberger, Pailadtpbia, Pa B.O.cueExecutive Com. of the Editorial ‘Board. Emil G, Hirsch, Ph.D., LL-D., Tab Sint Coogresaon: Profesie of Raby invest Literature and Pollsopbs ia te Unt- ‘erstyof Chicago; Cieago, tl BLE Ni... cH. . Nathans, ‘Plage, Pa KuvcssesnEduard Kénig, Ph.D., LE-D., Professor of Ot Tesanent Exegesis, Unl- erat of Bona, Germany. «Ezekiel Leavitt, ‘ew York Ci. BL asoseBano Littmann, Ph.D., “Librarian of the ‘Oriental’ Department and Tectcer in Seite Palos, Prineton ale ‘erty, Prineeton, N. J Eagar Mels, ‘New Yore ly. ‘Elkan N, Adler, ‘Loon, Bogtand, B, Sonretber, Ph.D.» ‘nabbl, Emaul-tt Gonsiegation, Chieago, 1. BE. Schr.sil CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME V 2B. 84.........B, Schwarafeld, LL-D., HL R.........Herman Rosenthal, Secretary of Jevrkn Colonization Association, hier of the Savoate Department of the New Paris, France. ‘York Pubile Library, Neve Fors City Baward William Bennett, . V.........Hermann Vogelstein, Ph.D. Now York city. Rabbi, Konigsberg, Bast Prussia, Germans, --Frants Buhl, Ph.D. TL Asse Tsracl Abrahams, Professor of Semitic Philology, Uuivensty of ‘Cambridge, Eagland Ccopennizen, Denraaek. Twa Bech, FP. G. Hofmann, ‘Chit Ka, Naney, France. Paterson, rank H. Visetelly, F.S.A,, Associate Ealtor of the ™Colinblan Cyl peta and of the Staxbaxb Dicrtowan, New York Cty, ¥.L. Cohen, abs, ‘Boroiek New, synagogue, London, Bngland; Cooditor of Vols of Prayer an Praise.” Felix Perles, Ph.D. Tabb, Knlgsberg, Bait rrussi, Germany. Wroderick 7. Haneman, M.D., Brookisu, 8, ¥. Richard Gottheil, Pb.D., Professor of Senile Lingtases, Columbia University. New York; Chiet of the Orentat Department, New York Public Library: Pres. dent of the Federation of american Zions, New York city. George A. Barton, Ph.D., Asociate Profesor fh Bibel Literstare ant Bemitle Languages, Bryn Nate College Drs Mawr, Pa. .Geortre Alexander Kohut, Ph.D., Formeriy Rabbi Datla, Texas: Nev York cay. Gerson B. Levi, Philadephia, Pa. George Dronford, Ph.D., “oli Hopkins University, Baltimore, Me, GAB. G. Dasssssse-Goodman Lipkind, B.A., Tabb, Loadan, Boaiand G. Mo........Goafrey Morse, Tawyer, Boston, ass, G. Riis, Ph.D., Tnaobi, runsvick, Germany, @. 8... Gabriel Schwarz, Ph.D., “hiram, Croatia, Astra: . An...-Horman Adler, (Chief Rabbi of Foglond, London, England. HB... ss nEh Brody, Ph.D, Goeattor bt. the zeitecnnife far Hebets Dibiograpbe"? Rabbi, "Nach, ‘Bohemia Asti Heinrich Bloch, Ph.D., Professor of History, Jewish Theologice! Semi- inary, Budapest, Hungary. Henry Cohen, Tabb, Galveston, Texas, | ‘Harry Friedenwald, M.D., ‘altiore, i LH. Guttenstein, ‘New York city. .-Henry Hyvernat, D.D., Professor of Oriental Lasuages and Arehe- logs Catholic University of Atnerea, Wash Ingten,D.c ..-Hartwig Hivechfold, Ph.D., Professor, Jews’ College, Lona, Enatand. enry Maltor, Ph.D., Assistant Profesor, Hebrew Union College, Cinetanats, Ono. Fe. H. Gut. HE. H. Hin, HM, XL Ma.......Hilel Malachovsky, ‘New Yore ity. BE. Bew........Tmmanuel Bonzinges, Ph.D, Professor of Old ‘Testament’ Exegesis, Unk versity of Bern, Geran. Israel Berlin, ‘Chemis, New York city, 1. Broyae, Dipiomé de "Ecole des Hfautes Eres; for. Imerly Librarian of the Alliance Isacite Un ‘erste Pris, Franco New York ety. XD. Morsison, ‘New York City Aemax Eogen, Ph.D, Tistrucirat the Letranstale ir dle Wisen- schaft des Tudeathuns, Betty, Germany. Asidore Harris, A.0., Rabbi of West London Synagogue, London, Ena. Terael L6vi, Professor tn the Jewish Theologtal Seminary, Paris, France; eivor of "Revue des Eades uives" I. M. Casanowies, Ph:D., United States Natichat ivecunn, Washington, Die. ‘ra Maurice Price, B.D., Ph.D., ‘Professor of Samitie Languages tid Litera tures, University of Ctieugo, I 1. P. Mendez, ita, Savant, Ga, 1. Schwartz, Paris France, Joseph Jacobs, B.A.y Formerly President of the Jewish Historeat Soclesy Or Hogland: Conesponding Member of te Royal academy of History, Madrid New York tity. LD. mM... Be Bees Lm. TMP. LPM Fe Ch. sess Chotaner, Nontefore College, Ramsgate, England 3.D. B......J, D. Eisenstein, Now Yors oy, J.D.P.,... John Dyneley Prince, Ph.D., Professor of Somitie Langiages, Columbia University, New York cit. 3. D.Pe.....J. D. Perruchon, Pris, France. JE. Toseph Ezekiel, J.P., ‘orig, tnd. 43. F, MoC...J. Froderio MoGurdy, Ph.D., LL-D., Professor of Orieatal Langage, Univesity Ccaitege, "Toronto, Cenads. FG. Gutmann, Ph.D., Proteswon Jewish Seibinary, Breslau, Ger ay J. G. Lipman, Ph.D. Assistant Agtleutrish, New Jersey Stato Bx. Deriment tation, New Brunswick, N.3- J.H, G.....Jullus H, Greenstone, ‘Rabbi, Pitaelphia, Pa’ 3. y......J. Hyams, Bowbay, india F.Tee cores Morris Jastrow, Jr. Ph.D, ‘rofessor of somite Langage, University of Penngyivanis, Pladelpi Pa, 3. Kia......J. Klausner, Ph.D., Oieasn Ba.CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME Y Fe Messe Jacob Mareus, ‘tara, NY Joseph Sohn, ‘Coativnior to “The Now, International En exelopeia";formenty of "The Forum” Ne ors cts. .Marous Jastrow, Ph.D., Tiabbt Rinenitas ot Congregation Rodet Sha- ot, Pita, Pa Joseph Stols, Ph.D., Tabet, Chea 3.8. Raisin, TRabii, Gemiluth Chesed Congregation, Fort Gibson, Mes. J. Theodor, Ph.D., ‘abot, Bajinowo, Posen, Germany. 3.80. 3.8... Jacob Voorsanger, D.D., Rabbi, Banu H! Congragation, San Franelsen, Guu: Profesor of Some Languages and iterate, University of California, Berkeley, cat Julien Weill, Tabb, Pars, France, WWoessoeesess-Baufmann Kohler, Ph.D, Rabbi Humerus of” Tenple’ Bethel, Now ‘York President of the Hebrew Uuion Co! eg einetanatl, Oa. Karl Helarich Cornill, Ph.D., Profesor of Hebrew and Olt Testament Exe- ‘esis, University of Dresiu, Germany. ..atherine Mf, Coben, Now York City. Ludwig A. Rosenthal, Tabb, Hogasen, Posen, Germany. Amawig Blau, Ph.D., ‘rofeesorin tne Jewish theoioreal Seminary. ‘paar of“ alegyar M,C, LAR, LB. Budapest, unary: ‘sae Semi." Louis Ginzverg, Ph.D., "Profesor of Taluiud, Jewish Theological Son- inary of america, Now York Cty. L, Gr......-Louls Grossman, Stabbr, Cine Oo L. Gri... Lazarus Griinbut, ‘Directo of Orphan Asylum, Jerusalem, Pales- tine. BL. Las. Laura Landau, "New York Gi L.N.D......Lewia N. Dembita, “Atlomey a Law, Lohr, Ky. BL. Visssness Ludwig Venetianer, Pb.D., abot m Neupest, Huagary. 1M. B........Moses Beer, ‘Bertin, Geinany. 1M. Ba,,......Morite Bauer, Pb.D., Tabb, Gaya, sforavta, Zustra, 1M, BL..,.....Maurioe Bloch, Principal of the Bisehogshoim Schoo! at Pris, France. M. Brann, Ph.D., Protesson” Jews bresia, Germany. Max Cohen, “Attorney at Lass, New York Cty. Myer Davis, ‘Tondon, England. - Michael Friedliinder, Ph.D., Principal Jews College, Lovo, Bogland. ‘Maurice Fishberg, M.D., ‘Surgeon to.the Teth Tete? Hospital Dispen. sary Metieat Fxaminer tbe Uated Hebrew (Charities, New York Cty. ‘Theological Semtuary, M, Co... M. Fi, M. Fr. R.W. BR. Mf, Franco, ‘principal ot the Aliines tsradto Universete Sehoo!, Shula, Bulgaria. M. Giidemann, Ph.D., ‘Chet Rabbi, Viena, Austria, ME. Ginsberger, tabbl, Gebwatr, alsace, Germany. .M. Grunwald, Ph.D. Taaboi Viena’ aust” Meyer Kaysorling, Ph.D., Tabb, Budapest, HuDEREy. ar. Level, Paris, Frnce. Max Rosenthal, M.D., Visiting Physiet, German Dispensary, New York Cty. --Max Schlosssingor, PL.D., Rabb, New York Cty: ME, Seligsoh, ‘iplomé do cote des Hantes Bites, Panis, ‘ranco; New York City. Max Weisz, Ph.D., ‘Bhdapest, unary. Mary W. Montgomery, Ph.D., ‘New Yor Gy. JM. W. Rapoport, ‘Lemberg. Glia austria, LN. Dundas, ‘Newark, 4 aN, Ehronfeld, Ph.D., (Chief HabbL, Prague, Bonemta, Austria, LN. Lucas, Ph.D., Tabb Glogat, sista, Germany. WT. London, ‘New York ct --Philipp Bloch, Ph.D., “Rabbi, Posen, Germany. Peter Wiernite, ‘New York ot. Richard Gritnfeld, Ph.D., abo), Bingen, Hoss, Germaay. Robert W. Rowers, D.D., Ph.D., Profesor of Mebrew abd Old Tesiament Exe. fests, Drew ‘Theologie Seminary, Nadisan, Ra - Isidore Singer, Ph.D. ‘MaxacixG Eorvon, New vork Cty. Samuel Baock, Ph.D., Tabb, Lsst, Posen, Geinany. Samuel Ehrenfeld, Ph.D., ‘Prague, Bobom, Austria. S. Janovsky, Tayryer, St. Petersburg, Russa. S.Kahn, Haabot, Nimes, ance, S. Krauss, Ph.D., ‘Professor, Normal CStege, Budapest, Hungary. S. Mendelsohn, Ph.D., TRabbl, Wilmington, 8. 'S. Mannhoimer, B.L. instructor. Hebrew Uaiok College, nein Oni. .§. Mt. Dubnow, ‘onc, russia 8. Miihsam, ‘chet Maoh Gratz, Seria, Austria, _ Sigmund Miinz, Ph.D. ‘Vienna, Austria,sn coxmRinu TORS 0 YOLEN ¥ Se a |e a iy ft gmp i hy Bo ¥ ney hy SRR REEA emmy, | wiaten nate Raan tei oon aimee Arana tno eee ‘W, M. M.,...W. Max Muller, Ph.D., Loreen ol fp, DD. BEB | WN Hoey Pa Professor of Heures Harvard” Calversiy, ‘Cambridge, ase Professor of Old ‘estanent Exegesis, Une ‘versity of Strasbury, Germany.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V N. B—In the following list subjects likely to be sought for under various headings are repeated under each heading. ‘Ascon of Linen, Sar of, Asknowdng Rest of Pa Payment ron Richi Maehys 118 In the British Museum, a ——— Abraliam, Son of Maimonides, Autograph Letter of. From the Cairo Genta Abyssinia, Falasha Village at Balankab. . <= Typo of a Falasha Woman.......++ : ' “+Akedat Yiebak,” Page from Isaae Arama’s, Printed by Gedaliah, Saloniea, 1322. Almemar (Reading-Desk) and Pulpit of the Florence 8ynagozue, . ue Amonophis IIL : see Sr Amsterdam, Medal Struck in Honor of Eleazar ben Samuel by the Community of... Amulet Prepared by Jonathan Eybeschitz. Anthropology: seo Tyres, JEWIsI. Archeology: see Cors; Eovrr; Grass; Isscrrerioxs; Toss, Architecture: see FRaxkvort-oN-The-Marx; House; Srxscocves; Toums; acu, wes 108 “plate, Jecing 8 ‘Arithmetic, First Hebrew: Page from Elijah Mizrabi's “Mispar,” Printed by Soncino, 1602. 6 Art: see Anctmovocy; Aremrgeruns; Cases; Costuwn; Key; Maxvscnrs; Mepar; Trroonarny, Autogmphs: sce Apnaitas, Sox or Mantosines; Eupes, Jacon; Evpescubyz, JoNavmay, Baltimore, Medal Presented to Leon Dyer by the Community of, 1847, 8 Bible: see Este; Gexesis; Pentareven, Bottle, Ormamented, Found in a Jewish Catacomb at Romo... 678 — see also Grass, Cairo Genizah, Autograph Letter of Abraham, Son of Maimonides, Found in the. — Now Synagogue at. ; — Plan of the City of, Twelfth Century .. Case, Silver, for Btrog.. : fone : Cases, Olive-Wood, for Serolls of Esther, From Jerusalem... — Silver, for Scrolls of Esther . Catacomb: see Borrne. Ceremonial: see Exam, Cua or; Futst-Borx, REDEMPTION oF. Chair of Elijah as Used in the Ceremony of Cireumeision 128-199 Charles of Anjou Presenting Arabic Manuscript to Faraj for Translation, From a filumination by Friar Giovanni, + BA Chirograph Containing an Agreement Between Isane of Northampton and Dame Margaret de Tue, 1216, In the Record Otice, London... ements Circumcision Coremony in Holland, efvea 1725... + 120 Citron: see Brroo. Coins: see Eurazar nex Sriox; Euerwast; Henop is Great; Nenva; Srvox Maccarecs, Colophon and Printer’s Mark of Abram Usque on the Last Page of Hastlat Creseas’ “Or Adonai,” Ferrara, 1555...000.ceceeceecseeee : cevctetseeee - 8m University Library: seo Wizeanr, Enis; Ow Avoxar; Tor Ona Harvie. i Rabbis, Thirteenth Century. From a minjature in the Bibliothtque Na- Colum Conference of Franco-Fe tionale, Paris. Costume, France (Thirteenth Century) .. a — Frankfort-on-the-Main (Barly Seventeenth aud Bighteenth Centuries). = 487 451 2819, 486xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V Costume, Forth (Barly Bighteenth Century) — Germany (Sixteenth Century). — Holland (arly Eighteenth Century) srusalem (Modern) — Nuremberg (Barly Eighteenth Century)... con — see also Donxo, Soroxox; Epnewt, Moses; Pats, HA¥vist; Fuukovion, Anxauast; FRANK, ‘Tacon; Guazzart, Nxrwax Creseas, Hasdai, Last Page from “Or Adouai” of, Printed at Fernira, amt Deed : sve Cumnoonarat, Documents: see Manvscurers. Dress: sve Costume. Dubno, Solomon, Russian Hebrew Scholar. . 7 Dukes, Leopold, Hungarian Historian of Jewish Literature,....... 10 Dyer, Leon, Medal Presented to, by the Baltimore Community, 1847... 8 Eagle, Reverse of Copper Coin Attributed to Herod the Great, Bearing au..... 26 Edels, Samuel, Polish Rabbi. -.-... - 36 Bilet of Frederick the Great with Regard to the Conversion of the Jews 2 603 Edrehi, Moses, Morocean Rubbi and Traveler : 2 Education: German Jewish School of the Sixteenth Century. “4 — Modern Jewish School at Jerusalem. eee 49 — Page from the First Hetnew Asithmetie, 1582 . 45 Eger, Akiba, the Younger, German Rabbi. 5 — Solomon ben Akiba, German Rabbi... — o ot Egypt: Ismelites Building Storchouses for Pharaoh, From an early illuminated Haggudah. Bt Letter Papyrus of an Beyptlan Rabb to Solomon ben Judah, Twelfth Contry. 65 ino, a ou — Plan of the City of Cairo, Twelfth Century 63 = gyenite Stele of Amenoplis TIL, with Added Inscription of Menepta Tl. Mentioning the Israelites 56 —— Tall al-Yahudiyyah (The Mound of the Jews) : eee ro) — 00 also Exopus; Frsixo, Etokorn, David, American Rab . 8 Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas; Title-Page of * ntdecktes Judenthum,” ‘Konan. GLI at “EI Nor ‘Alilah,” Muste of.. Eleaznr bon Same, Medal Struck by the Austerdam Community in Honor of — hen Simon, Brass Coin of . Blophant: Jewish Coin of the Maceabean Period, Countermarked by an Bip’ the Syme of the Scleucidl Kings. , 5 +105; “EU Ziyyon,” Musie of . FeneroDoo rereporecoooon 108 Elijah Announcing the Coming of the Messiah. From an early iuminated Malyzor.... ne 136 — Ascension of. From a Ketubbah of the early nineteenth century: 2 13 = The Prophet, From the fist illustrated printed Hagyadab, 1 195 — Chair of. After Leusden, 1057. : er — as Used in the Cireumeision Ceremony, crea 17 + 29 Elijah ben Solomon of Wilna, Russian Rabbi and Author. 2188 Enden, Jacob, Page fom * Pur Orth aya,” 1702, Bearing “Autograph Abotations of.. 2 UI Bini Fasin (Eduard Scholtz, Geran Explorer. fee io 198 “En Kelohenu,” Musie of... + 105 Endingen, Old Synagogue at, From Uhrich, 1 107 Engedi, Mount, in Judea. - 160 England: Chirograph Contaiaingan Agreement Between Tstae of Northampton and Dame Margaret de Hc, 1416... — = 285 fap Showing Towns Where dows Resided Before the Expulsion in 1290 2167 arrof Aaron of Lincoln, 1181, Acknowledging Receipt of Part Payment from Richaed Malebys. 163 “Entdecktes Judenthum,” Title-Page of Bisenmenger's, Konigsberg, 1711. 81 Erfurt Synagoguo in 1357... 200 ‘Erubim, Diograms Tustrating Forms of "After Bodenschatz, 1748. 2204 Esau Secking Isaac's Blessing From the Sarajevo Haggadab, fourteenth century. ++ 207LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V xvii Esdruclon, Plain of, with Mount Tabor in the Distance......+s.s+sssseese+s 319 Esther, Muminated Scroll of, Eighteenth Century 2. Frontispices — Olive-Wood Case for Seroll of Esther. + 298 —— Scrolls of Esther as Fixed in Cuses... ++ + 285, 288 ‘Traditional Tomb of Mordecai and . 288 “Bt Sha'are Razon,” Music of. 248 Etrog or Citron. 2. 263 — Citron-Tree with Btrogim ....... - 261 — Copper Coin of Simon Maceabous, Bearing an + 262 — Silver Box foi vo 268 Burope: Map Showing the Comparative Density of Jewish Population per 1,000, in 1900. +278 — see also Cosrum; BxoLasp; Fronesce; France; GENEVA; GERany. cheque of Jews: Chrogrph Contalning an Agreement tween Ine of Nortampton and Dame coves 285 ‘Margaret de Hue, 1216... Exodus of Israelites from Egypt. From a priated Haggadah, 1823 . — The Israelites Leaving Egypt and Crossing the Red Sea. From the Sarajevo Hogan, four: teenth century ......- = 298 Eybeschiitz, Jonathan, German Rab + 808 Amulet Prepared by .... 809 Ezekiel, Traditional Tomb of, South of Bits Nimrud. + 815 — Joseph, Indian Hebraist... a + 819 — Moses, Statue of “ Religious Liberty,” by. = 820 Bara, Site of the Traditional Tomb of......+.++. = 82 Falasha Village at Balankab, Abyssinia. 20 — Woman, Showing Full Face and Profle : + 828 Falk, Hayyim, the “Ba'al Shem,” English Cabalist and Mystio ener + 881 Familiant: Marriage License Granted to a Jew of Nikolsburg, 1881. + 887 Family Vault, Ground-Plan of a, in Talmudic Times. seneenees 889 Fano, Page from Hai Gaon's “Musar Haskel,” Printed in 1908 at. ‘The first Hebrew 82mo, Fara, Charles of Anjou Presenting Arabic Manusoript for Translation to, Brom an illumination by Friar Giovanni. ; Furo, Part of Page from Hicbrew Peatateuch, Printed at, 1487 Faudel-Phillips, Sir George, Lord Mayor of London (1896-97). Felis, Blist-Rachel, Freneh ACtress......cesse+se++ Felsenthal, Bernhard, American Rabbi Fenlinand IIT, Key Presented by the Jewish Community of Sevile to Forrara Last Page from Has Crescas’ “Or Adonai,” 1535, Bearing Imprint ot Abrabiam Usque Fettmilch, Vincent, Portrait of. From Schudt, 1717. — — Riot Instigated at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Aug, 22, 1614, by. Fez, Group of Jews at : Interior of a Jewish House at. Firkovieh, Abraham, Russian Karaite Archeologist. First-Born, Reemption of, in Holland. After Picart, 172 — Scenes at Redemption of. After Bodenschatz, 1748 .... Fiseus Judaious: Reverse of Brass Goin of Nerva, Bearing luseription Fisei Judaici Calummia Sublata” 408 Fishing in Assyria and Bgypt. 5 Pleckcles, Eleazar, Austrian Rabbi and Author Florence, A Nook in the Ghetto o vies — Pupit and Reading-Desk of the Large Synagogue at —— The Large Synagogue at 5 Flour: Hand-aMil Used in Modem Patestine. France, Conference of Jewish Rabbis of, Thirteenth Century — Burliost Known Inseription Relating to Jows of, Dated Narbonne, 689. — Map Showing Chiet Towns Where Jews Dwelt Before the Expulsion in 1804. Franck, Adolphe, French Philosopher Frank, Jucob, Pseudo-Messiah and Founder of the Frankists. Frankel, Zechariah, German Theologian. : Fronkfor-on-the-Main, Euactment of the “Judenordnung” by Jews of. From Schudt, 171-17 In the British Museum...vill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V ng the Great Fire in the “Sudengasse” of, 1711.......... 480 489 489 485 487 Frankfort-on-the Main, Medal Commemora — Modal Struck in Commemoration of the Erection of the Synagogue in, 1852. .. — Pemnit Granted to a Jew of, to View the Coronation Procession of Leopold Il, 1790. . — Plan of, in 1852, Showing Position of Jewish Quarter. 5 fern — Procession of Jews of, ia Honor of Archduke Leopold, May 17,1716. From Shut, 1714-17. — Riot Instigated by Vineeut Fettmileh at, Aug. 22, 1614 : a 20 — The “Judengasse of. . feeetoe ; 490 — The “Nousehule” of, Showing Exterior and Tuterior. After old woodcuts.......-. Tast483 — The Synagogue on the “Jud-ogasso” of, . 491 Frankl, Ludwig August, Rieter von Hochwart, Austrian Poct and Weiter + 495 Franks, Isiae, Oicer in the American Revolutionary Army. 498 Franzos, Karl Emil, Austrian Author ne 493 Frederick the Great, Edict of, with Regard to the Conver 508 Friedlinder, David, German Writer and Communal Leader. 2 315 Frug, Semion Grigoreyvieh, Russian Writer and Poet 22h Puenn, Samucl Joseph, Russian Scholar, 326 Fulda, Ludwig, German Author....... cS + 837 Fanst, Julius, German Hebnuist and Orientalist + 538 Furtado, Abraliam, Freneh Politiefan : 585 Porth, Jewesses of, in 1705, After au oldl engraving. vv». : 536 — The Old and the New Synagogue at, After am engraving of 1705.. . 387 Gamaliel IL, Traditional Tomb of, at Jamnia, .. = 361 Games: Hanukkah *Trendel” or Teo“Totum + 985; — Played on the Eve of Purim. After Kirelin + 964 Gans, David, Gravestone of, at Prague. 566 —Banand, German Jurist 507 Gaza, View of Moilern...... Br Gedaliah, Page from Isaae Arama’s *"AKedat Vizhak,” Pied at Saloniea, 1522, 581 Ge-Ilinnom, Valley of Eeocoous8 oot : CLL B88 Geiger, Abraham, Germau Rabbi.....lsssscsscsussvesse = : 2 B85 Genesis, Hluminated Page of, From a manuscript formerly in the possession of te Duke of Sussex. 6OL Geneva, Synagogue at.. ont Genizah, Cairo, Autograph Letter of Abraham, Sou of Maimonides, froma Fragment of the Barly ‘Thirteenth Century, Found in the, plate facing 612 Gerizim, Mount, from Nablus... - cess. 680 Germany: A “Schutzbrief” of the lector of Hesse, 1804......-. 2 plate Detecen” 682-633 — so also Esprxoex; Enver; Pawtuaxr; Permien; Prasktor-os-rit Mars; FREDERICK rue Great; Ferri; Marne Licexs:; Pracve; Scuoo1 *Geshem,” Musie of. 644-645 650 Ghazzati, Nathan, From Coonen's “Sabai Zevi,” Amsterdam, 1009. —— Carver of. From a contemporary woodeut. see OL Ghetto, a Nook in the Florence. fees 416 — see also JCDENGASSE OF FRANKORT-ON-PHE-MATS; PLANS OF CITIES. Giacou, Samuel, Part of Page from Hebrew Pentateuch, Printed by, at Faro, 1487 . BB Gibraltar, Interior of the Synagogue at, . cee 601 Ginzberg, Asher, Russian Hebraist, Sones 670 Glass Bottle Found in Jewish Catacomb at Rome. From Garrueci.. o8 — Greco-Phenieian Teur-Bottle Found Near Jorusalem.....- or — Tear-Bottle Found Near Jerusalem... or Gravestone of David Gans at Prague. ; + 366 Haggadah Ilustrations: Esau Secking Isnac's Blessing. From the Sarajevo Haggadah, fourteenth, ceontury ... cecteeetees ee eet 307] ——— Israclites Building Storchonses for Pharaoh, From an illuminated Haggadah in the pos- session of Earl of Crawford or ——Inmaelites Leaving Egypt and Crossing the Red Sea. From the Samjevo Haggndah, four- 208 twenth century . : The Exodus. From a printed Haggadah, Viewsa, 1898) 2 205TIONS IN VOLUME V xix LIST OF ILLUSTRA ‘Haggadah Tustrations: The Prophet Blijah, From the first illustrated printed Haggadah, Prague, 1526 125 Hai Goon, Page from “aus Hak", Poated at Fano, 1908, ‘The fet Hebrew 22m - 810 Hand-Mill, Modern Palestinian eens cesses 420) ‘Hanukkah “Trendel or Tec-Totum. 205 Hebrew: see Corns; Gnavestoxe; Maxcsenters; Mubaty Txroonarivs Heder: sce Scuoon. Herod the Great, Copper Coin of, Bearing an Bagle. . House, Interior of Jewish, at Fez (Modern) = Germany Barly Bightenth Centar) —— — Holland (1722)... Imprint: see Privrer’s ManK, Inscriptions: see Corns; FRANCE; Gravestone; MEDAL; STRLE. Isane, Blessing of, Batu Seeking, From the Sarajevo Haggadah, fourteenth century, = 207 Iaage Arama, Page from “‘Akedat Yizhak” of, Printed by Gedaliah, Salonica, 1522... 2 581 sage of Northampton, Chirograph Containing an Agreement Between Dame Margarvt de Hue and, 1216 285 Israelites Building Storehouses for Pharaoh, From an early illuminated Haggadah aT — syonite Stele of Amcuophis IIL, with Added Inscription of Menepta Il, Mentioning the. 56 Italy: see FLomence. Jamnia, Traditional Tomb of Gamaliel IL. at ... + 361 Jerusalem, Jewish School at, a 9 Jewrles: see Guero, * Judengasso” of Frankfort-on-the-Main. — — Medal Struck Commemorating the Great Five in the, 1711. “Judenordaung,” Enactment of the, by Frankfort Jews, From Schudt, 1714-17, Karaite Costume: seo Frexovicm, Auramaxt, Key Presented to Ferdinand I, by the Jewish Community of Seville. Letter (Papyrus) of an Egyptian Rabbi to Solomon ben Judah, Twelfth Gentury......... 6 Maceabean Coin, Countermarked by an Elephant, the Symbol of the Seleueld Kings. 105 ‘Mnecabeus, Simon, Copper Coin of, Bearing an Etrog.....-. Seen s65) Malobys, Richard (Lender iu the York Massaeres, 1190), Starr of Aaron of Lincets, Lisi, Acknowiedg- ing Receipt of Part Payment from. co = 168 ‘Manusoripts: seo Axouer; Cumocnarm; Busan: Fara ov Esriten; Brann. ‘Map of England Showing Towns Where Jews Resided Before the Expulsion in 1200...... 167 —— of France Showing Chief Towns Where Jews Dwelt Before the Expulsion of 1894. . 465 28 — Showing the Comparative Density of Jewish Population per 1,000 in Burope, 1900 — see also PLaxs oF Crimes, Marviage Licenso Granted to a Jew of Nikolsburg, 1881 Medal Commemorating the Great Fie in tho “Judengasse* of Fraukforton-te-Main ta 1711 — Presented to Leon Dyer by the Baltimore Community, 1847 — stnuck by the Amsterdam Community in Honor of Rabbi Bleazar ben Samuel. — Struck in Commemoration of the Brection of the Frankfort-on-the-Main Syna Megillub: see Sonouis oF Esrmex. Menopta IL, Syenite Stele of Amenophis IIL, with Added Inseription of, Ment Messi, Eat Announcing the Coming of the. From an eurly Malzo Mizrahi, Elf, Page from “Mispar® by, the First Hebrew Arithmetie, Printed by Soncino, 1382 Monuments: see Haren; Gnavmstoxr; Revtcrous Lisemrs. Monteeai and Esther, Traditional Tom of... Morocco: see Fez. “Mound of tho Js” (Tell -Yahnaiyyab) Bey Mount Engedi in Judea... : — Gerizim from Nablus. — Tabor and the Plain of Bedvaelon. “Aion Haske,” Page fron Hal Gaon"s) Printed at Pano, 1603xs LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V Music, “EI Norah « — “Eli Ziyyon”. —— “Bu Kelohen? — “Bt Sha'are Razon”. —*Geshem”. Narbonne, Earliest Known Inscription Relating to Jews of France, Found at, Dated 689. Nerva, Reverse of Brass Coin of, Bearing Inscription “ Fise! Iudaici Calumnia Sublata” “Neuschule,” Exterior and Interior of the, Frankforton-the-Main...... “Or Adoua.? Last Pago from Hatdat Creo’ Pear, 1686, Beatng Colophon snd Imprint of Abra . - ceveeees BTL Dram Usque.......escssseeeeseee as Palestine: seo Corss; Excuor: Esprastos; Gaza; Ge-Hisxon; Genin; Guass; Haxo- Min; ‘JERUSALEM, Papyrus, Letter on, of aa Bgyptian Rabbi to Solomon ben Judab, ‘Twelfth Century sees 5 Pentateueh, Part of Page from the Hebrew, Printed nt Faro, 1487, B45 Permit Granted to a Frankfort Jew to View the Coronation Procession of Leopold II.y 1700,........+ 489 — see also Marmtace Lioesse, Pharaoh: see Born. Picart: soe Frst-Borx, REDEMPTION oF. Plain of Esdracton, with Mount Tabor in the Distance. Plan of a Family Vault in Talmudic Times. 219 339 — of the City of Cairo, Twelfth Century... como 68 — — of Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1552, Showing Position of Jewish Quarter, ....c.cccteeseses 485 Portraits: sce Deaso, Soraxiox. Favopt-Prinssrs, SiR GzoRoR, rants, Kann Ran, DUKES. Leoroup. FELIX, BLisA Race. FRIEDLENDER, Davi. pss, SAME FFEISESTHIAL, BuRSitaRD FRG, Seti0%. Enea, Moses, Frrmuen, VeNce. PUENS, SAMUEL JoseeR, Boer, Anima Pinkoviom, ADeatat. Fea, Lopwic. EGER, 8010.08, BUECKELES, BunaZaR, ons, JouI0s. Eisiions, Davin, Franek, ADOLPHE. Feurspo, ABRAM. ELIZAW BES SOLOMON. Paaxk, JAcon. Gans, EDUARD. Bus Pasits PRavkhl, ZACARIAM. GuioeR, ADRATAS. ‘EyurscilOrZ, JoNaTHaN. RANKL, LUDWIG AUGUST. Guazzsrt, Namax. Fawxret, Jossre ranks, Isaac. ivzoene, Asus. Fan, Haven. Prague, Gravestone of David Gans at. 506 Printer’s Mark of Abratiam Usque on the Last Page of Hasdai Creseas’ “Or Adonai,” Ferrara, 1555,., 371 ‘Procession of Frankfort Jews in Honor of Archduke Leopold, May 17, 1716. 2487 Pulpit and Reading-Desk of the Florence Synagogue. a 418 Purim, Eve of, Games Played on. From Kirelmer, 1726 + 584 Rachel (Elisa Rachel Felix), French Actress.....-+4 « perenne o0 Receipt: seo Stan oF Asnox or Lrxcoux. Red Sea, the Israelites Crossing the. From the Sarajevo Haggadab, fourteenth century. 204 Redemption of First-Born in Holland. After Pieart, 1722. — 305 —— Benes at. After Bodenschatz, 1748 — 897 “Religious Liberty ": Statue by Moses Bzokiol.... 2 820 Riot Instigated by Vincent Fettmilch at Frankfort on-the-Main, Ang. 22, 1614. 2879 Sabbath-Day Journoy: see ‘Event, Saloniea, Page from Isaac Arama’s *“Akedat Yizhak,” Printed by Gedaliah in 1522 at, +» 581 School, Gemnn Jewish, Sixteenth Century piu = “4 Modem Jewish, Jerusilom ... 49 Serolls of Esther in Olive-Wood Cases. . + 238 —— — in Silver Cases....... + 285; Sculpture: see Rexscrous Linear, 868 Seville, Key Presented to Ferdinand If, by the Jewish Community ot...+++++LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME V xxi Simon Maceabeus, Coppor Coin of, Bearing an Etrog.. Soneino: soe Mrzkar, Buayant. Surrof Avon of Lino, 18, Asknowloigng Receipt of Pat Payment rom Rand Maebys, After ‘ward Lendor in the York Massacre, 1190. . Stele of AmenophisIL., with Added Inscription of Menepta IL, Mentioning the Isracites Switzerland: sve Geneva, Synagogues: sce Carmo; Exprxcex; Enrunr; Fuorexcr; FRankrorr-ox-mme-Mars; Perea; GeNEVA; Grpravran, + 219 rT ‘Tabor, Mount, and the Plain of Esdraclon . ‘Tear-Bottles, Anciont, Found Near Jerusalem. ‘Tell al-Yahudlyyah (‘The Mound of the ews), Bgypt. 29 ‘Title Page: see Bxepecwrss Jupexmux, ‘Tombs, Traditional: see Estmen ap Monpzcar; Buexuen; Bara; Gasazset I ‘Tree with Btrogim or Citrons. = 261 “Tur Oruh Hayyim,” Page from, Berlin, 1702, Bearing Autograph Annotations of Jacob Einden,..... 151 ‘types, Jewish: see Fanasua; Fea; Jpnvsavac; Powrnasns, ‘Typography: sec Exvoeckres Jupexrau; Faxo; Fano; Ferrara; Gxpatsan; Soxcrso ‘Tor Onan Havens, ‘Usque, Abraham, Printer’s Mark of, on the Last Page of Hasilai Creseas' “Or Adonai,” Ferrara, 1555 871 ose 7 839 ‘Valley of Ge-Hinnom : ‘Vase on Coin of Eleazar ben Simon... ‘Vault, Family, Ground-Plan of a, in Talmudic TimesTHE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA DREYFUS-BRISAC, LOUIS LUCIEN: ‘Preneh physician: born at Strasburg Feb. 3, 184 died May’5, 1903; studied in hismative city, aud after: ‘ward at the Patis Faculté de Médecine, where he Decame house surgeon in 1873, and titular physi- cian in 1878, He was clinic superintendent for ail- ‘ments of children in 1879. Tn 1894 he became phy- Sician at the Lariboisitre Hospital. He was ap- pointed a member of the Superior Council for Public Kid at its formation in 1888, and was mainly Justra- ‘mental in securing the passage, in 1803, of the law providing free medical aid. Dreyfus-Drisac is a member of the medical commission of the Women’s Union of France, At tho Paris Exposition of 1900 he was appointed vice-president of the second sec- tion of the Congress of Public Aid, Among his pub- fications are: “Do I'lettre Témaphéique” (1878); “De FAsphysie Non Toxique” (1882); “Traitement du Diabate Sucré” (1804); “Dela Phthisie Aigue” Gin collaboration, 1892). He is also the author of papers in the “Gazette Hebdomadaire” and else: Where, He has been Chevalier of the Legion of Honor since 1898, Binuioanapu: Curinler, Dictionnaire ational. . VE DRIBIN. See Momuny Govenwaenr. DRINK-OFFERING. Sce Sacnimies, Tae, DRINKING-VESSELS: Less is known of the form and material of the drinking-vessels of the Hebrews than of those of the Greeksand the Romans. ‘he water-skin (“hemet,” Gen, xxi. 15, 19 “ob,” Job xxxii, 19; and “nod,” Judges tv. 19), made of the hide of the gont and the kid, and still used among the Bedouins, certainly dates from very early times. It served both asa receptacle for water and for mi and as a drinking-vessel, The Istaclites probably first saw earthen drinking-vesselsin Palestine, where they were used by thecommon people. ‘The wealthy hhad metal—uswally silver—ones (Gen. xiv. 2), while those of the kings were of gold (I Kings x. 21; IT Chiron, ix, 21 [A. V. 20]) or probably of bronze. Tt may be safely assumed that these metal vessels were first imported by the Phenicians, and thatthe Isracl- ites Iearned from them how to work the metals (compare I Kings vii. 12¢t sop. [A. V. 18)); hence it fs probable that the drinking-vessels of the Isracl- ites resembled very closely those im use among the ‘Phenicians, v. In regard to form the vessels may be divided into two groups; viz., (1) cups and (2) bowls. A cup ‘was usally called “kos,” a designation applied both to the cup of the poor man (If Sam. xi. 8) and to that of the king (Gen. xl. 11, 18, 21). Kings vil 26 shows that the rim was often bent, and Isa. 29 indicates that the sides were bulging. In Gen, sliv. 2, 12, 16 etseg. the term “gabi'a” is used to Gesianate “Joseph's cup,” whieh, according to Jer, Sxxv. 5, seems to have been larger than a kos, and ‘was probably a chalice or a goblet. ‘The same ap- plies perhaps to “Kubba'nt” (Isa. li, 17), to which the accompanying word “kos” is probably & gloss. “Kefor® (E Chroa. xxviti, 17; Ezra i 10, vii, 27) means “eup,” as 18 evident’ from the Assyrian Sapru,” and from the Neo-Hebrale and Judaso-Ara- maie“Kefor” (compare Euting’s combination with p59 =" bulging,” in Nabatwan Inscription No. 27), The bowl, which was ealled “sefel,” was used for holding milk (Judges v. 25) and for drawing water (iudges vi. 88). Judges v. 25 shows that in addi- tion to the bowls of ordinary size there were larger ‘ones, evidently designed for guests of honor, who rere served with double portions (Gen, sli. 84; T Sam, Ix. 23 ef aey., not only of meat, but also of Grink; hence the use of the phrase “sefel addirim” Gordly dish). ‘The word “sat” mentioned in I Kings vil. 505 11 Kings wii. 145 and Jer. li, 19 probably refers to a pow! also, In Ex. xil, and Zech. xii, 2a saf is used at the sacrifice. ‘The “aggan” mentioned in Cant. vil. $is not a bow! for drinking, but rather for mixing wine with spices; hence nparip in Sep- tnagint. ‘The kad”—mentioned in Gen. xxiv. 14 et 2e9., whieh was carried on the shoulder, and from ‘Which Rebekah gave Eliezer water (Gen. xxiv. 18)— was used for drawing water (comp. Eecl. xi, 6) rather than as a drining-vessel (comp. “deli.” Isa x1. 15). Jugs Were also used as drinking-vessels; in T Samm. xxvi, 12, 16 a “zappahat” (cruse) is men- tioned, probably a bulging jug carried on journeys asadrinking-vessel. “Neliel,” which has a similar meaning, may have originally designated a water- skin (I Sam. i. 24, x. 8, ete.), but later it undoubt- edly signified an earthen vessel (Isa. xxx. 14: Lam. fv. 2). “Bakbuk” (Jer. xix. 1, 10; T Kings xiv. 3), ‘also meaning an earthen vessel, Was perhaps used for drinking purposes E.G. WN.saa umont ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 2 DRISSA: Russian city in the government of Vitebsk. ‘The population in 1807 was 4,237, of whom 2,856 were Jews, ‘There were 657 artisans (including 229 masters) and 158 day-laborers. Among its charitable institutions may be noted the Bikkur Holim, and among its educational institutions a county school with 120 pupils (7 of whom are Jews) and a day-school with 70 pupils (12 of whom are Jews) Drissa existed as early as the fourteenth cen tury, and Jews are mentioned there in connection with the lumber trade in 1547 (“Regesty i Nadpist,” No. 464). Situated on the Drissa, an affluent of the Dana, Drissa was a center for the export of umber and grain to Riga and Danzig, a trade which was entirely in the hands of the Jews. 8. SMR, DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES: English Cristian Hebraist; born at Southampton Oct. 2, 1840; regius professor of Hebrew (in succession 10 Pusey), and canon of Christ Church, Oxford, since 1888; member of the Old Testament Revision Com. pany, 1876-84, Together ‘T. K. Cheyne and Robertson Smith, Driver has heen one of the foremost cliam. pions of Biblical criticism in England. Driver ap- roached it from its linguistic side (*Jour. of Phil” 1882, pp. 201-286). His first contribution, “A ‘Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew ” (Ox ford, 1874; 8d ed., 1892), has remained the most com. plete presentation of the subject. Driver has de. fended his position before several Church eongresses (2, in 1883); his attitude has frequently been erit. fcized from a theological point of view (see, for example, “The Guardian,” 1800, pp. 1419 et sg. Robinson, “Karly Religion,” p. xi.) while Cheyne complains that Driver is not a sulliciently represent. ative exponent of modern higher eriticism (" Intro. duction to the Book of Isaiah,” p, xi.). In matters of criticism Driver has always taken a conservative view, showing much moderation and sympathy with the orthodox position, For him “the Old ‘Testa, ment is not a systematic treatise on theology, but the record of a historical revelation, whieh, just be- cause it was historical, passed through many suc. cessive phases, and was completed gradually *; aud the conclusions at whieh he arrives “affect, not the fact of revelation, but only its form, They help to determine the stages through which it passed, the different phases which it assumed, and the proc ess by which the record of it was built up. They do not touch either the authority or the inspiration of the scriptures of the Old Testament” (compare his “Isaiah,” Preface, and “Introduction,” p. vil. ‘New York, 1891). He takes a similar position in regard to the results of archeological and anthro. pological research; holding that though these results have taken the Hebrews out of the isolated position which they, as a natfon, seem previously to have held, they “do not, in any degree, detract from that religious preeminence which has always been deemed the inalienable characteristic of the Hebrew race” (“Hebrew Authority,” p. 7). Driver's critical works deal with the most impor- tant books of the Old Testament, and his “Introduc. tion” is stil the standard English work on the subject. “Driver's chief productions are his eon Dutions to “Tho Holy ible with Various, Render. ings and Readings” (together with Cheyne, 1876), Known from the 8d ed. onward as "The Vavioruna Bible.” 1888; “Notes on the Hebrew Tent of the Books of Samuel,” Oxford, 1800; “An Inioduetion to the Literature of the Old ‘Testament," 1801; 6th ed, 1807; “Sermons on Subjects Connected ‘with the Old Testament,” 1892; “Isaiah: His Lite and Times,” in the “Men of ‘the Bible” series, 1800; “ Crtial and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteron, omy," 1899, n the International Critical Commen. tory series; Joo! aud Amos,” 1807, and “Daniel” 1000, inthe “Cambridge Bible for Schools", "The Panilel Paster,” 1808, and a critical edition of Lovitions, in tho “Sacred Books of the Old Testa. ment,” ed, Haupt, 1804; Hebrew Authority.” fa “Authority and Archeology, Sacred and Profane.” ed. D. G, Hogarth, 1808.""To the "Studia Biblen” (sol, 4, Oxford, 1885) Driver has contributed a Paper on “Recent Theories on the Origin and Nas {ure ofthe Tetragrammaton”; to the “eve. Quare Rev." G, 258 ep), an article on “The Orie and Structure of the Book of Judges"; and to Neubater and Cowley’s edition of Bea Sira he has added a slossary and some notes (“Original Hebrew of Be. Cleslastieus,” 1997, p.xv.: compare “Oxford Maga. 2in0,* vi, Nos, itand 12, 1800; and “The Guasd. in, 1806, p. 102), Driver nt edited two small sabbinloal works: a commentary on Jeremiah and Ezekiel by Moses bea Sheshet, London, 1871, and one on Proverbs, attrib- ‘ted fo Abraham ton Bzm, Oxford, 1880. "He has also been a collaborator on the second edition of Smith's “Bible Dictionary,” on Hasting’s Dietions {ry ofthe Bible” and on Cheyne and Black's "Ie. xelopaidia Biblia,” and iseoeditor, with Professors Brown and Briges, of the Clarendon press elton of Gesu. auormrnys aa hear Pmt, of rent a ee Nea” OF DROHOBICZER, ISRAEL NABMAN BEN JOSEPH: Talmudic scholar and preacher of Stan- Jslaw (according to Ghirondi he’ came from Os: tog, Russi); diod at Safed early inthe nineteenth century. “He wasa pupil of Israc Ba'al Shem Tob, and after having been rabbi and rosh yeshibeh in several towns of Germany, he undertook long journey in onler to publish his works, "He stayed for several years at Leghorn, where is books were printed; and then went to Palestine, where he ded He wrote the following works: "Emetle-Ya'akob,* fomeratdirges, 1704; “Hemdat Yisrael,” a commen- tary on Eectsiases, on *Elef Alf,” and en “Alef Bet,” of Elijah ha-Levi, 1820; “ Pekuddat ha-Melek,” containing novela on Maimonides, and funeral Arges, 2 vole Peblodl ct Sa ern eS es rae Bata tay ne M. Sen DROMEDARY: A variety or choice breed of thecamel proper, orone-humped camel; much tallera ‘pie JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Bett ‘and longer in the leg than the ordinary camel, of a more slender shape, and generally of a very light color. Itsspeed isconsiderable, reaching elghiy miles ‘day, Zoologistsinchudeall varieties of oue-humped camel under the name Qamelus dromedarius, in con- tradistinction to the Camelus bacirianus, or two- Iumped camel, As the two species interbrecd suc- cessfully and the offspring fs able to procreate, some assume that they are only two varieties of one spe- ties; but as the Cumelus dromedavius has not yet deen found ina wild state, the question ean not be settled, ‘The word “dromodary ® occurs four times in the English versions; viz, twice in both the Authorized ‘and the Revised Version asa rendering of the He- brew “beker” (Lea, Ix. 6) or “bikrah” (Jer. if. 28), and twice in the Authorized Version alone, to render the Hebrew “rekesh” (I Kings v. 8 [A. V. iv. 28] and Esth, viii, 10), But in neither ease is the ren- ering correct. “Rekesh” means rather a swift steed, as the Revised Version has it; and beker” designates the young of the camel up to nine years, and not any special variety or breed. Buntsoceapiy: Tristram, Natural History of the Bible, 33 ‘Wood, Bible annals, 3 aH, HH DROPSIE, MOSES AARON: American law- yer, and president of Gratz College; born in Phila Gelphia, Pa., March 9, 1891, Beginning lifeasa store. boy, he first lenmed watchmaking, aud afterward studied law under Benjamin Harris Brewster, sub- sequently attorney-general of the United States. After his admission to. the bar (in 1891) he took an active interest in public affairs, was the candidate of the Whig party for mayor of the Northern Liber- ties district of Philadelphia in 1852, and, like most members of the party, was strongly opposed to slavery. ‘Dropsie has been instrumental in the development. of railways in Philadelphia; and after acting as president of the Lombard and South Street Passen- ger Railroad (1862-89), he became (1888) president fof the Green and Coates Street Passenger Railroad, ‘which position he still holds (1908). Tn 1870 he became chairman of the commission appointed by the legislature for the construction of ‘a bridge over the Schuylkill River. ‘Dropsie has always taken a deep interest in Jew- ish charitable and educational work. He has been 1 directorof the Hebrow Fuel Society; a member of the board of “ndjunta” (directors) of the Sephardic Congregation Mickv6 Israel; and was one of the charter members, and for more than forty years an officer, of the Hebrow Education Society of Phila- delphia, having acted as secretary, vice-president, and (twice) president, He is now (1903) an honor- ary life-member of the board of officers. ‘Dropsie was also president of Maimonides College from 1867 to 1878, and has been president of the Philadelphia branch of the Alliance Israélite Uni verselle since 1888 and of Gratz College since its foundation in 1898, From 1856 to 1861 he was pres- ident of the Mereantile Club. Owing to failing eyesight, Dropsie in 1888 re- tired from the practise of the Jaw. He has trans- lated and edited Mackeldey’s “Handbook of the Roman Law” (1888), and in addition has published (1892) a separate work on “The Roman Law of Tes- taments, Codicils, and Gifts in the Event of Death (Mortis Causn Donationes).” Besides a “Panegyric on the Life of the Rev. Isaac Leeser,” Dropsie has written pamphlets on “"The Life of Jesus from and Including the Aceusa- tion Until the Alleged Resurrection, withan Account of the Cross-Crown of Thorns,” and “Reform Juda- {sm and the Study of Hebrew.” BinuiggRariy: H, 8 Moras, The Jews of Phiadelphia, pr. ean taaes * D. 80. DROSHCHIN. See Gnovxo. DRUCKER, HAYYIM B. JACOB (also known as Arbich): Printer of Amsterdam at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century. His activity as a typesetter, publisher, author, and translator extends from 1680 to 1724. He worked successively in the printing establishments of David Tartas, of Moses Mendez, ‘and of Asher Anshel & Co, He edited in 1690 a Tudwo-German translation of Manasseh b. Israel's *3tikweh Yisrael,” and of the “ Masse'ot Binyamin” (Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela). He published the foliowing works: in 1706, his own “ Leb Haka- mim” containing a treatiseon morals, together with the etheal work “Leb Tob,” by Isaac b, Eliakim of Posen, both in Judieo-German; in 1711, a new edi tion of the *Ze'enah u-Re'enal”; in 1718, a calen- Gar for the year 5479 (=1719); and in 1722, Isaac ‘Aboab’s “ Menorat ba-Ma’or,” with the Judseo-Ger- ‘man translation of Moses Frankfurter, which Frank- furterhimself revised. Drucker had two sons, Hen- del Elhanan and Jacob, both of whom were the printers and publishers of Judwo-German transla- tions of various works. erect Jidacher yeh hagae to roa aad rer Breyer agi TOs Furge Bie ut a Henig Cea eMart, tin Sh, 8: Stlascelder, Cats Boal. Nos. ASt ae ° PW DRUCKER, MICHAEL: Musician; born in Russian Poland Dec, 81, 1861. At the age of five he began the study of the viotin under his father, and in 1876attended the Kiey Conservatorium, He Doeame concert-director in Kiev in 1877, and later leader of the orchestra at the operetta theater there. He then went to Warsaw to complete his studies, After making extended concert tours in Sweden, Norway, France, and Germany, he became concer rector at the Temberg opers-house (1880), where hie remained for thirteen years. Then he removed to Vienna, where he is (1908) active as a virtuoso and musie-teacher. Bunuiocnarn: Eisenberg, Das Geistige Wien, 1 91, HT N DRUISK. See Kovno. DRUMONT, EDOUARD ADOLPHE: French anti-Semitic author and former deputy from Al- geria; born at Paris on May 8, 1844. Dramont’s ancestry is not Jewish, as has been sometimes as- serted, His ancestors came from Lille, where they were porcelain-painters. Drumont studied at the Lycée. When Drumont was but seventeen his father died, and left him to earn his own livelihood.Prunkenness Dublin He entered the Préfecture do Ia Seine, but soon left this forthe profession of letters. At st he worked on the stall of several daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. He was one of the chief collaborators on the “Liberté,” * Gaulois,” and “Petit Journal.” During the seventies he published several volumes: dealing with historical and theatrical themes In 1886 Drumont withdrew from the staff of the “Liberté (owned by Péreire, a Jew), claiming that the newspapers were unduly controlled by the dows. He then issied his famous work in two vol ‘umes, “La France Juive,” a book whieh may be re- garded as the beginning of the anti-Semitic move- ment fn Franee. “Tt givesan account of the Jews of that country, and analyzes the Jewish eloment of the Freuch nation. ‘The work, of course, is written from an intensely prejudiced point of view. Tt hias passed through more than one hundred editions, rousing wide-spread interest, and was soon trans: lated info several languages. " Because of it, Dru- it several duels, notably with Charles Laurent and Arthur Meyer,” In addition, Dramont wrote the following books to explain his previous ‘La Frauce Juive Devant Opinion” (1886), “La Fin d'un Monde” (1888), “Demnitre Bataille,” “Testament ’un Antiséraite” (1880), etc. Meantime the Panama affair, in which several Jewish financiers were prominently involved, gave to Drumont's agitation great popularity, and in September, 1892, he founded tie “Libre Parole,” a daily jouroal of rabid anti-Semitie tendencies For his anti-Panama articles, Dramont was eon denned to three months’ imprisonment. Tn 1508 le was an unsuccessful candidate for the representa: tion of Amiens; the following year he retired to Brussels, ‘The Drey us affair helped him to regain popularity, and in 1898 he retumed to France and ‘vas elected deputy for the first division of Algiers, but was defeated as a candidate for reelection in 1902, DipuionRsruy: Dewanin. Collection Eneyetopidi otahite is XIX sect, Sie el ecg Varia Ee ane Bark pe Ninsean Larvae Hate ie ese be abe Eatin Dconnatve iterations aes Derieatieda lars 80), Paris, a ». ALM. F, DRUNKENNESS IN LAW: The Talmud speaks only once of drunkenness in its relation ta ne- sponsibility for coutraets or for erimes; namely, in the following baraita ("Er, 05a) “A orunken man’s purcbao Ise urease: hs se fa sa 4 he commis capital offense they put bm to deaths If ho does an ct panishabie by stripes ey Boy Bans Word, he istdeemed of sound mind forall purpose, exci that no free from prayer [elsenrhere the welt ofthe paver is forbidden #0 Icarunken map) Te Banina says “All this tre only att the man hus zone as far In his drunkenness es ot went; bit ‘When he bas gone as far at Tot hei fre Eom everyting These rules are followed by all the codes; e., Maimonides, “Yad,” Mekirah, xxix; Shulhan “Arak, Hoshen Mishipat, 222, 22. Speaking broadly, these principlesagree with those of the English-American law. Compare, however, Fravp ap Mistake, Law oF, Le LND. DRUSILLA: Daughter of Agrippa Land Cy- pros (Josephus, “Ant.” xviii, 5, $4; tdem, *B, J." ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 4,11, §6); born in88. She wasonly six years old at her father’s death (44), and was subjected to the insult of having the portraits of herself and two sis- ters, Berenice and Mariamne, carried into the houses of ill-fame of Cxsarea by the Roman soldiers, who rejoiced over Agrippa’s death (“ Ant.” xix. 9, § 1). The sisters did not enjoy a good reputation, the beautiful Drusilla boing even worse than her elder sisters. Her father had betrothed herto Epipbanes, son of Antiochus of Commagene; but as Epiphanes refused after Agrippa’s death to keep his promise to embrace Judaism, Drusilla was married by her brother Agrippa IL, to Azizos, King of Emesa, who accepted the Abrahamic covenant (“ Ant.” xx. 7, §1). Drusilla dissolved her marviage with Azizosabout the year 03, the newly appointed procurator of Judea, Felix, baving fallen in Jove with her. With the help of a Cypriote magician, whose name is variously given as “ Atomos” and “Simon,” he in. duced her to follow him, though a pagan, and to become his wife, contrary to the laws of her people (Acts xxiv. 24).’ Envy of her sister Borenice aided in driving Drusilla to this step. By Felix, Drusilla had a son, Agrippa, who, to- gether with his wife, perished during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 (“ Ant.” sx, 7, § 3) Tipuogmagstys Raspags ire des Jui 16 Grau, ‘Gest, I U5E Gh: Gertaly i Zedtage PAE Enchertiene hestogt, tsi op. eb cays Seren, etek Bled {Sih “Ie toaald in tb Piosnpograjinna. Ener manny fi 8%, tha eves, nis Fly Cw 9) conus towiges af ellx af toe name of Brass” 6 8. Kx DRUTZK. Seo Mowtxv Goverment. DRUYA. See Wiss. DRUZHKOPOL. See Vounysta, DUAL: Form of noun or verb indicating its application to two persons or things, Arable is the only Semitic language that has the dual form for the verb as well as for tho noun; in Syriae only a few tmaces of the dual have been preserved. In Hebrew the dual has been preserved in the ease of the noun only, its suflix being “ayim.” Tt is used chiefly to designate objects thatare found naturally in pairs, es- pecinlly members of the human body or of the bodies ofanimals, Itis also used of the tecth, beeause they form a pair of rows (“shinnayim”). In addition, the dual is used for those produets of human skiti which are constructed in such a way that the sia- gular would not apply to them; eg., “melkahayin” (tongs), misparayim ”(selssors).. ‘The numeral “she- hayim * (two) is likewise a natural dual, as are also such expressions as “Kiflayim” (twofold), “kil sim” (to kinds; corresponding to the Ethiopian humoral for two”), But the dual is occasionally used to indicate two objects not naturally connected; eg., “yomayim” (vvo days), “shebu‘ayim” (two weeks), “shena- tayim” (two yoars), “ammatayim ” (two ells), Neo- Hebrew *tefahayim” (two spans). The numbers 200 and 2,000 are also designated by the dual: “ma- tayim,” “alpayim.” A special group of the dual is formed by geographical names, principally those of citiesending in *ayim ; forexample, *Ramatayim” (A.V, “Ramathaim”), “Foronayina® (A. V. * Horo: hain), “Kiryatayim® (A. V. “Kiejathaim,” " Kiri athaim®), ete, In one of such names the dual form5 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA has been contracted to “an”; namely, “Dothan” for “Dothayin” Gen, xxxvii. 17), To this group be- longs also the Hebrew name of Egypt, “ Mizrayim” (A.V. “Mizraim” =Upper Egypt and Lower ; also “ Aram-Nabarayim® (A.V. Aram- naharaim =the Aram of the two rivers Euphrates and Tigris, or, according toa recent, view, Euphrates, fand Chaboras), “Yerushalayim,” however, the fname of Jerusalem, according to the Masoretic read- ing of the name pyr, must not be explained as. dual, as it is one of soveral words having the sufix “ayim” thatarenot duals. Thus, “ mayim (water) and “shamayim (heaven)are plural forms, the “y ” preceding the plural ending “im” being radical, ‘This was recognized by as early a grammarian as Abual-Walid (*Luma’,” pp. 289 et geq.="Rilsmah,” pp. 172et aog.); While Abraham ibm Ezra (“Sefer ha- Shem,” j.; commentary to Gen. i, 2) holds that they fare duals, and attempts to explain them as such (on the ground of natural philosophy. Hayyaj and Abu al-Walid have borrowed a term from Arabic grammar for the dual, “tathniyyah.” ‘Abual-Walid devotes to the dual, asa variant of the plural, a short chapter of his chief work, “Luma'” (pp. 247 et s07.="Rikmnah,” pp. 148 et se7.). Toa Ezra calls the dual “leshon shenayim”; the Tater Jewish grummarians use the term “ribbui ha-zugi” f.e., “paired plural.” inuocaagy Pe as Zahlwort Zweiim Semitiechen, a @ W.B. DUALISM: The system in theology which ex- plains the existence of evil by assuming two coeter- hal principles—one good, the other evil. ‘This dual. ism is the ebief characteristic of the religion of Zoroaster, which assigns all that is good to Alura- mazda (Ormuzd), aud all that {3 evil to Angro- mnainyush (Abrimaa; seeZonoasrmiasisn). Against this dualism, whieh may have some basie elements, in Chaldean’ mythology, the secr of the Exile pro- tests when accentuating the doctrine that the Lord “formed the light and ereated darkness,” that He ‘ig the Maker of peace and the Creator of evil” sa. xlv, 7), The verso has found a place in the daily liturgy (sce Lrroncx), but with the change of the word "ra" (evil) into “ha-kol” (all, prompted by an aversion to having “evil” directly associated with the name of God (see Ber. 11b; compare Num, R. xi. 10), The same idea occurs in Lam. (lil. 88, Hebr.): “Out of the mouth of the Most High com: ‘eth there not eviland good?” No less emphatic are the Rabbis in thelr opposition to the dualistic views of Parseefsm when they teach that both death and the evil desire (* yezer ha-ra‘") are agencies working for the good (Gen. R. ix.; compare Sanh, 39a, 91); Shab, 7b; Maimonides’ preface to Mislnal’com: mentary; see S18). Zeller (“Gesch. der Philosophie,” 2d ed., ii. 250) mistakenly ascribes dualistic notions to the Essenes (ilgenteld, “Ketzergesch. des Urebristenthums,” 1884, p. 109; see Esszxes). On the contrary, Philo (Quod Omnis Probus Liber,” § 12) says that ac- cording to them “God only produces what is good, and nothing that is evil.” ‘They bebeld in life only. certain contrasis—opposing tendencies of purity and impurity, of good and evil—and, following ancient Drunkennet Dubie caalden ton, placed th nao he nib 6 ea igh) and ie oer tees Goward the Sika dosdhnsth vies go;"Clenendne tom SEEPS ie ta sRgations 2 Se wuchae found aso anes te ones sod NeCaiica Ge dew vee Gane Peco ckenaytovrd vita fone by Seman telfas by Fon aster tags af ‘hematin ote spita aid ree bake ss Pans Hut doe ot cease afew a Gol es Grete fe vile cen tomes however, Gata wo would NOUR, testa te vcr oth don se tee guise god. meson To POE Rinsus" @o)sand wbdodtize steve Paves gone ree aaedtTa vers Mlean ug the Gen ty Bea rae ant nt Ravvan, aye af oie iets vion ecg ev toh oer Mulan becametie chet dota, se jaro he Mache as fowted 2a ean om tn an ofthe ie Cian Gooey, who opp he Sia Teint ecvdyg the dapeonson ofa erect ty anor of eit Gigntl, Leb WP 8 Nos sex come; Goo Ma vrei Jevh_plilxophers Sead, Cnet wcibeado ty tte? eecht pin to tsonate epee ale diatoms ot the Go ste i eet ever et emma Me rakae bao ie ale eold ch tit om hn thts wie i omg eet us fo aut prove ie Samy, ft eee ca tegnton fig we Sanus Ia sri biome doy of eretiog et a itn Gas any islet Of 3 eae tn ol oeny segue (More iter eel DUARTE, LUIS (oie Une Noble): Chena ape on a Bros Pug ath co of te Meet ae eel nic ys Gilet a, veg acct of tang ae Sense tol bane ofthe aque Geiss S5Eant inte in conte proming ae ch ta ie ceding ana Pie ert Ant adcenes to Satan, Ase eer terol sa lennenton, howe aa Go Sopa! peamee”" Te wee, sa a tus hace neat a hin Sitti sn he gales. ERA fa alt ad _ ca DUARTE DEPINEL se tiqu, Anan DUBLIN: Chit eiyot leant, The Jewish Testing bom i Sm rer rhe eighteen ent. Tn he yar 118 sae Piece some feta growed at Mette Spe Balogh ogee Seen er ioe Hews o Babin ste poeDublin Bubnow nniary assistance from their Polish and German eore- ligionists in London, for the purpose of building a wall round their cemetery. ‘Theirapplications were refused, but thoy received the desired help from the Bovis Marks congregation, which, besides defraying the expenses of the work, sent an agent from Lon- don to supervise it. The title-deods of the Dublin Jewish cemetery were then deposited at Bevis ‘Marks, with the archives of which congregation they ate still to be found. Toward the end of the eighteenth century (about 1791) the Dublin community worshiped in Marl- borough street, “in the yard of the glass-works.” But the congregation fell into decay, and its effects were seized and sold for rent, ‘Two scrolls of the Law were, however, reseued, and for some time they remained in the possession of “the brothers Cohen.”” Other scrolls, which had heon borrowed from the Bevis Marks congregation, appear to have been pre- viously returned, ‘The congregation was resuscitated in 1822, when the few remaining families joined toopen a place of ‘worship at 40 Stafford street, the residence of J. W. Cohen. In 1829 this place of worship was enlarged, and about the same time “the brothers Colien® pre: sented to the congregation the two scrolls of the Law which they had rescued from the former build- ing. Six years later the congregation removed to Mary's Abbey, where it had boughta meeting-house for £000. In 1848 the Mary’s Abbey congregation expressed a wish to affiliate with the Portuguese Synagogue of London, but nothing appears to have resulted from the negotiations. Subsequently the congregation removed to their present building in Adelaide Road, In recent times, in addition to the principal syna- gogue in Adelaide Road, there have grown up umber of minor synagogues, or “hebrahs,” of ivi Seva Paes Cnn seat etine srt Onkteld Pan sl Lota sat Tig rnc tre ive ef Sos Ply isi sa sts Ghia Jovani: th oe of Gnd ign Goutal 68) tL ener Sa ci Machen ons at tind Ret Se ety (founded 188), and the National aud Hebrew ‘School (founded 1898), in Adelaide Road, which en- male sciatae. "he peat Sow popanion ot in ie aout 908 ie Dube Seema baa for hy ya nied re wet Catone Jos, Yh ve sae ede Sones itay Oslpe a set tant Pa DUBNER MAGOTD, So Jacoy nix Weis DUBNICAA' sli towns 89 mies south ot Sy a th fe Bao ce Seta in cing origin of i plato byte nes the fe pent fad eos does French Spas Aa, Hongo ant hr ches Ht "knows tat ths nee ews ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 6 Dubnicza in 1596, Among the chief rabbis of Dub- nicza were Solomon Moreno (1680-1750) aud Abra- bam b. Samuel Alkalai (1798-1811), The Kirja, band of brigands that terrorized the Balkansat the end of the eighteenth century, occupied the town sev- eral times. 121799 and again in 1794, a tribute was imposed amounting to 8,000 piasters on the first ocea- sion, and $00 on the second. ‘The share contributed by the wealthier Jews was determined by the assess ments of Chief Rabbi Alkalai, It also appears from ““Hesed le-Abraham” that the community of Dub- nicza paid two classes of taxes not demanded from Jews anywhere else. Abraham Alkalat (1741-1811), ‘celebrated rabbi who was bora at Saloniea, frst be- ‘came prominent at Dubnieza, where he oflciated for twenty years. ‘The town esteemed him so highly ‘that his tomb has become an object of pilgrimage, Dubnicza hias a population of 8,000, about 1,160 deing Jews. The latter are ehiefly engaged in vari ous tiding and mechanieal occupations, and the carpet-weaving industry is entirely in their hands. ‘The synagogue dates from 1895. ‘There are a boys: school with an attendanee of 216, and two societies, a bikknr hotim and an association of Zionists. ‘The cemetery at Dubnieza contains a tombstone bearing the date 6830 (1569) and the name “Mosse b. Morde- Khai Frances.” There are also some synagogue ap- purtenances dating from 1740, Bumusocrarny: Rumanian Jewish Year-Booly Bucharest ie >. M. Fr DUENO: Town in the government of Volbynia, Russia, “According to the census of 1897 it liad a population of 18,789, including 5,608 Jews. The chief sources of income for the latter are in trading and industrial occupations. ‘There are 002 artisans, TAT day-laborers, 27 factory aud workshop em ind 6 families cultivate 90 deciatines of cational ions except several hadarim, ‘The earliest date given in connection with the Jews of Dubno is the beginning of the seventeenth cen fury. Tn 1050 there were in Dubuo 47 Jewish and 441 Christian taxable households ‘he folowing st of Damo rabbis extends fom 160 to the resent time: islet uacert Huis 00-08), author of Shone Lubot teen” Same! by Aaron havi uri (uh-a) cousin ot eta Hurwitz Zeb ties), Cab, sone Ansty of Abram ayy Shor, citrate Stanow nition of 93, Metr by Mewes AshKever, the fatbr of Shabbat oven ishak; died at Datmo Nov. 25, 10. Judat ba-esi tartred 1612 Abraham Help Iso, Rabbis. sonia of the physi dened Michael Fpsiein. Nabwan be ir baskohen Rape ot ao called Satin tees); ied In 10K: previosly au of Rremenets (Vothynia) and Bete (Galea: ook par a {ie Coupetl‘of Four Lauds at th fair of Jara Moses doenhy led at Lambert May 21084 rast. Nordea Folie cae irae Sian) Naa kobe Rapoport ded at Sesrecsin Sy RIT som of Tea 2, ordeal replat the ater the raion o Dabo frat Tis to tat rato Gro to 114 of Lain. to Ts cated {Se raboiate of Lembene i ho same sent; he died on his ‘way there Josep be Suda Yael of bin ed Apr 1; ote a Work ented” Ne"imay Redes,” cota ‘oral precepts aaa a poem forth Saba. Satel by Slo Sink of Cracow, dled at. rody sue 2 12 tae b, Sal une (1115). leazr ,inachr Baer of Cracow Ie 18) maternal grandfather of zie! Landau Hemel. le ‘ear lao ealied He: ese! dot Kleiner") ed Sly 3128, Zalman Bpnraim by Saul Abraham b Saal Raband, died {fut breviony rae ot Troy and Oxo ony)7 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Bublin Rann Sie, ame tao: | eget Hea Tmt acho TIT; died at Amsterdam June 19,1700; soninaw | gt Berlin, 1776; in the “Bikkure To'elet” (pp. 4, ear Se a tech Ud “May tT Tia Givait’s, | 114), published by the Anshe To‘elet Society of Sealer SS es tne | Ameria ct rains SG, He GS oe Ba i Wee aa | en) sen, pu Dee oa Suhre ere Mr | rc ac ey Lets room Tan eornindav of Hayyin Jaeod and autbor of “Mat. 2 degra, soning of Hust ae eMcnial Aurich, | commentary on Genesis, where he displayed @ fon of David Zeb, eth present (193) incumbent profound knowledge of the subject. Luncz (“Je- saan canes Press sr Dubno we Rabbancha, Cracoy, | Tusalem,” 1892, pp. 187 ef seq.) identifies this work wpaoenanat Povadpat” 6 a, ae eras. a cl ee os BRL RS ey Vena ae | Wit the *Anabat Ziyyon" of Dutaes Shes Bs aw, Simbah ben Josiiua; ut as this is a mere ua 8. Z—M. Set. | plagiarism from the Karaite Samuel ben David's DUBNO, SOLOMON BEN JOEL: Russian | story of his voyage to, Palestine, published in Guy pout grmmarian, and student of the Musorah; | land's “Ginze Yisrael,” it is probable that Thre horn at Dubno, Volhynia, Oct., 1788; died Catalogue,” p. 247) is right in doubting the alg 2g emah” Reeser, Ree pated esa aed at mane ane ety, einddhuciaet. Cat Yisoat ‘cots ai; Auerbach, 801-B04. ~ “ ee Be DuaNoW, _siarow Runion’ sania. eee se ieee ment of hi 1 Re tet the Jerse cit sea of Reaper a ai en ein nore of ‘at Amsterdam June 26, 1813. When be was fourteen years old his parents ‘married him to the daughter of the ‘Talmudist Simba ben Joshua of Volochin. Having exhausted the knowledge of his Volbyn- fan instructors, Dubno went to Galicia, studying there for severat years Biblical exe gesis anid grammar under the direction of Rabbi Sol: ‘omon of Chom. Dubao soon became proficient in these branches of Jewish, science, and was charged by hia master with the revision and publication of his work on the He- Drew accents, “Sha'are Ne'imah” (Prankfort-on- ShecAfatn. 2760). ‘from irr to 1 no lived at Amsterdam, attracted by its col- luctious of Hebrew books. Ou leaving Amsterdam be settled in Berlin, earning a livelihood by teaching. Among his pupils was the son of Moses ‘Mendelssohn, who, highly apprect Knowledge and the means of sup- ‘ating Dubno's scholarship, became port, Dubnow moved from place to his patron and friend. Dubno wrote ‘solomon Dubao. place, visiting Wilna, Dinaburg, ‘a commentary for Mendelssohn's Mohilev, and Smolensk. He earned 4 coon of the Bile, of which only a portion— | his livelihood by tutoring, and at the same tine taneatecn iiTerufah® (Amsterdam, 1778)—was | prepared himself for university work, In 1880 iblished. “Seo Jew. Excve. fi. 192, se, Brix | he settled in St, Petersburg. where be soa, be Tnansuattoxs. came a contributor to the “Russki Yevrel,” pub ‘Dang is stay at Wilna Dubuo wrote a poem, | lishing his frst article on the historia) develop- preceded by @ dissertation on the writing of the | mnt of Jewish thought under the tive “ Slevmyye Beet entited " Birkat Yoset ” (The Benediction of | Momenty iz Istorti Yevrelskot Mysil.” About this opt), published at Dyhornfurth, 1783. Afterthe | time (881) he also assumed. charge, of the forign 3 ‘cath of Mendelssohn, Dubno stopped for a short | ‘news department of the RussoJew- cease Puukforeon-the-Main, aud then returned to | ‘His Jour- ish periodical “Razsvyet” | Disape ‘Amsterdam, There, at frst feted, and later ignored, | nalistic proving the pan-Palestinian policy of deriving a seanty income from the loan of the books from his rich library, le remained until his death. Tn addition to the works mentioned above, Dubno wrote the following: (1) Poems, appearing (p. 34) Activity. this periodical, Dubuow in 1882 trans- ferred his Hiterary activity to the “Voskhod,” on which periodical he has since re- mained an active collaborator in the field of Russo-Bubnow Dukes ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 8 Jewish history and Russian Judaism in general Among the more important of his early contribu. tions are his articles on Shabbethai Zebi, under the title “Sabbatai Zewi 1 Psoudomessianizm v XVIL Vyekye” (in “Voskhod,” 1888, Nos. 9-19), and on the Frankists, entitled “Frank i Yevo Sekta Chiris- tianstvuyushchikh” (2, 1883, Nos. 1-10). In 1883 ho assumed charge of te critical department of the *Voskhod." He also wrote an essiy on reform in the Jewish religion, entitled “Kakaya Samoeman- cipatziya Nuzina Yevreyam” (2, 1883, Nos. 5-8), which created a stir in Orthodox circles, Among his other valuable contributions on the Jewish ques: ion may be numbered his articles on the eivie con- dition of the Jews and on the reform of Jewish school education in Russia, and his critical reviews, in * Voskhod,” 1835 to 1887. Another important. work of Dubnow’s is his monograph on the history of Hasidism (“Istoriya Chassidizma,” in * Voskhod,” 1888-98). This work is based on the study of orig- inal and hitherto unexploited sources. Tn 1891 Dubnow set himself to the task of creating among the Russian Jews an interest in their history. For this purpose he published a series of articles in “Voskhod,” outlining a plan for the study of the history of the Jews in Russia, and advocating the establishment of a Russo-Jowish his Dubnowas torical society. These articles were Historian. afterward printed ia book form under the title Ob Izuchenit Istorii Russkikh Yevreyey,” St. Petersburg, 1801. Although the appeal made by Dubnow did not create such a wide: spread interest ashe had anticipated, his efforts were seconded by many persons interested in the history. of the Jews in Russia, From the many unpublished documents gathered by Dubnow from libraries and from the“ piukeses” of Jowish communities, he pre- pated a series of contributions bearing the title *Isto- Ficheskiya Soobscleniya” (in Voskhod,” 1803-95), Among Dubnow’s other historical studies may be mentioned his articles on the part taken hy Jews in the French Revolution (ia “ Voskhod,” 1880) and on the Jewish historian Gritz (0, 1899,'Nos. 2-0). Ta. 1898 he published (in “ Voskhod,” pp. 9-12) a philo- sophic-historical study, “Chto Takoe Yevteiskaya Istoria”; a German translation by I. F. [Pried: Minder] appeared in Berlin, 1898, and an English translation was published by the Jewish Pablica- Society of America in’ 1903,” His “ Yevret skaya Istoria,” Ouessa, 1897, a two-volume work on the history of the Jews from the beginning of the post-Bibiical period up to 185%, is an adap- tation of the handbooks of Jewish history by 8. Baeck and M. Brann, but it also contuins original contributions to the history of the Jews in Poland and in Russia. In 1900 Dubnow published a brief history of the Jews for the Jowish youth, entitled “Uchebnik Yevreiskoi Istorit Diya Yerreiskuvo ‘Yunoshestva,” in three parts (2 1900-01), In the same year appeared the first part of his larger his tory of the Jews from the earliest to the present time, entitled * Vscobschaya Istoriya Yevreiyey " (i. 1901). The second part, dealing with the period beginning with the Babylopian captivity, is now (1962) appearing as a supplement to the monthly edition of the“Voskhod.” Dubnow's recent labors, apart from his historical researches, consist ina series of letters devoted to the discussion of ancient and modern Judaism as regards the development of its national consciousness. ‘These have been published in the * Vosihod since 1897 under the title * Pisma © Starom i Novom Yevreistwye.” Dubnow's works are all characterized by elegance of literary style. He is also a fluent writer in. He- brew, and has contributed valuable articles to the Russo-Hebrew periodicals, among them his articles “Ha-Hasidim ba-Rishim ba-Ereg Yisrael,” in “ Par- des," ii, 201, Kiev, 1894; “Nalipesah we-Nabkorah,” 4, i, 291; ‘and “Hasidim Parze Geder,” in “Fla Shiloah,” v. 7, He is also a contributor to Brock. haus’ “Lexikon” and to Bfron's “Russian Eney- clopedia,” for which he wrote the articles on the Frankists and the Hasidim, ‘Since 1890 Dubnow has been a resident of Odessa HR. DUBOSARY: Village in the government of Kherson, Russia, In 1897 it had @ population of 18,276,of whom about 5,000 were Jews. A consid- erable number of the latter are engaged in to. acco growing, While many others are oecupfed in wine-making and fruitegrowing, Dried fruits and tobaceo are the chief articles of trade. ‘There are ‘940 artisans, 186 day-laborers, and a number en- gaged in agriculture and beekeeping, ‘There are the usual charitable institutions in the village, and a hospital and dispensary, Thereare also. Talmud ‘Torah with 130 pupils, a private school with 580 Jewish pupils, and 18 hadarim. HR, BI, DUBOVO. Seo Kiev, DUBROVNA: Village on the banks of the Dnieper, government of Mohilev, Russia, In 1808it had 8,687 inhabitants, of whom 4,550 were Jews. Dubrovna is kuown 'as the first ‘and almost the only place to manufacture woolen fallits. ‘This occupation dates back many years. Tt is known that in 17500 factory for their manufacture existed in Dubrovna, but they had been made here even earlier. ‘The artisans work in their own homes, and areoften hielped by their wivesand children, "There are about 600 families so engaged. ‘The dyers, who, dye the woolen thread a dark biue (*tekelet”), earn from eight toten rublesa month, ‘The more numer ous cluss of weavers, with the hard, incessant work of their families, even of children of six or seven years, earn less’ than the dyers, ‘The launderers (10 oF 12 families), who wash the fallits, earn more than theothers—sometimes five rublesa-week, ‘The shavers (* goler”; about 20 families), who eut the nap from the surface of the fallits, receive the least ofall. ‘The work is earriod on amid very unsanitary surroundings. Tho peasunts are exploited by the dealers who supply them with wool and purchase the finished article. ‘The dealers (there are only three or four of thet) have agencies in all important eon ‘mercial centers, and their agents cover every town and village within the Pale of Settlement, ‘The Dubrovna tallit was formerly sold abroad, even in America; but within the last ten years the machine: made tallit of South Russia and Lithuania is sup- planting that made in Dubrovna,9 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA ‘The pitiable condition of the weavers has lately attracted thenttention of their Jewish coreligionists. ‘Thanks to the cooperation of the Jewish Coloniza- tion Association, several Jewish capitalists have organized the" Aktzionernoye Obshehestvo Dniep- rovskoi Manufaktury ” (a stock eompany for the de- velopment of Dnieper manufactures), with a capital of 1,200,000 rubles, Two-thirds of the shares have ‘been taken by the Jewish Colonization Association. ‘The ultimate purpose of this undertaking is to reor- ganize and raise the level of the weaving industry among the Jews in Dubrovna and to furnish employ ment to those needing work. Besides the weavers there are in Dubrovna 270 Jewish artisans and 24 ay laborers. ‘The local charitable institutions are: a society for the aid of the poor, founded by the governor of the province; abikkur holim; anda Ichem ebyonim, ‘The Jewish children are taught in the Talmud Torah (2 pupils), ‘There are twenty-six hadarim (210 pupils), a yeshibah (00 pupils), a government school (075 pupils, part of whom also attend the yeshibah or the hadatim), and the distriet school, with 36 pupils in the industrial departments. Bimuioonary: M. Vi, Feoret-Reustar, in, Bkonomichenkt Nov 12/'0, Lure, Dudrobente brett ‘sor ised in pape form Nos Coie iB Na, Buvovgnstenr Kwtarnay Prom: Silennnein Vad et 180; Dr, Peagenten, O. Dubro SSRIRh, Phachalin hr Vositoda 13th, No, 8, Wm 8d, DUDERSTADT: A city in Biehsfelde, prov- ince of Hanover, Jows have lived there as early 1s the beginning of the fourteenth century, as ap- pears from the renewal of the privileges for chit town by Duke Henry II. on Nov. 17, 1814. They enjoyed the rights of citizenship, which fact was, nphasized by the dukes Henry, Ernest, and Will- am in thelr confirmation of the privileges on July 45, 18%. A. synagogue and a school in Duderstadt are mentioned in a document dated May 1 of the year 1388, according to which the Jew Samuel Sold before the eity council a yearly interest on that building amounting to one farthing. ‘The Jews of Duderstadt were involved in the calam- ities which followed the Black Death (1318-49). “Miter some decades a Jew of the name of Benedict settled again in Duderstadt, who, according to an entry in the revennerecords, paid one mark as Jewish, protection money (“Jodinschot”). He was followed by other Jews in the fiftecnth century. Tn 1435 the council of the place made a contret with Isiac of ‘Amineburg and his son Fivis to recefve them into the efty upon a payment of 120 gulden; in 1457 it defined the rights and duties of Jews when it granted certain of them, such as the children of ® Nachitmann and Schalammes,” the privilege of set tlement for three years, ‘The number of Jews ia Duderstadt from 1430 to 1460 was 12, and their an- nual payments averaged from 5 to Lemarks. ‘The council in 1465 received “ Abraham de Jodde myt syner moder” (Abraham the Jow with his mother) for seven years, and in 1489 Nathan, Jacob, tive “Na- thanite woman,” and Meir of Worzburg (Nathan's brother) for six years. At that time a synagogue was erected again, and its inventory for the years 1485-42 and 1466 ins been preserved. A special Dubnow Duk street was assigned to the Jows, which is first men- tioned in 1497. There isalso documentary evidence of a “Jews? Gate” (first in 1469) and of a “Joden- born” (Jews’ bath, 1495). Only scanty records ex- ist for the following centuries, In 1002 the com- munity numbered about 100 souls, Its new temple was dedicated Aug. 24, 1898. ‘Sint Duuderatna, pp 238 ef neq, oui Se0d. faen Pulltecha Gee det Wicharebten daemon, Urigumdgntueh dee Stat B bie iam Fare 10g, lldeghln, I Nom 8, Bh eh ibm st, pateto Nasr and Nos. 48.00 61ST, SESSia Supplement’ No. vis Mt Tener, Afonatiecr Sisto alls allele Das Sfariyrat des urnberger Me Toph p:Siiiote and p28, node & (Goo Lewtnskyrs review In Zeiten lr Hebe. BUDL 82) 3Allg. Zell des Pu. Sent, 1, 0, Nor e A, Lew, DUEREN, I6AAG BEN MIR: Geman rapa colar Heo tha soo tall of ‘htucth ety at Buen rom eh fe Be rina ive on fe ating German ‘ato aie oh Uno an ble wok ‘ee Dum oh dey ste star cote ovo high uth wo ed tern Sg ins esi, Sloman ar 3 wai an ony, and fo bt nots thie ith nich has often brn pb HEL Cittw, fy Vane ty sos Comnt to 68 Lb 5 a 1s Jeo, coset Zon Duar aye the ete nae end Coss) whe wroteon Miyata wot ean fom ews ot etic dade ie Bw vane mae isp th Vena yal ry. eet Ue rah bea TH xT DUKAN (j317, 92317): ‘The “platform” upon which (1) the Temple priests stood to pronounce the benediction (Mid. fi, 6), 2) the Levites stood during tir singing (hence, also, name for the Levitical service: compare Meg. 8a), and @) the teacher orassistant teacher sat while instructing the chil- dren (B. B. 21a). The namo “dukan,” however, fn the course of time, came to be applied chiefly to the priestly blessing. | Thecall to the priest torecite | the blessing was, “Go up to the dukan ” Shab. 118b; eompare Targ. Yer. to Num. vi. 23); hence “du: enen” or “duchenen.” See Buessixe, Putesmiy. gungnansy: Les Neuhobr.Wortebass Ser, Dict oe K. DUKES, LEOPOLD: Hungarian historian of Jewish Iitemature; bora at Presburg, Hungary, 4810; died at Vienna Aug. 8, 1801. "He studied ‘Talmudical iterature in the yeshibah of Moses Sofer, rabbiof Presburg; but his passion for Biblical stud: jes, which found no sympathy in his native town, Jed him to the yeshibah of Warzburg, where he also, devoted himself to the acquisition of a secular edu- cation. After a prolonged stay at Wiirzburg he returned home; but displeased with the manners | of his fellow citizens, and impelled by a thirst for Knowledge, he visited the principal European cities: in which there were libraries containing Hebrew manuseripts, He lived successively at Munich, =Bukes Dunash ‘Tubingen, Hanover, Hamburg, Paris, Leipsic, Ox: ford, and then spent about twenty years in London, ‘Dukes was an original eharacter, a fact due prob- ably to his solitary life and privatious. His scholar. ship was extensive and exact, and his works cover the fielisof exegesis, Haggadah, grammar, Masorah, the history of literature, ethics, and poetr all of these he made many ingenious and impor- his books became in- dispensable supple. ments to those of Zunz, Rapoport, and Krochmal, ‘Dukes was the au- thor of the following works: teuet™ translated Into German tin Hebr bare fetes) uit explained. 5 Pols Prague, 180 "Goveasuien und Denk= seeing einem ite ‘Leopoit Dukes sehen Retigitsen Poest, ‘rankfort-on.the atm 18424 * Rabbinisele lateness” Letp rls; threo “belts” pubiatied hy Ewald. and Dake 1 iettago aur Gosshiebte Ger aelesten”Ansegung und Spmocherkideung des a, 1"; 10. Liersturcistonsehe Mite heiungen ther dle. Avliesten ebratsehen.Fxeguten, Gram autiver, und Lestegraphien” Stuttgart ISK; il. * Ueber die rabiaeh Gescurtebonen Werke Jseer Sprachgeiehrten.™ Stuagare, ia, "Sefer Dikdok, die Gronunatsehen Serfen des Jena Chagjug." Frapkfort, 181; " Konters i Masa” ‘Tubingen, 1848; "Robey al Yad, Uandsctrifeee Tuedlta ter Lesieorrapbi Eating, 1810; " Die Shracte der aise” 4,18; Shir “a Mot” tie elegy on the dently of Meyer ‘osept Konigsberg, London, iT; “Les Proverbes de Salo- don?” dhiscnieat Introdeta) Ccauen's bible translation, Parle, 5t; "Glnze Oxford,” extreta from mamuserpty ‘ofatoration with i. Edelmann, London, 180" "Nab Red inn,” ou tbe history of Hebrew foetry fo tho Male Ages, tivo parts, Hanover, 198; "Zar Rabbinichen Sprictknd.” ‘Vieuna, 1858; "Shite Shelomon,” Hebrew poems of Soloman fon Gabo}, Hanover, 188; "sdlomo bon Gabiro aus Mataga lund ie Fihisenen Werke Desseluen,” i. 1360: **Palosoph: ‘sees aus dom Zeaten Jubroundert,” Nakel, 186. Tn addition to these works, Dukes was a frequent contributor toall the Jewish selentife periodicals, chiefly tothe * Literaturblatt des Orients,” which he enriclied with numerous valuable articles on the history of Jewish literature. cher Trl tat a en tama Pople {cissenschafttche Monatantaitr, 18 pp. Bett. ® Br. DUMAH (= “silence”)—Biblical Data: 1. Son of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 14; I Chron. i 80). Suk (“market”) Dumal: has been found in Dumat al-Jan- dal in Arabia, called “Jaut” today (Yakut, Burkhardt,“ Travelsin Syria,” p. 662), and eompared with Domatha (Pliny, “Historia Naturais,” vi, 52; Stephanus Byzantius,s..). ‘The Dumathii are men: toned in Porphyry, “De Abstinentia” (ii. 56), as an Arabian tribe which sacrifices a boy every year and buries bim under the altar of its idol. “The name “Dumah” seems to point, like the name “Hadra- maut” (nroryn, Gen. x. 26), to some legend of Hades Bintrooaapsn THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 10 (compare Glaser, “ Skizze der Gosch. und Geogra: hie Arabiens,” 1890, p. 440) . Name ofa and probably {dentieal with the ter- ritory of the tribe of Ishmael Is. xxi, 11). The Sep- ttuagint substitutes “ Jdumea” (seo commentaries ad tue,,and comp. Abual-Walid’s Dictionary," 4.0. BY). 8. Name of a city of Judah (Josh, x¥. 52). ‘The Ginsburg MS., the Vulgate, and tho Septuagint have “Rouma,” but Jerome's and Eusebius’ Ono- mastica, &¢., mention # village of the name of “Daumah,” whieh has been identified with “ Khirbat Daumal* in the neighborhood of Bait Jibrin, 4. Name for the nether world (Ps. xeiv. 17 [the Septuagint has ‘Adhs], exw. 17), —In Rabbinical Literature: “Dumah ” is the name of the angel who has charge of the souls of the nether world, According to Dozy (“Die Istaeliten in Mecea,” p, 95, note), the name was adopted also by the pre-Islamic Arabs (compare Wolff, “Moham- niedantiehe Eschatologie,” 1871, Arabie text, p. 895 German traus., p. 69, where * Raman” seems a cor: ruption [another readings * Dhudat") of “Dumah,” as the name of the angel who has eharge of the souls). ‘The angel of death has to deliver all souls to Dumah, both the righteous, who are led to the place of eternal bliss, and the wieked, who are to meet their doom (Hag. Sa; Shab. 152). He also announces the arrival of neweomers in the nether world (Ber, 180). Dumah takes the souls of the wicked and casts them down “in the hollow of a sling into the depth of Hades, and this is repeated every week at the close of the Sabbath, when the souls, after the day’s respite, must go back to their place of torment (Shab. 152b, after T Sam, xxv, 29; Pesils. R. 28; She'eltot, Bereshit i). According to Midr. Teh, to Ps, xi. (seo ed, Buber, 102, note), Dumah leads the spirits every evening out of Hades into Hayarmavet (tho Courtyard of Death), a walled phtee with a river and a feld adjoining, where they cat and drink in perfect silence. Many authori- tes, such as Jacob Tam and Solomon b. Adret, have the word “Sabbath” added, 0 as to refer only to Sabbath ovening (see DextoxoLocy; compare Tan, Yelandenu, Ha’azinu: “Prayer is said for the dead that they may not have to retum to Gebinnom"), Dumah was originally, according to the Cabalists, the guardian angel of Egypt; but when fice: ing Uefore the Lord’s decree (EX. xii. 12), he was placed in the nether world over the spirits of the dead (Zohar ii, 180). Musbbit, Af, and Hemah are the officers of exceution under Duma (Reeanati, Wayera). The name of Dumah is found also on a Judieo-Babylonian vase in the Louvre (see Schwab, “Vocabulaire de I’Angélologie,” 1897, p. 707), “Dumah” js also the name of one of the seven departments of Gebinnom, and those who have een guilty of slander and the like are “: there (Midr, Teh. and Yalk., Maki pare, however, ‘Br, tioned). It is identified by R. Levi with Hazarma- vet (Gen, x. 26; see Gon. R. xxxvii,), “When the soul has been drawn out of the body by the angel of death, it remains seated above the nostrils until decay sets in; then it breaks out into wailing, and it cries to God, saying: ‘Whither am I brought?”Dukes 11 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA pouseal Instantly Dumab takes itand brings it to the Court yard of Death (Hazarmavet, seemingly the purga- tory mentioned in tho Testament of Abraham, xiv.], where the spiritsare gathered, and if the soul be that of a righteous one, the call goes forth: ‘Make room for this NN, the righteous!” ‘Then it ascends from department to department, according to its merit, until it beholds the face of the Shekinah. If the soul be that of a wicked one, it descends from department, to department according to its demerit” (Midr. Teh. Len; dellinek, “ Bet ha-Midrash,” v. 43 et seq). a DUMASHEVSKI, ARNOLD BORISO- VICH: Russian lawyer; born at Mohilev-on-the- Dnieper, 1836, of poor Orthodox Jewish parents; died at St, Petersburg 1887, He received his first {instruction in the heder, but ran away from home at the age of fourteen, and entered the Agricultural School at Gorigoretzik, from which he graduated in 4855. Daring this time he was left entirely to his, own resources. By his exceptional abilities he at- tnicted the attention of his instructors, who took a great interest in him. After leaving’ the school Dumashevski found employment at the ofliee of the Foreign Emigration Committee in Odessa. Here he ‘was noticed by the Russian surgeon and philanthro- pist Pmosoy, who helped him to enter the Richelieu Lyceum of that city; and there he studied Jaw, Later he attended the University of St. Petersburg, graduating in 1802, Hereagain his abilities attract fd the attention of the authorities, and he was sent, abroad at the expense of the government to complete his law studies, a profossorship being promised him on his return. After his retura in 1805 a new law ‘was passed probibiting Jews from occupying pro- fessors’ chairs of legal and of political science. He accepted a position in the Ministry of Education, and Iter le served in the Ministry of Justice, by which, for valuable services on the Committee for Reform: ing the Legislation of Poland, he was appointed first sceretary of the third department of the Senate. Dumasheyski was for many yours one of the edi tors, and finally the owner, of the “ Sudebnyi Vyest- nik” (Messenger of Judicial Affairs), and was author of the following articles and works on jurispru- dence: “Nashe Pravovyedenie,” ete., in the *Jour- nal of the Ministry of Justice,” 1867; “ Ocherk: Frant- zuzskavo Grazlidanskavo Sudoprolzvodstva,” ib, 1853 and 1807 (published also in the “Journal of ‘Judicial Afairs”); “O Predyolakh Viasti Kassatz- jounavo Departamenta Senata,” 1867; and “0 Si) Kassatzionnykh Ryesheni.” | His chief work is “Sistematicheski Svod Ryesheni Kassatzionnavo Departamenta,” ete, (Systematic Collections of the Decisions of the Appeal Department of the Senate, with notes by Dumashevsk!), St. Petersburg, many editions, Of special interest as pertaining to the Jewsare thearticles: “Nuzhen li Zhournal diya Yev- reyev 1 na Kakom Yazyker” (Do the Jews Need a Special Perfodical, and in What Language?), pub- ished iu * Russki Invalid "in 1859; “Brak po Bibleis- KomuiTalmudicheskomu Pravu” (Marriage Accord ing to Biblical and Talmudie Law), in “ Biblioteka alya Chteniya,” 1861; “Yevret Zemledyeltzy v Rossii” Jewish Agriculturists in Russia), in * Vyest- nik Imner, Russkavo Geogr. Obshichestya.” Dumashevski advocated a practical tendency in the study of civil la, opposing the historico-philosoph- jeal side; and at the same time he was a partizan of the dogmatic developmentof Russian civil law. In his will he left 80,000 rubles to the University of St. Petersburg under the condition that this be entered asa gift “from the Jew Dumashovski.” Diguioonarmy: N. S. Rashkowskl, Souremennye, uno etree! byte prs Oden OY Bah War on HR. DUMB. Sco Dear-Morisx. DUNABURG. Seo Dvixsx. DUNASH BEN LABRAT: Philologist and poet of the tentheentury. Por the name “ Dauash,” Which Joseph Kimhi on one occasion (“Sefer ha Galui,” p. 62), for the sake of the rime, writes wa3ty Danesh), see Doxasit mx Tawa, “Labrat* (ownad, generally written without x, a725) does not oceur elsewhere as a given name; hence “Ben Tabrat” may be the family name. “Labra” has been explained as “Laurat” (Steinschneider, “Jew. Quart, Rev.” xiv, 190) and as “Librat,” "Librado” (Derenbourg, “ Opuscules,” p.2). Both of Dunash’s dates, therefore, are of Romancecrigin, Abrabam ibn Ezra Hebraizes “Dunash” into “Adonim"; Dux nash himself employed the Biblical name “Ado jab,” whieh is a mnemonic device containing the Servile letters ("Criticism of Saadia,” No. 6). Dux nash was of Levitical descent Qoses fbn Ezra ca bim*ALLevi”), and to this origin also bis pupil Tehudi b, Sheshet dedicated a few panegyric verses {Polemic Treatise, verses 10-16). Dunash’s family came originally ftom Bagdad, although he himself ‘was born in Fee (Moses iba Ezra), ‘While stil young, though doubtless equipped with a rich fund of knowledge, Dunash, periaps in- uenced by the origin of his family, journeyed east ‘wart! and became a pupil of the renowned guon of Sura, Suadia, whom, in his tract against Menahem b. Barak, he proudly designates as his master. The term employed by Dunash in this connec: tion (pr, verse 101; the pupils of Menahem more clearly expressed it as 737 "pt, P- 48) is respon ‘le for the singular Delief that D Becomes nach was a grandson of Sandia; but aPupilof the pupils of Menahem (p. 27) ex- Saudia, pressly desiguate him as the “least Important of the pupils of Soa Dunash himself relates that hesubmitted his Hebrew verses, containing the fist application of an Arabic ineter, to the gaon, who expressed his astonishment fat this innovation in the words, “Such a thing lias hitherto been unknown in Israel” Dunash was, therefore, sill very young when he adapted the ‘Arable meter to Hebrew poetry. This innovation created a new epoch for Hebrew poetry, and was probably inspired in North Africa, where Ibn Ku- ish and Dunash fon Tamim prepared Founder the way for a systematic comparison ofNew of the Hebrow and Arabie—a com. Hebrew parison to which Ibn Labrat after- ‘Meter. ward gave his indorsement in his tract Against Menahem. Ttmay be accepted 1s. historleal fact that Duoash was the founder of the new Hebrew meter. He isas such regarded byDunash THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 12 his opponents, the pupils of Menaliem, who objected to the innovation on the ground of its inappropriate- ness, although they themselves follow the example of Dunash by writing metrical verse. Dunash is cele- brated as an innovator by his pupil Jehurdi b. She- shet, who, referring to his work, says: “ He created a. new foundation for our poetry, such as did not exist in the days of our fathers.” “Another observation which this scholar makes would seem to indicate that Dunash did not hesitate to put forward his convie- tious even when they clashed with those of Saadia. After the death of Saadia (042) Dunash returned. to Fez, and thence went to Cordova, which city, under the powerful influence of the statesman Hasdai fbn Shaprut, was rapidly becoming a center of eu tureamong the Jewsof Spain. Of thecircumstances of Dunash’s life nothing further is known. He ‘seems, however, to have been aman of means, Dunash soon’ found an opportunity for applying his knowledge, his critical acumen, and his literary: talents toa matter of consequence, ‘The frst. ine portant product of Jewish literature in Spain had appeared—the Hebrew lexicon of Menahem b. Sard. Dunash wrote an exhaustive criticism of it, com: posed partly in the metrical verse introduced by: him, and dedicated this comprehensive and logically elaborated polemical treatise to Hasdai fbn Shaprut, Menahiem’s patron, In the opening verses Dunasht proclaims the fame of this statesman, whoseser in the cause of his prince and of his corelig were alike eminent, This dedication was skilfully interwoven with a tribute to the great Griticizes diplomatic successes which Hasdat Menahem had shortly before obtained (in 960); ‘ben Sarulk. namely, the aequisition of the ten for- tresses, and the Journey of the son of ‘Runiro and his grandmother Tota to pay homage at the eourt of the ealifs of Cordova (Dozy, “Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne,” 4, 54 eteey.).” ‘The flat- tery of Dunash impressed Hasiai powerfully; and is attacks on Menahem lowered the latter in the estimation of his patron. ‘The supposition is justi ficd that in consequence of the action of Dinash, Benahem not only lost the favor of his patton, but ‘was treated by him in the harshest manner, even to the extent of being deprived of his freedom, as is known from the remarkable letter sent by Menahiem from prison to luis former patron, ‘That Menahem, as Dunash intentionally emphasizes, should have made the respected gaon Saadia tho subject of un- Justiflable criticism, and that he should have ex Pressed opinions which placed Saadia in the ente- gory of the founder of the hated sect of the Karaites these were the eauses which especially roused the resentment of Hasdai against him, Concerning the further relations between Dunash, and Hasiai nothing is known. Te is probable, how= ever, that the former obtained the position previ- ously oceupied by Menahem, But the pupils of the latter arose to defend the scientitie standing of th teacher, who probably died soon after his hnmilia- tion and without replying to Dunash’s eritieism, ‘Three of them collaborated in the preparation of an important polemical work, in which they adopted the halfmetrical, half-prosaic form employed by Dunash, In this work they opposed the views of Dunash and defended the honor of thelr master and of their fatherland, claiming that Dunash had sought to humiliate not only Menahem, but the Jewish scholars of Spain in general. It is certain that the conduct of Dunash—the foreigner, who doubtless boasted also of his sojourn in the Babylonian high schools—aroused the resentment of the native schol- ar, Dunash was probally too proud to reply to this attack in person, and. therefore committed the task to his pupil Jehudi b. Sheshet, whose still more violent polemic, characterized by a coarse satire, undoubtedly contained many arguments inspired by his teacher. With this tract, which at the same time sounded the praise of Dunash, the literary fend engendered by Dunash’sattack upon Menahem seems to have ended. ‘This quarrel inaugu- Results of rated the golden age ot Hebrew philol- ‘His Quarrel ogy in Spain; and one of the partici- with pants in it, Judah b, David Hayyuj, ‘Menahem. a pupil of Menahem, laid the founda. tion of a new and wider knowledge of Hebrew grammar. Dunash probably did not live to witness this extraordinary development to which he had given so powerful a stimulus. ‘Many years after the death of Dunash a second Dut uncompleted polemical treatise of that scholar was discovered in Egypt (before 1140) by Abraliam ibn Ezra, In this work Dunash had begun to form an alphabetical arrangement of his comments on the grammatical and exegetical opinions of his teacher Saadia. The greater partof the work, however, con- sisted of scattered notes. In this criticism of Sadia (which Abraham ibn Ezra answered by the tract en- titled “Sefat Yeter”) the doctrine of the triconso- nantal nature of the weak roots alzendy finds clear expression. It was the study of Arabic whieh enabled Dinash, like Hayyuj at a later period, to arrive at this knowledge, But the latter, upon the basis of his discovery, procecis to the systematic elucldation of the conjugation of the before-men- tioned verbs; while Dunash doos not go beyond the statement that the first, second, or third root-lecter is weak and may be eliminated. Owing to its in- complete form, this second writing of Dunash's was never published by him; nor is there the slightest reference to {ts existence before Ibn Evra, who praises Dunash by stating that “he was the ouly one defore Hayyuj who awakened somewhat from that slumber of ignorance whitch, lke a deep sleep, still held others in its bonds” (Safal Beraral,” p. 255; Bacher, *Abralam ibn Ezra als Grammatiker,” p, 87), Thn Ezra's contemporary R. Jacob Tam, the eminent grandson of Rashi, in a’ very interesting work defended Menaliem b. Saruk against the criti- ism of Dunash; but Joseph Kimi (in *Sefer hae Galui”) sided with Dunas, Thus were the great feuds that agitated Spain during the tenth century revived in France two centuries later. ‘The first work of Dunash was published from a colex of the Bodleian Library (Neubauer, “Cat. Bodl, Hebr. MSS.” No. 1449), together with Jacob ‘Tam’s criticism of it, by HL Pilipowski (*Criticw: ‘Yocum Recensiones,” London, 1855). ‘The second was edited by R. Schrdter from a manuscript (No. 27,214) in the British Museum (*Keitik des Dunash b. Labrat,” Breslau, 1866). ‘The genuineness of this18 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA, Dunash treatise has recently been contested by N. Porges Gia the Kaufmann Gedenkbuch, Breslau, 1901), but pot on good grounds. See Eppensteln in“ Monats- schrift,” 1902, i, 48, pp. 62-88, 585-986; Porges, i. ‘pp. 141-153; Bacher, #. pp. 478-480; His D. Kohn, in “Ha-Goren,” iti., 1902, ‘Writings. pp. 86-89. ‘The polemical writings fof Dunash and of the pupils of Men- ‘ahem have been edited by 8. G. Stem (“Liber Re- sponsionum,” Vieona, 1870). ‘The poems of Dinash ibn Labraf wore early for gotten (Al-Harizi, “Tubkemoni,” iv.), only a few religious verses having been preserved, which acros- tically reveal the name of Dunash, or Dunash ha- Levi (lahzor Vitry, ed. Hurwitz, p, 178; Zana, ““Litemturgesch.” p. 481). One of these (X3p* 77) is still included in the Sabbath songs of the prayer books (Bar's “Gebetbuch,” p. 257). Perhaps it is the poct Dunash, the ereator of the new versifiea: tion, that Solomon ibn Gabirol, the elaborator of it, jias in mind when he praises Samuel ha-Nagid with the words, “O Samuel, dead is Ben Labrat, and thow hast faken his place, Were he living, he would have to bow to thee” (*Shir Shelomoh, " No. 4). Bacher, Die Mehrisehe Sprachissenahaft. a Winter and Wansch, Die Jielsehe Literatur th le Hem Die Antunge ue Hebriwchen Gramm TEE Kosa (antans) 1, Dumas b, Lahrad (Hebrew, in ine elieeton Osar Fishel (pais by the Atinsey Ware siecle L Semnera, Dundsp. Labrdt (Hungarian), Dida. Badd Sine acne ed seg’ Sve Pee Tusene * " W.B DUNASH IBN TAMIM: Scholarof the tenth century and pioneer of scfentide study among Ara: bie-speaking Jews. His Arabie name was “Abu Sahl”; his sumame, according to an isolated state ment of Mosos ibn Ezra, was “Al-Shafalgi,” per- aps after his (anknown) birthplace. The name “Dunash,” for which Alraham iba Ezra substitutes the Hebrew * Adonim,” 1s probably derived from the Latin “dominus,” and not from the Arabian “dha nas” (lord of mankind), concerning which there is nothing to show that it was used as a proper name, The name seems to have beon native to North Africa; the younger contemporary of Ibn Tamim, Dunash iba Labrat, for instance, was bora in Fez (see Stcinschneider, “Cat. Bodl.” col. 807; “Jew Quart, Rey.” x.519; J. Derenbourg, “ Opuscules et ‘Traités q’Aboul-Walid,” p. 2). Hence the state: ment of Abraham ibu Ezra to the effect that Toa ‘Tamim came from the Bast—to be more exact, from Babylonia, or Bagdad (on one occasion he calls him ‘on another Babli)—does not deserve con- mm beside that of Moses ibn Ezra, who ealls iim a native of Kairwan, The statement of Thx Ezm has been interpreted as signifying that the family of Tha Tamim eame from Bagdad; but itis possible that Abraham ibn Ezrt has erroneously transferred the appellation “Babylonian” from Ton Labrag to Ton Tamim, ‘The additional details con- corning Ibn Tamim’s life and activities have been gathered principally from his Yerirah commentary discussed below. In this commentary, which was written in the year 955-056, Saudia’ the Gaon is mentioned as no longer living. ‘The author refers, however, to the correspondence which was carried ou when he was bn about twenty years of ago between his teacher, Tsaac . Solomon Taracli, and Saadia, before the: latter's arrival in Babylonia, consequently before 928; hence ‘Tamim was born about the begioning of the tenth century. Like his teacher, he was physician in ordi- nary at the court of the Fatimite califs of Kairwan, and to one of these, Ismail ibn al-Ka’im al-Mangur, ‘Tamim dedicated an astronomfeal work, ond part of which he disclosed the weak points in the principles of astrology. Another of hi nomical works, prepared for Hasdai b. Isaae ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Cordova, consisted of three parts: (1) the nature of the spheres; (2) astronomical calculations; (8) the courses of the stars, ‘The Arabian author Ibn Baitar, in his book fon simple medicaments, quotes the following inter- esting remark on the tose, made by Ton Tamim in one of hismedicinal works: “Thereare yellow roses, and in Trak, as Lam informed, also black ones. ‘The finest rose s the Persian, whet fs said never to open.” "The Arabie original of Ibn Tamim’s commentary ‘on the Sefer Yezirah no longer exists. In the He- brew translations the manuseripts are widely dis- similar, and contain varying statements regarding the author, In several of these manuscripts Ion "Tamim is expressly referred to asthe author; in one instance he is named again, but with his teacher, while in another Jacob b. Nissim is named, who lived in Kairwan at the end of the tenth century. From certain passages of the commentary it appears that Isaae Israeli, who is mentioned elsewhere as a commentator on the Sefer Yezirah, aetually had a part ia the authorship of the work, " But the major- ity of the statements contained in the commentary itself justify the assumption that Ton ‘Tamim was the author. He must, therefore, have selected the commentary of his teicher as his basis, while the finishing touch must have been given by Jacob b. Nissiin (Steinselmeider, “Heb. Uebers.” pp. 895 et 4¢7.). A-short recension of the commentary (Tod- Ieian MS. No. 2250) was published by Manasseh Grossberg, London, 1902. In the history of Hebrew philology Ibn Tamim ranks as one of the first represeutatives of the sys- tematic comparison of Hebrew and Ton Tamim Armbic, Inhis“ Moznayim” (Preface) agGram- Abraham ibn Ezra mentions him be- marian. tween Saadia and Judah ibn Kuraish, and speaks of him as the author of a books “compounded of Hebrewand Arabic.” Bfoses ibn Ezra says that Ibn Tumsim compares the two lunguages according to their Iexicographical, not their grammatical, relations, and in this respect is Jess successful than Ins Barc Anu Innaine at f later period. The latter also eriticized certain details of Tbn Tamim’s book, In the Yezirah eom- mentary Thn Tamim says: “If God assists me and prolongs my life, I shall complete the work in which Thave stated that Hebrew is the original tongue of mankind and older than the Arabic; furthermore, the book will show the relationship of the two lan- ‘guages, and that every pure word in the Arabic cam be found in the Hebrew; that the Hebrew is a puri- fled Arabic; and that the numesof certain things are fdentical in both languages,” Tn adding, “We have ‘obtained this prineiple from the Danites, who haveDunayevta Dury ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 14 come to us from the land of Israel,” he certainly alludes to the well-known Eldad ha-Dani, Abra bam ibn Ezra (commentary on Recl. xii, 6) men- tions the interesting detail that Ibn Tamim believed hhe could recognize the diminutive form of Arabic ames in several noun-formations o? the Biblical Hebrew (forinstanco, py¥5x: TI Sam, xili, 20. ‘The statement cited by Saadia b. Danan (end of fifteenth century), according to which the Mobammedans be- lieve that Tbn Tamim was a convert to Islam, is erroneous, and is probably due to the fact that Ibn ‘Tamim is often quoted by Mohammedan writers, Brpuoenarnr: S. Monk, Notice sur Adowt- Walid Merton Ton-biah ty Jourial stata Ie pou 0s Ne fae, Notice sta Leetcoprapae Hetil a, 1S, Pp, elie: Grits, Geseh w! Staineeneiden Tchr: Uebers Men Die trance Literatur der Juden p72, Reade rant fa ee Bt Juttes, 1, ©. WB. DUNAYEVIZY : Village in the goveroment of Podolia, Russia, It bad a population (1898) of 18,000, of whom 7,000 were ows. The chief sources of income for the Jewsare from trade aud industrial cecupations. ‘The most important articles of com- ‘merce are timber, grain, and cloth, Several of the merchants do a fairly large business, From funds collected for charitable purposes a wood-yard has been established, where the poor can buy wood at a reduced price, See Popazza, BunurocRarny: Vorihod, 1886, No.4, TR, 8. J. DUNNER, JOSEPH HIRSCH: Rabbi; born at Cracow Jan., 1883; received his rabbinical edii- cation at his native place; studied philosophy and Oriental philology at Bonn and Heidelberg. In 1862 he was called from Bonn to the rectorate of the Nederlandscht Israclitisch Seminarium in Amster- dam. His ability soon made it famous as. schiool of Jewish theology, ancient languages, and re philosophy. In 1874 hewas made chief rabbi of the Amsterdam community and of the provinee of North Holland, and though he belongsta the strictly Ortho- dox party, no dissension has marred his administra- tion. ‘The government recognized his ability and tivity by decorating him with the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands, Dunner is known by his researches on the Hala- kah of the period of the Tannaim, and by his dis quisitions on the Tosefta. According to him the Tosefta originated after the close of the Talmud, being edited by a redactor who had before him an ancient, or at least fragments of an ancient, Tosefta, He asserts that a comparison of the toxts Contained in the collections of the Tannaim with the two Tal- ‘muds will substantiate his contention, Ditnner has acquired areputation as an orator. He bas writte “Die Theorien Ober Wesen und Ursprang der To- sephtha, Kritisch Dargestellt,” Amsterdam, 1874; “Glossen (Hageahot) zum Babylonischen und Pall stinensischen Talmud” (in Hebrew), 4 vols,, Frank- Tort-on-the-Nain, 1896-1908; “Kritisehe und Erlau- ternde Anmerkungen zu Bedarsehi's Chotham Toch- nit,” Amsterdam, 1885; “Leerredenen,” 5 vols., 1. 1807-1901. Besides these works he has contributed to the “Joodsch Letterkundige Bijdragen,” “Mo- natsschrift,” “Weekblad voor Israeliten,” and “Is- ruclitische Letterbode,” Bipuiognari; Polak, Dllnner, Tee we Diens Ik avon en Wertensis Weckliad wor mettle hen, Melted, SSIS; “De Soothe Cauda, es 1H Hage 190 & 8. Se. DUNS SCOTUS, JOHN: Franciscan monk, theologian, and seholiast; born at Dunston, North’ umberland, England (according to some, at Dun, Ireland), in 1266 (1); died in Cologne, 1208, He was the foremost representative of the Franciscan Order, and founder of the Scotists, which selool stood ia sharp contrast to the Themists, or followers of ‘Thomas Aquinas, who, together with their leader, belonged for the most part to the Dominicans, In accordance with his opposition to the doetri- nal speculations of Aquinas, Duns Seotus professed, concerning the attitude that the secular author tics and the Church should assume toward the Jews, views which were diametrically opposed to the ‘more humane and enlightened views held by Aqui- nas, and which represented a deplorable reaction. ‘Thus, whereas Aquinas denounced the foreible bap- tism of Jewish children, especially on the ground that such a eourse would bea viointion of justice, inasmuch as the child, not being possessed of its full reasoning powers, is naturally under the juris ition of its parents (compare Guttman, “Das ‘Verhiiltniss des Thomas von Aquino zum Judenthuin und zur Jadischen Literatur,” p. 4, Gottingen, 1891), Duns Scotus stoutly advocated such baptism. Such a procedure, he maintained, would mean a breach of natural justice only in the event of its being under- taken bya private person; to the sovereign, how- cover, the right appertains. Just as the jurisdiction of local magistrates is limited by the authority of higher functionaries, so the jurisdiction of the par. ents ceases whien it conflicts with the authority of God. Accordingly, it is not only a privilege, but a duty to take children out of the power of their par- cents in case the latler are unwilling to bring them up conformably toa true worship of God, and to lead them in the right way (commentary in Sent, iy, 4,9: “Opora,” ed, Wadding, vill, 279, Lyous, 1639). And not only the children, but also the parents, themselves should be subjected to forcible baptism. Nor can the words of Isaiah (Iv. 2), according to which the remnant of Israel shall be converted in the last days, be cited against such a procedure, since, in onder to fuldl this propheey, it would suf- fice to transfer a little band of Jews to some island, ‘nd to grant thom permission to observe the Law. ‘Duns Scotus, in support of his contention, refers to the decision of the Council of Toledo, which eom- mended King Siselvut for his piety in compelling the Jews to an acceptance of Chiistianity (i.). ‘Duns Scotus’ acquaintance with Hebrew literature ‘was confined to the “Fons Vite” of Ibn Gabirol (whose name takes with him, as with William of Auvergne, the form of “Avicebron”) and to the “Moreh Nebukim’” of Maimonides, Inne place he makes mention of a rabbi who is unknown even to the greatest scholars of Hebrew literature. He speaks there of one “Rabbi Barahoo,” who is a worthy counterpart to the renowned “Rabbi Tal- mud”; for he is indebted for this name to the Tal- mud tractate Berakot, out of which @ certain con- vert of Jewish extraction communicated a passage18 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Dunayevts yevtzy toa Franciscan monk, who interpreted it in a spirit not very friendly to the Jews (* Quarstiones Miscel- lane,” qu. 0, art, 21: “Opera,” fil 477). ‘The iniluence of Gabirol’s philosophy shows itself particularly in the doctrine which is at the founda- tion of one of the most important dif- Influence ferences betwoen the Dominicans and of Gabirol. the Franciscans, As early as AuEx- Axper op Hauss, the founder of the Franelscan theological school, the view is expressed that not only corporeal, but also spiritual substance jg compounded of matter and form, This view is held also by William of Lamarre, Bonaventura the Mystic, Roger Bacon, and Raimond Lully, who were all members of the Franciscan Order. Stoutly re- jected by the Dominfcans, this fundamental concept ‘of Gabirol's philosophy was adopted by Duns Scotus and incorporated in hissy'stemasanintegral part. Tn his“ De Rerum Principiis™ (qu. 8, art. 4: “ Opera,” ii. 51) he expressly declares, in opposition to Aquinas, in favor of a return to the standpoint of Avicebron ‘The metaphysical and cosmological system which fs advanced in this work, presupposes Gabirol’s doc- tine of a unitary, universal substance underlying all created things, both corporeal and spiritual. Tu elaborating this doctrine Duns Scotus, as might be expected of an independent thinker of his type, follows his own individual bent. But as regards the fundamental principles, the dependence of his system upon Gabirol is so marked that, in the words of Stéckl ("“Geseh. dor Philosophie des Mittelalters,” ii, 809), “his work gives theimpression of a running: commentary on the metaphysics of Avicebron.” Strange to say, Duns Scotus makes no mention whatsoever of Gabirol’s teaching on the will. In his other works, which are mainly in the nature of commentary on the Bible, and in which, therefore, there is little occasion for a systematfe substantia tion of his theological doctrines, Duns Scotus rarely rofers to Avieebron, With Maimonides, too, Duns Scotus shows more than one point of contact. Like Thomas Aquinas, he follows the statements of Maimon- {des concerning belief and knowledge, or the relation of revelation and rea. son, which statements are all, in their essential points, traceable ‘back to Saudia as their first source (see Guttmann, “Die Religionsphilosophie des Sadia,” pp. 24-25;' idem, “Das Verhiiltniss des Thomas von Aquino,” etc., pp. 8 et s09.). “The doctrine concerning the existence and freedom of God,” says Duns Scotus, referring to ‘Maimonides, “had to beimparted to the Israelites by ‘means of revelation, although it may indeed be de- monstrated by human reason, Stich a revelation ‘was necessary in view of the fact that the culture of the Israclites was of an imperfect order, and also be- cause they were inclined to idolatry ” (comment, in Sent. i., dist, 2 qu. 8 7, v. 204; compare “Moreh Nebukim,” ii, 81), “Altogether, it can not but be helpful to a people that even truths accessible to reagon should be authoritatively communicated to them; since there is a general indolence in regard to the discovery of truth, and the powers of compre- hension of theaverage man are limited ; and, finally, for the reason that errors are apt to creep into spec. ‘lations independently carried on, giving rise to oubis, ‘Through an authoritative communication or revelation such a danger is obviated” (Duns Sco- ths, a. p. 205; compare “Moreh Nebukim,” i. ch xxxiv.; Munk, “Guide,” i, 118-180). Tn connection with Aquioas’ statements concern- ing the divine attributes, Dunsdiseusses the view of Maimonides, which he flads to be in harmony with tint of Ton Sing, and which isto the effect thatthe attributes applicable toGod either refer to Its aotiv- ity or elne are of «a negative character (commentary Sent. i» dist, 8 qu. 4,2: “Opera,” v, T5t; com pare “Moreh Nebukim,*i, oh. i, Tite een). To Maimonides also is traceable the statoment that there occur ia the Bible designations that. are applicable only to God-—a view which the Jews held in regard to the Tetragrammaton (comment. in Seat. i dist 28, qu 1,8: “Opera,” r. 1058; compare" Morch Ne- Duk," ch, lei; Munk, “Guide,” 27h et sn.) Duns Scots follows Maimonides also in his teat iment of the various forms of prophecy, not to men- tion other Tess important particulars. ‘The highest form of prophesy i, according to hia, that ia which the prophet not only grasps thererelatfon that comes to him, but is also aware ofits coming to him from God. Of this character was, for instance, the int tion of Abraham, who would not have been ready to sncrifice his own son had he not been convinced that the command proceeded from God (“Quast Disco,” 6, 8: “Opera,” il 474; compare “Moreh Nebukim,* i, che xxv; Munk, “Guide,” i, 194 195). On the other hand, Duns Scotus combats the ‘opinion that the temporal ebaracter of the world ean hot be proved—an opinion held by Aquieas, and Borrowed by. the latter from Maimonides, whom ‘Duns does not mention (* Quastiones fn Metaphys.” qu. 1, 18: “Opera,” iv. 613; compare * Moreh ‘Ne Buln,” fi. eb, xsl; Munk, “Guide,” i. 260), ipuoonanne: Gutman, Die Beihungen des Johonnes Piav Se idem, Die Sehslaid aca Drescher Tak ‘Munuerte im thren BBeatehungen zum Jucenthun und ur Sluteen Eteratir Bret 190, 1G. BUORT, ADRIEN: Penshlovseroint oc tin Jeay bari ey aed ees He Seco dept the its Gasman a Frome ft mana smi ho deobin et anh et af ne RYE any OE De fort inane sya nth conatton of So Ue Jers of Fats werent ee Dan ithsehtteentant udm felons Oostns eens" Om Sepe St, Dap Props he Seve be acde al he pi Nig of tansy in rnc, a he aggeon wis ep dps some sg pin The ka Ainoly nore arogstl a exp Inve gun th er agua dione Pier af Berean Pema omer DURA: A valley mentioned only in Daniel (itt 1), Here Nebuchadnezzar set up golden image, to the dedication of which he summoned all the officers of hiskingdom, The Septuagint (Codex Ohisianus) reads repistov (“walls surrounding acity”), and this may bedue tothe Assyrian “dura” (=a wall), ‘The place is therefore to be looked for in Assyria, De-Duran ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 16 litzsch (“Wo Lag das Paradies?” p. 216) says that, according to Rawlinson, “ Cuneiform Inscriptions of ‘Western Asia,” iv. 88, 9-11b, there were three places in Babylon called “Dura” (see also Schrader, “C. I. 0. T."ii, 128), In one of these places east of Baby Jon, according to Oppert, ruins of an ancient statue have been found, 5G. GQ BL, DURAN, DURAND, or DURANTE: 4 widely scattered family, originally from Provence, not from Oran (‘d’Oran”), as some scholars think. A “Mosse Duram ” ismentioned in a list of Tarascon Jews, 1850-1487 (“Rev. Etudes Juives,” xxxix. 268), ‘The Durans went first to Majorca, and finally sett in Africa, Some of their descendants are met. with as lateas the end of the eighteenth century, as shown in the subjoined pedigree, MK, ‘The principal members of the family were: Aaron ben Solomon ben Simon Duran: Day: yan of Algiers in the fifteenth century. He and his brother Zemah Duran lived at one time in Majorca, from which they sent a responsum to the community of Constantinople (“Yakin w-Bo'az,” 1, No. 126). His name and those of his brothers Simon and Zemah are associatod as the authors of responsum written G1, Nos. 38-5. ~ Brmuiograrny: Mebael, Or ha-Feytn, si, M. Sen, Hayyim Jonah b. Zemah Duran: Published at Legliomn in 1763 the frst part of “Magen Abot,” written by his grandfather, Simon b, Zemah Duran, Moses Duran: Lived in Provence in the thir- teenth century. His death (1880) was lamented in an elegy by Abraham b, Isane Bederst Zunz, *Z, G.” pp. 404, 528). ‘Moses b, Zemah Duran: Blder of the Jewish community at Leghorn in 1790, Ee published a part of the “Magen Abot” at that eity in 1785 from a manuseript in the possession of Zemah b. Benjamin ‘Dorin and Zemaly b. Hayyim Jonah Duran, Nissim Duran: Son of Zemah and brother of Simon Duran, of Majorea, where he dicd after 1805, Profiat Duran (called Maestre Profiat, and also Efodi or Efodzeus, from the initial letters of INWT DYDND “aN; real name Isaac b. Moses ha- Levi): Philosopher, grammarian, and controver- lists born in the second half of the fourteenth century, of parents from the south of France. It is not known whether he was born at Perpignan, where he lived for some years, or in a town of Cata- lonia. Tn his youth he attended a Talmudie school in Germany for a short. time, but instead of conti ning his studies to the ‘Talmud, he took wp philoso: phy and other sciences also, in spite of the interdic. tion of his teachers. Duran became a tutor in the Creseas family, and during the bloody persecution of 1391 was forced to become an ostensible convert to Christianity, In order to return to Iudaism, he and his friend David Bonet Bongoron agreed to emigrate to Pales- tine. Duran set out on his joumey, but instead of meeting his expected friend, he received a letter from im stating that in consequence of the persua- sions of the neophyte Paul de Burgos be had de- cided to remain true to the new faith, and exhorting Duran to flow his example. Dans anver was the faouseticepne ele, aftr the estoy reeursng pms" Al ‘eb KacAboteks™ (Se Not ke'Tiy Fatbr, waa writen abou 96, snd ‘ascent boo Mtr Alguaes to whom ind onsen. Te ivan ingeniously amigos thatthe Ginna, toed = Altsc Bolas tntorpeted Sine faory bassoon as thy Penge ned tcl port ey rhe publly nie epi th, witha commentary by dosh bs Sema and ba itodnion by Tze Akt Set pte at oostatinopio 1 $354 wa repubie tA Geiger “Slo Chote,” 10,18 the ales “Rober Wiki” dei, and in. Halpern “Ever bana,” e219, ‘Giger aio tanned most of iio Geran (Whsscatche at sia ie Coninte vith thst the poems “Kein. int ha-Soyio™ (ll Seinasuccphy 8 ertaam of Cini gina writen In 1907 athe equa Don Hawa Crea to wh was dione 1903 Doran compiled an‘alnanne In ein. vite aeons entices Ifo," and del ict to Noses vel, phasis to: Henny Hd. King of Cane‘ Denna wa ania wh the Rnb ipl oa Svaop ls commeatary om Asinones: Moreh, Nevin hich pls t Sabaneta 998 Jee vitro 17H ad a Zoli 88h Duras cit work, ped iy test Chins and sews his posts an etal Hebrew frummon “Mase Bio,” eovsing an ated Eonand hit toe cing, and hed In 108 He wrote fenot only to ert his outemporsies, ‘hocltherkrew nibingabout gnmaror fad ere Sows nto concer iy but especie mistakes promulgated by the str grammars He frequen et he oterwisewktown Sma Dsarerse a eminent gamma, Seo thee on of J‘Hrander so oh (Vienna, 186), Doran wan leo istoran token son en “7sepn ha Shenadot™ he guve the Tinos of Jewish mary snes the sro of thee, ric had shown tne this work as sed by Solon Usqe an Ton erga in 18 Duran wrteadige on Abraham b Tsne bacLeviot Gerona, probly arte; tre letters Contig spon ois ppl ett Cress, and tro exegesis on ver) chapters of H Sine a of whieh have hen tite stam appon- Sito te “vane Eto.” ‘ihe roguat some monberof the Besvesiata funy, Dion wote an explanation oft religious fete poem by Tom (printed ine caeton van ken ot ler Abie, na wel a8 ‘heseluton of Ibu Bam" rel kaowa ile onthe vesent ster of tho Hebrew apne (quoted tp Immane Benen $0 hie gammy = Liwyat Heo Manta, tan, wsthose mentouing. Duro, {nd Sever expitaton eating on Hra’s com mentary nthe Petite, CR Sere Be as a alas PENH ah 3, Friender Dig SG 8: cress Gal i a 017 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Duran Simon b. Solomon Duran: Rabbi in Algiers, 4581; grandson of Simon ben Zemah. He and bis brother Zemab are the authorsof the responsa which appeared under the title “ Yakin u-Bo'az,” Leghorn, {7i32, the fifty-one response printed in ‘the second part (Bo'az”) being Simon’s work. His liturgical ‘poems (nine dirges) still exist in manuscript (Zunz, PYiteraturgeschichte der Synagogalen Poesie,” p- 584) 1M. ‘Simon b, Zemah Duran (RaShBaZ): Rabbi fcal authority; born Adar, 1961, not in Barcelona, ‘as Zum (* Zeitscliritt,” p, 182) and others assert, bub fn the island of Majorea; a near relation but not 2 grandson of Levi. Gershon; died in 1444. He was & pupil of Ephraim Vidal, and of Jonah de Mnestre, rabbi in Saragossa or in Calntayud, whose daughter Bongoda he married. He was also a student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematies, and especially fof medicine, which he practised for a number of years at Palma. ‘After the persecution of 1991 (sce Bazan Isurs) hho went with his father and sister to Algiers, where, in addition to practising medicine, he continued his, studies during the earlier part of his stay. In 1904 hie and the Algerino rabbi Isaac b. Sheshet drafted Hatutge for the, Jewish community of Algiers, AMES chet ace Stace Casa an MME OS Condition that he would not, like is predecessor, have his election confirmed by the regent. As Du- ran had lost all his property during the massacre at Palma, he was forced against his will to accept a sakiry from the community, not having other means, Of subsistence. He held this oflice until his death, His epitaph, written by himself, has been reprinted for the fitst Gime, from a manuscript, in “ Orient, Lit.” v, 452. According to Joseph Sambari, Simon, was mich respected in court elreles (* Medieval Jew. Chron.” i. 190). ‘Simon was a very active literary worker. He wrote commentaries on several tractaées of the Mish- nahand the Talnmid and on Alfasi (Nos. 4, 5,7, 11, 12, fand 16 in the listof his works given below) he treated Of various religious dogmas and of the synagogal rite fof Algiers (Nos, 5, 8, 10, 10); while in his responsa hie showed a profound acquaintance with the entire hhalakie literature, His. theologico - philosophical scholarship, as well as his secular learning, is eon: spicuotis in his elaborate work, “Magen Abot,” in which hie also appears as a clever controversialist (No... ‘The same ability is evidenced in his wri- tings against Hasilal Creseas, which afford him an opportunity to defend Maimonides (No. 2); in his commentary on the Pentatouch (No. 6), where he takes oceasion to enter into polemics with Levi b. Gershon; and in that on the Book of Job (No. 1), especially the introduction, In his commentary on the Pirke Abot he shows a broad historical sense (No.7, partiv.); and it is not improbable that the tradition which ascribes to him the historico-didactie poem “Seder ha-Mishneh leha-Rambam ” (No. 9), is ‘well foundod ‘Simon also wrotea considerable number of poems, both religious and secular (Nos. 9 [], 15); com- mented on the Pesah Haggadah, the Hosha'not, and the works of more ancient poets (Nos. 5 (0), 18, 14); fand was the author of numerous pamphlets. ‘The v3 following lst of Duran’s writings is arranged ac- cording to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, on the basis of a catalogue drawn up by the author him- self (Responsa, vol. il): 1. “Obeb Mishoa.” commentary on the Book of Job with 8 theologies philosophical introduction, Venle, 189 Amsterdam, ‘BPRF tin the Rabbint bibio™ Kenta Mostet"), rbarfaysian controversial trealso against asda ona beltaba',* commentary on Solomon fon Gabo v» Aharon” Constantinoney 1513. Jacob Haz [* Petl Tee Jet] ad Moses Pisante {Ner Mzwan"] have reedited this tvork, of whe a sbertr reotnsion alse exists) HMiddushe baftashbag,” novelle on and elucldations ot Tos ha-Shantty inal, Lostorn, 18h. Biddae ‘povlle to Ketubot and Gti (Port, 170} is errone it Dura) Fin Shera‘: (a) precopts for shea and beaigah; (0) *sivanar amen” proves eoneeraiog amez and maz- ‘hy, (o)"Adkonen.» commentary on the Pes Hazeadab: fit titeret Verge” on te computations of Ue new moon (Conotedot™"): (0 Pendahy"commentary aq te Mistinah Zeb Dimehs(* Beau sekoman}yand tae" Barata de Rat Yistinaa™ Caen trom tie sifra) subjoined the be Drayerbook (Legbora, 17H). Part (e) appeared es” Ma’amar omen ” with the aggadan (deel, 18). to tayat lens commentary on tbe Peatateach ato two tonnes against Handa Crea C"*Anakin” aaamar bite vinua"- Te Mugen AboR” consisting of four parts with spectal tiles: fe ifeley‘Eloat miksieal sl, "Heley shovenu”; SouamB. eeen "ili Hels domed Amen rat sae duction on the sequence of tradition, appeared under the tile “Magen Abel” Lashorn, 1102; reedited by Y, Fseh, Rete, yee Goer the site tile appeared arts Li with the ex rption of one chapter in part (i 175). ‘The iissing chap fer in this dition, being’ @ polemic against Christianity and slam, was publsbed under the tite “Resnet uaagen™ (i, Ts toy rotited by Stetoscnelden, Berlin, 1851). Extracts Sogrit” ate contained fn atime Hot yeti largely ake ‘om Prooat Duran's “Kelimmat ba-Goyia" (> Monatsearitt” f ‘a Stionagin, staat obserrances, presumably treating of ies in alas 4. Seder baste leba-Rambae,” date poem, ssribed to imran tn BS, Poo. 74 (Neutaer, Cat. Bod, tebr. MSS.” Nou To." Perash ba-Ketubead weha-Ge," on marrisg and aivorees, Constantinople IIO-8, wT. Perash Hilkot erat fo-Hsr" commentary on Alas's ~ Beraket”™ Peru Masoeket EAvyyoL" commentary on “Eduysot 18, Perush “al batlosua uot” published Wit the "Hosts not according othe Spanieh re, Ferrara, 9, (A short Tice fromthe ™Perast™ is eoneined In the Spanish prayer ook of BL) “peri Kegat Piryutn, of whieh several pleces are inseited i the Algiers Naor: Leghorn, 12. cThe commen- tary om the imroduetion " {Dava)aster Ise." may also bie found in B. Goldberg's "ees Maumoniuy” pp. 5 ef sen Destin 1813) Th. Runitas Tebinoot w-Plzmonim.” religions and secular poets, (the elegy {Hina"] om the destruction of Jerass- J, "Esso le Sapper” Was published ta roBat Duran's "Ig fren aLTebio” Coustantinople,& 1517: tat on the perseca- fiooe in Spain i tbe second eon of"*Magen bot” Lelre, S35, A Targer collection was edited by 2. Moral in part of hig" gotnat Pane,” Beri, 1897.) “o. tremave Pake Niddah® (astnet from No.0. 1 mikgun be-Htazzanim.” of whieh the tle only is knows. IB “Tanganot baRasbbes,” Inverted tn part I, of the re. sponsa, hand in dda Aypaeb's espouse, coiled "Bet 0. ‘Yenudan.” Leatorn, SausTastinge” OB responsa to threo parts, Amsterdam, W589; le ey @. 1TH Tipgsoonarm: Janu, Simeon b, Zemach Duran to "Monatcchrift sx atta iegs A, Broke Alig, Ze Pu aa ar ta OL: SENiGs" iv Grterbuch dof Judtichen Sehrt/etler pp, Bet Sega Bedner, Cats Hebe. Books Brit. Mus. pp. ek segsDaran Disseldort et sens, Gls Goch 34 ‘rly 18 Kaufioaad, th Monae MM. KH. B. Solomon b. Sinon Duran abievntel RaSh ashy on ant ster of Son bana Dern ort Algr sued; ed the a0? In his youth he became familiar with the Talmud and Ibilo ents and witha nates eke it for hs tne He road aguas the Cael ike he ate watt ant of any rrpoen (pied in ago, ); hse rie, th iaguge af te Taito Naia Nagar Conant han bess spurely fine i an tnd of passe (kernel i dt ofthe ain, it the aah of the conver Gerninn de atl Fe tnpeared vier te le “Stone Boh and abuse "Sent mui be Nerdy ater second part of his father's “Keshet u-Magen.” It Saraopuiset septa iepein 6 Hs irate ton Sein whe has reqs Scenario hie ten irate ar apes tote wont “Wadia Senta Leghomy A tinge en by hn ha bch perl nna co Dipogane cop one eto hs eg TERR Ae Gece haber tates He Ni iroah he ie es Solomon ton Zomah Dusan: Tai Algo, wie he deh ners gra gre raison of Solon en noe Dirt, asda tse spony ih ave been oS bes onah Burge election, he wotea deta eommestary on Proven, which appetite they Shlomo Vet, 60; sydstnraeson te terea Kinds of wisn, a cmanetary om ie to Of ater ann teste on tempers Al Uae Sortie compl hy the yer, a pa ied oor the sive “Pec Ve Vere, Ge i os a, osetia pp. Ah et $09), ema, Doran le clled Aste): Patior of sion Disa; west from Proves to Pinay ad Shans to Agios, where he di 40 had tome knowiige of meteos nd eto ond Mae preacher at Agios (ew Be ven 2m). "LRRSLUERL Ath Ney Zomah D, Simon b. Zena Dusen: Gres spina of te prealogs ted 80 subor ot Comments ona irae en tr Part hy oae Ghats pe, withthe Arama fess sas red “Teter een by his son Solomon b. Zemah Duran (Roest, “Cat. Menta Bi Append p40; Seater, * Cat ap. a) Zena on Solomon Duran: Gretgrandsn of Zemah Duran, Yemah ben Solomon Duran: Talmudist; died sept 10, wes toured na legy by Absa Gein (Ne onl, "Tod tele ra,” Pw, Pe beg als ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 18 Prpiourk o# rie Doxax Pasty, (ct, Bote, 28) sma Dura ‘onan de Mactre fom Nissim Simbu, d. 14 marsied Bongoda Sotomon, ator i | shad Snion, Joseph (2) fe sion enim ator 13 i aot sien, ‘a Yessy) Jona Zemab Benjani i Fea zea «. MK. DURESS (Hebrew, DyN): In law, the use of such unlawful foree against a contracting party 1s will entitle him to wscind a contract. "The rab- Dinieal law on this subject goes back to the wars of Vespasian and Titus, when many Jews, in order to save their lives, gave up their lands to armed rob. bers (‘sibarikin” = daggermen; Git. v. 6) From several Talmudic passages (compare B, B. 400, 47b; B. KE. 62a) the standards have drawn the following rules fone bas teen put under duress until Be sll and takes the purebase-ones, even Ite? hang im up tt Se sel et the ale iva ther f movable oro ian an is {ough pices not ben aceped before ites. Hence te shoul make his post tere Oo witb and sy 1 ot ye ta sl tela (or tise ander eom- st aeselor des thi the sale may be stale ater ‘any years" seston, and the buyer must make restoration, ‘tte witness Know of terown hnowedge tat tres tras tued; abd when tbe protest fren out (ote sided by Thom it shuld moto eich Rnowledse om thule part. ais roe {erly toasale of prope or to te conprantae of 3 iit; bat ait ot property or te tee elas of amy sod ‘henerer tbe Sonor or Teleuar protests is nsiligne at {ho tine, thong be be not under dures ata Bentng ot ther Boas ence snot the ony form of rests Guest tua cont fhe treat of any Bart Whi sf the power But no rots mecesty fo [Prevent the fosrson of lan nble i taken by ser ilenee from ripen sate y pesto. An admision tase ty thesellor ater the pte does no sion fori presumed {athe wa ore to mae I” aulmonlles "a" eka, SEs much othe same eee is Slam Arak, Henben Maha, Bin. ‘What has Deon said as to deeds or other aets of conveyance would, with proper changes, apply to bonds or promises of payment made under compul- sion; but the ease of sale under duress, being that ‘hich occurs most frequently, has been especially treated here 1a. LN.D. DURKHEIM, EMILE: French writer; bornat Epinal, n the department of Vosges, France, April ayyi Zona Jonah ‘ot the other party to Inlet19 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 415, 1958, He was educated at the college of his na- tive town, and later in Paris at the Lycée Louis le Grand and the Hoole Normale Supérieure. From 1858 to 1887 he occupied the position of professor of philosophy in various lycées, in 1887 became pro- fessor of sociology at the Faculté des Lettres of the University of Bordeaux, and in 1902 was called to the Sorbonne, It was Durkheim who introduced the study of sociology into the French universities. In 11807 he founded an annual, “L’AnnéeSociologique,” in which he gives an account of thesociological iter- ature of France and other countries. He has pub- lished the following works: “De la Division du Tra- vail Social," Paris, 1803; “ Les Rogles dela Méthode Sociologique,” Paris, 1805; “Le Suicide: Etude de Sociologie,” Paris, 1807. Besides these Durkheim published a great number of essays in the “Revue Philosophique,” “Revue Bleue,” and elsewhere, unsgonapny:, La Grande Bnewtopétie; ae DURLAGHER, ELCAN: Hotraitend poh liters neat Hate, Geran, ot, id Bsn S6 oko Tan Tol aa tact ngage ad fonda brew pe SIRE out Sieh as one, afer thy ty ists i conn etre rater ‘Tonac ta tes sal Hoo ote “xp toile Baie iit vo mst notable wore tie ath telson th Gran abo ad ‘Sot of nally popeon ie bo fe wi none Of Wogan whos oon 0 ‘etbatauct ho pbb 8, iw. DURY, JOHN: ng divine of he soem seth esr ang etl sr hae Ste iat fda er om in desma of Anode Nonetn' sge dewey “Fikes MS lS ase tase otter ingly to Sa ont bj hh feed inde Poti of Tho Hope ose Bary waralio author of mpi ed I Elon of Gomes Whe te Lae foto toe Chisian Gomnnee® Teague pu to hin by Sel Hy a ais etal nelle of tna een, espe mle afmadee bt om ho po tt Bpuney ie cmead tat ccnteso _ fete tne a plo mii rie ha CSTR AUN Ee a. G. L. DUSOEAK, MORI: Anson banda thors bra Wah Mr Not Sled ioc Sly 318 Ho wae pu oad TTC iow Seer of Peg at ea fo ng Shae abl at Capa, Moni In ote tect precy nce aa other at slat te Emon af har Hewena oes preacher {ET's author of weak in se Gononn lngtge “iough gogo dah somone Sf Ssteotiniot ple of te "Ein no ol Bee topesl auc Catt. i Duran Dussoldort and after eyo yea” svc he ft Ga an SEhed ‘in leon” whee he open sat dye Tegel anata Bese wri foryaroos peo, and wan teh sto of te folag ts "ib Derren Sonar and Stes Ve, Tio “Des Swish Taliniltte Berean ie tendrer ie af de Borgorlchen Gtae™ Finns Sohn Deter cn Boggs Site rest 10; seh od Dalang dete Calo” Sanne 50; Das strc taimuisce Site” Viena 1582s Brunk Telos? Baise Scblge Sctgebung und Meth der Alte ‘acten ‘Vienna, 1872; “Die Biblisch-Talmudische Glaubens- hve eth; "Dlelont Gr Banga ‘itm Brann, 10 He so ete scene siti b‘Beuya! a commentary oa the Mh. nbs Sd Gane 180 Buguioggarnx ; Ha-Astf, 204 bp. 150-140; Ha-Zeftrah, xvi. 5 P. Wr DUSCHENES, FRIEDRICH: Autinn ji vetrtern Pte tin 1 ey ll hte Ja Tighe” esol his ecunton atthe Uae Huatchuf ante tons ein dfewneto tt iho is fates teenie ete Jude TinpuchtteDusshnes nent in J foe Oe tenbyat inna, wins bens graduates stor Seen ition co apus bees 5) Stmtel othe andengagedipactoc Slee ied fom poe ite 1, ‘usta pik Went iter von Bey, ad canto rom 18 ie “Oech Rechte kestcn” ple in rogue at tip uted nd Heenan Tero an ase sere tie emt of te Joi commusiy Pepsi test Pagan So eee ate ORE Ea re ee Pe : ELE DUSCHINSKY, WILHELM: Ausra We ten rn nuit Sorin May 0180" ‘ile gpavonin fVicoman fern Mile TomsGl and erase pilslogy a he Caiveipof Viens and Par’ Sloe 1 eas Mean pofcorat ing Oberle nhesevenh SGhETotVlnna Thofsoringmeogmpir ote say eimenet; ar tanh 0 ests SSB Dire vn Heme ood Do sik, 9) “bus umes aasbctn, In Pra nts i80, “De Say tahe eos 1B ephemeris oo, ¢ Da Emons Wen i “Sur ke“ Miatisope’ a Mle 10! Stnkegearee Binftwe, auf Sits foie na00 Ueber tle Quelen von Gelprers “Four tas: “Ueber de Quelle von Rte “ston Honore os“ Uabungsbeh ramickcien Spat Tot, ar Mor der Frunielen Spats 1901; “Gx, ds Nephi (lochs Vercns an der Wiener Uses {dit eke apg 108 DUSSELDORF: City in Rhenish Prussia situ- ated on the right Bank of the Rhine, According to the census of 1900 has about 2,600 Jews (500 house:Disssoldor Buytsch ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 20 holds) in a total population of 213,767. In 1800;t had 1,401 Jews ina total population of 14,042. Al though Disseldorf was raised to the rank of a town, in 1988, its Jewish community is one of the young- est in Germany, the history of the Jewsin theduchy of Jalich-Berg, of which Dusseldorf was theeapital, dating only from 1608; in Diisseldorf itself the frst records of Jewsareofamuch Interdate. ‘The synods or councils of the Jows of the duelyy were usually eld in Daren, and the name of Dusseldorf is rarely mentioned in the records which have como down to us. In the “ketab rabbanut,” or contract, dated June 6, 1746, by which R, Simson ha-Levi was chosen rabbi of Jilich-Berg, it is stipulated that, inasmuch as R. Simson had taken up his residence in Dhssel- dorf, whieh is remote from some parts of Jtilich, he must visit central localities like Jilich and Diren at least once a year. Similar stipulations were made with R, Mordecai b. Bliezer Halverstadt,authorof the responsa “ Ma’amar Mortekai® (Brinn, 1700), when he was ehosen to succeed R. Simson in 1752. Ri, Mordecai had already styled himself rabbi of Dts- seldorf and the surrounding country, which tends to prove tnt the community was rising in importance in the second half of the ejzhteenth century. An interesting incident during the rabbinate of R. Mor- decai was the onlering by him of special prayers after the earthquake of Lisbon (Nov. 16, 1755; sce Carl Brisoh, “Zur Gesch. d, Juden im Bergisehen Lande,” in “Isracit,” 1879, No. 7). R. Mordecai died’ in 1769, at the age of S4, and was succeeded by R. Jacob Braudeis (d. 1773), who had been rabbi of Furth and of Darmstadt for twenty years, Ttis stated hy Adolph Kolnut, editor of the *Dasseldorfer Zeitung,” that R, Judah Lib Abraham Scheuer of Furth, who died in 1821, aged 87, was rabbi of Dasseldorf and of Jilich-Lerg for 42 Years. Since the incorporation of Dusseldorf in the ‘kingdom of Prussia in 1815, the community has not been connected with the neighboring communities, and later rabbis, as A. Wedell or the present ineum- bent, have not been * Landesrabbiner,” as were their earlier predecessors, ‘The remains of numerous members of Heinrich Heine's family are buried in theold Jewish cemeter of Dosseldorf, which is now within the efty limits, and was closed Jan, 1, 1877, Among other promi nent personages buried there are David Sclig, the first Jewish “Stadtrath” of Dusseldorf (@, 1849); the moter of Hakam Bernays (d. 1855); and Solomon Ejcliberg, who was cantor of the community for 50 years and died aged 85. ‘The anti-Jewish demonstration which occurred in Disscldorf at the time of the reaction in 1819, seems, to have been confined to “black marksand threaten: ing placards placed on the doors of several Jewish houses” (Gractz, “Hist.” v. 90). After the emanci pation the Jewish community of Dasseldor? soon rose to importance among the Jewish communities of Germany, and is now the home of two prominent Jewish national organizations—the Bildungsanstalt for Israclitische Lehrer and the Verein zur Verbrei- tung und Forderung der Handworke Unter den Juden. ‘The last-named society, founded about 1880, maintains a home for apprentices, and is doing much good work, Stadtrath Gustav Herzfeld (b, 41828) is one of the founders, and was for a long time its president. ‘The Jewish community also has ‘charge of five foundations, which bear the names fof their founders or of their dedicates: Martha Hor, 8, Scheuer, 8, Simon, N. Franck, and D. Fleck. ‘The erection of the ‘new synagogue was decided on in March, 1899. Disseldort hns the fl- lowing institutions: Hebra Kuddisha wo-Haknasat Kalan; Hebrah Gemilut Hasadin; Hebrah Malbish ‘Aramim; Zedakah-Verein for general ebarity; and Tsracitischen Privatvercin for the prevention of house-to-house begging, Tn 1001 the Regierungsbezirk Dosseldorf, which comprises 24 districts, lad 16,082 Jews in a total population of 2,191,886. (Mafia oel Ro x ibaa Ora i Haat es Monch shores ew Se ee erepish? ym Apts Viena 16 aan Vaterichenetee Alin ett es Fea has Shee aan “tne Seppe Util) fot pera foe 188, No, 2 Por Mes Tobe NS BE oe Na iS Nace ae: Dente beenad chen Comeidchanie 9 i Kt oP ete Dinalderd-Aaeschcite der ilacen Gechie Blisctdoatty'a. Wea MUM hate pe feared ar oft Geschichte oslo eh XS pulehea eer i) te hore ey ‘Coufal a Wisner of th oe ot D. P. We DUSYATY. See Kovno, DUTCH WEST INDIES, Deren. DUTY (Hebr. *miewal” = commandment; later Hebr. “potas” = obligation): That which is due to God ns the Master of lie, oF to a fellow man, oF to oneself. “Duty” is an ethical term; its recognition fs such is urged by the inner voiee called consctence (Gee Wisdom xvii, 11), which tells man what he ought, or ought not to do, "It derives its sanction and au thority from God, * Sear God and keep hiscommand- rents, for this is the whole of man (Beet, xi. 13; ‘A.V, wisely adds the word “duty”), “Duty? is {oo abstracta term to Bud a place inthe Biblia! ter Ininology, but the idea of dty as Tuseparable from life fs expressed fn diferent forms in the Bible. It {the keeping of the way of the Lord ® (Gen, xvii 19); ibis defined by Micah (vi. 8, Hebr): “He hath told thee, O man, what is good and what the Lord requireth of thee: to do justly, tolove kindness, and to walk humbly with iy God"; and itis summed upin the commandment: *Foty shall ye be, for T the Lord your God am holy” (Lev, xix. 2), ‘This thought of duty uns through all Jewish literature “Walk after the Lord thy God; as He is merciful, ‘bo thow also meseifol; as He is kind, be thou also ind” (Sotan (42), "So also Philo: “Ban was ere sued in the image of God; it must therefore be his ‘aim to become more and more like God " (“ De Deca- Jogo,” § 191; “De Migratione Abrahami, ii, 470); “Man's highest duty is to imitate God recording t0 the best of his ability, and to neglect no opporta- nity to become like God (i. § 40). ‘The Jewish conception of duty is therefore su: perior to that of the Greek and the Roman i that it emanates from a God of holiness, and life is based ‘upon duties and obligations which form the contents fof the Lave, and the faithful falliment of which by the Jewish people establishes their claim to the heesirret InJudicie Press) Hor Wheraet (eine Efe Hetnvieh Het See Wusr Inpmss,a1 title “am adosh ” (holy people: Bx. xix. 6, xxi 30; Lev. xi. 44, 45; xix. 2; xx. 7, 20; Num, xv. 405 Deut, vii. 0; xiv. 2, 21; xxvi, 19; The _ xxvili.9), ‘True, inthe Pentateuch no Extent of distinction is mado between duties of Duty. various kinds; the ceremonfal duty is of as greut importance as the moral act, In Lev. xix., which may be assumed to repre- fent the apiivof Pentatcuchal legislation atits best, the duty to offer sueriices (verses 6-f)—a purely rit- ual obligation—is given as high sanction as the fear of father and mother (8), the eare of the poor (10), Honesty in speech aud dealing (11), respect for the aged (82), love for one’s neighbor (18), and similar total duties of the highest type. The command to Keep the Sablaths (§) has no more binding force an tat requiting honesty in regard to weight and measure (05). From the standpoint of the Mosaic Tegislation life in its various aspects is one, and 10 distinetion is made between the different kinds of uty enjoined; God commanded them all, and there {ore they all have equal sanction, ‘The prophetic conception of life, however, distin- guished Between the various kinds of duties. To the Prophets duty meant chiefly to do justice and to love merey (com- pre Isa. i.20; Jer. vi 5-8; Hosea Gj Amos v.24; Zech. vil. 9,10). This chatucterisiie of prophetic thought is expressed very clearly by R. Simlai (lak, 280). Similarly, Busva DES Joserar sev Pagcpa, in his * HHobot ha-Lebabot," distinguishes hetween the vari- ous kinds of duties by dividing them into two lasses: “Thott h-liarim” and “yobot ha-lebabot,” the ex ternal religious duties and the dutiesof the heart, or the ritual duties and the moral obligations. How- ever, though individoal thinkers made these distine- tions, yet Jewish tradition doveloped the thought that all duties derive their sanctity from the Lav as the unchangeable will of God. And hero lies the danger of Leeatrey, inasmuch as every ceremonial law is regarded from this point of view as an aetual debe (“hola = égeriqe) incumbent upon man, ‘and of which he must fa. himself (3M "9" NS? oF simply gy; Ber. it. 1, Sb, 200; Yor. Sau, vil. 21); Eccl, vit. 18) by performing it, ‘This debt is a sin while it remains tnpaid (“hoba”); bat when patd it becomes a merit (“migwah"; Yer. Ber. ix. 4— according to the Pharisees; compare Montefiore, “"Hibbert Lectures,” 1802, pp. 407-508; see also Cenexonies axb THE Couwoxtan Laws Coxe MANDMENS), Tn the fuldlment of duty, possibly the chet con- sideration isthecharucter of themotive. Why shall uty be performed: for reward or for its own sake? Tn this matter Jewish ethies rest on the highest plane, ‘The sages tang, Whether one do much oF Tittle, all that {s nocessary is that the intention be puro” (Ber. fa), The classical saying of Antigonus of Sokho clearly expresses the true Talmudic ideal of thespisit that should accompany the performance of duty: “Be not like servants who serve their master for the sake of the reward, but be like servants who sorve heir master not for the sake of the reward, and let the fear of Heaven be upon you" (Ab. 4.8). The Prophetic Hierarchy ‘of Duties. Motive. ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Dileveldort Buytsch usual expression for this thought of doing duty for duty’s sake is “loshem shamayim” (in the name of God), or “lishmah” (for its own sake); thus it is said, * Those who occupy themselves with communal affairs should do so in tho name of God,” and “Zet all thy deeds be done in the name of God” (Ab, 4H. 2, 16), Another manner of expressing the same thought appearsin the pirase “ralsmana Iibbaba‘e” (God requives the intention of the heart to be pure; see Sanli. 1060). ‘This doctrine is clearly taught in passages like the following: “ The words to love the Lord thy God, to harken to Hin, and to cling to ‘Him’ mean,‘ Let no man say, “I will study so that people shall call me a wise man; Iwill learn that ‘they may eall me rabbi; I will lean that I may be- come an elder and preside over the academy."? Let Ihim learn for the love of learning, and the honor will come in the end” (Ned, €2a), So also says R. Blea- zar, commenting upon Ps. exii. 1: “Happy he who delighteth in His commandments, but not for the re- ward that might come from observing them” ‘Ab. Zarah 19). Balyya (2. Introduction) says: “I am convinced that all actions which are to conduce to the honor of God must have their basis in purity of the heart and of the intention; if the intention benot pure the deeds will not be acceptable, be they ever so numerous, as it is said in Scripture, "If ye heap up ever s0 many prayers I will not hear, for your hands are full of blood; wash yourselves, make yourselves clean’” (Isa. i, 15, 16, Hebr.). See Brmes. K D.P. DUX, ADOLF: Hungarian writer; born at Pres- burg Oct. 25, 1822; died at Budapest Nov. 20, 1881; cousin of Leopold Dukes. He studied law and phi losophy at. the University of Vienna, and was con- nected with the “Presburger Zeitung” until 1855, when hie became a correspondent of the “Pester Lloyd.” Te translated Alexander Petof’s and Josef Eoivds’ Hungarian poems, and Katona’s tragedy, “Bank Ban,” and wrote “ Aus Cngarn,” and various stories in German under the title “Deutseh-Unga- risehes.” s A. Ke. DUX, LUDWIG. See Déczy, Lupwis. DUYTSCH, CHRISTIAN SALOMON: Hui garian clergyman; bora in ‘Temesvar, Hungary, im i734; died in 1797. Te attended the Talmud Torah, in Prague, Returning to Temesvar, he received in 1760 thetitleof *Morenu,” Two yearslater, excited ‘on the subject of conversion and distracted by relig- ous doubt, he became a wanderer, and visited Dres- den, Letpsic, Berlin, Amsterdam, Arnheim, Wesel, Halle, and even London, In 1767, owing to the influence of Pastor van Escen, he received baptism: in Amsterdam, Tn 1703 he married for the third time, aud then studied theology at the University of Utrecht, becoming in 1777 a preacher at Mijdrecht. ‘A number of Daytsch’s sermons were published; and his confession of faith, entitled “Jehova Ver- heerlijit door de Erkenning van den Waren Messing Jeaus Christus,” bad a large sale. His principal work was “Israels Verlossinge en Heuwige Behou- ovis,” 8 vols,, Amsterdam, 1109-88. His “Neder- lands Deborah *t Middle in God’s Hand tot ReddingByltlaa sing tes nerd rnd appeaed fn 107 ond a Sev cia i Mfrs Oh or Bates dn : XD DVINSE (Omerly DUNABURG): city in uae govemnelt of Vea, Hain i ce onale Iver Dina tie iatetion of rome fing levasfouied a Hy he alge of the Tivnin Onn anda 101 wes anne to Point "Asoig oth cesscf 1 hae iv iqucrae cage eon esis a Iutsutritng he al tad ential th Ins he be ees of conus a a Assam bec Towed fe and oto ek tlio of als saul Indl ocapatnl et slnasteately tothe dows Atcortng to fie ofial eum Ines made In 80 tere ee fa Dua 9) induaudd cubichnenonacd by Jewsrand 9 Grae by nders tls he auaber of Jew ars ravoniy "Avan a ba i thslite athe wlave ner of Jeeeh teas Winch gate, Anotng oa poe eat fans nS tae we To ta Eiaing'3 198 mtr 780 Jorneymen nd 39 apprentice "ise! Inporian of the trates flowed by the Jonsate ting (2 nd ccna. the a2 ial fact wraps tate focr dione, avai bran feed Sey ei owed By Joes, here Ie toad of 05 chplayea ot hom ola ae era ‘Tre ee ta Buin 08 Taking ie overage fan a contig of Se sero arp i305 tiny prota enki population of Deine ppied for ai fom iScomminliy help eiee wo porand de tnisJevs cot fm a tasogs ad ining an lin ttt rasoas sanoble ator She of thes ound 9 maser avoid al scetgs Te he mo tne 130 ote ala 02 (ap fo Sep bars SS iy aging rom 18 090 bln sy eeutag ble there ane ogo Eibn, Subliedon_chante pepe for ib adeancment ot onal ae Be Ean find of 1800 rules Toul in meer ot ‘Wteterg Lanny, sted hy posal oper, ittos fae ae sodly forgo taunt bythe govenor ei an nce Ih cian sie’ cheap dng biur ola: henry ape ea Tn th yn 008 1 he noel eos of Das mero mete 1208 pup S50 of em ogo Inthe Seon exept here ee Trl, “Tie eonisc be gnc Sel es "lowe sti igh seo non Jove Sa Swe yg asia gh so, soon 20, Jone th; cy sol emtning tase dase noreys ith Jews’ Hs pias ourees ‘Sho tonal dows Woe is sce, towne Jove ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 22 In the Jewish schools: Talmud Torah, 122; Jew- ish school, with preparatory class, 116; three-class Jewish industrial school, 87; private Jewish school for boys and girls, 51;' private Jewish one-class school, 25. In several of the general schools Jews are not ac- cépted; and those that are open to them are so crowded that many Jowish children can not gain admittance. The poor people ean not even send their ehildren to the “melammed,” for the latter charges from 40 to 90 rubles a yeut for instruction, ‘The local Zionist association opened in 1901 a model free heder, whore about 80 children get instruetion, ‘Thanks t0 the efforts of the Zionists, there were es- tablished in 1900 a library and reading-room, with a charge of three kopeks for admission, BipLlOGRAPHE: Mogkowssina Vuedomuti, 1855, No, 224 "Vosbod, 000 Noe 887 1 Now 8 and 385 1M No. S.J. DVORETZ. See Guovxo, DWARF.—Biblical Data: ‘The rendering in ALY. of p3 (Lev. xxi, 20, literally thin”), denoting ‘one of the physical disqualifications of priests for the sorvice. In this sense DT Is taken by Targ. Yer. (D3) and Ibn Ezra ad We. (comp. Bek. vii 6), but the adopted rabbinical tradition (see Sit, Emor, 8; Bek. 45) and modern commentators explain the word differ: cetly (see commentaries ad toe.) nevertheless, the dwarf is declared untit for service (Hullin 63a; Sifra, Le; Bek, Le.; see Busatsu). Legends concerning giants and dwarfs exist among all nations (Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i, ch. x.; Gorman ed., i, 379 et seq.; comp. Wutke, “Der Deutsche Volksaber- glaube der Gegenwart,” p. 42; Lehmann, * Aber- glaube und Zauberei,” p. 07, Stuttgart, 1898; Sei rge und Riesen,” in “Neue JabrbUcher flir das Klassische Alterthum,” ete., vol. v., part 2, p.9). These legends are basod mostly on primitive conceptions regarding the original inhabitants of a country, In the Bible the pre-Israelitic inhabitants of the Holy Land are supposed to have been gigantic ‘=« reminiscence of the prehistoric man (comp. the Hebrew dictionaries 2.v. p53, pap; also Gen. vi. 2 and the commentaries to the respective passages; Baedeker, “ Palistina,” 5th ed., p, 50; Pirke R. El xxii.). Compared with these the Israelites regarded themselves as “grasshoppers” (Num, 83), Dwarfs are said to have Deen numerous in the tow. ers of the fortresses of Tyre (Hzek. xxvii, 10 [A. V. a). Bam, —An Rabbinical Literature: In tradition the warf (033 or D2, »évee) is mentioned frequently, and the word has been adopted in the ‘Talmud. Judwo-German jargon, One whosees a giant or a dwarf should say: “Blessed be God, who alters man” (Tosef., Ber. vi. 8). The apes were regarded by many nations as human dwarfs (Tyler, Ze), and strangely enough the Talmud enjoins that the same benediction be said when seeing an clephant, or apes, or birds look- ing like men (see Rashi on Ber. 58). In opposition to the gigantic Philistines the Caph- torim (Gen. x. 14, MMNBD: according to Targ. Onkk. Bible.23 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Dui Dyesand Dyeing “Cappadoctans,” according to modern ‘commenta- tors *Cretes”) are called dwarfs (Gen. R. xxxvil. 5). There is here, no doubt, the general legend in regard to dwarfish tribes and nations. Legendary leinents may perhaps also be found in the following parable: ‘The governor of a province summoned for the king the men having the necessary military stat- ture, A Woman complained that her son, who wasa diwarf, but whom she called “swift-footed giant” {uaapodapos), lad been overlooked. She was an- swered: “Though he bo in your eyes a makro- tlaphos, in our eyes he isa dwarf of the dwarfs” (Gen, R. Ixy. 11 Cant. R. th 15). L. B. ‘Nebuchadnezzar is frequently called in rabbinical titerature “the dwarf of Babel” (Pestk. xiil, 1120; Pesily. R. xxxi.), of “the Tittle one ell dwarf” (with reference to Dan, iv. 14, 17), “the lowest of men” (Yall. fi, 1063); according to another tradition, Pharaoh was the dwarf referred to in Daniel, Ze. (LK. 18a). ‘The deseription “one ell the height, fone ell the beard, and one ell and a half another ‘member of his body ” makes it probable that the grotesque, awarfish figure of some populardeity or demon, such as the Egypto-Ambie Bes, a ged of music and anelng whieh under the Ptolemies ap: peared on coins and siruetnres all over Asia (Erman, “Zeit- sohritt fur ‘Numis- ratik,” 1882, pp. 206 et eeq.; Wiedman, “Hgyntische Ge- schichte,” pp. 91, 5595), was identified by the Babylonian Jows with either Nebuchadnezzar or Pharaoh, 88 K DYATLOVO. See Gnonxo. DYBOSSARI, Sce Dusosany. DYER, ISADORE: American merchant and communal worker; bom in Dessau, Germany, 1818; ied at Waukesha, Wisconsin, 1888. He went to ‘America while young, living first in Baltimore, whence in 1840 he moved to Galveston. He was engaged in mereantile pursuits til 1801, when, after fa suceessful business earcer, he retired. Tn 1866 he twas elected to the presidency of the Union Marine and Fite Insurance Company of Galveston, which position he filled until the company discontinued business in 1880, He held high place in the Odd Fellows? lodge, and was among the earliest of its grand masters.” The frst Jewish religious services {in Galveston Were held at hishouse 1856). He made provision in his will for the maintenance of the two Hebrew cemeteries, and left bequests to the Congre- gation B’nai Isracl (“to afford increased pews and Seating capacity for the poor Israelite families who fare unable to purchase or rent same"), and to the Protestant Orphans’ Home of Galveston. Biguioonarny: Records of the City af Galvuston, 10-88; iBlisyelapedla of the New West 6% Records of the Pro: ‘Medal Presented to Leon Dyer bythe Baltimore Community, 187 Date Ope of Galveston, Texas, 1888; Publications Am, Bi, Bat Sooo. 8 a, A BC DYER, LEON: American soldier; born at Al- ney, Germany, Oct. 9, 1807; died in Loutsville, Ky., 4888, Atan early age he went with his parents to Baltimore. Dyer was self-educated. In the early part of his career he worked in his father’s beef-pack- ing establishment (the firstin America). Asa young ‘mau he enjoyed great popularity with the eltizens ‘of Baltimore, and led a number of minor public offices. When the great Baltimore bread riots broke | out, he was elected acting mayor, and through his jntervention order was soon restored. While Dyer was engaged in business in New Orleans in 1886, ‘Texas called for aid in her struggle for independ- ence. Dyer was at that time quartermaster-general of the state militia of Louisiana, Withseveral hun- Gred citizens of New Orleans he embarked at once fon a schooner bound for Galveston, arriving two Gays after the battle of San Jacinto, He received a commission as major in the Texas forces, signed by the first president, Bur- nett, The Louisiana contingent was as signed to the force of Gen, Thomas Jeffer- son Green, and saw active service clear- Ing western Texas of bands of plundering Mexican troops When Santa Anna was taken from Gal- veston to Washing- ton, Major Dyer ac ‘companied the guard, ‘and Santa Anna’s autograph letter thanking Dyer for courtesies received on the journey testifies to the general's gratitude. ‘Dyer’s natural talent and strong patriotic feeling won him the confidence of ante-bellum statesmen, and in Van Buren’s administration he was chosen to be the bearer of despatches to the Prussian gov- ernment. Dyer saw extended service in the United Statesarmy. He was on General Scott's staff in the Florida campaign against Osceola, the Seminole chief, and was wounded in the neck in the final ‘battle which ended in Oscoola’s defeat and subse- quent capture, During the Mexican war Dyer, then with the rank of colonel, was appointed quar- termaster-general by Gen, Winfield Scott. {Ia 1848 Colonel Dyer erossed the plains to Califor- nia, and settled in San Francisco, where he founded a congregation—the first on the Pacific coast. Before his departure from Baltimore he had been presented with a medal by the community of that efty (1847). arugoanaen: Record f he Cy of Galeton, I: SHERSSetNE gag” Trae Ms teens Ae Poe 4. BC. DYES AND DYEING (= yzy): Though not mentioned as a special art io the Bible, dyeing was probably practised as in Egypt by the fuller andDyes and Dyei Byvin a THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA a4 fe tanner, Dyed stuffs are mentioned among the Yestments of thie high priest and the appurtenances of the Tabernacle, “Rud, however, svems to have been the only dye mianufactured, In fact, in several instances “adom™ (red) is used as a synonym of “zeba‘" (later Hebrew and Talmudic), “dye,” from “zaba’,” to dye, dip, immerse (see Ex, xxv. 8, xxv Ui, xxav. 7, xaxvi, 19, xxix. 8); in Ezeke xvii 18 the word “tebulim” = dipped, ig used; in Is Isifl. 4, “hamuz” = leavened; in Judges v. 30, “zeba‘." Dyes, dyers, and dyeing, with occasions mention of matiufactured colors, are referred to in the Talmud (Shab. vii, 2; Sheb. vii, 1-25 Pes. ti 1; Tosef., Sheb. v.1; Men, 42i-tia; Meg. Mb; Yer, Shab. i. 8b, vii. 10e;"B. 1/1000; Yer. B, Kk is, 6) Abba Hoshayah of Tarya, the suiut, was a fuller who also practised dyeing (Yer. B. Kx. Te). An ram, the dyer, is mentioned in Gig. 52, “Regarding the purple dyeing of the Phonicians sce Delitzsch, “Iris,” 1888, pp. 4Get sep. ;and Peuray, Especially: was the tribe of Zebulon believed to have acquired this art, together with that of glass manufacture, from the Pheuicians (sco Sifre, Debarinn, 854; Mew 2a; Herzfeld, “Ifundelegeschichte der Juden des Alterthums,” 1879, p. 106). According to Shab. 26, the Jews in the viciuity of Tyre manufactured pur ple stuffs for the market (comp. Schirer, *Ge- schichte,” 8d ed., ii. 66, notes, and Herzfeld, Le. PP. 108, 807). A Jewish wild’ of purple dyors is mentioned on a tombstone iuscription in Hierapolis (ehtwer, Le. 8d ed. iii. 14). Tn the twelfth century the Jews of Tyre were stil purple dyers and mantt- facturersof glass (see Benjamin of Tuiela," Travels,” ed. Asher, p. 30b). In St. George, the ancient Liv, Benjamin found one Jew to bea dyer (2. 82b), and in Thebes, Greere, the Jews were the most eminent manufacturers of silk and purple eloth ((d, 161). They were noted for being skilled dyersalso in Italy, Sicily, and elsewhere (i. 15a; sce also Bedarride, “Les Juifs en France, Italie et Espagne,” 1867, p. 179; Depping, * Die Juden im Mittelalter,” German transl, 1834, pp. 196, 858, 401). Delitzsch (“Jewish Artisan Lite,” p. 27) speaks of “Migdal Zebua'ya” (“the tower of the dyers”; Lam. R. fi 2), and cites ‘Yer. Shab. 8b to theelfect that when walling abrond the dyers hung red and blue threads behind one ear, and green and pale-yellow threads behind the other Purple was the most costly dye known to the at cient Hebrews, “The blood of the purple mollusk is used to dye wool purple” (Menaliot 44a). Each shell secreting but one drop of the dye, and the work of preparation being tedious, such dyeing was costly. Akhissar, the ancient Thyatira, a Jews ish stronghold in Asia Minor, seems to have been connected with the dyeing trade ia the early een: tries, and even to-day the erimson fez. usually worn in the East is generally manufactured and dyed in that locality (Brightwen, “ Side-Lights on the Bible,” p.42). Inantiquity the trade obtained some distine- ion, purple being tho royal color. The almond. trees of Bethel and Luz (“luz = almond-tree) pro- duced a color used in dyeing, Jews seem for a long time to have held the monopoly of the dyeing trade, In Asia they were especially noted as dyers, as they were also, ac- cording to Beckmann, in Italy and Sicily. "The Jews’ tax in southem Europe was sometimes called “tineta Judaorum,” as it was levied on dyed goods, (Abraliams, “Jewish Life in the Middle Ages," p. 219; Godemann, “Geschichte des Erziehungswe. sens,” ii, 813), In the itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (o, 1170) it fs noted that Brindisi contained ten Jews who were Ayers (p. 45, Asher’sed.); that purple dye was found in the neighborhood of New Tyre (p. 68); that one Jew, a dyer, lived at St. George, the ancient Luz (p. 65); that the dye-house in Jerusalem was rented by the year; that the exclusive privilege of earrying fon that business had been purchased by the Jews, ‘two hundred of whom dwelt in one comer of the city under the tower of David (p. 69); and that but twelve Jews lived in Bethlelim, two in Bet Nuba, one in Jaifa, one in Karyaten Binyamin, and one it Zer'in, the ancient Jezreel—al} dyers (pp. 75, 78, 80, 81). Rabbi Pethahiah of Regensburg visited Jeru. salem in the twelfth century, and found only one Jew there, Rabbi Abraham, the dyer (Travels of R. Potachia,” ed. Benisch, pp. 88, 60). Nahmantdes (6. 1250) also found in Jerusalem only one or two fumilies of dyers (Gmet, “ History of the Jews,” ii 606. Dyeing was the occupation of the Jews in Aragon fn the Middle Ages Jucobs, “Sources,” p. 16) and there were many dyets among the Jews of Prazue in the seventeeuth century (Abrahams, “Jewish Life ‘the Middle Ages,” p. 248). Dr, Wolff (*Nara- tivo of the Mission of Dr. Wolff to Bokhara,” ii 3) ‘mentions that in 1844 there were in Bokhhara 10,000 Jews, “mostly dyers and silk merehasis”; and Fravz von Schwarz (“ Turkestan, die Wiege der In dogermanischien Volker,” p. 441) says that “the Jews of Bokhara devote themselves to commerce and industry... . Neurly all the dyers, especially the ayers of silk, are Jows. . . . The Jews of Bokharn have in away monopolized the commerce with dyed raw silk.” According to Errera (“The Russian Jews,” p. 177), the Jews in Russia created the industries of dyeing and preparing furs. ‘The manufieture of zizit, {allit, and arba' kanfot in Russia, and the dycing Which is incidental to the last two, have placed @ considerble part of the dyeing business in the hands of the Jews of that country. See Anisaxs; Coron, BinuiocRarny: Gldemann, Gesehiente des Bretclangswe ‘sens On Mallen, 1% note ¥. a H.O—K, DYHERNFURTH: Town in Prussian Silesia, with 1,468 inhabitants; founded Jan, 20, 1668, Tn that year the Austrian emperor Leopold T., desir. ing to reward the Silesian chancellor, Baron von Dyher, gave his estate Praig the rights and status of a city with the name “Dyhernfurth.” ‘To fur ther the prosperity of his city its owner obtained permission (July 19, 1607) to establish a printing- house, which, however, soon ecased to exist. Ty 1088, under Baron von Glaubitz, the new lord of the estate and of the city, the workers whom the printer Shabbethai Bass had gathered about him became ‘a community—the first in Silesia since the expulsion of the Jews from that provinee in 1584, ‘The Jewishas ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA cemetony enabled iy Basin 1089 as two Den eolaged (150 and 1880 by purchase. Until 101 fheuloysot Breas buried dh den ate Dybern fertconetry. synagogue ba bon eta {nd attatned by Reb Besng. president; {fap h was sueouted by a new fonple, whic was ip a 65. roa te mbbls who served gh community of Dylratartn var: Wot Kass = on ele) Edhtten who fovnded hea kala Het Seavey Fu ater dayyon in Breas and Hay a Kroyer A branch commited formers Whe ncglbomug town of Auman” ‘Thecommanty et ‘Dyberturt as sty died nb fg a preset ony naetcens Hs presents 3D WWernttm age rare eh FS Sie RO alge ica ee ee fe B $83 —aypography: The east Hebrew pating- ofice sierath asenablisie 0106 y te biographer Shabbeta! ben Joseph Bass. The place Say wel ted fr sh eterna ase Eon Barope wt te best markt for dre books, fod, cutie rug, ina no Hero pain es what tne. Afurther pont ae faeorwnstbofaet, atte book supped by Holla were very expe tive. "The ft wank tobe fad fom th press Ot Dylerstath was Sunset bon Uns at Be Suet onthe Sutban Ars, Be ha Beer O63, Inthe same year appeal Duel a Les commen tery on Rac t the Betatuehs ce prayers to ve feed in he concer (oh Tule eran tration by Blese evra andthe mp fryer of Nathan Nac don Sonvof Hanover Tn Tits te esabishnone san party destoyed by re Trias however, soon rb and fe 1712 Sa Tesh ansored eto Meson only whose name ove onthe titenage,topeter With hat of teeter attr OF Desig i at ton years of dete ek Sine couded inset ee to fusions ites yershetaed foe otivensot tne Penttesch; Jado. Geman een, Ber tayyim en Nation of te hol parts of the iy Tour lions ofthe Pans; seven ot the Siddur four of the Sihaar, ve of th Saat fod tyo of the kum red on the aight of Stu Hoan Rabe, "Rho tis tims Josep, wh hater, was ae vaca by the Jesutsof eta bk conti: Sinope aoc Cini "They. ere Se prion, nd busaes was prey apende The subject ofthe acca waste “Stare y= you! of Nath of Hanover, pulsed at Dyers Fivi f 105." No ors ule yt Dass from tito 1719 ao mnown to be exam Tate tr gear business ean to have boc eu Bet Stun of fevoneiy, hsb Shabtals franitangher. sth Hert Natian pa 8000 Etnies purchase money. “Aer Nana's death fa {Tat vasensict ow iis sidow. ‘Shout 1760 Joie Misael May rom Brean cxinbied anoiher psntingaoe, which, aftr Bi ‘Byes and Dyein Dyvin Ons cath in 1790, was managed at first by his widow Rachel, and his sons Michael, Simon, Aron, and Joseph, but later by Joseph alone. In recent times ‘a printing-ofllee was established in Dyhernfurth by Warschauer & Co. Although there have been issued from the Dyhera- furth presses many important works, such as the Babylonian Talmud and the Yad ha-Hazakah, and although for a long time they supplied Silesia and the neighboring terzitories with books, they failed, ‘owing to poor type and the lack of correctness, 10 find much favor. BiptiocRarnr: Cassel and Stefpsehnetder, im Erech and ‘Grier ‘eatin Sts part pe 12 Ca. Unger, Newer Ble Seats. Ob, sig et be. where are giver the pues: flbng of brieragartn up to 127 Brana, is Afonataserryt, SUE er tee 3 1 Br. DYTE, D. M.: English Jow who distinguished bimself by saving the life of George ITI. of England under the following circumstances: On May 15, 1800, George III. attended the Drury Lane Theater to witness a comedy by Colley Cibber; and while the monarch was acknowledging the loyal greetings of the audience, a lunatic named Hadfield fred a horse- pistol pointbiaok at his Majesty. Twoslugs passed over the king's head, and lodged in the wainscot of the royal box. The king escaped unburts but it ‘was only subsequently realized that Hadfield had ised iis aim becauso some man near him had struck his arm while in the act of pulling the trigger. Thisindividual was Dyte, father of Henry Dyte, at one time honorary secretary to the Blind Bociety. It is said that Dyto asked as his sole re- ‘ward the “patent” of selling opera-tickets, then a monopoly at the royal disposal. Dyiagonaney: Plata Shetek analoTet Httor, 5 GL. DYVIN: Village in the goverament of Grodno, Russia, Ithas a very old Jewish community, but it is impossible to dotermine when Jews first settled there, When the town endeavored to secure the Magdeburg Law, the Jews contributed for the pur- pose fifty gold coins, in return for which they were to be allowed to avail themselves of the privileges and income of the town, Notwithstanding this the burghers often attempted to curtail the rights of the Jews, In 1634 King Ladislaus TV. granted them certain privileges, and recognized their rights to the possession of houses, market-plaees, the public bath, and lands legally acquired by them. ‘The right to own a synagogue and a burial-ground, and to free and undisturbed conduct of religious services, ws also recognized. ‘They were permitted toengage in ‘commerce, and to enjoy other privileges, on equal terms with the burghers of Dyviu. They were sub ject to the jurisdiction of the Dyin court, but had the right tO appeal from this to the judges of the King's court, With the burghers, the Jews have often farmed various profitable portions of munict pal property, as, for instance, the flour-mills and the distillery. Ta 1656 the commissioners appointed by the king, fon the complaint of the Jews, reaffirmed that the latter, having enjoyed for many years with the burghers the privileges and ineonies of the eity, andBeburin, Barthquake ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 26 having contributed to the expense of securing the Magdeburg Law, were entitled to avail themselves, to an equal extent with the burghers, of the income from the farming of public property. But since fora number of years they had neglected to avail hemeelves of these rights, the commissioners con ‘other towns, in one-third of the farming privileges. Subsequently new differences arose between the burghers and the Jews in regard to the unequal dis- tribution of taxes for the maintenance of soldiers. ‘These differences were settled by mutual agreement on Feb. 9, 1661, EAGLE: The renderig in tho Bnglsh Bile versions of the Hebrew “oeshet" ‘The nesher owever, was Dads nested ou high oekss and was gregarious in its abte (Micah 1-10; Job sxais S: Prov: axx. 1?) all of which charactotles ining to te grifin-vedture, but not tothe engl. ‘Several spotis of eagles ioblt Palestins and ‘ean are prolmbly al neaded inthe term only yah” (Lew si 18; Dents xiv 1 ompare Tristram, “Natural History of tre Bible” p13, ‘The Taniud says thatthe eagle i the king of bird, but tine esa of the tiyeatcher (Shub. 70). Ip Mes faplily: without tring (ave5| Sp = "ght ie the eagle." -Ab vs 20) ‘Phe engle ts ranked among the unclean bids fac vartouny_ ex: blaine by the Talmudic writers (al Ua) The nese is found deited tn the’ Assyrian, Nistoe, the vulture beaded god (UL Kings sis. 87; Ion xxv 38) and fn'the Arable Idol Nast.” InEzckiel(. 10, % 12) the eagle mentioned. in coonection_ with’ the tron of God. In zabbine parlance “nesher is ‘sed 8a ttle of distinction? egy to denote the Roman goveroment (Sanh 124. ‘On the ancont fallacy tnt the engle coud renew its youth see Bochart, “Hierozoicon,” part fi., bk. At, ght (compare Kimbt on Ps. ei 8 Diauonnarny 0: ool Apimate ofthe Be, Pas MATE GM AnNaN Oh ae ss .or Ti EARNEST-MONEY: Part payment of the price by the buyer of a commodity asa guaranty that he will stand by the bargain, ‘Wherever the payment of the whole price seeured title to property, the payment of a part of the price aid the same. “AIL objects, whether movable or immovable, could be acquired by the payment of money, and part payment was suflefont to make a sale valid. ‘The payment of a “ perufalh,” the small est coin of Palestinian currency, on account of the purchase was sufleient to bind’ the bargain (Kid. E 8a; Maimonides, “Yad,” Mekirab, i. 4; Shulhan In 1898 there was in Dyvin a Jewish population of 1,200 out of a total population of 10,000, Most of the Jews are engaged in commercial and indus- trial occupations; there are also 237 artisans. ‘The educational institutions include a Talmud "Torah with an attendance of 24 pupils, and ten hadarim Buyuiograpiy : Regesty 4 Nadplsl, 198, 40, 48, St, Peters th, 38. HR, 8J. DZHURIN. See Povorta. DZIGOVEA. See Povousa, ‘Aruk, Hoshen Mishpat, 190, 2), ‘The law regarding acquisition was restricted’ by the earlier rabbis, however, to immovable property. Because of eer taln apprehensions, they provided that movable property could be acquired only by actual posses- sion of the object (BM. 47b; sco ALtENaTION AND AcQuIsrtION). Hence, where there was no delivery the payment of the parchase-money did not consti- tute a sale, Tt was, however, considered a breach cof good faith if one of the contracting parties re- tracted after the payment of an earnest or of the whole sum, and the following eurse (may 1p) was pronounced upon him: ‘He who revengod Himsoif on tbe men of the generation of the Mood, and on tbe men of the generation of the division of Tanguages {"halagah"), and on the men of Sodom and of Gor ‘morrab, and on tte Beyptians who were drowned in the ‘wll revenge Hiitet ypombim Who does nab by ie word + (Baa sin 0). In cases of hiring and letting, the payment of an earnest was sufficient (Hoshen’ Mishpat, 198, 5, Is- serles’ gloss; 198, 6; 199) Tn the case of immovable property the payment. of earnest-money constituted a sale where local eus- tom did not require the formality of a deed of sale (“shetar”), The remainder of the purchase-money ‘was then considered a loan to be paid by the buyer at a stipulated time. If the seller was urgent for the payment, and thus made it obvious that he sold the property because he was in need of money, either of the parties could retract before the pay: ‘ment of the last instalment; for it was evident that the seller did not agree to sell except on condition that he receive the full amount. If, however, this urgeney could be explained in another way—for instance, when the property was in bad condition and the seller was afraid lest the buyer find some excuse to retract, or when the seller wished to re- move to another place—then the sale was valid and neither could retract (B. M. 77b; Maimonides, Le. viii.; Hoshen Mishpat, 190, 10-16). Tn cases where the earnest: did not validate the sale, he who re- tracted had to submit to the conditions of the other party as to the manner in which the earnest-money should be refunded (¢.) A pledge, either for part or for the whole of thea7 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Debarin Earthquake purchase-money, was not considered an earnest, and id not constitute a sale (Kid. 8b). ‘All the laws that applied to the acquisition of im; movable property applied also to the acquisition of slaves (see SLAVES). See also KIXYAN. Dapelna eer ss Mish, Be ee Rata ery IHG. EARNINGS. Soo Masten axp SenvANt. EARRING : A ring or hook passed through the lobe of the ear. Earrings, so widely used by East- ‘orn peoples, have no particular designation in He- Drew. The word BI9i8 applied to both the orna. ‘ment for the ear and that for the nose; s0 that when this term oceurs in the Bible, it may mean either When the writer wished to specify, he added the sword px to dicate earrings, or fi to indicate nose- ings." The word p13 (“stringed ornament"), the equivalent of the Arabic “nozm,” induces one to ‘Stppose that the primitive form of the ear-pendants wvas a string of pearls, beads, ete., of a globular orm.” Tt is perhaps this shape which is indieated Dy the qword MIENBS (it. “drops,” Judges vil. 26) ‘The references in Ex. xxx, 3 and Judges he. to earrings of gold, show at the same time that there flso existed earrings of other materials. Tt was not until the time of Bzekiel that earrings acquired a circular form, and were then called Sy (Bzek. xvi. {9)._ Ibis true that this word occurs also in Num. Zxxi. 60, but there is nothing to indicate that tt means “earrings.” ‘The passage in Exodus proves ‘that earrings ‘were worn by women and by the ‘youth of both sexes, ‘farrings seem to have been regarded by Hastern nations a8 sucred things—some scholars even sug- zest as amulets—for the sons of Jacob surrendered {hele earrings with the idols which Jacob afterward concealed under the oak-tree (Gen. xxv. 4). ‘The ‘Targum and the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch always translate 013 by Bp (Syriac, “kadasha”), ‘which Buxtorf(* Lex. Rab.” #.. 8B7p) supposes to qnean “the ornament consecrated to Astarte”; Dut there is no proof that this belief in the sacredness of earrings was carrent among the ancient Hebrews, {f the word prem, occurring in Is. fi. 20, A. V., really means “earrings,” the latter are socalled be: cause, these ornaments being suspended from the tars, they are figuratively looked upon as whisper- ing to the wearer. 6.1 M. Set. EARTH (121): The Hebrew expression for “eqvth” means primarily earth or soil agan element, and also the surface of tho earth and plowed land, te laiter being probably of the red color chara teristic of Palestinian soil (compare Abu al-Walid, ‘Credner, “Der Prophet Joel," 1831, pp, ‘Jorepivus says that the He- Drew for “man (BI ="Adayos), whch is related to tart” according to Gen. i. 7, really means “red,” since virgin soll is red(* Ant." 1.1, $2). The Syr- fans algo called the earth RiTw (@deuA in The- odoret, “Quest, Ix. in Gen."; compare Mishnah Shab. vii, 0); the expression is not found in the other Semitic languages, surviving only in the pro- sa toplast Apa. The original meaning of mo7w is, however, not certain; Friedrich Delitzsch thinks it means, as in the Assyrian, “arable land ” (“The He- brew Language Viewed in the Light of Assyrian Research,” p. 68). Another expression for “earth,” jx. is equivalent to “terrestrial globe,” in contrast TRG Si ictwens According fo-a rabbinical in; terpretation, the earths four names, “eren™ “abel” “adamab,” nd “arka,” corresponding to the four points of the compass (Gen. R. xiil. 12, in Hebrevr, “heaven and earth” together consti. tute the universe. ‘The earth bas foundations and pillars (1 Sam, fi 8; Ps, Ixxv. 4, civ. 5; Job ix, 6, Exxvili, 6); if reste on the ocean, out of which it Fises (Ps. xxiv, 2 cxxxvi, 0); 1 is suspended in space (Job xxvi. 7); the idea of its free suspension in the air is especially worked out in the mystical “Book of Creation” (Sefer Yerirab). Like most peoples of antiquity, the Hebrews concetved of the arth as a disk (Prov. viii, 27; Job xxvi, 10; Tea 31.29}; and they spoke, therefore, of peoples like the Assyrians, Bgyptians, Persians, and Medes as living at the ends of the earth (see Gesenius, Com- mentary on Isaiah, §, 247), As Ezekiel (v. 5) could describe the Isractites as being sot, in the midst of the nations,” go also could he speak of thelr land as being the “navel of the earth” (xxxvi, 12, Hebr.); for Palestine in fact occupied a central postion 3 regards Assyria and Egypt, the two chief powers of fautiquity. In later times, indeed, it was positively fsserted that Palestine, or Zion, was the physical center of the earth (Euoch, xxvi. 1, 2: Book of Jubi- Tees, vii); and the Rabbis interpreted: the phrase ‘midst of the nations” as referring both to Palestine and to Jerusalem asthe center of Palestine (Tan., ed Buber, i. 78) “The earth was destined not for a desert, but for the habitation of man (Isa. xlv, 18). In Beclus, {Sirach) x1, Te the earth is called “the mother of all living” (eomp, Targum on Job i, 2). ‘The Biblical neeption of the paramount importance of ‘the arth prevailed down to the time of the great as fronomieal discoveries of Copernicus and Kepler. ‘The allusions of the Prophets to a new heaven and fa new earth (Isa, Ixv. 17, Iv 22) were interpreted even as early as Maimonides in a non-physical sense CHoreh,” i 29. Tn mystical speculations the arth lke the other heavenly bodies, was taken to be fn animated being, having therefore its own genius (Num, R. xxii 0), and also its guardian angels {Gchiwab, * Vocabulaire de I’ Angélologie,” p. 75) DinriogRarny: Geveniog, Th, | G4; Rosner, Handbuch ara is tnamatnda, Sk Wty Jomo, Pookponite slehten der Inder Ud Hedrier, 8 BG. KR, EARTHQUAKE: Tho Hebrew word “ra‘ash,” aswell as its Assyrian and Arabic equivalents des. jguating an earthquake, is indicative of a great noise oF tremendous roaring. In Ps, Ixxii. 16 the same word is used to describe the gentle rustling of wheat. Tt is also employed in poetry to express the harmonfous choral song of angels. It would thus seem that during an earthquake the Hebrew was ‘most impressed by the rumbling connected with it, which he regarded as a theophany (Ps. xvill, 8 {A V. 7}; Hab. it, 6; Nalrum i, 5; Isa, v.25). The